英语国家社会和文化入门单词[5篇]

第一篇：英语国家社会和文化入门单词

英语国家社会与文化入门单词

1.Great Britain complicated a.复杂的，难懂的 empire

n.帝国 imperial

a.帝国的 encounter

vt.遇到，受到 emphasise

vt.强调 immigration

n.移居 ethnicity n.种族 Pakistan

n.巴基斯坦 Caribbean

n.加勒比海 to sum up 总结

stereotype

n.陈规，旧框框 sovereignty

n.主权 distinction

n.差别，特征 constituent a.组成的，构成的 multiracial

a.多民族的 exaggerate

vt.夸张

stockbroker n.股票(证券)经纪人 tend

vi.倾向(于)，趋向(于)gallery

n.画廊，美术馆 2.Northern Ireland urbanized

a.都市化的 by far 更，显然地

Welsh

a.威尔士人的，威尔士语 Celtic

a.凯尔特人的，凯尔特语 originate

vi.开始，起源于某地

Angles

n.盎格鲁人(5世纪由德国北部移居英国)Saxon

n.撒克逊人(原住德国，一部分于5世纪中叶至6世纪伤半叶移居英国)derive

vi.由来

Excalibur

n.亚瑟王之魔剑 embellish

n.传颂，歌颂 legend n.传说，神话

Tintagel n.廷塔哲岬(在英格兰西南部，传说中的King Arthur诞生处)Cornwall n.康瓦尔(英国西南部之一郡，首府Bodmin)knight n.(中古时的)骑士，武士

Camelot n.传说中的Arthur王之宫殿朝廷所在地 Sonmerset

n.索美赛得郡(英格兰西南部一郡)conflict n.冲突

precedence n.上席，较高位置 monarch

n.君主，帝王 contemporary a.当代的 Scandinavia

n.斯勘的纳维亚(北欧国家的原称：瑞典、挪威、丹麦、芬兰、冰岛)ferocious a.凶残的，野蛮的

versus prep.对(多用于诉讼或竞技等之中，缩写作v.或vs.)sophisticated a.世故的，城府深的 arrogant a.骄傲自大的，傲慢的 throne n.帝王的宝座

aristocracy n.贵族，贵族阶层的 outlaw n.被流放者，罪犯 intrior a.内部的 display vt展示

externally ad.外表，外貌 punk n.朋友，小阿飞，小流氓 dyed a.染色的

spiky a.竖起的，直立的 conceal vt.隐瞒 porch n.门廊 identity n.特征

eventually ad.最后，终于 execute vt.处决 overrule vt.推翻 compounent n.组成部分 substantial a.相当(长)的 rugged a.崎岖的，不平坦的 sparsely ad.稀少地 span vt.跨越 retreat vi.撤回 equivalent 相当于是 domain n.领土，领地 souenir n.纪念品 tartan a.用格子呢制的 ressert vt.再申明 depose vt.废黜(国王等)quell vt.镇压

intermarriage n.异族通婚，近亲通婚 change hands(财产等)转换所有者，易手 dual a.双重的 depoist n.贮存 adjacent a.邻近的

long-standing a.长期的，长年累月的 Gealic n.盖尔语 Baron n.男爵 Ulster n.北爱尔兰

Belfast n.贝尔法斯特，北爱首府 hromontory n.海角

hexagonal a.六角形的，六边形的 lava n.熔炉，火山岩 concentrate vt.集中 ignore vt.忽略 victim n.受害者 at least 至少 armoured a.武装的

acclaim vt.受到称赞，赞扬 peripherality n.周边

integrate vi.成一体，与结合起来 overtake vt.遇到……阻碍 suspend vt.暂停，中止 campaign n.运动 pursue vt.追求 guerilla n.游击队 suppress vt.镇压

inevitable a.必然的，不可避免的 inhabit vt.居住 ethnically ad.种族地 Catholic n.天主教徒 Protestant n.新教徒 emigrate vi.移居（外国）compromise n.折衷法 partition n.分离，分割 rioting n.**，骚乱 overwhelm vt.使不知所措 constabulary n.警察 candidate n.候选人 run candidates 参加竞选 faction n.宗派，派别 patrol vi.巡逻

paramilitary a.半军事化的 barracks n.兵营，军营 random n.随意

at random 任意地，无目的地 take revenge on 报仇

ghettoise vt.使成为少数民族聚居区 exclusively ad.全部地 suspeck m.嫌疑犯 internment n.拘留，收容 mythologise vt.对……作神话解释 telescopic a.用望远镜看的 telescopic sight望远镜瞄准具 cruise vi.巡逻

flare n.（怒气等）爆发 flare-up 突然发生的事情 to give in 让步，屈服 revitalize vt.使活跃 claim vt.要求，主张 sovereignty n.主权 consultation n.协商 to come up with 提出，提供 strategic a.战略上的 surrender n.投降 hurdle n.障碍，困难 formula n.形式 legitimacy n.合法性

3.The Government of the United Kingdom arguably ad.可论证地，可能，大概 trace v.追溯，查考

instability n.不稳定性，不稳固 state-buiding n.创立国家，建国 evolution n.演变，演化 monarchy

n.君主政体，君主制 derive v.取得，得到，形成

doctrine n.教义，教条，信条 divine a.神授的，天赐的 sovereign n.君主，最高统治者 legitimate a.合法的，法律认可的 heir n.继承人，嗣子 throne n.宝座，王位，帝位 hereditary a.承袭的，世袭的 defy v.（公然）违抗，藐视 oust v.驱逐，罢黜

medieval a.中世纪的，中古（时代）的 exercise v.运用，行使 prominent a.重要的，著名的 baron n.（由国王直接封领地的）贵族 gang n.一帮，一伙 charter n.宪章，共同纲领 parley v.会谈，谈判 summon v.召唤，召集 wage v.进行，开始

make ends meet 使收支相抵，勉强维持生计 contribute v.捐（款等），捐助 project n.计划，规划，方案 community n.社区，团体 say n.发言机会，发言权 decree v.命令，颁布

grant n.授予物（如补助金等）formula n.惯例，常规

prerogative n.特权，独有的权利

councillor n.顾问，（市、镇等的）政务会委员 vis-a-vis prep同……相比，同……相比 reassert v再断言，重申 execute v.将……处死 consent n.同意，准许 parliamentarian n.国会议员 cabinet n.内阁

chair v.担任（会议等的）主席 assemble v.召集，聚集

electorate n.（总称）选举人，选民

governor-general n.（英殖民地或英联邦国家的）总督 governance n.统治方法 statue n.成文法，法令，法规

working

n.（常用复数）运转，运行，活动 first and foremost 首先的是，首先 scrutinise v.详细检查，仔细观察

expenditure n.（时间、金钱等的）花费，支出 restraint n.限制，约束

overturn v.推翻，废除，使无效 supremacy n.至高无上，最高地位 bear sth.In mind 记住（某事）precedent n.先例，前例 matter of course 理所当然

executive n.（政府的）行政部门，行政当局 integral a.基本的，不可缺少的 legislature n.立法机关，议会 judiciary n.司法部，司法系统 successor n.继承人，继任者 allege v.声称，断言 extramarital a.婚外的

jet-setting a.乘坐喷气机飞来飞去的阔老的 squander v.浪费，挥霍 recognisance n.承认，确认 controvercy n.争论，争议

Texan n.（美国）得克萨斯（州）人 Lounge v.闲逛，闲荡

Outrage v.激怒，激起……义愤 decadence n.堕落，颓废 allegation n.指控，宣称 come to head（事情）达到决定性阶段 recession n.（经济的）衰退，衰退期 jacht n.快艇，游艇

endear v.使受喜爱，使受钟爱 confidante n.知己的女友 neutrality n.中立，中立地位

Lord Spiritual上议院的神职议员（指主教或大主教）archbishop n.大主教，主教长

Lord Temporal 上议院的上诉议员（指非主教或大主教的贵族议员）Civic-minded a.关心公益的，热心公民事务的

Law Lord上议院执掌最高司法职务的议员，上议院法官 sitting

n.（议院的）开会 elitist a.杰出人物统治（论）的 patrilineal a.父系的，父子相传的 veritable a.名副其实的，十足的 allowances n.津贴，补贴，零用钱 coordination n.协调，协同

3.ample a.大量的 nucleus n.核心，中心 public services 公职，公务 public servant 公务员，公仆 utilise vt.使用，利用 abundant a.充足的 missionary n.传教士 renaissance n.复兴 prophet n.预言家，预言者 escalate

vi.逐步增加，逐步上升 grievance n.抱怨，不满 eligible a.合格的，符合条件的 superannuation n.退休金 soar vi.猛增，剧增 urbanisation n.城市化 dividend n.红利，股息 horticulture n.园艺，园艺学 accountancy n.会计学 fodder n.饲料 teeritorial sea 领海 rock lobster 龙虾 tuna n.金枪鱼 snail n.蜗牛 earthworm n.蚯蚓 mammal n.哺乳动物 browsing a.食草的 reptile n.爬行动物

mortality n.死亡率，死亡数 depletion n.耗尽，枯竭 densely ad.稠密地，密集地 to date 迄今为止

habitat n.生存环境，栖息地 prospective a.可能的，未来的 canoe n.独木舟 protocol n.礼仪，仪式 acclaim vt.称赞，向……喝彩 depict vt.描述，描写 ballad n.叙事诗，民谣 foreunner n.先驱 contemporary n.同代人 lyric poet 抒情诗人 momentum n.势头，动力 transmission n.播送，发射 prorietor n.业主，所有人 flourishing a.欣欣向荣的，繁荣的 periodical 期刊的，定期出版的 outlet n.地方广播电台或电视台 coverage n.新闻报道 coverage n.发行量 oriental a.东方的

recompense vt.报酬，酬谢，补偿 dairy producce 奶制品 cereal n.谷类植物，谷物 across-the-board 普遍的，全面的 terrain n.地面，地带，地势 whole milk 全乳，全脂牛奶 flavoured milk 加味牛奶 eqitable a.公正的，公平合理的 table fish 食用鱼 abalone n.鲍鱼

aquaculture

n.水产养殖 exotic a.外国的，引进的 pulp n.纸浆 malt n.麦芽 rye n.黑麦 barley n.大麦 sorghum n.高粱 maize n.玉米 molasses n.糖浆 rapessed n.油菜籽 tariff n.关税

sustainable a.可持续的 sluggish a.缓慢的，慢的 trade mission 贸易代表团 liquefy vt.液化 crude oil 原油 yield vt.出产，产 reserves n.藏量，储量 offset vt.补偿，抵消

accord n.一致，与谐，协议，条约 monetary policy 货币政策 pervasive a.普遍的，流行的 scandal n.丑闻 utility n.公用事业

commercial breaks 节目间商业广告 prohibit

vt.禁止 legislation n.立法 lottery n.彩票 satelite n.卫星转播 renowned a.有名的 battering n.毒打

commiserate vt.怜悯，同情 defamation n.毁谤 judicial a.司法的 libel n.诽谤 stipulate vt.制定 deployment n.部署 missile n.导弹 enterprise n.企业 usurp vt.篡夺

vital a.重要的 engendering n.形成 rank vi.位于 dominate vt.控制 navy n.海军

possesions n.（常用pl.）殖民地 prime n.全盛期 pink n.粉红色 swarming n.密集 bustling a.喧闹的，熙攘 remote a.遥远的，偏僻的 jungle n.原始森林 baking a.灼热的，炎热的 lush a.郁郁葱葱 coral n.珊瑚 lagoon n.环珊瑚 axis n.轴心 intact a.未受损的 grant vt.许可，承认 pretige n.威望 superpower n.超级大国 superiority n.优势 treaty n.条约，协定 schizophrenic a.反复无常的 diminish vt.减少 fur.皮货

roam vt.漫游，游历 seafarers n.海员，航海者 trait n.特点

tear apart 使……四分五裂 foster vt.鼓励，促进 mount vt.上升，达到 distribute vt.分配 forum n.论坛 subservient a.从属的 supportive a.赞许的，支持的 enact vt.贯彻，执行 assign vt.转让，归于 submarine n.潜水艇 bloc n.集团 dismantle vt.拆除 interwine vt.纠结，缠绕 conventional a.常规的 spell vt.招致，意味 keystone n.要旨

transatlantic a.大西洋彼岸的 expenditure n.经费，开销 elite n.社会精英 executive n.行政人员 arithmetic n.算术 literacy n.识字，有学问 participate vi.参加，参与 controversial a.有争议的 corporal a.肉体的 corporal punishment 体罚 cane n.手杖，笞杖 erase vt.消除

第二篇：英语国家社会与文化入门

英语国家社会与文化入门

节日

 蒙特利尔爵士音乐节

世界上最有名的国际爵士音乐节之一。1978年加拿大一名狂热的音乐爱好者Alain Simard基于“把全美国最好的爵士音乐家齐聚蒙特利尔”的梦想，向政府提交了申请书，但直到1980年，第一届蒙特利尔爵士音乐节才在各方的资助下正式拉开了帷幕。开办20 多年来，蒙特利尔爵士音乐节已经逐步超脱了音乐演出的单纯意义，成为一个音乐交流的巨大舞台和加拿大最具影响力的国家盛事之一。进入21世纪以后，每年的蒙特利尔爵士音乐节都会邀请两千位著名乐手为乐迷们献上异彩纷呈的音乐大餐，更会吸引超过150万的参观者慕名而来。2011年，蒙特利尔爵士音乐节被评为加拿大魁北克最重要的十五件大事之一，更被《Jazztime Magazine》的读者选为“最好的爵士音乐节”。

每年的蒙特利尔爵士音乐节是一场音乐盛会，音乐爱好者们可以尽情享受艺术家们带来的听觉震撼。

 堪培拉气球节

每年4月历时2周的热气球节（Canberra Balloon Fiesta）吸引了世界各地的热气球爱好者。全世界的热气球掌舵手和队员们都来到堪培拉参加这一盛事。

热气球从旧国会大厦的前院出发后集中在以堪培拉标志性景点作为背景的指定区域。这些姿态优雅的大家伙慢慢膨胀为形状各异，大小不同冰代表各个国家的巨型气球漂浮在黎明的天空中，你的眼前将是一个五彩缤纷，热闹非凡，充满激情的美丽世界。

 感恩节

每年11月的第四个星期四是感恩节（Thanksgiving Day）.感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日，也是美国合家欢聚的节日，因此美国人提起感恩节总是倍感亲切。感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端。美洲大陆上的移民在当地心

地善良的印第安人的热心帮助下，度过了极寒交迫的冬天，印第安人传授农作技术与经验，送去生活必需品，移民们欢庆丰收的日子，按照宗教传统习俗，移民规定了感谢上帝的日子，并决定为感谢印第安人的真诚帮助，邀请他们一同庆祝节日。1983年，美国总统林肯宣布每年十一月的第四个星期日为感恩节。

如今感恩节文化传播全球，中国人民也喜欢在感恩节前后对亲朋好友送去真诚衷心的感谢，因为中国文化中也有滴水之恩涌泉相报的传统。

文字

中国汉字历史悠久，博大精深，作为世界上最著名的象形文字，汉字随着华夏文明的繁衍发展而源远流长。汉字不同于世界上任何一种文字，汉字的发展历经了几千年的演变，表现形式多种多样，表达意义精彩纷呈。中国作为世界四大文明古国之一，是世界上唯一没有中断过的古老文明，因而汉字也是延续不断的发展演变，汉字文化也是中华文化中不可或缺的一部分。

汉字较世界上其他字母文字有着独特神秘的魅力，汉字是世界上唯一一种可以以艺术形式表现的文字，书法在汉字表达中有着无与伦比的艺术感，并且汉字书法种类繁多，样式精彩，派别众多。从秦始皇的小篆到汉赋的隶书，再到唐诗宋词的楷书，元曲中的行书，草书，狂草等等，更涌现出王羲之，柳公权，颜真卿等名流千古的书法家。历史上的每一个封建王朝都有着主流的汉字书法，也有着主流的汉字文学表达形式，春秋战国的散文，楚辞汉赋，唐诗宋词元曲，明清小说等，再到现代民主社会的百花齐放，百鸟争鸣，汉字文学艺术一直在传承与发展，从未间断。

中华民族历经无数艰难险阻，无数天灾磨难，依旧顽强不屈地伫立世界的东方，其中汉字功不可没。方方正正的汉字，中华儿女正直勇敢，正因为汉字给予了无穷的归属感和凝聚力，中华儿女在面对困难时可以团结一致万众一心克服磨难战胜困难，展现出中华民族强大的凝聚力。

汉字有着独特的魅力，汉语又是世界上最难学习的语言。汉字表达细腻，情感丰富，是世界上其他文字无法比拟的。用其他任何语言翻译汉语，都无法表现出汉语的无穷魅力，这也是中国人还没有获得过诺贝尔文学奖的重要原因。汉字，像中国那么美，无与伦比！

第三篇：英语国家社会与文化入门(II)

英语国家社会与文化入门（II）

名词解释题

1.American Indians

American Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to the Americas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for

their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge Washington

George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of Confederation

After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of mass

production.9.service industries

Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from

banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stock

When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,Jr

Martin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter Culture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:

With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimes

White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion and so on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by government

People believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard Nixon

Richard Buxib was the former President of the United states„ Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies

The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada

Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racial and religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeent

Canada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976

The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic

Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, it meaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”

The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the First Nations”because they are the original inhabitants of the country, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workers

Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked„They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater

In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.

第四篇：英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释

1.American Indians

American Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to the

Americas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for

their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document

declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge Washington

George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.the Articles of Confederation

After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national

government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made

removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of mass

production.9.service industries

Service industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stock

When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,Jr

Martin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter Culture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a

phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social

mores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:

With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimes

White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the

crimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion and so on.Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15.the abuse of power by government

People believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people.Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability.Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts.All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16.Richard Nixon

Richard Buxib was the former President of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17.the Prairies

The prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies.The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18.central Canada

Central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19.The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racial and religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government.This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20.Structures of governmeent

Canada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21.Immigration Act 1976

The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn)to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada.This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian Mosaic

Canada is a nation of immigrants.When Canada is described as a mosaic, it

meaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarching

Canadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23.“the First Nnations”

The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled.They were officially referred to as “the First

Nations”because they are the original inhabitants of the country, and because there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24.migrant workers

Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops.Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25.Samuel Slater

In 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England.The success of his factory started a process of

change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.

第五篇：日语入门单词&语法

P1 叶子老师带你玩转入门单词&语法（图）

主讲老师：叶子老师 http://bulo.hujiang.com/yezi/ 叶绿素之家：http://bulo.hujiang.com/group/yezilaoshi/

P2 单词篇，开讲啦！

P3 日语单词很变态！

窝了个去，怎么单词那么多！

N5：会100个汉字，800个词汇左右 N4：汉字是300个左右 词汇是1500个 N3：汉字600个左右，词汇3000个 N2：汉字1000个左右 词汇条是6000左右 N1：汉字2000个左右，词汇10000个

根据<日语词汇学教程>一书中列举的日本国立国语研究所对现代词汇进行的调查: 要达到阅读中几乎没有不懂的单词,大概要40000个左右.最常用的2000个单词能解决一篇文章中出现的70%的单词.而日语一级所要求的词汇量10000个所能解决的是91.7%的单词.P4 日语单词很简单！

N5：会100个汉字，800个词汇左右 N4：汉字是300个左右 词汇是1500个 N3：汉字600个左右，词汇3000个 N2：汉字1000个左右 词汇条是6000左右 N1：汉字2000个左右，词汇10000个

P5 告诉你一个小秘密：

只有N3之前的2000个单词最难背！

P6 除了死记硬背，还有其他办法吗？

当然有！

P7 ① 摸索规律=事半功倍

P8 请大家跟我读：

大惨事

大賛成大事件

大事故

大自然

大混乱

大学者

大恩人

大静脈

大好物

大当たり

大暴れ

大慌て

大金持ち

大通り 大みそか

大違い

大威張り

大津波

大鳥居 P9 请问，下面这些单词中的“大”应该怎么读？ 大流行 大食い 大多数 大花火 大助かり

P10 作为接头词时“大”字的读音规律：

ダイと読む例 …… 原則として漢語（音読みの語）が続くことば

大悪人

大英断

大遠忌

大音声

大恩人

大回転

大学者

大家族

大合唱

大企業

大規模

大休止

大群集

大洪水

大好物

大極殿

大混乱

大罪人

大惨事

大賛成大事件

大事故

大自然

大上段

大静脈

大勝利

大人物

大接戦

大草原

大打撃

大多数

大動脈

大都会

大納会

大陪審

大発会

大磐石

大方針

大法廷

大躍進

大流行

大惑星

オーと読む例 …… 原則として和語（訓読みの語）が続くことば

大商い

大当たり

大暴れ

大慌て

大いちょう（銀杏）

大威張り

大入袋

大海原

大売り出し

大親分

大金持ち

大切り

大食い

大酒飲み

大仕掛け

大助かり

大違い

大津波

大手合い

大通り

大年増

大鳥居

大花火

大広間

大部屋

大まちがい 大みそか（晦日）

大向こう

慣用的に「オー」と読む例 …… 漢語の意識が薄れた“準”大和ことば

大一番

大火事

大げさ（袈裟）

大げんか（喧嘩）

大御所

大散財

大地震

大時代

大所帯

大掃除

大騒動

大道具

大入道

大番頭

P11 ② 发挥想象力，自己找乐子 如：50音は行的笑声记忆法~

调动大脑各个部分参与记忆（听、说、读、写……）制造感性记忆（日剧动漫台词、歌词……）

和已知信息进行关联（谐音、近义词、反义词、派生词……）

P12 试一试呗！

柱（はしら）行（おこな）う

報（むく）われる

雇（やと）う 凍（こご）える 乙女（おとめ）

メリーゴーラウンド

窓によせた泣き顔 光る雨つぶ おりてくる たくさんの なにかいいこと

となりにきて座って ほら手を振れば ゆっくりと回り出す メリーゴーラウンド

踊り 踊る お鍋 インチキ 登場

なんでもなんても みんな（有什么，干什么，我们都一起来）ぉどりをぉどってぃるよ（一起跳舞）ぉなべのなかから ボワっと（从锅里碰灰）インチキぉじさん とうじょう

眩しい 背 走り出す 叩く 肩 眩しい日差しを背に 走り出す街の中 叩かれた いつものように 肩を

P13 测试一下、看看成果吧！

P14 ③ 把背单词变成玩游戏！

推荐：找队友一起背，很嗨皮哟！

P15

一起来试试看~！

賄賂（わいろ）贿赂 1 取り柄（とりえ）长处 3 養（やしな）う 养育 3 今風（いまふう）时下流行 0 定規（じょうぎ）标尺 1 出納（すいとう）出纳 0 耳鼻科（じびか）耳鼻科 0 承（うけたまわ）る 恭听 5 修羅場（しゅらば）修罗场、人间地狱 0 白髪（しらが）白发 0 P16 复习一下：

① 摸索规律 ② 发挥想象 ③ 寻找战友

P17 Ｑ＆Ａタイム

ついでに「番宣」：

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