育才分流英语短语辩析教案

第一篇：育才分流英语短语辩析教案

育才分流英语短语辩析教案

【常考词组】

①V+down类型 break down 垮下；分解；出故障

let down ②V+away类型 die away ③V+off类型 break off

calm down平静下来

使失望

knock down 撞到

settle down 定居

take down 记下

渐渐消失

put away 放好

clear away 扫除 get away 逃走

break away 摆脱

wear away 磨损

中断；停止

carry off 夺走

ring off 挂电话

send off 送走；寄出

show off 炫耀

see off 送行

give off 放出；发出（光热）

wipe off 擦去

pay off 还清债务；得到回报

put off 推迟；摆脱

动词搭配

1.add to增加，增进 add „ to把„加进„ add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

1)I don't think these facts will ________ anything.2)Fifty new books have been ________ the library.3)The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.4)You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.2.break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散

break through突破

1)The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.2)When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.3)Don't break ________ while others are speaking.4)Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5)When does school break ________? 6)After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.3.bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下

1)The shopkeeper brought his price ________ to only five dollars.2)The school has brought _____ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.3)The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.4)Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5)The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.6)We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.7)The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.8)Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book.4.call on号召，拜访（某人）call at拜访、参观（某地）call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行

1)Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.2)Please wait for me at home.I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.3)The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.4)He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.5)The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.5.come about发生，出现

come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来

come into(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是

come along一道来，赶快

come to达到(an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from来自，源自

1)I come _________ the book I lent you last month.2)How did it come _______that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.3)It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.4)Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.5)He came __________ me like a tiger.6)The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.7)The word came __________ use many years ago.8)When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job.9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.10)I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come _______ yet.6.cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减

cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系

cut up连根拔除，切碎 through剪断，凿穿 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴

1)Don't cut ___ this tree.It will be very shady in summer.2)You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.3)We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野）to the village.4)Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.5)The electricity was cut __________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.6)We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________.7.die of(disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）

die from死于（意外事故、情形）die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去 8.fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退

1)Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.2)Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.3)As soon as the enemies fell _______, the people returned to their village.4)She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken.9.go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查

go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反

go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去

go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴

go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言

go beyond超出

1)Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.2)Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.3)Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.4)Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.5)His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6)I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.7)Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.8)The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.9)The buyer went _________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.10)This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.11)If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.12)Many students went __________ playing basketball.10.get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集，插（话）get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假

get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处

get up起床

get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开

get close to sth.接近，几乎 get into(trouble)get to(know)get back取回，收回 get out 1)She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.2)We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.3)The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.4)When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.5)After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.6)Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.7)It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.11.give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体）give in(to sb.)屈服 give up放弃，让（座位）

1)His accent at last gave him __________.2)The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.3)The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.4)The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.5)Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6)Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.7)After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.12.hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 hand down流传，遗传 13.hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话 14.hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，镇压

1)I'm sure he is holding something _________.2)She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left.Then she cried.3)Tell him to hold ________ a moment.I'll come soon.4)Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.5)The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.6)These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.7)Hold ___________ your left arm, please.15.keep up(courage, English, spirits)保持，keep up with跟上

keep off(grass)不接近，离开

keep away from避开，不接近，离„远远的 keep out of keep to(rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来

keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止

1)The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.2)I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.3)Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.4)I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.5)“Don't touch me,” screamed the woman, “Keep __________!” 6)Keep _________ until you succeed.7)Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.8)The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.9)Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.10)I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.16.knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把„敲出 knock over撞倒 knock off停止工作，休息

1)The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________.2)The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.3)Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.4)He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.(down, off, on, into)17.leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏 leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期

1)“Whose name has been left __________?” demanded the teacher.2)When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.3)He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.4)Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.5)Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.6)Those are questions left _________ by history.18.look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look on„as看作 look into调查

look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心

look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾

look ab.up and down仔细打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直视某人

1)I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.2)Look _______!There is a big hole in front.3)He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him.4)The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.5)She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.6)The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.7)He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.19.make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 make up for弥补

make into / of / from 制成

make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）make for走向，驶往，促使

1)Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit? 2)I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3)My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.4)We must make the loss _______ next week./ He tried hard to make _______ for the damage he had done.5)He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.6)Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.20.pass away去世 pass by经过

pass down(on)„to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视

1)The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.2)The man passed ___________ last week in peace.3)We are passing ____________ difficult times.4)The secretary passed _________the details in the first part of his report.21.pay back还钱，报复

pay for付钱，为„受到惩罚，因„得到报应 pay off还清

1)How much did you pay __________ the dictionary? 2)You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.3)I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行)against me.4)Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.5)Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?

22.pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language /knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health)pick out挑选，辨认，看出

1)I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.2)My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.3)The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.4)She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.5)I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.6)Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio?

7)He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词

23.put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出，扑灭 put off推迟 put into放进，翻译 put away放好，存钱 put down记下，平息

put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通电话 put aside放到一边 put back放回

1)He put _________ half his wage every week.2)The government soon put __________ the revolt（**）.3)Put your watch __________.It's slow.4)He put __________ his hand for me to shake.5).Please put me __________ to Extension（分机）2.6)We put ___________ for night at the village inn.7)He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（摆架子）

8)We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.9)I can't put __________ with your laziness.24.pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 pull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边

pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pull up（使）停住 1)The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.2)All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.3)The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.4)The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.5)The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.25.push over推倒，刮倒

push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去 push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过

1)We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2)Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.3)They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..4)Take care not to push the baby _________.5)They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.26.run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选 run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 run out of用完

1)If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.2)I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.3)Our water has run __________.Can you fill up some more bottles? 4)Why do you always run __________ adventure? 5)He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.6)In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.27.see off送行

see through看透，识破 see to照料，照管 28.send for派人去请 send off送行

send out发出（光亮）等 send up发射 29.set up建立

set off出发，触发，引起 set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 set about开始着手(doing)

set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回，使推迟

1)I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.2)We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.3)We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.4)I set __________ to advise him not to drink.5)What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report? 6)The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.7)The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（抗议）

30.take off脱掉，起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收，领会 take up从事，占用（时间空间）

take down记录，取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out 1)I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.2)He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems.3)At first I took him _________ a doctor.4)I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.5)Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.6)My job takes __________ most of my time.7)The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.(back, down, for, in, over, up, on)take charge of负责, take sth.for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以„ „„为自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do轮流做, take office就职

31.think of想起 think of„as把„看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb.对某人看法好 32.turn off / on打开

turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 turn out证明为，结果，制造成品 turn to转向，求助 turn down调低，拒绝 turn against变得敌视，反对 turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去 turn back返回，转回去 turn round转过身来

turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大 turn in上缴

turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟

1)The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.2)Turn ___________ and let me see your face.3)However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.4)The English evening party turned _________ a great success.5)The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.6)The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.7)The army turned him ___________ on account of(因为)his poor health.8)She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.9)Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.10)The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.11)The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.词组、短语

[全真试题]

1.I’m planning to hold a party in the open air, but I can make no guarantees because it _____ the weather.A.links with B.depends on C.connects to D.decides on 2.Can you make a sentence to _____ the meaning of the phrase? A.show off

B.turn out C.bring out D.take in

3.The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather _____ the helplessness of the crew at sea.A.added to made up

B.resulted from

C.turned out D.4.To keep healthy, Professor Smith _____ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.A.took up

[巩固与提高]

1.On the way to Suzhou, the bus we traveled in that day suddenly _____.A.broke out B.broke off C.broke away D.broke down 2.Why not _____ tennis? It will help you keep fit.A.take up

B.take in

C.take on

D.take after

B.caught on C.carried out D.made for 3.I say!Have you _____ a single word I have been saying to you? A.taken in

B.taken over C.taken up D.taken off 4.The car engines _____ so much smoke and fume that air is badly polluted.A.give up

B.give away C.give in

D.give off 5.Although Jane agreed with me on most points, here was one on which she was unwilling to _____.A.give up

B.give in

C.give back D.give away 6.Can you give me another hint without _____ the answer? A.giving off B.giving up C.giving away D.giving in 7.It was a minor illness, and she soon _____ it.A.got round B.got over C.got on with D.got up to 8.The story was so touching that I could hardly _____ my tears.A.hold on

B.hold back C.hold up

D.hold out 9.They _____ to climb the mountain yesterday afternoon.A.set about B.set off

C.set out

D.set down 10.In what year did Magellan _____ on his voyage around the world? A.set up

B.set back

C.set for

D.set off 11.I want to buy a new tie to _____ the brown suit.A.go into

B.go with

C.go after D.go by 12.The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _____.A.stand up to put up with

B.make up for C.come up with D.13.The manager needs an assistant that he can _____ to take care of problems in his absence.A.count on B.count in C.count up D.count out 14.The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _____ because of the bad weather.A.set off

B.broken off C.worn off D.called off 15.The new appointment of our president _____ from the very beginning of next semester.A.takes effect D.takes turns

B.takes part C.takes place

16.Some of the suggestions have been adopted but others have been _____ as they are quite impractical.A.turned out B.turned against turned down

C.turned away D.17.A well-written composition _____ good choice of words and clear organization.A.calls on

B.calls up

C.calls for D.calls off 18.Without my glasses I can hardly _____ what has been written in the letter.A.make for

B.make up

C.make out D.make up for 19.Last week I _____ an old friend of mine in the shopping mall.A.ran off

B.ran across C.ran down D.ran over 20.Mr White was told again and again to _____ smoking but he just wouldn’t listen.A.cut through B.cut down C.cut off

D.cut away 21.When the whole area was _____ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter(直升飞机).A.cut away

B.cut up

C.cut down D.cut off 22.The police are _____ the records of all these involved in the crime.A.looking into B.looking out C.looking after D.looking on 23.She’s bought a pair of glasses, which she can never _____ when reading books.A.do with

B.do away with

C.do up D.do without 24.He _____ some Japanese during his trip to Tokyo.A.picked off B.picked on C.picked up D.picked out 25.The author was _____ in a small village, as is described in some of his stories.A.brought out B.brought in C.brought up D.brought about 26.The Greyhound _____ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m.and started for Washington D.C.at 6:20 p.m.A.pulled up

B.pulled on C.pulled down D.pulled on 27.As we all know, X _____ something unknown in math.A.stands for B.stands out C.stands up D.stands up to 28.She is such a nagging(唠叨的)woman.I wonder how you can _____ her.A.put up with B.get along C.live up to D.keep up with 29.It was _____ for him to wear T-shirt at the formal party.A.out of place B.out of question of practice

C.out of order D.out 30.You’ll have to buy some new shoes as these are _____.A.used up

B.wasted away C.broken down D.worn out 31.It is commonly believed that hard work _____ success.A.results in B.comes to

32.The student was just about to _____ the question, when suddenly he found the answer.A.arrive at B.submit to C.work out D.give up 33.Mr.Morgan can be very sad _____, though in public he is extremely cheerful.A.by himself D.as individual

B.in person C.in private C.gets to

D.arrives at

34.Some will run the risk of killing themselves and their families ______ admit they don't know how to mend the lamp that has gone wrong.A.instead of D.other than

B.rather than

C.in place of

35.Jack is good, hard-working and intelligent._____, I can’t speak too highly of him.A.As a result B.In a word C.In other words D.Above all

高考真题练习

（09浙江）1．The good thing about children is that they _______ very easily to new environments.A.adapt B.appeal

C.attach

D.apply

（09安徽2.Just as Professor Scotti often it, success is ninety-nine percent mental attitude.A.gets B.makes C.puts D.means（09安徽）3.We tried to find a table for seven，hut they were all.A.given away B.kept away C.taken up D.used up

（09福建）4.We are at your service.Don’t to turn to us if you have any further problems.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek

（09湖北）5.Would you please ______ the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?

A.look around B.look into C.look up D.look through

（09湖北）6.During the war there was a serious lack of food.It was not unusual that even the wealthy families had to ______ bread for days.A.eat up B.give away C.do without D.deal with（09湖北）7.The loss has not yet been ______ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.A.calculated B.considered C.completed D.controlled（09湖北）8.Some parents are just too protective.They want to ______ their kids from every kind of danger, real or imagined.A.spot B.dismiss C.shelter D.distinguish（09江西）9.It is reported that the police will soon ____ the case of two missing children.A.look upon B.look after C.look into D.look out（09海南）10.I tried phoning her office, but I couldn’t__________.A.get along B.get on C.get to through

D.get（09山东）11.-------Do you have enough to ________all your daily expenses?

--------Oh yes, enough and to spare.A.cover B.spend C.fill D.offer

（09海南）12.Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A.draw C.rush B.strike D.push

（09山东）13 Amy joined a painting group but didn’t seem to _______, so she left.A.show B.go up C.fit in D.come over

（09陕西）14.A.notice was in order to remind the students of the changed lecture time.A.sent up B.given up C.set up D.put up

（09上海）15.The Great Wall is ____ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.A.so a well-known B.a so well-known C.such well-known D.such a well-known（09四川）16.—Have you __________?

—No.I had the wrong number.A.got in B.got away C.got off D.got through（09四川）17.—How about your journey to Mount Emei?

—Everything was wonderful except that our car _________ twice on the way.A.slowed down B.broke down C.got down D.put down（09天津）18.----Sorry, I have to ______ now.It’s time for class.----OK, I’ll call back later.A.hang up B.break up C.give up D.hold up（09天津）19.Don’t worry if you don’t understand everything, the teacher will ______ the main points at the end.A.recover B.review C.require D.remember（09浙江）20．Practisig Chinese kung fu can not only ________ one’s strength, but also develop one’s character.A.bring up B.take up

C.build up

D.pull up

（09全国2）21 If you leave the club, you will not be back in.A.received B.admitted C.turned D.moved

（09江苏）22.----I' m surprised to hear that Sue and Paul have __.----So am I.They seemed very happy together when I last saw them.A.broken up B.finished up C.divided up D.closed up

（08全国I卷）23.The performance ______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.A.covered B.reached

C.played

D.lasted

（08安徽卷）24.-----Are you happy with your new computer?-----No, it is _______ me a lot of trouble.A.showing B.leaving C.giving D.sparing

（08江苏卷25.—I’m still working on my project.—Oh, you’ll miss the deadline.Time is ______.A.running out B.going out C.giving out

D.losing out

（08山东卷）26.The fact that she never apologized ______ a lot about what kind of person she is.A.says

B.talks

C.appears

D.declares

（08山东卷）27.Einstein liked Bose’s paper so much that he ______ his own work and translated it into German.A.gave off

B.turned down

C.took over

D.set aside

（08江西卷）28.I _____ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products.A.make B.look

C.take D.think

（08辽宁卷）29.You have to be a fairly good speaker to ______ listeners’ interest for over an hour.A.hold B.make

C.improve

D.receive

(08全国II)30.– What are you reading, Tom?--I’m not really reading, just ___ the pages.A.turning off B.turning around C.turning over D.turning up

(08全国II)31.Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it ____.A.collected B.contained C.loaded D.saved（08陕西卷）32.It’s going to rain.Xiao Feng, Will you please help me _________ the clothes on the line?

A.get off B.get back C.get in D.get on(08四川卷)33.Although this ______ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.A.look out B.stay up C.carry on D.get along（08浙江卷）34.American Indian ______ about five percent of the U.S.population.A.fill up B.bring up C.make up D.set up（08湖北卷）35.Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ______ the traditional customs.A.perform

B.possess

C.observe

D.support

（08湖北卷）36.As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ______ the problem.A.handle

B.raise

C.face

D.present

（08湖北卷）37.The teacher stressed again that the students should not ______ any important details while retelling the story.A.bring out

B.let out

C.leave out

D.make out

（08湖北卷）38.In modern times, people have to learn to ______ all kinds of pressure although they are leading a comfortable life.A.keep with with

B.stay with

C.meet with

D.live（08湖北卷）39.The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to ______ its reality.A.make up

B.figure out

C.look through D.put off

（08天津卷）40.The meal over, the managers went back to the meeting room to ______ their discussion.A.put away B.take down C.look over D.carry on（08天津卷）41.Her shoes ______ her dress;they look very well together.A.suit B.fit C.compare D.match 42.Why don’t you just ____ your own business and leave me alone? [2007 全国卷II] A.make B.open C.consider D.mind

43.At minus 130℃, a living cell can be ______ for a thousand years.[2007 上海卷] A.spared developed B.protected C.preserved D.44.In this seaside resort, you can ________ all the comfort and convenience of modern tourism.[2007 山东卷]

A．enjoy B．apply C．receive D．achieve 45.Emergency line operators must always calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help.[2007 湖北卷]

A.grow B.appear

C.become

D.stay

46.Surely it doesn’t matter where the student associations get their money from;what is what they do with it.[2007 湖北卷] A.counts B.applies

C.stresses

D.functions

47.Don’t take too much of the medicine;it does you more harm than good if you.[2007 江西卷]

A.do B.take C.like D.have 48.Mum ________ to us，“Be quiet!Your little sister’s sleeping．”[2007 四川卷]

A．whispered B．shouted

C．explained

D．replied

49.If your race car isn’t insured, you may losing everything when it hits something solid．[2007 上海春] A．delay B．deny

C．avoid D．risk

50.—Look!He’s running so fast!

—Hard to _______ his legs were once broken.[2007 浙江卷] A.know B.imagine C.realize D.find 51.Lucy has ______all of the goals she set for herself in high school and is ready for new challenges at university.[2007 天津卷] A.acquired achieved

B.finished C.concluded D.

第二篇：初二英语易混词语辩析

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初二英语易混词语辩析

He works eight hours a day.（他一天工作 8 个小时。）

They stayed in Beijing for three days.（他们在北京呆了 3 天。）

day 还可以表示“天气”。例如：

What a fine day！（多好的天气啊！）

而 date 通常用来指“日期，时日，年代”等，它不仅包括一般的年、月中的“日期”，而且还可以指历史上的某一“年代”或“日期”。例如：

I don't know the date of the football match.（我不知道那场足球赛的具体日期。）

Please put a date on the letter.（请在信上写明日期。）

The date of her birth is November 18，1989.（他出生于 1989 年 11 月 18 日。）

2.real，true

real 和 true 均表示“真的”的意思，都用作形容词，但 real 指客观存在的、并非想像或仿照的“真的，真正的”，其副词形式为 really.例如：

Is this real gold？（这是真金吗？）

This is a story of real life.（这是现实生活中的一个故事。）

I really don't know what to do next.（我真地不知道下一步该怎么办。）

true 意为“真的，真实的”，它表示的“真实的，确实的”是和客观事实相一致的，并非杜撰、捏造的；其副词形式为 truly.例如：

What he said is true.（他说的是真的。）

It is a true story.（这是一个真实的故事。）

“ I'm truly sorry for you，Tom，” said Mary.（“汤姆，我真地向你道歉，”玛丽说。）

3.later，later on 悦考网www.xiexiebang.com 2 悦考网www.xiexiebang.com

later 是副词，表示“一段时间之后”的意思。例如：

Two days later，he came back.（两天后，他回来了。）

“ later on ”作状语用时，意为“以后，后来”，表示不确定、不具体的时间。例如：

I'll tell you about him later on.（有关他的情况以后我会告诉你的。）

4.short，low

short 和 low 均为形容词，都可以表示“低矮的”意思。short 表示人体的“低矮”；而 low 表示建筑物、山等的“低矮”，也可以表示声音、价格、温度、位置的“低”。例如：

Tom is a little shorter than Bill.（汤姆比比尔矮一点。）

The temperature is too low today.（今天的气温很低。）

另外，low 可以表示人的地位“低下，卑微”的意思。例如：

Their social position was very low before liberation.（解放前他们的社会地位很低下。）

5.smile，laugh

smile 和 laugh 即可用作动词，又可用作名词，都表示“笑”的意思，但在含义上有区别。smile 通常指不出声的“微笑”，laugh 通常指笑出声的“大笑”。“ smile at ”意为“朝„„微笑”，而“ laugh at ”则表示“嘲笑”的意思。例如：

She smiles every time she sees me.（她每次见到我时都面带微笑。）

When we heard the good news，we all laughed.（当我们听到这个好消息时，大家都笑了起来。）

Don't laugh at him.（别嘲笑他。）

初中英语阅读技巧

根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个重要方面，在中考中所占比重越来越大，这是拉开档次的题目。

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阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：

1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；

2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；

3、能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；

4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；

5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；

6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上（上海的要求更高一些，30万词以上）所谓阅读能力是

指视读能力、理解能力和对所读材料的评价能力。

阅读理解考查的项目大多是根据这三种能力的要求设计的。为了提高阅读理解能力，同学们在做阅读理解时，就要在以下几个方面下功夫：

（一）要注意养成良好的阅读心理阅读时要去掉杂念，心绪要安定，精神要专一，要形成一种惬意的顺向心理。造成大脑皮层的优势兴奋中心。切不可一遇到几个生词难句，就心烦意乱，失去自控能力。心理学家告诉我们，任何恐慌，过分紧张的情绪都会形成一种消极因素妨碍大脑的正常思维功能。因此，遇到困难一定要从容不迫，心无旁骛。这样才能对所读的文章印象清晰，理解深刻。

（二）要提高视读的速度考阅读理解，从另一个方面来说，考的是考试速度。2002年上海英语中考阅读理解文章每篇均达到400词左右。慢读是不行的。因此做阅读理解时，要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。阅读时眼球总是不断地移动——停顿——移动着。理解是在“眼停”的瞬间进行的。我们要使眼停的时间相对增加，就要扩大视读的广度，把逐词逐句的点式阅读变成一次扫描一句的线式阅读，并且把看到的东西迅速报告给大脑，形成眼脑较快的直映能力。切不可在个别难懂的词句上磨蹭，只要全篇理解了，个别难懂的词句可以根据上下文和构词法去猜测，去推断。

（三）阅读时要注意培养语感所谓语感是指人们对语言中词语搭配及句型结构的熟练程度。语感好的人，理解力就强，视读的速度就快。阅读时要留心词语的搭配，即惯用法。必要时可用笔划一划或记下来。读完每一篇文章，都应总结归纳一下，积累了多少单词，惯用法和句型，这样语感自然就会好起来。

（四）读完一篇文章后，要回味一番对文章的段落结构，中心思想，人物事件，论点论据要做到心中有数。对不清楚的地方可以再看几次。要留心关键词句，注意弦外之音。对文章的评价分析，一定要坚持“词不离句，句不离篇”，要理解文章作者的原意，而不能按你自己的意愿去想当然。切记：一想当然，就会出错。

如果文章太长，你可以先把文章后面的问题看一遍，带着问题去看文章。这样可以帮助你去掉杂念，提高阅读速度和解题的正确性。要善于找关键句，特别要注意文章的第一段和最后一段的头一句话，往往就是关键句，可以帮助你掌握文章的全貌，理解文章的主题。此悦考网www.xiexiebang.com 4 悦考网www.xiexiebang.com

外，还应该细读文章，因为有时的试题是考细节。可以边读边用铅笔做点标记，把有关的人物，事件，时间，地点，原因（即五个W，who，what，when，where，why）划出来。凡逢人物就圈起来，看完一数，有几个圈就是几个人，一目了然。

我觉得英语就是要钻进去，一个语法点你就要把它弄得清清楚楚，不能有一点疑问。平时碰到问题就记下来（如果记忆力不太好的话），回家一定要搞懂。而且碰到问题千万不能放过，要学会钻研。另外也要多记~~反复记忆。还可以找一些英文书来看看，培养语感。

下面是我找的一些资料：首先，要抓住课堂这一学习的主要阵地。英语课上，老师是用英语组织课堂的，认真听老师讲课，本身就是学习英语，听老师讲课时，还要记好重点内容，以便将来查用。英语课上，老师会设置一些情景和活动，给同学们练习使用英语的机会。要抓紧时间，大胆积极地练习说英语，通过实践掌握英语的表达方式。

其次，自主开发更多的学习资源。现在社会发达了，有关英语学习的音像资料应有尽有，如英文电台、英文电影、英语电视节目等等。同学们应该积极使用这些资源，做学习的有心人。

同学们都知道学习语言要多听、多说、多读、多写。听说读写的目的都是为了有效记忆。的确，记忆是学习英语最好的方法。如何提高记忆效果呢？形象思维能力能有效帮助你。形象思维能力是指在接触某种事物或某个情景时，头脑中出现与此有关的生动形象的画面来帮助你理解和掌握。例如在学习有关购物的英语时，你能够联想到商场里顾客和售货员的情景吗？你的头脑中能出现生动的画面吗？我们教材里的内容是和我们的生活紧密相连的，每次学习新的知识时，试着与具体的画面相联系，久而久之每次接触或使用这个知识时，就会很自然地依靠头脑中出现的画面来确定和巩固你的英语知识。

除了积累有效的记忆方法，还要有效培养英语语感。培养语感的方法很多，听、读、背是最好的方法。我们只要想想流行歌曲就会明白听的重要性了。古人云：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”学习英语也一样。只有通过读和背，我们才能获得最多的实践量，积累语感。希望大家能够轻松、快乐地学好英语。

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第三篇：企业文化与制度辩析

“企业文化”管理理论自20世纪七十年代产生以来，作为一种不同于以往的管理理论和管理方法，正越来越受到国内外企业界、学术界的重视。经过20多年来在实践中的蓬勃发展，企业文化建设已成为我们促进企业经营业绩和经济增长的有效手段和精神动力之一。进入21世纪，面对知识经济初见端倪的新态势，企业文化建设对企业发展、经营业绩所起的作用越来越显著

；企业文化对形成企业内部凝聚力和外部竞争力所起的作用，越来越受到人们的重视。而企业文化所面临的种种冲击与变革，又迫使人们去思考————该如何进行企业文化的创新。国外有学者预言：“企业文化在未来10年内很可能成为决定企业兴衰的关键因素”。由此可见，面对加入WTO后中国网通的发展形势，我们要保持企业的持续发展，就不能忽视企业文化的建设。

一、要有与这相适应的制度文化：在企业文化研究中，人们对文化与制度的认识经常陷入一种误区：或把二者对立起来，或把二者混为一谈，分不清二者在企业管理中的地位与作用。有人把企业文化概括成三个层次：物质文化、制度文化和精神文化。这种从广义角度界定的企业文化，无疑把制度包含在内，即制度也是一种文化。但如果我们从狭义角度研究企业文化，制度只是文化的载体；进一步说，把企业文化作为一种新的管理方式研究，制度与文化属于两个不同的管理层次和两种不同的管理方式。文化管理高于制度管理，制度更多地强调外在监督与控制，是企业倡导的文化底限，即要求员工必须作到的；文化更多地强调价值观、理想信念和道德的力量，强调内在的自觉与自律，是文化高境界。文化与制度的关联及区别，主要体现在以下几个方面：一是演进方式不同。文化的演进是采取渐进式的，制度的演进是跳跃式的，但二者同处于一个过程之中。从制度到文化，再建新制度，在倡导新文化，而者交互上升。企业管理正是在这种交互上升的过程中不断优化，臻于完美。二是表现形态不同。前者是有形的，往往以责任制、规章、条例、标准、纪律、指标等形式表现出来；后者是无形的，存在于人的头脑中，是一种精神状态，往往通过有形的事物、活动反映和折射出来。三是对人调节方式有差异。制度管理主要是外在的、硬性的调节；文化管理主要是内在的文化自律与软性的文化引导。文化管理强调心理认同，强调人的自主意识和主动性，也就是通过启发人的自觉意识达到自控和自律。对多数人来讲，由于认同了主流文化，因此，文化管理成为非强制性的管理；对于少数未认同主流文化的人来讲，一种主流文化一旦形成，也同样受这种主流文化氛围、风俗、习惯等非正式规则的约束，违背这种主流文化的言行是要受到舆论谴责或制度惩罚的。因此文化管理又具有一定强制性。脑力劳动者与体力劳动者对制度与文化的感受度不同。体力劳动者因为其作业方式要求标准化的程度高，对制度管理的强制性敏感度较低，也就是说，遵守制度是顺理成章的事，制度管理对他们更适合；脑力劳动者因为创造性强，要求自由度较高，对较低层次的条条框框则反感，需要较多的文化管理。这是超Y理论的研究结果，值得我们注意。在具有这此差异的同时，我们也应当看到，制度与文化是互动的。当管理者认为某种文化需要倡导时，他可能通过培养典型的形式，也可能通过开展活动的形式来推展和传播。但要把倡导的新文化渗透到管理过程，变成人们的自觉行动，制度则是最好的载体之一。人们普遍认同一种新文化可能需要经过较长时间，而把文化装进制度，则会加速这种认同过程。当企业中的先进文化或管理者倡导的新文化已经超越制度文化的水准，这种文化又在催生着新的制度。尽管制度与制度文化不是同一概念。当制度内涵未被员工心理认同时，制度只是管理者的文化，至多只反映管理规律和管理规范，对员工只是外在的约束；当制度内涵已被员工心理接受、并自觉遵守时，制度就变成了一种文化。比如，企业要鼓励员工提合理化建议，先定一项制度，时间长了，员工心理接受了这一制度内涵，制度变成空壳，留下的是参与文化。从这一点上来说，文化和制度最终达到了统一。

8、文化优劣或主流文化的认同度决定着制度的成本。当企业倡导的文化优秀且主流文化认同度较高时，企业制度成本就低；当企业倡导的文化适应性差且主流文化认同度较低时，企业的制度成本则高。由于制度是外在约束，当制度文化未形成时，没有监督，工人就可能越轨或不能按要求去做，其成本自然就高；而当制度文化形成以后，人们自觉从事工作，制度成本大为降低，尤其当超越制度的文化形成，制度成本会更低。摩托罗拉公司取消打卡制度，是因为员工能够认识到工作的意义是什么。大庆人三老四严四个一样的工作作风是大庆人自觉的文化表现。所以威廉·大内说，文化可以部分地代替发布命令和对工人进行严密监督的专门方法，从而既能提高劳动生产率，又能发展工作中的支持关系。交通是一面镜子，有警察监督时司机能够按照交通规则办事，如果没有警察监督时不能按照交通规则办事，说明制度对司机来讲没有变成一种文化，其制度成本就高

第四篇：企业文化与制度辩析

“企业文化”管理理论自20世纪七十年代产生以来，作为一种不同于以往的管理理论和管理方法，正越来越受到国内外企业界、学术界的重视。经过20多年来在实践中的蓬勃发展，企业文化建设已成为我们促进企业经营业绩和经济增长的有效手段和精神动力之一。进入21世纪，面对知识经济初见端倪的新态势，企业文化建设对企业发展、经营业绩所起的作用越来越显著；企业文化对形成企业内部凝聚力和外部竞争力所起的作用，越来越受到人们的重视。而企业文化所面临的种种冲击与变革，又迫使人们去思考————该如何进行企业文化的创新。国外有学者预言：“企业文化在未来10年内很可能成为决定企业兴衰的关键因素”。由此可见，面对加入WTO后中国网通的发展形势，我们要保持企业的持续发展，就不能忽视企业文化的建设。

一、要有与这相适应的制度文化：

在企业文化研究中，人们对”文化与制度”的认识经常陷入一种误区：或把二者对立起来，或把二者混为一谈，分不清二者在企业管理中的地位与作用。有人把企业文化概括成三个层次：物质文化、制度文化和精神文化。这种从广义角度界定的企业文化，无疑把制度包含在内，即制度也是一种文化。但如果我们从狭义角度研究企业文化，制度只是文化的载体；进一步说，把企业文化作为一种新的管理方式研究，制度与文化属于两个不同的管理层次和两种不同的管理方式。文化管理高于制度管理，制度更多地强调外在监督与控制，是企业倡导的”文化底限”，即要求员工必须作到的；文化更多地强调价值观、理想信念和道德的力量，强调内在的自觉与自律，是”文化高境界”。

文化与制度的关联及区别，主要体现在以下几个方面：

一是演进方式不同。文化的演进是采取”渐进式”的，制度的演进是”跳跃式”的，但二者同处于一个过程之中。从制度到文化，再建新制度，在倡导新文化，而者交互上升。企业管理正是在这种交互上升的过程中不断优化，臻于完美。

二是表现形态不同。前者是有形的，往往以责任制、规章、条例、标准、纪律、指标等形式表现出来；后者是无形的，存在于人的头脑中，是一种精神状态，往往通过有形的事物、活动反映和折射出来。

三是对人调节方式有差异。制度管理主要是外在的、硬性的调节；文化管理主要是内在的文化自律与软性的文化引导。文化管理强调心理”认同”，强调人的自主意识和主动性，也就是通过启发人的自觉意识达到自控和自律。对多数人来讲，由于认同了主流文化，因此，文化管理成为非强制性的管理；对于少数未认同主流文化的人来讲，一种主流文化一旦形成，也同样受这种主流文化氛围、风俗、习惯等非正式规则的约束，违背这种主流文化的言行是要受到～谴责或制度惩罚的。因此文化管理又具有一定”强制性”。脑力劳动者与体力劳动者对制度与文化的感受度不同。体力劳动者因为其作业方式要求标准化的程度高，对制度管理的强制性敏感度较低，也就是说，遵守制度是顺理成章的事，制度管理对他们更适合；脑力劳动者因为创造性强，要求自由度较高，对较低层次的条条框框则反感，需要较多的文化管理。这是超Y理论的研究结果，值得我们注意。

在具有这此差异的同时，我们也应当看到，制度与文化是互动的。当管理者认为某种文化需要倡导时，他可能通过培养典型的形式，也可能通过开展活动的形式来推展和传播。但要把倡导的新文化渗透到管理过程，变成人们的自觉行动，制度则是最好的载体之一。人们普遍认同一种新文化可能需要经过较长时间，而把文化”装进”制度，则会加速这种认同过程。当企业中的先进文化或管理者倡导的新文化已经超越制度文化的水准，这种文化又在催生着新的制度。

尽管制度与制度文化不是同一概念。当制度内涵未被员工心理认同时，制度只是管理者的”文化”，至多只反映管理规律和管理规范，对员工只是外在的约束；当制度内涵已被员工心理接受、并自觉遵守时，制度就变成了一种文化。比如，企业要鼓励员工提合理化建议，先定一项制度，时间长了，员工心理接受了这一制度内涵，制度变成空壳，留下的是参与文化。

从这一点上来说，文化和制度最终达到了统一。

8、文化优劣或主流文化的认同度决定着制度的成本。当企业倡导的文化优秀且主流文化认同度较高时，企业制度成本就低；当企业倡导的文化适应性差且主流文化认同度较低时，企业的制度成本则高。由于制度是外在约束，当制度文化未形成时，没有监督，工人就可能”越轨”或不能按要求去做，其成本自然就高；而当制度文化形成以后，人们自觉从事工作，制度成本大为降低，尤其当超越制度的文化形成，制度成本会更低。摩托罗拉公司取消”打卡”制度，是因为员工能够认识到工作的意义是什么。大庆人”三老四严四个一样”的工作作风是大庆人自觉的文化表现。所以威廉·大内说，文化可以部分地代替发布命令和对工人进行严密监督的专门方法，从而既能提高劳动生产率，又能发展工作中的支持关系。交通是一面镜子，有警察监督时司机能够按照交通规则办事，如果没有警察监督时不能按照交通规则办事，说明制度对司机来讲没有变成一种文化，其制度成本就高；反之，如果没有警察监督时司机也能按照交通规则办事，制度已经内化在司机心目中，变成一种文化，制度成本会大幅度下降。

9、制度与文化永远是并存的。制度再周延也不可能凡事都规定到，但文化时时处处都能对人们的行为起约束作用。制度永远不可能代替文化的作用。也不能认为文化管理可以替代制度管理。由于人的价值取向的差异性、对组织目标认同的差异性，要想使个体与群体之间达成协调一致，光靠文化管理是不行的；实际上，在大生产条件下，没有制度，即使人的价值取向和对组织的目标有高度的认同，也不可能达成行动的协调一致。

第五篇：企业文化与制度辩析

“企业文化”管理理论自20世纪七十年代产生以来，作为一种不同于以往的管理理论和管理方法，正越来越受到国内外企业界、学术界的重视。经过20多年来在实践中的蓬勃发展，企业文化建设已成为我们促进企业经营业绩和经济增长的有效手段和精神动力之一。进入21世纪，面对知识经济初见端倪的新态势，企业文化建设对企业发展、经营业绩所起的作用越来越显著；企业文化对形成企业内部凝聚力和外部竞争力所起的作用，越来越受到人们的重视。而企业文化所面临的种种冲击与变革，又迫使人们去思考————该如何进行企业文化的创新。国外有学者预言：“企业文化在未来10年内很可能成为决定企业兴衰的关键因素”。由此可见，面对加入WTO后中国网通的发展形势，我们要保持企业的持续发展，就不能忽视企业文化的建设。

一、要有与这相适应的制度文化：在企业文化研究中，人们对文化与制度的认识经常陷入一种误区：或把二者对立起来，或把二者混为一谈，分不清二者在企业管理中的地位与作用。有人把企业文化概括成三个层次：物质文化、制度文化和精神文化。这种从广义角度界定的企业文化，无疑把制度包含在内，即制度也是一种文化。但如果我们从狭义角度研究企业文化，制度只是文化的载体；进一步说，把企业文化作为一种新的管理方式研究，制度与文化属于两个不同的管理层次和两种不同的管理方式。文化管理高于制度管理，制度更多地强调外在监督与控制，是企业倡导的文化底限，即要求员工必须作到的；文化更多地强调价值观、理想信念和道德的力量，强调内在的自觉与自律，是文化高境界。文化与制度的关联及区别，主要体现在以下几个方面：一是演进方式不同。文化的演进是采取渐进式的，制度的演进是跳跃式的，但二者同处于一个过程之中。从制度到文化，再建新制度，在倡导新文化，而者交互上升。企业管理正是在这种交互上升的过程中不断优化，臻于完美。二是表现形态不同。前者是有形的，往往以责任制、规章、条例、标准、纪律、指标等形式表现出来；后者是无形的，存在于人的头脑中，是一种精神状态，往往通过有形的事物、活动反映和折射出来。三是对人调节方式有差异。制度管理主要是外在的、硬性的调节；文化管理主要是内在的文化自律与软性的文化引导。文化管理强调心理认同，强调人的自主意识和主动性，也就是通过启发人的自觉意识达到自控和自律。对多数人来讲，由于认同了主流文化，因此，文化管理成为非强制性的管理；对于少数未认同主流文化的人来讲，一种主流文化一旦形成，也同样受这种主流文化氛围、风俗、习惯等非正式规则的约束，违背这种主流文化的言行是要受到舆论谴责或制度惩罚的。因此文化管理又具有一定强制性。脑力劳动者与体力劳动者对制度与文化的感受度不同。体力劳动者因为其作业方式要求标准化的程度高，对制度管理的强制性敏感度较低，也就是说，遵守制度是顺理成章的事，制度管理对他们更适合；脑力劳动者因为创造性强，要求自由度较高，对较低层次的条条框框则反感，需要较多的文化管理。这是超Y理论的研究结果，值得我们注意。在具有这此差异的同时，我们也应当看到，制度与文化是互动的。当管理者认为某种文化需要倡导时，他可能通过培养典型的形式，也可能通过开展活动的形式来推展和传播。但要把倡导的新文化渗透到管理过程，变成人们的自觉行动，制度则是最好的载体之一。人们普遍认同一种新文化可能需要经过较长时间，而把文化装进制度，则会加速这种认同过程。当企业中的先进文化或管理者倡导的新文化已经超越制度文化的水准，这种文化又在催生着新的制度。尽管制度与制度文化不是同一概念。当制度内涵未被员工心理认同时，制度只是管理者的文化，至多只反映管理规律和管理规范，对员工只是外在的约束；当制度内涵已被员工心理接受、并自觉遵守时，制度就变成了一种文化。比如，企业要鼓励员工提合理化建议，先定一项制度，时间长了，员工心理接受了这一制度内涵，制度变成空壳，留下的是参与文化。从这一点上来说，文化和制度最终达到了统一。

二、文化优劣或主流文化的认同度决定着制度的成本。当企业倡导的文化优秀且主流文化认同度较高时，企业制度成本就低；当企业倡导的文化适应性差且主流文化认同度较低时，企业的制度成本则高。由于制度是外在约束，当制度文化未形成时，没有监督，工人就可能越轨或不能按要求去做，其成本自然就高；而当制度文化形成以后，人们自