第一篇：高一英语必修1 Unit1 知识点
Unit 1 Friendship 第二部分：语言点，考点精讲： 上 【重难突破——重拳出击】 Are you good to your friend? 你对你的朋友好吗？ be good to sb.对„好, 对„亲切
be good to old people.对老人要亲切。【发散思维】
be good for：适于„, 对„ 有好处
do good to sb.：对„有益，相当于do sb.good e.g.She is good to the little girl =she is kind to the little girl The food is good for our health =The food does good to our health =The food does our health good Add up your score and see how many points you can get.把你的得分加起来, 看一看你能得多少分。
I.add up 加起来
add the figures up / together.把这些数字加起来。【发散思维】 add „to„ ：添加
Add more salt to the soup and the soup will taste better.向汤里再加点盐，汤的味道就会更好。add to ：to increase增加 Bad weather adds to our difficulty 坏天气增加了我们困难。
add up to : to amount to总计，加起来等于 The figures add up to 1000 这些数字总计为1000。
II.score n.（比赛等的）得分；（考试等的）分数，成绩；二十
e.g.The score of the football game is 5—0 这场足球比赛的比分是5 比0。【精彩总结】
1）score 与 dozen 与具体数字以及与many, a few, several等连用时，均不加“S”。score 后常带有of, 而dozen 则不接of。
e.g.There are three score of students in the classroom.教室里有60 名学生。There are three dozen students here 这里有36 名学生。
注意：当 score 与 dozen 后面的名词被 the，these，those 或形容词性物主代词修饰，表示的是整体中的一部分时，score 与dozen 后面都要接of + the +可数名词复数。e.g.Three score of the students are girls Three dozen of the students are boys
2）表示不确定的概念时，经常采用scores of 和 dozens of 来表示许多的，大量的，只修饰可数名词复数。She has been to Beijing scores of times.她去过北京好多次。【趁热打铁】
The woman feeds several _______ hens in her chicken farm.A.scores of
B.scores
C.score of
D.score [答案：C] 3 You will go without your friend 你不带你的朋友去。go without： 没有…也行 ；没有…也勉强能应付 e.g.The man can’t go without cigarettes.这人不吸烟不行。【趁热打铁】
There is no money for a holiday this year;we’ll have to _______ it.A.go on
B.go over
C.go without
D.go for [答案：C] 4.When he /she borrowed it last time, he /she broke it and you had to pay to get it repaired.他/她上次借用你的摄像机时，把它弄坏了，你必须付钱修理。I.pay 付款
She paid the driver and got out of the taxi.她付钱给司机后下了出租车。
【同义词辨析】pay, cost, take, spend pay 其主语是人，常用于pay for结构中。
cost 常用事物作主语,一般不用于被动式。后面可接双宾语。take 常用于It takes sb.some time to do sth.spend 常用于spend „ in(doing sth.)或on sth.结构中。【趁热打铁】
1）The pen ______ me three dollars.2)I ______ three dollars on the pen.3)I _______ three dollars for the pen.4)It _______ them three months to build the bridge.[答案：1）cost;2)spent;3)paid;4)took ]
II.get it repaired ：get sth.done;相当于have sth.done.The washing machine doesn’t work.I’ll get it repaired.洗衣机坏了，我得找人修理一下。
还可用于get sb.to do sth.和get sb.doing sth.结构中。【趁热打铁】
1）Let me try now.I’ll get the car ______(go).2)When are you going to get your hair ______(cut).3)I’ll get him ______(do)the work.[答案：1）going;2）cut;3)to do ] 5.You will tell your friend that you are concerned about him /her but you have to go to class.你会告诉你的朋友你为他/她而担心，但是你必须去上课。be concerned about ：be worried about 为„而担心 We’re all concerned about her safety.我们都为她的安全担忧。【发散思维】
concern n.担心，挂念，后常跟about /for。
She showed a lot of concern for her daughter’s illness.她非常担心她女儿的病情。
vt.(事情)与„有关；使操心
That doesn’t concern us.那与我们无关。
6.You friend has gone on holiday and asked you to take care of his or her dog
你的朋友去度假了，要你照顾他/她的狗。take care of 照顾照看，相当于look after The children are taken good care of in the nursery school.孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
take care 单独用表示 “小心”，“当心”，相当于look out/be careful e.g.Look out(take care;be careful)！Here comes the bus.7.While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.在遛狗时，你不小心，狗没了缰绳的束缚，被车撞着了。
I.walk vt.遛（动物）；陪（人）步行
Grandpa walks the dog every day.爷爷每天都去遛狗。
I’ll walk you to the station.我陪你走到车站。
II.while walking the dog : 相当于while you were walking the dog 的省略。
You were too careless while(you were)driving.你开车时太粗心大意了。III.loose: 未系着的，解除束缚的 The horses were loose in the field.那群马在原野中被解除了缰绳。8.tell him /her to look at someone else’s paper.告诉他/她看其他人的试卷。
else adj.其他的，其余的
e.g.I want to tell you something else.我想告诉你其他事情。
Who else wants to go?
还有谁想去？
【同义词辨析】else, other, rest else 常用在疑问词和不定代词之后，后可加’s 表示所属关系。
other 通常放在名词前面作定语，也可当作代词使用。
rest 通常与the 连用，后常有of短语，the rest 相当于代词。
【趁热打铁】
1）We need ten _______ chairs.2)There are ______ ways of doing this exercise.3)This must be someone ______ fault.4)Where ______ did you go? 5）Five of them are from England, and _______ are from the U.S.A.[答案：1）other;2)other;3)else’s;4)else;5)the rest/the others] 【点击高考】
－I hear they aren’t pleased with the house you’ve chosen for them.－Well ,_______ could they live in such comfort? [NMET 2003北京，27]
A.Where else
B.what else
C.how
D.why
[答案：A] 9.Make a list of reasons why friends are important to you I.reason n.原因, 理由
What is the reason for your being late? 【同义词辨析】reason, cause, excuse
reason 指以理解某事而提出的理由，与所发生的事情不一定有逻辑上的因果关系，经常与for 连用，来表示“„的原因”。
cause 指直接导致事情发生的起因，与所发生的事情有因果关系，经常与of 连用，来表示“„的起因”。
excuse 指推卸责任而寻求的理由、借口。【趁热打铁】
1）The ______ of the fire was carelessness.2)He refused to explain his ________.3）He made a good ______ for breaking the regulation.[答案：1）cause;2)reason(s);3）excuse] II.the reason why friends are important to you
朋友对你很重要的原因
e.g.The reason why he was late is that he got up late
他来晚的原因是他起床晚了。【趁热打铁】
The reason _______she was absent is ______ she was ill.A.why;because B.for which;because C.why;that
D.for that;because [答案：C] 【点击高考】
－I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke.I was so tired.－There is no ______ for this while you are on duty.[NMET 2003北京，29] A.reason
B.excuse
C.cause
D.explanation [答案：B 在值班过程中，任何不符合规定的所谓“理由”都是一种“借口”。]
10.What do you think a good friend should be like? what is sb / sth.like? “ „什么样?” 可以问(人的)外表，也可以问（人的）品质
e.g.－ what is Mike like?
－He is kind/ handsome.
第二篇：高一英语人教版必修1unit1重点短语
高一英语人教版必修1《短语》回顾
Unit1
1._____up加起来
2._____sb．down使某人镇定下来
3.be ____about关心
4._____the dog遛狗
5._____in the exam考试作弊
6.make a_____ of列出理由
7._____sth._____ sb．与某人共事某物
8.go_____经历、穿过
9.grow_____ about对……痴迷
10.a _____of一系列
11._____away躲藏
12.in_____ to为了
13.on_____故意地
14._____ to根据
15.face _____face面对面
16._____ _____love with sb.爱上某人
17.put_____收好、放好
18.be_____ among／with受……喜欢
19.get_____ well with sb.与某人相处得好
20.make an_____ to do sth.努力去做某事
21._____in the discussion加入讨论
22.pay_____ to注意
23._____a diary写日记
24.set_____记下、写下
25.have _____to不得不
Keys:
Unit1
1.add2.calm3.concerned4.walk5.cheat6.list;reasons7.share;with
8.through9.crazy10.hide11.series12.purpose13.order14.to15.according 16.away17.fall in18.along/on19.popular20.effort21.join22.attention 23.keep
24.down25.got
第三篇：高一英语必修
高一英语必修②Unit 1期末复习题
一.单词拼写
1.These small animals must store plenty of food if they are to s_________ the winter.2.There is a beautiful garden over there.Do you know whom it b__________ to.3.She took a ________ candle into the room, and the dark room lit up at once.4.This coat is of the latest s________.5.In my o_________, he is not the right person for the job.6.Do you have enough e_________ to prove that you are right?
7.Don’t _________ not to know me, actually you know me very well.8.We couldn’t go for a walk because I have no time, b_________, it rains heavily.9.He s___________ all the street, but could not find his dear parents.10.As is known, the Great wall is one of the w___________ of the world.11.In the accident, only two people s__________ at last.12.The building is specially d__________ for the homeless people.13.Tom has bought a new house, he needs to buy some f___________ before he moves into it.14.His father works on a ship, he is a s________.15.This is a r_______ coin, so it’s very valuable.二．翻译下列单词或短语
1.作为对……的报答 2.处理
3.充当，担任4.与……处于战争状态
5.寻找6.属于
7.调查，朝……里面看 8.而不是，而非
9.迷路，丢失 10.同意（某人的看法）
11.高度评价 12.拆开
13.毫无疑问 问题的答案
三．定语从句专练习: 用恰当的关系词填空。
1.Do you know the place __________ he borrowed the book?
2.He talked about the teachers and schools ________ he had visited.3.Some of the roads were flooded, ________ made our journey more difficult.4.The novel ________ you’re interested was written by Mark Twain.5._________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.6.Hangzhou is a beautiful city, ________is often called the Heaven of the Earth.7.Yesterday I met an old friend, ___________had a gift of music when he was young.8.I will never forget those three years, during____________ time I learned a lot about life.9.____ is reported, Chinese team won the final.10.I bought all the food in the shop, much of_______________ was given out to the poor.11.I never forget this summer vacation, ___________I spent the happy days with my friends.12.He is talking about the great woman, _________films have been on in
many cities.四.单项选择.1.As a result of the report many villagers rushed to the mountain ________ gold.A.in search ofB.in the search ofC.to searchD.searching
2.-----What has Tom been doing recently?------I didn’t know, ________ care.A.nor do IB.nor I doC.neither am ID.neither I am
3.This book will _______ to the students of English.A.be of great valueB.be of great valuableC.be great valueD.be of
very value
4.In the paper factory, trees are cut into pieces and pulped, then the pulp is
_______ paper.A.made ofB.made fromC.made intoD.made
up of
5.I don’t like the way ______ you speak to her.A./B.in thatC.whichD.of which
6.What he did ______ what he said moved us.A.more thanB.rather thanC.less thanD.no
more than
7._______ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_______ the
First World.A.Which;belonging toB.As;belongingC.What;belonging toD.It;
belonging
8.We don’t doubt______ he can do a good job of it.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.why
9.The woman, when _______ how her husband was injured, began to cry.A.askedB.to askC.askingD.ask
10.------Tom is never late for work.Why is he absent today?
------Something _________ to him.A.must happenB.should have happened
C.could have happenedD.must have happened
11.Never in my life ______ the lesson he gave me.A.I will forgetB.will I forgetC.had I forgetD.did I
forget
12.I’m afraid that I don’twhat you said.A.agree toB.agree onC.agree withD.agree about
13.He was by his colleagues though he himself didn’t think he had done
anything special.A.thought little ofB.thought poorly
C.thought highly ofD.thought highly
五.短文改错
Long long ago, people had gather leaves and1.fruit of plants to eat with.They didn’t know how2.to plant crops or how to keep animals for their3.food.We call them Stone Age people.Thing for4.them were terrible and hard.Now there have still5.some people living liked those Stone Age people.6.They live in places that are hard reach.They do not7.know of our invention, for they keep themselves8.away our civilized world.For many years a group of9.people call Aruntas have lived alone in the center10.参考答案：
一.单词拼写
1.survive2.belongs3.lighted4.style5.opinion6.evidence7.pretend
8.besides9.searched10.wonders11.survived12.designed13.furniture
14.sailor15.rare
二．翻译下列单词或短语
1.in return for2.do with/deal with3.serve as4.be at war with
5．In search of6.belong to7.look into8.rather than
9.get lost10.agree with11.think/speak highly of12.take
apart
13.(there is)no doubt that14.the answer to the question
三．定语从句专练习: 用恰当的关系词填空。
1.where2.that3.which4.in which5.As6.which
7.who8.which9.As10.which11.when12.whose
四.单项选择.1-5 AAACA6-10 BBBAD11-13 BCC
五.短文改错
1.had改为had to 2.去掉with
为are
6.liked改为like 7.reach改为to reach 8.invention改为inventions
10.call 改为called3.√4.Thing改为things 5.have 改9.away 后加from
第四篇：高一英语必修一知识点总结(家教)
高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit1-2 ☆重点句型☆
1.What should a friend be like? 询问对方的看法 2.I think he / she should be„表示个人观点的词语
3.I enjoy reading / I'm fond of singing / I like playing computer games.等表示喜好的词语 4.Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes.“when“作并列连词的用法
5.What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 强调句的 特殊疑问句结构
6.With so many people communicating in English everyday，...“with+宾语+宾补”的结构做状语
7.Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 带连接副词
(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法 ☆重点词汇☆ 1.especially v.特别地 2.imagine v.想像
3.alone adv./ adj.单独，孤独的 4.interest n.兴趣
5.everyday adj.每天的，日常的 6.deserted adj.抛弃的 7.hunt v.搜寻 8.share v.分享
9.care v.在乎，关心 10.total n.总数
11.majority n.大多数 12.survive v.生存，活下来 13.adventure n.冒险 14.scared adj.吓坏的 15.admit v.承认
16.while conj.但是，而 17.boring adj.令人厌烦的 18.except prep.除„„之外 19.quality n.质量
20.favourite adj.最喜爱的 ☆重点短语☆ 1.be fond of爱好
2.treat„as„把„„看作为„„
3.make friends with 与„„交朋友
4.argue with sb.about / over sth.与某人争论某事 5.hunt for寻找 6.in order to为了
7.share„with与„„分享 8.bring in引进；赚钱
9.a great / good many许多„ 10.have difficulty(in)doing做„„有困难 11.end up with以„„结束 12.except for除„„之外 13.come about发生 14.make(a)fire生火
15.make yourself at home别拘束 16.the majority of大多数 17.drop sb.a line给某人写短信 18.for the first time第一次 19.at all根本；竟然
20.have a(good)knowledge of„精通„„ ☆短语闯关☆
下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填人一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧? l.be fond ____ 喜欢，爱好 of 2.hunt ____
搜索。追寻，寻找 for 3.in to ____ 为了 order
4.care ____ 担心，关心 about 5.such ____ 例如，诸如 as
6.drop sb a ____ 给某人写信(通常指写短信)line 7.make oneself at ____ 别客气 home 8.____ total 总共 in
9.except ____ 除了„„之外 for 10.stay ____
不睡，熬夜 up 11.____ about 发生 come 12.end ____ with 以„„告终 up 13.bring ____ 引进，引来 in
14.a great ____
许许多多，极多 many 15.be ____
对„„深感兴趣，深深迷上„„ into 16.____ the Internet 上网 surf 17.____ classes 逃学，逃课 skip 18.get ____
聚会，相聚，聚集 together 19.be proud ____
为„„感到骄傲 of 20.keep an ____ on
照看，注意 eye 21.be curious ____
对„„感到好奇 about 22.shut ____
(使)住口 up 23.joke ____
开玩笑 about 24.____ the name of 以„„名义 in 25.____ the time 总是，一直 all ☆交际用语☆ 1.I think…
I like / love / hate...I enjoy...My interests are...2.Did you have a good flight?
You must be very tired.Just make yourself at home.I beg your pardon?
Can you tell me how to pronounce...?
Get it.☆单词聚焦☆
1.argue v.的用法
▲构词：argument n.1.[C]争论 2.[U]讨论．辩论3.[C]论据 ▲搭配：
① argue with / against sb.over / on / about sth.与某人争论某事 ② argue for / against sth.辩论赞成／反对某事
③ argue that...主张，认为，争辩说
④ argue sb into / out of doing sth.说服某人做／不做某事
▲友情提示：“说服某人做／不做某事”还可表达为：talk / persuade / reason sb.into / out of doing sth.⑤ settle the argument 解决争端
▲友情提示：an argument with sb about / over sth.为某事和某人而发生的争执
【考例】What laughing ____ we had about the socially respectable method for moving spaghetti(意大利式细面条)from plate to mouth.(2004全国卷I)
A.speeches
B.lessons C.sayings D.arguments [考查目标] argue名词形式的词义。
[答案与解析] D argument的词义是“争辩，辩论”。2.compare v.的用法
▲构词：comparison n.比较
▲搭配：① compare...to...比拟；比作② compare...with / to...将„„和„„相比较③ compare notes 对笔记；交换意见
【考例】 ____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004湖北)
A.Compare
B.When comparing
C.Comparing
D.When compared [考查目标] compare的用法。
[答案与解析] D 本句compare用在句首作状语，并有“被比较”的意思。3.consider v.的用法
▲构词：consideration n.考虑，思考；体谅，顾及
▲搭配：① consider doing sth.考虑做某事② consider sb(to be / as)...认为／觉得某人„„③ consider that-clause 认为„„④ take sth into consideration 考虑⑤ under consideration 在考虑中
【考例】Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.(NMET 1993)
A.to invent
B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having invented [考查目标] consider的几种常见用法。
[答案与解析] C consider本身是被动语态时，后接不定式的各种结构。如果表示已经发生的事情．用不定式的完成形式。4.deserted adj.空无一人的；被遗弃的；被抛弃的
(1)空无一人的a deserted street / area空无一人的街道，地区；The office was quite deserted.办公室里空无一人。
(2)被遗弃的a deserted child 被遗弃的孩子(3)desert ['dezot] n.沙漠
desert [dI'zo:t] vt.丢弃；遗弃
He deserted his wife and children after becoming rich.5.difficulty n.(1)difficulty(通常作复数)难事，难点，难题She met with many difficulties when travelling.(2)在以下句型中，difficulty是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。have(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.干某事有困难
there is(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.have(some)difficulty with sth.在某事上有困难
there is(some)difficulty with sth.do sth.with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地／轻而易举地做某事
We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.Do you have any difficulty with your English? 【注意】
(1)以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰
(2)以上句型中，亦可用trouble来代替difficulty。6.favourite = favorite(A.E)最喜爱的；最喜爱的人或事物
(1)adj.最喜爱的My favorite sport is playing football.(2)n.[C] 最喜爱的人或事物He is a favorite with his uncle.7.fun的用法
▲构词：funny adj.有趣的．滑稽的，好笑的；奇特的，古怪的
▲搭配：
① make fun of 取笑；嘲弄；开某人的玩笑
②(just)for / in fun =(just)for the fun of it 取乐，非认真地，说／做着玩的 ③ be full of fun„„很好玩
④ have fun with sb.和某人开一个玩笑
⑤ have(some)fun 玩得(很)高兴，玩得(很)开心
⑥ It's(great)fun to do sth干某事很有趣；干某事真是一件趣事；干某事真开心 ⑦ What fun(it is)to do sth!干某事多么有趣呀!⑧ have a lot of fun doing sth 干某事玩得很开心
【考例】(200上海春招)This is not a match.We're play-ing chess just for ____.A.habit
B.hobby
C.fun
D.game [考查目标] fun构成的短语for fun的意思。
[答案与解析]C，for fun 常在句中用作状语，意思是“说／做着玩的”。8.imagine的用法
▲构词：① imagination n.[C / U] 想像，想像力，想像的事物② imaginative adj.富有想像力的
▲搭配：① imagine sth / doing sth ② beyond(all)imagination(完全)出乎意料地 【考例】 I can hardly imagine Peter ___across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(MET 1991)
A.sail
B.to sail
C.sailing
D.to have sailed [考查目标] imagine的基本用法。
[答案与解析] C imagine后接动词的-ing形式，本句的Peter是这个动名词的逻辑主语。9.interest的用法
interest vt.使„„感兴趣 n.兴趣，爱好 [U] 利息；利润 He has a great interest in politics.他对政治极感兴趣。/ a broad interest 广泛的利益 / a common interest 共同的利益 / a strong interest 极强的兴趣
▲构词：① interesting 令人感兴趣的(事物)② interested(某人对某事)有兴趣的
▲搭配：① interest sb in sth 使某人注意，关心或参入某事；使某人对某事感兴趣② be interested in 对„„感兴趣(关心)③have an interest in sth./ in doing sth.对某方面有兴趣(关心)；在„„中有股份、权益等④ hold one's interest 吸引住某人的兴趣⑤ in the interest(s)of 为„„利益；为„„起见；对„„有利⑥ lose interest in 对„„不再感兴趣⑦ show / take(an)interest in / in doing sth.对„„表示关心(有兴趣)⑧ have / take / feel no interest in 对„„不(不太)感兴趣⑨ with interest 有兴趣地，津津有味地⑩develop / find / feel interest in sth./ in doing sth.在某方面培养／有兴趣 ? lose interest in sth./ in doing sth.对某方面失去兴趣
有时interest可与不定冠词连用。He developed an interest in science.另外：interest作“爱好”解时，是可数名词。His interests include reading and tennis.【考例】____, they immediately suggested that she put them together to make a single one long story and paid Tracy a $50,000 advance.(2004全国卷 II)
A.Interested
B.Anxiously
C.Seriously
D.Encouraged [考查目标] interest派生词的词义和用法。
[答案与解析] A interested指(出版商)对这件事有兴趣。10.prove的用法
▲构词：① proof n.证据。试验，考验，(印刷)校样
▲搭配：① prove sth to sb 向某人证实„„② prove to sb that 从句向某人证实„„③ prove(oneself)to be 证明(自己)是，表现出
【考例】It was in the neighboring country — United States that such resistance to spray was first ____.(05长春模拟)
A.proved
B.killed
C.thought
D.discussed [考查目标] 考查prove的意思。
[答案与解析] A 本题was proved的意思是“得到证实”，有被动意味。
11.provide的用法
▲构词：① provider n.供给者，供应者，养家者② provided / providing conj.倘若 ▲搭配：provide sb with sth / sth to sb 给„„提供；以„„装备
【考例】His son ____ the old man with all the food and the money he needed.A.provided
B.fed
C.afforded
D.charred [考查目标]考查provide的词义。
[答案与解析]A provide与with搭配，意思是“向某人提供某物”。
12.share的用法 ▲搭配：① share(in)sth.with sth.和某人分享、分担、共用某物② share sth(out)between / among...将某物分配、分给„„③ share joys / happiness and sorrows(with sb)(和某人)同甘共苦④ share one's opinion 同意某人的意见
【考例】Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare — you must learn to ____.(NMET 2000)
A.support
B.care
C.spare
D.share [考查目标] 此题主要考查在语境中选择动词的能力。
[答案与解析] D 四个选项的含义分别为：support 支持；care 在意，关心；spare 挤出(时间)，匀出某物；share分享，分担，与某人合用。根据语境可知说话者是想让Clare学会与人共享——把玩具(拿出来)和Harry一起玩，share在此意为“合用玩具”，解此题的关键是信息play with your toys as well。故D为最佳答案。13.solve的用法
▲构词：solution n.1.[C](问题的)解答；(困难的)解决方法 2.[U] 解答，解决 3.[U] 溶解 ▲搭配：the solution to 解决„„的办法
【考例3】In the end, one suggestion seems to be the solution ____ the problem.(2001北京春招)
A.with
B.into C.for
D.to [考查目标] solve名词solution的相关搭配。[答案与解析] D “对于„„的解决办法”，介词用to。
14.total n./ adj.全部(的)
(1)in total 加起来In total, there must have been 20000 people there.(2)a total of 总共His expenses(支出)reached a total of $100.(3)the total of...„„的总数 The total 0f the bill is 230 dollars.15.when conj.when并列连词，= and then，表示“就在那时，突然”，常见以下句型中：
(1)be doing...when...正在做„„突然„„I was wandering through the streets when l caught sight of a tailor's shop.(2)had done...when...刚做了„„突然„„I had just sat down when the light went out.(3)be about to do...when...刚要做„„突然„„I was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and shouted at me.16.while conj.(1)while从属连词，引导时间状语从句，从句动词用延续性动词，主句的动作发生在从句动作发生的过程之中。Come on, get these things away while I make the tea.(2)并列连词，表前后两个分句意义相反或相对，意为“然而”。Some people waste food while others haven't enough.(3)放在句首，表示“尽管；虽然”，相当于although。While we don't agree, we continue to be friendly.[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：
(compare，interest，fun，solve，argue，consider，share)1.All the novels are considered ____ the young readers in the 1980s.(to have interested)2.Bob thought it ____ to solve maths problems while others hated it.(fun)
3.The headmaster ignored the ____ between Mrs.Wang and his nephew.(argument)4.We can't decide.The plan needs to be ____.(considered)5.____ with Class Two, ours has more boy students.(Compared)6.I find a better way ____ this problem.(to solve)7.Nearly half of the companies ____ the same opinion with the government.(share / shared)【词语比较】 1.especially, specially especially adv.特殊地；尤其是
(1)侧重于多种事物或人中比较突出的。I like all the subjects at school, especially English.(尤其是英语)
(2)especially 后可接介词短语或从句。I like the Yuelu Mountains, especially in spring.(尤其是在春天)Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.specially 侧重特意地、专门地做某事(后面常接for sb.或to do sth.)I made a chocolate cake specially for you.2.boring, bored, bore boring adj.令人厌烦的 The book is very boring.bored adj.感到厌烦的 I'm bored with the book.bore vt.令人厌烦
This book bores me.有些表示情感的及物动词，有与bore类似的用法。如：interest, excite, surprise, amaze, frighten, astonish, move, inspire, touch, scare, disappoint, puzzle, worry 这类词的现在分词形式，为“令人„„”；过去分词形式，为“感到„„”。3.except for, except, but, besides 表示“除了”的词或短语有：except;but;except for;besides;except that(when...)等。
(1)except 和 but 都表示“除了„„之外。没有”，二者大多数情况下可以互换；但在no, all, nobody, nothing, no one 等词后多用 but。No one knows our teacher's address except / but him.(排除him)
(2)besides 除„„之外，还„„，有附加性。What other foreign languages do you know besides English?(English与other languages都属于know的范围)
(3)except for 只不过„„，整体肯定，部分修正，用于排除非同类事物，for表示细节上的修正。Your article is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.4.know, know of, know about
(1)know 用作动词，意思是“(直接地)获知，懂得，认识，熟悉”。I don't know whether he is here or not./ I know him to be honest.(2)know of和know about的意思都是“(间接地)获知”，指听别人说到或从书报上看到，二者没有什么区别。5.for example;such as
(1)for example“例如”，用来举例说明某一论点或情况。一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。可用for instance替换。For example, air is invisible./ His spelling is terrible!Look at this word, for example.(2)such as “例如”，用来列举事物，一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。Some of the European Languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.[注意]如把前面所述情况全部举出，用that is或namely。☆短语归纳☆ 1.含all的短语
1)first of all 首先(强调顺序)2)in all(=in total=altogether)总共 3)after all 毕竟，终究 4)at all 到底，根本
5)above all 最重要的是(强调重要性)6)not(...)at all(= not(...)in the least)根本不，一点也不 7)all the time 始终，一直
8)all of a sudden(=suddenly)突然，冷不防 9)all right 行，可以
10)all at once 立刘，马上 11)all day and all night 日日夜夜 12)all over 遍及
13)all alone 独个儿，独立地 14)all but 几乎，差一点 15)all in all 总的说来
16)all together 一道，同时，总共 17)for all 尽管
[例句] I woke up and didn't hear him at all.我醒了，一点儿也没有听到他说话。/ He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他摔了很多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块的。/ You shouldn't scold her.After all, she is only five years old.你不应该责怪他，毕竟，她只有五岁。/ Children need many things, but above all, they need love.孩子需要许多东西，最重要的是，需要爱。/ You must have known it all the time.你一定一直知道这事。
【考例】 People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her.____, she is a great musician.(2004甘肃、青海)
A.After all B.As a result C.In other words D.As usual [考查目标] 主要考查四个短语的用法。
[答案与解析] A after all意为“毕竟．终究”；as a result意为“结果”；in other words意为“换句话说”；as usual意为“像往常一样”。本句意思是：虽然人们对她看法不一。但我还是佩服她。因为她毕竟是一个伟大的音乐家。
【考例】I'd like to buy a house--modern, comfortable, and ____ in a quiet neighborhood.(2004福建)
A.in all
B.above all
C.after all
D.at all [考查目标] 主要考查all构成的四个短语。[答案与解析] B
in all意为“总共”；above all意为“最重要的是”； after all 意为“毕竟”；at all 意为“到底”。本句话意思是：我想买一个房子，现代的、舒服的，但最重要的是在一个安静的地区。2.at all
(1)用在肯定句中，“竟然” I'm surprised that you came at all.(2)用在否定句中，“一点也不” There was nothing to worry about at all.(3)用在疑问句中，“到底”“究竟” Have you been there at all?
(4)用在条件句中，“真的，确实” If you do it at all, do it well.3.含“be + 形容词 + 介词”的短语 1)be good at 擅长于
2)be interested in 对„„感兴趣
3)be pleased / satisfied / content with 对„„满意 4)be famous for 因„„而出名 5)be kind / good to 对„„好 6)be lost in 沉湎于
7)be active in 在某方面积极 8)be sure about / of 确信 9)be afraid of 害怕 10)be full of 充满 11)be filled with 充满
12)be made of / from 由„„组成 13)be generous to 对„„慷慨 14)be popular with 受欢迎 15)be confident of 确信 16)be fond of 喜欢，喜爱
17)be angry with / at 对„„发脾气 18)be late for 迟到
19)be amazed / surprised / astonished / shocked at 对„„感到惊讶 20)be busy doing 忙着做„„
21)be excited about 对„„感到兴奋 22)be worried about 担心 23)be used for / as 用于
24)be curious about 对„„好奇
[例句] Lin Lin is confident of his ability to get work for himself.林林确信自己有能力做这活。He was generous to everybody with money, as a result, he saved little.他对谁花钱都很慷慨，结果没有攒到多少钱。She is very active in helping the poor.在帮助穷人方面，她很热心。Pop music is popular with the young generation.流行歌曲受年轻一代的欢迎。Lost in thought, he didn't realize that I came in.他陷入思考之中，没有意识到我进来了。I was amazed at the sight so that I didn't know what to do.看到这一幕我非常惊讶，不知道该做什么。Students in Senior 3 are busy preparing for the coming final exam.高三学生在忙于准备即将到来的期末考试。【考例l】(2005重庆)--You know, Bob is a little slow ____ understanding, so...--So I have to be patient ____ him.A.in;with
B.on;with
C.in;to
D.at;for [考查目标] 同定搭配中介词的选择。
[答案与解析] A
be slow in 意为“在„„方面反应迟钝”，be patient with 意为“对„„有耐心”。
4.end up with...以„„结束
(1)end up with + n.以„„结束
The party ended up with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.(2)end up as...最后成为„He will end up as a president some day.(3)end up + 地点状语最后(有„„结局)If you drive your car like that, you'll end(up)in hospital.5.“make + 名词”短语 ① make a noise 吵闹
② make faces 做鬼脸，做苦脸 ③ make room for 给„„腾出地方 ④ make the bed 整理床铺 ⑤ make phone calls 打电话 ⑥ make friends with 交朋友 ⑦ make money 赚钱
⑧ make use of 利用
⑨ make a decision 做出决定 ⑩ make a mistake 犯错误
[例句] The boy made a face at his teacher when she turned her back.老师转身时，男孩朝老师做了个鬼脸。
Working in the kitchen made the boy into a good cook.在厨房里干活使男孩成为一位优秀厨师。
They were moved out to a nearby hotel, to make room for more important persons.为了给更重要的人物腾出
地方，他们被搬到了附近的一家旅店。
【考例】 The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to ____.(2003北京春招)
A.make it out
B.make it off
C.make it up
D.make it over [考查目标] 主要考查make短语。
[答案与解析] A make out意为“领悟、弄明白、发现真相” make off 意为“连忙跑掉”；make up 意为“弥补、打扮、组成”；make over 意为“转让、改造”。因为受到迷惑，所以应该是试图发现真相。【考例】
--When shall we start?--Let's ____ it at 8:30.Is that all right?(2002北京)
A.set
B.meet
C.make
D.take [考查目标] 此题主要考查 make 短语。
[答案与解析] C make it“规定时间”为固定短语。本句话意思是“把出发的时间定在8点半”。set意思是“对时间”、“调时间”。6.make fire点火
有以下fire(n.)短语: be on fire 着火了(表示状态)/ catch fire 燃着；着火(表示动作)/ play with fire 玩火；干冒险的事 / Set sth.on fire = set fire to sth.放火烧„„ / make(a)fire 点火；生火 / start(cause)a fire引起火灾
[注意] fire作“火灾”“一堆火”解时，为可数名词。7.a great / good many许多
(1)a great / good many + 名词复数，中间无“of”。A great many people have seen the film.(2)a great / good many + of + the / these / those / one's + 名词复数 A great many of the people have seen the film.8.make yourself at home 别拘束
(1)make yourself at home 别拘束(主人对客人说的委婉语)--Good evening, Jim.--Good evening, Mary.Come in and make yourself at home.(2)(all)by oneself 独自(没有别人帮助)You can't possibly do it all by yourself.(3)enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高兴 Please enjoy yourself while you're spending your holiday in Hawaii.(4)for oneself 亲自;为自己The student wants to think it for himself./ One should not live for oneself alone.(5)of oneself 自动地The door closed of itself suddenly.(6)be oneself 身体或情绪好 I am not myself today.(7)help oneself to + n./ pron.随便„„ Please help yourself to the fish．
(8)in oneself 本身 This is not a bad idea in itself.(9)come to oneself 苏醒The injured man came to him-self in five minutes.(10)between ourselves 私下说的话 All this is between ourselves.9.the majority of...大多数的„„
(1)a / the majority of + 名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词多用复数。the majority 单独作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数形式均可。The majority of people seem to prefer watching games to playing games./ The majority were(was)in favour of the proposal.(2)by a majority of + 数字，以超过„„票的多数She won the election by a majority of 900 votes.10.treat „ as „把„看做„ The kind lady treated me as her own daughter.【比较】表示“认为”的短语还有：
regard…as…
consider…(as)…
think of…as…
look on / upon…as…
take…for…
[注意] 在consider„as„短语中as可省略，其他短语中不可。
[牛刀小试2] 1.If you are ____ about Australian cities, just read the book written by Dr.Johnson.A.interested
B.anxious
C.upset
D.curious 2.Her son, ____ whom she was so ____, went abroad 10 years ago.A.of;loved
B.for;cared C.to;devoted
D.on;affected 3.In order to continue to learn by ourselves when we have left school, we must ____ learn how to study in the school now.A.in all
B.after all
C.above all
D.at all 4.--I am sorry I didn't do a good job.--Never mind.____, you have tried your best.A.Above all
B.In all
C.At all
D.After all 5.Since we can't find a bigger apartment, we'll have to ____ what we have.A.hope for the best
B.make room for C.make the best of
D.lay our hope on(DCCDC)【句型归纳】
1.I don't enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.我不喜欢唱歌，也不喜欢电脑。/ Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.摇滚音乐还可以，滑雪也行。
这两句中nor与so用于倒装结构。例如：I don't know, nor do I care.我不知道，也不关心。so的常见句型有：
(1)so + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也„„”)(2)neither / nor + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也不„„”)(3)so it is / was with sb / sth和so it is / was the same with sb / sth(意为“主语也„„”)(用在前文有两个或以上的从句，而且分句有不同的谓语或既有肯定又有否定以及既有系动词义有行为动词的情况)(4)so + 主语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词(意为“主讲确实如此”)，表示进一步肯定。(5)主语 + did + so(意为“主语按照吩咐做了”)。
【考例】 Mary never does any reading in the evening, ____.(2005全国 III)A.so does John
B.John does too C.John doesn't too
D.nor does John [考查目标] nor表示“也不”引导的倒装结构。
[答案与解析] D 由never可以判断该句为否定句。空格处句意为“约翰也没读书”。nor, so, neither可引起倒装句。
2.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.查克是个生意人，他总是那么忙，几乎没有时间和朋友在一起。
该句中so...that...和such...that...都能连接结果状讲从句，但要注意词序不同。例如：Joan is such a lonely girl that all of us like her.= She is so lovely a girl that we all like her.常见句型：
(1)such + a / an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that clause(2)such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + that clause(3)such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that clause(4)so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + that clause(5)so + 形容词 / 副词 + that clause(6)so + many / few + 复数可数名词 + that clause(7)so + much / little + 不可数名词 + that clause 注意：①当little不表示数量“少”而表示“小”的意思时，仍然要用such。②当so + adj./ adv.或 such + n.位于句首时，主句需要倒装。
【考例】 So difficult ____ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English.(2001上海)A.I have felt
B.have I felt
C.I did feel
D.did I feel [考查目标] so + adj.位于句首时，主句倒装。
[答案与解析] D A、C语序不对，排除。B时态不对。
3.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克在飞越太平洋时．他的飞机突然坠毁了。该句中的“when”表示“正在这时”，相当于and just或and at that time.这时不能用while / as 替换。
常见句型：(1)be about to do sth when...(2)be doing sth when...(3)be on the point of doing sth when...【考例】We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started.(2004北京春招)A.when
B.while
C.until
D.before [考查目标] ”when“ 作连词，表示“正在这时”。
[答案与解析] A 意为“我正在湖中游泳，突然暴风雨来了。”只有when才能用于这种句型。4.He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make fire.他不得不学会收集淡水．寻找食物，生火什么的。
该句中的“how I to collect...”为动词不定式短语作宾语。例如：We must decide which one to buy.疑问词which, what, how, when, where等与小定式构成不定式短语。
【考例】 I've worked with children before, so I knew what ____ in my new job.(NMET 2000)A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects [考查目标] what to do sth 不定式短语作宾语。[答案与解析] B 该句需要填非谓语动词。排除A、D。句意为“以前我与孩子在一块儿工作过。因此我知道我的新工作需要什么。”C不表示进行，排除C。
5.In order to survive, Chuck developed a friendship with an unusual friend — a volleyball he called Wilson.为了生存下去，查克和一位不寻常的朋友--“排球”建立了友谊，查克叫他威尔森。
1.该句中的”in order to“，意思为“为了，以便”，作目的状语。在句子中作同的状语的常见句型有五种结构：to do sth / in order to do sth / so as to do sth / in order that clause / so that clause 注意：(1)so as to do sth 不能位于句首。(2)如果主句与从句的主语一致时，四个结构可以相互转换。(3)在in order that / so that 引导的从句中，谓语动词常与can, could, may, might 等情态动词连用。
【考例】(2005北京)I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early ____ I can have time for a cup of tea.A.as soon as B.as a result
C.in case D.so that [考查目标] 目的状语。
[答案与解析]D as soon as “一„就„”；as a result“结果是”；in case “万一”；so that“以便，为的是”。句意：“我想提前二十分钟到以便有时间喝杯茶”。2.该句子中 volleyball 是作同位语。例如：He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones that had the best color.注意：这种同位语(不是同位语从句)与非限制性定语从句的区别。
【考例】(NMET 2002)Meeting my uncle after these years was an unforgotten moment, ____ I will always treasure.A.that
B.one
C.it
D.what [考查目标] one作同位语，指代a moment。
[答案与解析] B that不能引导非限制性定语从句，排除A；if不能作同位语，排除C；what既不能引导非限制定语从句，也不能作同位语。可以填which，这样就成了非限制性定语从句。
6.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.长期以来，美国英语保持不变，但英国英语变化了。1.该句中的“while”用作并列连词．表示前后对比，意为“然而”。“while“充当连词，还能引导时间状语从句。意为“during the time that„”；引导让步状语从句，意为“although„”。2.该句中的 ”stay“ 为系动词。后接表语(the same)。除了stay外，常见的系动词还有: become, get, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall, keep, stay, remain。
【考例】(NMET 2003)Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ____ fresh for several days.A.be stayed
B.stay C.be staying
D.have stayed [考查目标] 系动词的用法。
[答案与解析] B 系动词没有被动语态，一般不用进行
时态，排除A、C；句意不是表示完成，排除D。系动词表示状态。7.for the first time 第一次
(1)for the first time 第一次，后面不加从句，在句中作状语 They came to Beijing for the first time.(2)the first time 名词短语，在从句中充当连词，后接时间状语从句，不接that，when等连词。有同样用法的短语还有：every time;next time;the last time They liked Beijing the first time they went there.(3)It's / This is the first time that + 从句(用现在完成时)这是„„的第一次 It's the first time that I have ever been abroad at all.8.What is it that...? 是什么„„? 强调句的用法：
(1)结构：It is / It was(过去时间)+ 被强调部分 + that / who(专指人)+ 其他部分
(2)用法：除了谓语动词不能强调，句子的每部分均可强调。
Jim met the student in the street last week.主语宾语地点状语时间状语
强调主语：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week.强调宾语：It was the student whom / that Jim met in the street last week.强调地点状语：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week.强调时间状语：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.(3)注意点：
一般疑问句的强调句：
Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now? 特殊疑问句的强凋句：
Who is it that will visit our class?
Where is it that he has gone?
When was it that she went?
not „ until „用于强调句：
It was not until then that I realized I was wrong.[牛刀小试3] 1.--I would never ever come to this restaurant again.The food is terrible!
--____.(2004广西)A.Nor am I
B.Neither would I
C.Same with me
D.So do I
2.We can't imagine ____ little mice can eat up ____ many crops every year.A.so;so
B.such;so C.such;such D.so;so 3.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.A.when
B.while
C.since
D.once 4.It is said in Australia there is more land than the govern-ment knows ____.(NMET 2002)A.it what to do with
B.what to do it with C.what to do with it
D.to do what with it
5.Roses need special care ___they can live through winter.(2004 天津)A.because B.so that C.even if
D.as(BBACB)【交际速成】
1.Talking about likes and dislikes.谈论喜欢和不喜欢--I enjoy Chinese food very much.--____.(03东北三校)A.Please taste quickly
B.Have more, please C.Help yourself
D.Eat slowly while it is hot [答案与解析]C本题主要考查具体语境下“对事物喜好”的表达及应答。A项不礼貌，B、D两项属汉语习惯，C项符合此时英语语境。
【归纳】英语中常见表达喜欢和不喜欢态度的用语有：(1)This book is very interesting.(2)I like / love the movie(very much).(3)I like / love to play computer games.(4)I like taking photos.(5)I enjoy listening to music.(6)I'm interested in science.My hobbies / interests are...(7)He is fond of music.(8)This song is bad / awful.(9)I don't like the movie very much / at all.(10)I don't enjoy collecting stamps.(11)I hate to do homework.I hate dancing,(12)I'm not into classic music.(13)I think that classic music is terrible / boring.2.Making apologies 道歉
--I'm sorry I'm calling you so late.--____ Okay.(2003北京春招)A.This is
B.You're
C.That's
D.I'm [答案与解析] C 本题主要考查英语中道歉及应答用语。A、B、D三项不符合交际英语的习惯，故C项正确。
【归纳】英语中常见道歉用语有：
(1)I'm very sorry.I didn't mean to(hurt your feelings).(2)I'm terribly sorry about that.(3)I'm afraid I've brought you too much trouble.(4)Please excuse me coming late.(5)Please forgive me.(6)Excuse me, please.(7)I beg your pardon.应答表达有：(1)That's / It's all right.(2)That's / It's OK.(3)Never mind.(4)It doesn't matter.(5)It's nothing.(6)Forget it.(7)Don't worry about that.(8)Don't mention it.3.Talking about language difficulties in communication 谈论语言交际困难--I'm sorry.I can't catch you.____--OK, it's B—L—A—C—K.A.Would you please walk slowly?
B.I don't understand you．
C.What's the meaning of this word?
D.Would you please repeat it more slowly? [答案与解析] D本题主要考查语言交际困难的功能意念。catch 在整个语境中是“听见，听清”的意思，A项错误理解了catch 在此处的意思，B、C两项语义不连贯，故正确答案是D。【归纳】英语中常见的谈论语言交际困难的用语有：(1)Pardon? / I beg your pardon.(2)Sorry, I can't follow you.(3)Can you speak more slowly, please?(4)How do you say...in English.'?(5)I don't know how to say that in English.(6)I don't know the word in English.(7)How do you spell it, please?(8)I'm sorry I only know a little English.(9)Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that again, please?(10)What do you mean by killing time? [牛刀小试4] 1.--____ I didn't hear you clearly.It's too noisy here.--I was saying that the party was great.A.Repeat.B.Once again.C.Sorry?
D.So what? 2.--Do you like a house with no garden?--____.But anyhow, it's better to have one than none.A.Not a bit
B.Not a little C.Not really
D.Not specially 3.--I'm sorry for stepping on your foot?--____.A.It's OK
B.You are welcome C.It's your fault
D.Never you mind 4.--What you said at the meeting hurt me badly!--Sorry.But ____.A.I didn't mean it
B.I didn't mean to C.I don't mean it
D.I don't mean to 5.--You seem to show interest in cooking.--____? On the contrary, I'm tired of it.A.Really
B.Pardon
C.OK
D.What(CCABD)【精典题例】
1.--David has made great progress recently.--____, and ____.A.So he has;so have you
B.So has he;so have you
C.So he has;so you have
D.So has he;so you have 【解析】选A 答句中的he指David，不倒装。“So have you”意为“你也一样(取得了进步)”。2.Little ____ what others think.A.does he care about
B.care he about C.about he eared
D.about cared he 【解析】选A little为否定副词，置于句首时，句子使用部分倒装。
3.At school, what he enjoys ____ football.A.playing B.to play C.is playing D.played 【解析】选C what he enjoys为主语从句，谓语动词为be，表语为playing football。不要误以为playing是enjoy的宾语而误选A。
4.At the ____news, all the women present burst out crying.A.unexpecting
B.disappointing
C.disappointed
D.interesting 【解析】选B联系语境，所有在场的妇女都哭了，因此为disappointing”令人失望的(消息)”。5.He was about to tell me the secret ____ someone patted him on the shoulder.A.as
B.until
C.while
D.when 【解析】选D “when”表示“就在这时，突然”。6.The wolf said in a ____ voice and the scholar felt ____.A.frightening;frightened
B.frightened;frightened C.frightened;frightening
D.frightening;frightening 【解析】选A frightening“令人害怕”；frightened“感 到害怕”。
7.In our ____ life, English is ____ used.A.everyday;wide
B.everyday;widely C.every day;wide
D.every day;widely 【解析】选B everyday“日常的，每天的”；widely“广泛地”。8.--Hello, Mary.I've got a girlfriend.--What's she like?--____.A.I don't know
B.She's like her mother, not father C.She likes music D.Not had!Quite pretty 【解析】选D表外表给人的印象。
9.The fire ____ for half an hour before the fire fighters arrived.A.had put out
B.was put out C.had been out
D.had broken out 【解析】选C be out“火熄灭”，表示状态。
10.It has been suggested that the land ____ equally among the peasants.A.be shared
B.should be spared C.saved
D.be spent
【解析】选A suggest后用虚拟语气。be shared前可 省略should。
11.She took ____ in physics and read ____ on the subject.A.interest;as books many as she could B.an interest;as many books as she could C.interested;as many books as she can D.interests;as books as she could 【解析】选B根据短语搭配和时态一致可知。12.--How's the young man?--____.A.He's twenty
B.He's a doctor C.He is much better
D.He's David 【解析】选C how is sb.“某人身体如何”。
13.Let Harry play with your toys as well.Clare, you must learn to ____.A.support
B.care
C.spare
D.share 【解析】选D share“分享”；support“支持”；care“在意”；spare“抽出(时间)。节余”。14.The new dress looks wonderful on you ____ the collar.A.besides B.except C.beside D.except for 【解析】选D“美中不足的是领子”，表示部分修正。15.--What about your classmate, Susan?--Our teacher ____ her a good and clever student.A.regards
B.believes C.suggests
D.considers 【解析】选D consider as„“认为„„是„„”，as可省略。
高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit3-4 ☆重点句型☆
1.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus,...you may want to try hiking.Instead和instead 0f的用法
2.Say ”Hi“ / ”Hello“ / ”Thanks“ to sb.(for me)问候的句型 3.Is anybody seeing you off? 进行时表将来
4.She struggled and struggled, and could not get on her feet.(= keep struggling)
5.You should not go rafting unless you know...unless引导条件状语从句，相当于if...not 6.By staying at..., tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the fiver and the birds.目的状语从句
7.She was so surprised that she couldn't move.结果状语从句 8.Tree after tree went down, cut down by water.过去分词作状语
9.The next moment, the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.现在分词作状语 10.However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.It didn't take long before the building was destroyed.before的用法 ☆重点词汇☆
1.means n.方法；途径 2.experience n.经验 3.equipment n.设备 4.successful adj.成功的 5.protect v.保护 6.handle v.处理 7.consider v.考虑 8.benefit n.利益 9.particular adj.特别的 10.effect n.效果 11.combine v.合并
12.unforgettable adj.不会忘记的 13.advance v.前进 14.seize v.抓住 15.struggle v.奋斗 16.fear v.& n.害怕 17.strike v.敲打 18.destroy v.毁掉 19.publish v.出版
20.naughty adj.调皮的 ☆重点短语☆
1.get away from 逃离
2.watch / look out 注意，当心
3.go for a hike / go hiking 去徒步旅游 4.as with 正如„„一样 5.see off 为某人送行
6.on the other hand 在另一方面 7.take care of 照顾
8.get close / near to 接近，凑近9.tree after tree 一棵又一棵的树 10.as wall as 也，和„„一样(好)11.protect„from 保护„„不受„„的伤害 12.be surprised at 因„„而吃惊
13.be caught / trapped / struck in 被„„困住 14.take place 发生
15.go through 通过，经过；经历(痛苦的事)16.be upon 临近，逼近17.hold on to 紧紧抓住
18.refer to 提到，说到；查询(信息)19.look into 注视„„的内部；检查，调查 20.for fear of(doing)sth.惟恐„„ ☆短语闯关☆
下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关．做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧? l.get ____ from 逃离
away
2.watch ____ 注意，当心 out 3.protect sb / sth ____ 保护／保卫某人(某事物)from 4.see sb ____ 到火车站、飞机场等某处为某人送行 off 5.on the other ____ 另一方面 hand 6.as ____ as也，还，而且 well 7.____ place发生，产生 take 8.____ fire失火 on 9.pull sb ____ 把„„往上拽 up 10.get ____ one's feet站立起来；站起身来 on 11.go ____ 通过，经受。仔细检查 through 12.____ holiday在度假 on 13.travel ____ 旅行社代理人 agent 14.be ____ 逼近，临近upon 15.____ exercise 进行体育锻炼 take 16.____ ”Hi“ to sb for / from sb 代某人向某人问候 say 17.come ____ with提出 up 18.go ____ a hike 去远足 for 19.be caught ____ 受困于„„，陷于„„ in 20.____ a second 马上，一会儿 in 21.look ____ 往„„里面看，调查 into 22.refer ____ 提到．涉及；参考 to 23.hold ____ 抓住，握住 onto 24.sweep ____ 冲走，刮走 away 25.sweep ____ 冲倒，吹倒 down ☆交际用语☆
1.Where would you prefer going...? 2.How would you like to go to...? 3.Have a nice / pleasant trip!4.Well, I must be off.5.It's all right． 6.I'm afraid.7.Come on!8.It scares me.9.Don't worry.10.First..., next..., then..., finally...☆单词聚焦☆ 1.advance的用法
▲构词：advanced adj.高等的．先进的，高深的 ▲搭配：
① in advance 在前头，预先，事先
② in advance of 在„„前面；比„„进步；超过
③ on the advance(物价)在上涨
【考例】It is said that Miss White had some difficulty in studying the ____ maths.A.improved B.developed C.advanced D.increased [考查目标] 本题考查形容词advanced与近义词的区别。
[答案与解析]C “高等数学”的英译是advanced maths，advanced意思是“先进的。高级的”。
2.before 的特殊用法
(1)He had run out of the room before I could stop him.我还没来得及拦住他，他就跑出了屋子。
(2)Three weeks went by before We knew it.三周过去了，我们才意识到。(或：时间不知不觉已过三周了。)
(3)It wasn't / didn't take long before he returned.他没过多久就回来了。
It won't be long before we graduate.不要过多久我们就要毕业了。3.chance的用法
▲搭配：
① by any chance 万一，碰巧，或许 ② by chance 偶然，意外地 ③ take a / one's chance 冒一冒险，碰碰运气，利用一下机会
【考例6】(2005南京模拟)Most of the ___are in seasonal work, mainly connected with tourism and agriculture.A.work
B.luck
C.chances
D.services [考查目标] chance的词义。
[答案与解析] C
chance在本句的词义是“机会”。4.consider v.(1)考虑
A)consider + n./ doing
I consider going abroad.B)consider + 疑问词 + to do
You have to consider what to do next.(2)认为
A)consider + n.(+as / to be)+ n./ adj.I consider Mary as / to be my best friend.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.B)consider + n.+ to have done
I consider him to have acted disgracefully.除了consider„as„表认为外，还有regard„as „，look on„as„，take„as„，think of„as„ 5.cost的用法
▲构词：costly adj.昂贵的，贵重的 ▲搭配：
① cost sb.sth.花费某人(多少钱)；让某人付出(代价)／牺牲„„ ② at all costs 不惜任何代价．无论如何 ③ at any cost 不惜任何代价，无论如何 ④ at cost(price)按成本价格，按原价
⑤ at the cost of 以„„为代价，用„„换来的；丧失；牺牲
【考例】They wondered how much this kind of car would ____ them.A.pay
B.spend
C.cost
D.waste [考查目标] 本题考查cost和它的几个近义词的区别。[答案与解析] C cost的意思是“耗费”，主语是指物的 名词．而pay和spend等的主语是指人的名词。6.effect n.效果；作用
have an effect on sth.His words had a great pushing effect on his students.(1)be of no effect 无效
(2)come into effect 开始生效；开始实行
[比较] affect vt.影响 The climate affected the amount of the rainfall.7.experience的用法
▲构词: experienced adj.有经验的，熟练的 ▲搭配: ① by experience 凭经验；从经验中 ② from experience 凭经验；从经验中 ③ gain experience in„获得„„经验
④ be experienced in„某方面有经验
▲友情提示: experience这个词作为可数名词用时，解释为“经历”，作为不可数名词用时解释为“经验”。
【考例】(2005山西模拟)____teaches that he was right.Good friendship is just not easily formed.A.Knowledge B.Teachers C.Experience D.Parents [考查目标] experience的意思。
[答案与解析] C
experience常为不可数名词，意思是“经验”。8.fear n.& vt.(1)n.恐惧(多作不可数名词)
His face was growing pale with fear.忧虑；担心的事(可数)
There is no reason for your fears.for fear of 由于怕„„，以防
He left an hour earlier for fear of missing his train.for fear(that)惟恐；怕的是；以防
She worried for fear that the child would be hurt.in fear of 害怕；担心
The thief was in fear of the police.(2)v.恐惧；害怕，接 n./ pron.Cats fear big dogs.恐惧；害怕，接to do
Don't fear to tell the truth.恐怕；担心，接从句
She feared that she might not find him in his room.▲构词：fearful adj.可怕的，严重的；惧怕的，胆怯的；担心的，忧虑的 fearless adj.不怕的，大胆的，勇敢的，无畏的 ▲搭配：
① be in fear(of)(为„„而)提心吊胆
② for fear of 因为怕；以免，怕的是
③ for fear that-clause 生怕；为了防止(某事发生)④ have a fear that-clause 担心／怕(发生某事)⑤ with fear 吓得，怕得
⑥ fear(vi.)for...担心／忧虑„„
【考例】(2004江苏)He got to the station early, ____ missing his train.A.in case of
B.instead of
C.for fear of
D.in search [考查目标] fear构成的短语的用法和意思。
[答案与解析]C
for fear of 常在句中作状语，意思是“怕的是„„。担心„„”。9.fun n.高兴；乐趣；有趣的人或事
(1)for fun 为了高兴；为着好玩
I only did it for fun.(2)make fun of 开„„的玩笑；取笑
It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.[比较]
(1)laugh at 笑(某人)；嘲笑
It's unkind to laugh at a person who is in trouble.(2)play a joke on 开(某人的)玩笑 10.means n.手段；办法
(1)by means of 用„„；依靠„„
The water may be carried by means of a pipe.(2)by all means 一定；务必；(表示同意)当然可以，没问题：务必，无论如何，千方百计地
Try by all / every means to persuade him to come.(3)by no means 完全不是；一点也不；决不
This is by no means the first time you have been late.还有： by this means 用这种方法； by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段 【考例】(MET 1991)Students sometimes support them-selves by ____ of evening job.A.ways
B.offers
C.means
D．helps [考查目标] by means of 短语的意思。
[答案与解析] C by means of 的意思是“通过某种手段”。11.normal adj.正常的；正规的 the normal temperature, normal behavior
(1)regular 规则的；有规律的
keep regular hours 生活有规律；按时作息
(2)common普通的；常见的
Tom is a common name in Britain.共有的；共同的 have a common interest 有着共同爱好
(3)usual 惯常的；惯例的
It's usual with him to go to the office on foot.(4)ordinary平凡的；普通的in ordinary dress 12.once的用法 ▲搭配：
① all at once 突然；同时 ② at once 立刻，马上；同时
③(every)once in a while 偶尔，有时，间或
④ for this once(= for once，just for once)就这一次；破例一回 ⑤ more than once 不止一次，多次 ⑥ not once 一次也不 ⑦ once again / more再一次
⑧once and again一再，再三
⑨ once or twice 一两次；有时，偶尔 ⑩ once too often又(多了)一次 ? once upon a time从前
【考例】(2004上海)____ we have learned something, additional learning increases the length of time we will remember it.A.Before
B.Once
C.Until
D.Unless [考查目标] 连词once的用法和词义。
[答案与解析] B once在作连词使用时意思是“一旦”。13.prefer v.宁愿；更喜欢
(1)prefer + n./ pron.The boy preferred a detective story.(2)prefer + v.-ing
Do you prefer living abroad?
(3)prefer + to do
She prefers to live among the working people.(4)prefer sb.to do sth.She preferred him to stay at home.(5)prefer + n./ pron./ doing + to + n./ pron./ doing 喜欢„„而不喜欢
I prefer the town to the country./ While he was in the office he preferred doing something to doing nothing.(6)prefer to do...rather than do = would rather do...than do...宁愿„„而不愿 I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.(7)prefer + 从句(谓语动词用should do，should可省略)She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.14.protect的用法
▲构词：protection n.保护(者/物)，防御
▲搭配：protect sb from / against 防止„„遭受„„；使„„免于，保护„„使不受 【考例】(MET 1992)Clarke was greatly admired at the club for the successful ____.A.self-satisfaction
B.self-protection
C.self-respect
D.self-service [考查目标] protect及其派生词的词义。
[答案与解析]B self-protection是名词，意思是“自我保护”。15.separate的用法
▲构词：separation n.[U]分开，分离
▲搭配：
① separate A from B 把A和B分开
② A is separated from B by„ A和B为„„所分开／阻隔 ③ separate sth(up)into„把„„分成(几分)▲辨析：separate;divide;part 都含“分开”的意思。
separate 指“把原来在一起的人或物分开”。例如: Separate those two boys who are fighting, will you?(你)把那两个打架的孩子拉开，好吗? divide 指“施加外力或自然地把某人或某物由整体分成若干部分”。part指“把密切相关的人或物分开”，还有“分手”之意。【考例】(NMET 2001)As we joined the big crowd I got ____ from my friends.A.separated
B.spared
C.lost
D.missed [考查目标] 动词separate的词义。
[答案与解析] A separated和get搭配有被动意义，表 示“被隔开；被分隔”。[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：
(advance, means, cost, protect, fear, separate)1.The teacher improved the students' English by ____ of dictation and recitation.(means)2.All the goods ___me almost half a million dollars.(cost)3.We must ____ the wild animals from the hunting.(protect)4.Every baby should be ____ after he is horn.(separated)5.None of them ____ death when the enemy came into the village.(feared)6.There are too many people, so you should have bought a ticket in ____.(advance)☆词语比较☆
1.wear, put on, have on, dress, be in, try on
(1)wear v.穿着；戴；蓄须(发)；磨损；(脸容)呈现，显出 He is wearing an overcoat today.* wear out(把)穿破；(把)用坏；(使)疲乏；(使)耗尽I have worn out my shoes./ My patience wore(was worn)out.(2)put on 穿上；戴上(侧重穿着的动作)
Put on your sweater, otherwise you will feel cold.(3)dress vt.给„„穿衣服
n.衣服；连衣裙
dress sb.(in sth.)或 be dressed(in sth.)注意：穿的衣服接在in之后。Mother dressed her baby and then they went downstairs.(4)have on 表示穿着的状态，注意不能用进行时。
At the Spring Festival, all children have on new clothes.(5)be in表示穿着的状态 There was a girl in red.(6)try on 试穿
Mother was trying on a new dress.2.strike, hit, beat
(1)hit vt.①打；敲；击；击中；射中 He hit a ball over the fence./ The stone hit him on the head.②使„„受到打击 The bad news hit every one hard.(2)beat vt.&vi.①连续有节奏地打；敲
The rain heat against the window.②(心)跳动 His heart had stopped beating.③(鸟翼)扑动
The bird beat its wings rapidly as it flew on.④打败；打赢；取胜
Our champion can beat all runners in the country.(3)strike vt.&vi.①打；敲；击；砍；打中；击中
He struck me with his fist.The house was struck by lightning.②发起进攻；袭击
He moved away as the animal struck.③撞；触(礁)
His head struck the table as he fell.④擦(火柴)
I struck a match and held it to his cigarette.⑤(某种想法)忽然出现；忽然想起，相当于occur to。
A happy thought struck her.⑥给人深刻印象(常用于被动语态)
I was struck by her beauty.⑦罢工
They are striking for higher pay.⑧(钟)敲(响)We waited for the clock to strike six.3.complete, finish complete 可作形容词，表示“彻底的；全面的”。complete与finish表示“完成”时的区别。
(1)complete 作及物动词，只接 n.或 pron.，常用于完成预定的任务，工程建设等The railway is not completed yet.(2)finish vi./ vt.指完成，结束一件事情；可接 n.或doing。如：finish one's homework / middle school / writing the book ☆短语归纳☆
1.cut down
(1)砍倒 If you cut down all the trees you will rain the land.(2)减少；削减 I have decided to cut down my smoking.2.含get的短语
① get back 回来，恢复，送回
② get off下来，动身，起飞③ get up 起床，站起来 ④ get on 上(车)⑤ get on / along with 与某人相处．某事的进展 ⑥ get together 聚首，碰头⑦ get away from 逃离 ⑧ get on one's feet 站起来⑨ get down 下来 ⑩ get on well with 与„„相处融洽
? get married 结婚
? get to 到达 ? get through 通过，接通
? get down to 开始着手做某事
? get across(使)通过
? get(a)round 传开，说服
? get in 进入。收获
? get out 出去，逃脱
[例句]How are you getting along with your business? 生意进展如何? / If you take Mary out for a drive you must promise to get her back for her music lesson.如果你带玛丽去兜风的话，你必须答应带她回来上音乐课。/ I can't get my boots off, for they are too tight.我脱不掉靴子，它太紧了。/ We all try to get together at least once a year at Christmas time.在圣诞期间我们尽量一年至少聚会一次。/ When one has business on hand it is hard to get away from home.如果一个人手头有事，离开家很难。
【考例】(2004辽宁)The final examination is coming up soon.It's time for us to ____ our studies．
A.get down to B.get out C.get back for D.get over [考查目标] 此题主要考查get短语。
[答案与解析]A get down to 意为“开始着手做某事”；get out 意为“离开，摆脱”；get back for 意为“回去拿”；get over意为“克服，渡过”。本句话意思是：期末考试就要到了，我们该开始学习了。
【考例】(NMET 1993)Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.A.get over B.get in C.get along D.get through [考查目标]此题主要考查get短语。[答案与解析]C
get over 意为“痊愈，克服”；get in 意为“插话”；get along 意为“进展．继续”；gel through 意为“接通。办完”。本句话意思是：读者不必准确知道每个词的意思就能继续下去。3.get away(from)
(1)摆脱 Ways must be found to get away from poverty.(2)走开；离开 She didn't get away until nine last night.(3)逃走，使离开The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.(4)拿走 Get all thee party dishes away!4.get close to
(1)close adj.靠近；接近
The church is close to the shops.亲密；密切
Are you a close friend of theirs?
(2)close adv.靠近；接近
He was standing close to the door.(3)close v.关上；关闭(不开发)；结束
She closed her eyes./ Her eyes closed.(闭上)
(4)closely adv.紧密地；仔细地；密切地
He got closely in touch with the magazines of today.The little baby was closely looked after by her.[比较]
(1)close 与 closely 作副词时，close含具体之意，closely 含抽象之意。
(2)类似的词组有 high(高)--highly(高度地)，deep(深深地)--deeply(深入地)，wide(很开，宽)--widely(广泛地)，low(低的)--lowly(低贱的)(作形容词)5.hand in 交上去(给老师或上级)；交来(hand v.)
Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.[比较]
(1)hand down 传下来；传给 Our father handed down these customs to us.(2)hand on„to„传给，传递They will hand the photograph to those who have not seen it.(3)hand out 发给大家；散发 The teacher handed out the books at the beginning of the lesson．
6.instead of 代替„„
(1)instead of + n./ pron.Give me the red one instead 0f the green one.(2)instead of + doing
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.(3)instead of + 介词短语
He studies in the evening instead of during the day.[比较]
(1)instead adv.作为替代(„„而)，代替 If Harry is not well enough to go with you, take me instead.(2)rather than 而不是，与其„„宁愿 He ran rather than walked.(3)in place of 代替，„„而不用The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives and forks.7.含take的短语 ① take a picture 照相，拍照
② take a taxi / bus, etc.打的(坐公交车等)③ take away 拿走，夺取，使离去 ④ take care of 小心，照料，保管 ⑤ take off 脱，去掉，取消，起飞
⑥ take out 拿出，带„„出去
⑦ take one's place 就坐，坐某人的座位，代替某人的位置 ⑧ take place 发生，产生 ⑨ take exercise 做运动 ⑩ take a seat 坐下 ? take turns 轮流
? take an active part in 积极参加 ? take a message 捎口信 ? take on 从事，呈现 ? take the place of 取代，代替 ? take apart 拆开 ? take down 拿下，记下 ? take...for...误认为„„ ? take in 吸收，接纳
? take up 拿起．从事．占据
[例句] Father was convinced that Peter was unhappy at boarding school, and made arrangements to take him away.父亲确信彼得在寄宿学校不开心，决定把他带走。/ Will you lake care of buying the wine for tonight's party? 你负责为今晚的晚会买酒水好吗? / The boys got into the car and took off for the drug store.男孩们进到车里，开车去了药店。/ He took my place in the queue so that I could go and get something to eat.他替我排好了队，以便我能够回 去弄点儿吃的。8.used to
(1)used to do sth.过去常常„„(现在已不如此)
We used to grow beautiful roses.注意：否定句和疑问句有两种 You usedn’t to make that mistake.She didn't use(d)to do it, did she?
You used to smoke a pipe, didn't you? / use(d)n't you?
(2)be / get / become used to + n./ doing习惯于
I have always been used to hard work.He got used to living in the country.(3)be used to do 被用来做„„
This knife is used to cut bread.表示“过去常常„„”时，used to与would区别：
(1)would 只强调“过去常常„„”，used to 说明现在不是如此。
The old woman would sit there for hours doing nothing.(2)would 只接行为动词，used to 可接行为动词和表状态的词。如：be, like, know, have。There used to be a temple at the foot of the mountain.9.watch out 当心；注意
You'll be cheated if you don't watch out.(1)watch out for = look out for 提防；当心
You must always watch out for the traffic here!
(2)watch over 照看；看守；负责
The mother bird is watching over her young.10.含“动词 + out”短语
① come out 出来，出版，传出 ② go out 出去，熄灭，不时兴 ③ look out 当心，注意
④ take out 拿出，取出，带„„出去 ⑤ rush out 冲出去，匆忙大量生产 ⑥ try out 尝试，试验
⑦ watch out 小心
⑧ wear out 穿破，用坏，(使)疲乏，消磨 ⑨ find out 找出，查出
⑩ make out 填写，完成．设法应付 ? get out 出去，逃离，泄露，公布 ? pick out 看出，选出 ? think out 想出
? give out 发出，筋疲力尽 ? set out出发，陈述
[例句]Please go out and tell the children to make less noise.请出去告诉孩子们不要吵闹。/ These bicycles have been rushed out and not up to our usual standard.这些自行车匆忙大量生产，没有达到我们的正常标准。/ Watch out.The train is coming.小心，火车来了。/ Your will wear out your patience in time, my friend.朋友，最终我们会没有耐心的。
【考例】(2005湖北)This picture was taken a long time ago.I wonder if you can ____ my father.A.find out
B.pick out
C.look out
D.speak out
[考查目标]此题主要考查out构成的短语意思区别。[答案与解析]B pick out意为“挑选，辨别出”；find out意为“找出．发现”；look out意为“留神，注意”： speak out意为“大声说出”。[牛刀小试2] 请根据句意，选用所给短语的适当形式填空：
(get away，take up，take on，think out，get down to)1.--Shall we set off right now?--Sorry.I'm too busy to ____ for the moment.(get away)2.The final examination is coming: you really must ____ your studies.(get down)
3.The manager doesn't have much free time as his work ____ nearly all his spare time.(takes up)4.We also shared a number of qualities which we fell were in our favor when we ____ the task.(took on)5.He might have ___his idea about the art exhibition much better, if he had planned what he wanted to say.(thought out)☆句型归纳☆
1.You shouldn't go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket.除非你会游泳，而且要一直穿着救生衣，否则就不应该去做漂流运动。该句中的unless引导状语从句。例如：One can't learn a foreign language well unless he studies hard.unless引导的条件状语从句，一般可以与if...not...互换。还要注意unless引导的从句经常可以省略。
【考例】(200l北京春招)The men will have to wait all day ____ the doctor works faster.A.if
B.unless
C.whether
D.that [考查目标]状语从句。
[答案与解析]B 句子意思是“如果医生不快点工作，这些人将不得不等一整天。”应该选unless。
2.Eco-travel is a way to find out what can be done to help animals and plants as well as people.生态游可以找到既帮助别人．又帮助动植物的途径。
该句中的as well as是连词，连接两个并列成分。例如: He can speak German as well as French.常见的用法: 1.well是副词，意思是“好，优秀”，as well as是形容词同级比较结构。
2.as well as是固定短语，意思是“和”，相当于”not only „ but also...“。
3.as well as连接两个并列成分作主语时，句子的谓语动词应该与前面那个名词或代词的人称或数保持一致。
4.as well as还可当作复杂介词用，意思是“除了„„之外，还有”；相当于”besides，apart from“。5.as well，是副词短语，意思是“也”，相当于“too / also”常位于句尾，与too位置相当。6.may / might as well do sth 表示“还是„„的好”。
【考例】(NMET 1994)John plays football ____, if not better than David.A.as well
B.as well as
C.so well
D.so well as [考查目标] as well as连接比较状语从句。
[答案与解析]B 该句中 if not better than相当于插入语，起干扰作用，如果不予考虑，原句就变成了同级比较结构 ”John plays football as well as David“。
3.Before she could move，she heard a loud noise.她还没有来得及动弹，就听见很响的声音。However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.但还没有回过身来，洪水便逼近了她。
该两句中的before用作连词，后接时间状语从句。before用作连词，接时间状语从句时，表示“在„„之前”。但在不同的语境中，往往有比较灵活的译法。例如: He knocked me down before he saw me.他差一点把我撞倒，才看到我。
【考例】(2005广东)The American Civil War lasted four years the North won in the end.A.after
B.before
C.when
D.then [考查目标] 时间状语从句的引导词选择。
[答案与解析]B
before 表示“直到„„”。
4.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.洪水想必深达三米，树一棵接一棵地倒了，被洪水冲断了。
该句中的must have been表示推测。例如：You look so tired.You must have stayed up last night.情态动词may，might，most．can，could常用来表示推测。may，might，must多用在肯定句中，can，could多用在否定句和疑问句中。may，might，must，can，could后接动词原形表示对现在的推测；may，might，must，can，could后接have done。表示对过去的推测。例如：
You may be a professor./ She must have met a fairy.【考例】(2005辽宁)This cake is very sweet.You ____ a lot of sugar in it.A.should put
B.could have put
C.might put
D.must have put [考查目标] 情态动词表示推测。
[答案与解析] D 前文说蛋糕很甜，由此可知一定是糖 放多了。对于过去的动作的推测应使用have done的 结构，所以应在B、D之间做选择，又因为could have done表示本可以做而没有做，所以选择D。
5....she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terrible roar.„„她听见了很响的声音，接着就变成了可怕的隆隆轰鸣声。
该句中的which引导非限制性定语从句。例如：He bought some reference books, which were all about science.他买了许多的参考资料．都是有关理科的。
which 作为关系代词．既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。例如：The train which left for Beijing pulled in on time.前往北京的火车按时进站了。His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.他的狗，现在老了，生病死了。
【考例】(2005浙江)Jim passed the driving test, ____ surprised everybody in the office.A.which
B.that
C.this
D.it [考查目标]非限制性定语从句。
[答案与解析]A which引导非限制性定语从句。指代 前面整个句子。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。☆句型诠释☆
现在进行时的用法(is / am / are + doing)1.表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。Look!The monkey is climbing the banana tree.2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。(说话时动作不一定正在进行。)We are preparing for the meeting to be held next Friday now.3.表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹、惊讶、厌恶等。(常与always, constantly, continually, all the time, forever 等副词连用)，表反复的动作。He is always think-ing of others.(表赞许)She is always asking the same question.(表厌恶)You are always changing your mind.(表抱怨)4.表示在最近计划或安排要进行的动作。常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, stay 等表移动、方向的动词。He is starting the work in a few minutes./ He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning.[注意]
1.不用进行时的词有:
(1)系动词: feel, sound, smell, taste, look, appear, seem, remain, prove 等。(2)表结果的感官动词: see, notice, hear 等。
(3)非延续性的动词，此动作开始即是结束：enter, accept, receive等。
(4)表心理状态，存在状态，拥有的动词：love, like, hate, care, dislike, respect, prefer, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, wish, hope, mind, agree, belong to, depend on, own, have等。
2.用进行时的特殊词有系动词get, turn, grow, become, go, come, fall 等表由一种状态转入另一种状态时，用进行时表示渐近。Today, many rivers that were polluted are getting cleaner and cleaner.当今，许多过去遭污染的河流又变得越来越清澈了。[比较] 现在进行时表将来的用法与一般将来时的区别：(1)现在进行时表近期的，事先已经计划安排好的--How are you getting to the airport?--By taxi.Bob is coming with me to the airport.(2)will do 和 shall do ①表客观将来。shall用于第一人称，will用于第一、二、三人称。I will / shall finish middle school next month.②表有科学根据的预测。The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.③表客观必然。Man will make mistakes.(3)be going to ①表现在打算在近期或将来要做某事。I'm going to finish my homework tonight.②表根据已有迹象的预测。It's so dark outside, I think it's going to rain.③ be going to不与come, go连用，而用be coming, be going 形式。Mary is coming here this evening.[注意] 表计划、安排、规定要做的事，用“be + to do”。此外，表示按时刻表运行的动作常用一般现在时表将来。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a.m./ Our plane leaves at 6:00 a.m..[牛刀小试3] 1.____ you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(2004 吉林)A.Though
B.Whether C.Until
D.Unless 2.Now that you've got a chance, you ____ make full use of it.(NMET 1999)A.had better to
B.might as well C.might as well as
D.would rather 3.It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.(2004 天津)A.that
B.until C.since
D.before 4.There is no light in the dormitory.They must have gone to the lecture, ____?(2004 上海春招)A.didn't they
B.don't they C.mustn't they
D.haven't they 5.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected.(2000 北京春招)A.when
B.that
C.which
D.what DBDDC ☆交际速成☆
【考点1】Talking about intentions and plans.谈论意愿和打算(2004江苏)
--How long are you staying?--I don't know.____.A.That's OK
B.Never mind
C.It depends
D.It doesn't matter [答案与解析]C 本题考查具体语境下被询问打算时的应答。A项用于回答感谢和道歉，B、D两项用于回答道歉，C 项表示“看情况而定”。【归纳】英语中常见表达意愿和打算的用语有： ① I'll go with you.② I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon.③ I'd like to make a phone call to her after class.④ I want / hope to find an English pen friend.⑤ I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.⑥ We are ready to move to a new house.⑦ Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.⑧ I'm thinking of driving to Beijing.⑨ Where would you prefer going...? ⑩ How would you like to go to...? ? When are you going off to...? ? How are you going to...? 【考点2】Expressing good wishes祝愿(2005广东)
Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend.I'm sure we will win.Mike: ____!A.Congratulations
B.Cheers
C.Best wishes
D.Good luck [答案与解析]D 考查祝愿用语。在比赛前表示祝愿的话用Good luck。Congratulations用于成功之后的祝贺。Cheers意为“干杯”。Best wishes多用于书面语，表示“万事如意”的意思。
【归纳】英语中常见表达祝愿的用语有： ① Have a good day / time!② Have a good journey / trip!③ Good luck!④ Enjoy yourself!⑤ Best wishes to you!⑥ Happy New Year!⑦ Happy birthday!⑧ Merry Christmas!应答语有： ① Thank you.② You, too.③ The same to you.【考点3】Describing emotions 描述人物的情感(2001上海春招)--I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week.--____.A.Please go ahead
B.That's all right
C.Not at all
D.Take your time [答案与解析]D 本题考查时表示遗憾情感的应答。A项表示“请吧，说吧”，用于回答许可或让对方先行。B、C两项是感谢或道歉的答语，D项表示“别着急，慢慢来”，符合语境。【归纳】中学英语中描述人物情感的用语有：
①(恐惧)Help!/ How terrible!/ I'm afraid of.../ I'm afraid to.../ You scared me!/ It scares me!②(高兴)(It's)well done!/ How wonderful!/ That's great!/ I'm pleased to...③(惊奇)Really!/ Oh dear!/ Is that so? / What a surprise!/ How surprising!④(忧虑)What's wrong? / what's the matter? / Anything wrong? / What should we do? ⑤(安慰)There, there./ Don't be afraid.／Don't worry./ It's(quite)all right./ It'll be OK / all right.⑥(满意)Good!/ Well done!／ Perfect!/ That's fine./ That's better.⑦(遗憾)I'm so sorry!/ It's a great pity!/ What a shame!/ That's too bad!⑧(同情)I'm so sorry!/ I'm so sorry(about your illness)./ I'm sorry to hear that.⑨(愤怒)Damn!/ How annoying!⑩(鼓励)Well done!/ Come on!/ Keep trying./ You can do it![牛刀小试4] 1.--I'd like to take a week's holiday.--____, we're too busy.A.Don't worry
B.Don't mention it C.Forget it
D.Pardon me 2.--I was so sure that our experiment was going to succeed, but something went wrong at the last moment.--____, but don't give it up.A.Find out the reason
B.Never mind C.I'm sorry to hear that
D.You don't 'mean that 3.--I just heard that the tickets for tonight's show have been sold out.--Oh no!____.A.I was looking forward to that B.It doesn't matter C.I knew it already D.It's not at all interesting 4.--We are going to travel to Italy.--____.A.Good bye
B.Go ahead C.I like to go, too
D.Have a good time 5.--I'd rather have some tea, if you don't mind.--____.A.Thank you very much B.Yes, I like so C.No, it's nothing
D.Of course, anything you want
CCADD ☆精典题例☆
1.Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.(NMET 2002春上海)
A.cut B.are cut C.are being cut D.had been cut 【解析】选C 本题是在语境中考查现在进行时的被动语态。本句意为“雨林以这样的速度被砍伐和焚烧，会导致它在不久的将来从地球上消失。”体会语境和句意便知此处选择C项，表示现阶段在进行的动作。
2.Twenty-three hours has passed after the explosion in the mine, but rescue efforts to recover the missing ____ carried out.A.are still being
B.have already been
C.are always
D.will soon be 【解析】选A本句意为“矿井爆炸已过23小时了，但对失踪人员的搜索还在进行中。” 3.--When are you leaving?--My plane ____ at 10:45.A.takes off
B.took off
C.is about to take off
D.will take off 【解析】选A飞机是按时刻表运行的。4.--Excuse me, what time is it now?
--Sorry, my watch ____.It ____ at the shop.A.isn't working;is being repaired
B.doesn't work;is being repaired
C.isn't working;is repaired
D.doesn't work;is repaired 【解析】选B doesn't work说明“手表不工作”的状态，而不只是现在才坏了。后句意为“手表正在商店里修理”，故应用is being repaired。
5.John, who is considered ____ a warm-hearted man, is considering ____ his neighbor out of trouble.A.to be;to help
B.to be;helping C.being;to help
D.being;helping
【解析】选B be considered to be “被认为是„„”；consider doing “考虑做某事”。6.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.A.until
B.when
C.before
D.as 【解析】选C意思是“在事情还未变得更糟之前及 时纠正错误”。
7.--There is something wrong with my bike.--It doesn't matter.I ____ lend you mine.A.am to B.am going to C.was going to
D.will 【解析】选D be to表示按计划安排将来的动作，be going to 表示最近打算做某事，will 在此是情态动词，表示“意志；意愿”。如：I will tell you all about it.8.Children at the beginning of this century ____ a lot and ____ themselves greatly even without television.A.used to read;enjoying
B.used to read;enjoyed C.were used to reading;enjoy D.were used to read;enjoying 【解析】选B 前后时态要保持一致。
高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit5-6 ☆重点句型☆
1.While still a student, she played roles in many plays.连词 + 名词做时间状语
2.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said„连词+过去分词做时间状语
3.When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses.连词 + 现在分词做时间状语 4.It's a custom in China to have some tea before the meal is served.It 做形式主语 5.Many people like this film not just because..., but also because...并列连词
6.Having good table manners means knowing...动名词做主宾语 ☆重点词汇☆ 1.comment v.评论 2.marry v.结婚 3.create v.创造 4.attack v.进攻 5.cruelty n.残酷 6.escape v.逃跑
7.advice n.忠告；建议
8.afford v.花得起(钱、时间)9.encourage v.鼓励 10.research n.研究 11.interrupt v.打断；打扰 12.apologize v.道歉 13.pray v.请求；祈祷 14.forgive v.原谅；宽恕 15.match v.相配；相适应 16.manners n.礼貌 17.impression n.印象
18.live adj.& adv.活的；直播的(地)19.custom n.习惯；风俗 20.introduce vt.介绍；引进 ☆重点短语☆
1.take off 脱掉；起飞；成功 2.go wrong 出错；出问题
3.can't help doing 情不自禁做某事 4.take one's place 代替某人 5.run after 追逐；追踪
6.win a prize 获奖
7.think highly of 赞扬„„；对„„高度评价
8.call for 需要；索取 9.in all 总共
10.play a role 扮演角色(作用)11.make money 挣钱 12.win over 争取过来 13.work on 从事，致力于
14.owe success to 把成功归功于某人 15.start with 以„„开始 16.run away from school逃学 17.on the air 正在播出的 18.do research 进行调查 19.speed up 加速
20.follow the fashion 追随时尚
☆短语闯关☆
下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据 汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才 能过关。你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我 们就开始吧? l.____ screen 银幕，电影(业)2.take ____ 成功；成名；脱掉(衣服)；(飞机)起飞 3.____ wrong 走错路；误入歧途；不对头；出毛病 4.owe sth ____ sb 把„„归功于某人 5.____ all 总共；总之 6.stay ____ 不在家，外出 7.____ school 小学
8.lock sb ____ 将某人锁于某处不得进出；将某人监禁起来 9.run ____ 追赶
10.bring sb ____ 送回某人 11.____ the air正在播出的
12.think highly ____ 对„„高度评价 13.leave ____ 省去；遗漏；不考虑 14.stare ____ 盯着
15.make ____ about sb 以某人为笑柄
16.drink(a toast)____ 为„„祝酒；为„„干杯 17.win ____ 战胜
18.____ comments on对„„加以评论
19.look sb ____ 看望，拜访某人
20.____ a role in 在„„中扮演角色；在„„方面起作用 21.____ a prize获奖
22.to sb for(doing)sth因某事向某人道歉
23.make a good impression ____ 给„„留下好印象 24.____ silent 保持沉默 25.pay a visit ____ 拜访 ☆交际用语☆
1.What do you think has happened? 2.What do you know about…?
3.How do you like…? / What do you think of…? / What db you feel...? 4.May I interrupt you for a moment? 5.Excuse me / Forgive me for.../ I apologize for… 6.I'm(very / so / terribly)sorry.It's all my fault.7.That's all right./ That's OK./ No problem.8.I wish you all the best.9.I'm sorry.I didn't mean to...10.Let's drink(a toast)to...!☆单词聚焦☆ 1.afford
(1)(和can，could，be able to连用)有(时间、经济等)条件(做某事)+ to do
We can't afford to pay such a price.afford + n./ pron.(出得起；买得起等)
They donot consider whether they can afford it or not.(2)经得起(做某事或发生某事)(多+to do)
He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely.2.apologize的用法
▲构词：apology n.辩解，道歉 ▲搭配：
① apologize to sb for(doing)sth = make an apology的 sb for(doing)sth向某人为某事(为做了某事)道歉
② apologize for oneself 为自己辩解或辩护
【考例】[NMET 1993]The captain ____ an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by bad weather.A.made
B.said
C.put
D.passed [考查目标] apologize及其名词的用法和搭配。[答案与解析]A make an apology的意思是“道歉”。3.choice的用法 ▲搭配：
① make a choice 选择
② make choice of 挑选，选择，选定 ③ make / take one's choice 任意挑选
④ have no choice but to do sth 非„„不可，除„„之外别无他法
【考例】[MET 1993] We've missed the last bus, I'm afraid we have no ____ but to take a taxi.A.way
B.choice C.possibility
D.selection [考查目标] choice的意思和习惯搭配。
[答案与解析]B choice是choose的名词形式．意思是 “选择”，在本句中构成固定搭配have no choice but to do sth“不得不干„„”。4.determine的用法
▲构词：determination n.决心，决断，决意；决定，确定 ▲搭配：
① determine to do sth 决定做某事 ② determine on / upon(doing)sth 决定 ③ a man of determination 有决断力的人
▲辨析：decide；determine这两个词都有“决定”的意思。decide的含义是“不再迟疑不定”，而
determine含义是“把某件事确定下来”。在be determined to do„这个固定的结构中。过去分词determined的词义为“下定了决心”。decide的名词为decision，determine的名词为determination。例如：At first，she decided to go to the police，„起初，她决定去找警察„„
▲友情提示: decide后跟宾语从句时，其含义有时是“断
定”。I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.脱离上下文来确定一个词的含义常常是困难的。
注：在determine to do...，determine on(upon)...和determine that...。(宾语从句)三个搭配中，determine的词义和decide几乎没有多大差异。He determined / decided to learn medicine.他决定学医。
注：decide sb to do sth 决定使某人做某事What decided you to give up your job? 什么因素使你决定放弃你的工作? 【考例】[2001京皖春招] Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work.For example, he must ____ the parts that are wrong.A.check
B.determine
C.correct
D.recover [考查目标]determine的用法。
[答案与解析]B determine和decide在一般情况下意思相同。5.encourage的用法 ▲构词：
① encouraging adj.鼓励的，给予希望的，振奋人心的。令人欢欣鼓舞的 ② encouraged adj.被激励的，受到鼓舞的 ③ encouragement n.鼓励，激励 ④ discourage v.使泄气；劝阻
▲搭配：① encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事② be encouraged by 受„„鼓励／鼓舞 【考例】 [2004北京]My advisor encouraged ___a summer course to improve my writing skills.A.for me taking
B.me taking
C.for me to take
D.me to take [考查目标] encourage的用法。
[答案与解析]D encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人干某事。句意为：我的导师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技巧。
6.escape(vi, vt)escaped, escaping
(1)逃走；跑掉 + from / out of = run away from
The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison.(2)逃脱；逃避 + n./ doing
He narrowly escaped death / being killed.There's no way to escape doing the work.escape还可表示： ①（液体等）漏出 gas escaping from the pipe 煤气从管中漏出Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe.水从排水管中迅速流出。
②避免escaped death 免于一死There is no escaping him.怎么也避不开他。③疏忽，忽略 Nothing escaped his attention.什么也逃不过他的注意。You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher's attention.你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。escape n
①逃走The thief made his escape.小偷逃走了。
②（气体）漏出，泄出；解闷She reads love stories as an escape.她读爱情小说解闷。7.hunt的用法
▲构词：hunter n.猎人，搜寻者 ▲搭配：
① hunt for / after追猎；寻找，搜寻 ② hunt out 找出；调查出
【考例】He wandered in the street, ____ a new jacket for his nephew.A.hunting for
B.waiting for
C.shooting for
D.aiming for [考查目标]本题考查hunt for的意思。
[答案与解析]A hunt for原来是“猎取”的意思，引中为“搜寻，寻找”。
8.impression n.印象
(1)impression(on sb.)(给某人)印象His speech made a strong impression on his audience.(2)impression(of sth.)(对某事物)印象；想法That's my first impression of the new college.(3)impress sb.with sth.给予某人深刻印象 = impress sth.on sb.使某人铭记 The teacher impressed on his students the importance of speaking.= The teacher impre-ssed his students with the importance of speaking.9.interrupt的用法vt, vi ①阻断；中断 Don't interrupt me.别打断我。Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.市内交通被暴风雪所阻断。
②打岔；插嘴 It is rude to interrupt.打断别人的话，是不礼貌的。“Don't interrupt,” he said.“别插话, ”他说。▲构词：
① interrupter n.打岔者，打断者
② interruption n.打岔．打断，使中断的事物
【考例】[2005山西模拟] Be quiet!It's rude to ____ people when they are talking.A.stop
B.introduce
C.prevent
D.interrupt [考查目标] interrupt的词义。
[答案与解析]D interrupt的意思是“打断；使中断”． 后接指人或指物的各种名词。
10.marry
(1)vi.结婚
He didn't marry until he was fifty.(2)vt.和„„结婚
Jean is going to marry Hubert.(3)vt.(父母)嫁(女儿)He married his daughter to a businessman.(4)vt.(教士等)为„„主持结婚仪式 We've come to ask if you will marry them.[比较]
(1)get married(to sb.)强调动作
His oldest girl got married last month.(2)be married(to sb.)强调状态
How long have you been married? 11.moment的用法 n.①片刻；瞬间 He will be here in a moment.他一会儿就来。At the moment I am working.此刻我正在工作。
②时机；机遇；时宜 Choose your moment to visit him.你选个合适的时机去拜访他。③重要性 a matter of great moment 一件极重要的事情
▲搭配：
① at any moment 随时；在任何时候；马上 ② at the last moment 在最后关头 ③ at the moment 此刻；(正当)那时 ④ every moment 时时刻刻
⑤ for a moment 片刻
⑥ in a moment 一会儿，不久；立即，马上
⑦ the moment(that)...一„„就„„
【考例】[NMET 2004 II] ”Can I? I don't think I can,“ Racy said with a laugh.”But I do have ____ when things come to me for no reason.“
A.events B.chances
C.feelings
D.moments [考查目标] moment的词义。[答案与解析] D moment可以指“时刻”，在本句中用了复数，意思是“一些次”。12.owe的用法owed, owing ▲搭配：
①（常与for连用）欠，欠债I owe you for your help.我感谢你的帮助。(也可以是owe sth.或owe sb.sth)The food cost ￡4 , but I only paid ￡3 so I still owe ￡1.食品要4英镑，可我只付了3英镑，因此我还欠1英镑。I owe you an apology.我该向你道歉。☆ owe sb sth for sth 或 owe sth to sb for sth 为„欠某人„
②对„负有义务；感恩；感激We owe our parents a lot.我们十分感激父母。
③（常与to连用）归功于；由于She owes her success to good luck.她把成功归功于幸运。The young writer owed his success to his teacher's encouragement.年轻作家把自己的成功归于他老师的鼓励。
【考例】[2004湖北] ”How much do I ____ you?“ ”Oh, no,“ Paul said.A.Owe
B.lend
C.give
D.offer [考查目标]考查owe的词义和用法。
[答案与解析]A owe表示“欠”的时候是及物动词，可以接双宾语。13.reason n.原因；理由
(1)+ to do sth.You haven't any reason to leave me.(2)+ for sth./ doing People must have a reason for saying such things.(3)+ 从句；从句用why / for which引导 That is the reason why you should leave.(4)for + reason，为了某种原因He is retiring for reasons of health.[比较] cause“原因；起因”
the cause of the fire 火灾的起因(引起某种后果的起因)the reason for being late 迟到的理由(做某件事的理由)14.role
(1)(戏剧中的)角色Oliver played(acted)the role / part of Hamlet.(2)(现实生活中的)身份；作用
What is your role on the Committee?(3)play a...role in...= play a...part in在„„中扮演„„角色或作用The headmaster plays an important role / part in the good running of a school.15.serve v.(1)为„„服务／工作 A slave serves his master.(2)接待(顾客)The shop assistant is serving a customer.(3)侍候吃饭，端(菜)；供应(饭菜)Lunch is served now.(4)serve as 充任(某职务)作„„用 She served as a model for several painters./ This box will serve as / for a seat.16.speed的用法 ▲搭配：
① at a high speed 以很大的速度
② at full / top speed 用全速，开足马力，尽力(快)地； ③ with great / an speed 用全速，开足马力 ④ speed up 加速，快点
【考例】We had tried our best but the boss still shouted, ” ____!“
A.Speed up
B.No hurry
C.Wait a minute
D.Slow down [考查目标]本题考查speed及其构成的短语的意思。
[答案与解析]A speed up意思是“加速，快点”的意思。17.stare的用法 vi, vt--stared, staring 凝视，注视
He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant.他盯着这个单词，努力想记起它的意思。
[习惯用语] stare one in the face近在眼前；摆在眼前
▲辨析：gaze；stare；glare这组动词的一般含义是“凝视”。
gaze表示“目不转睛地看”，并含有“惊叹”、“羡慕”或“入迷”的意思。例如：She gazed at the carpet for some time, and then added, ”You don't need bookcases at all.“ 她对地毯凝视了一会儿，然后补充说：“你根本不需要书柜。”
stare 特别表示“睁大眼睛凝视”，并含有“惊奇”、“傲慢”或“茫然”的意思。例如：The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.那位贵族对那张空白纸凝视了几秒钟。glare 表示“凶狠而且带有威胁性的瞪眼睛”的意思。例如：The trapped eagle glared at his captors.被诱捕到的雄鹰凶狠地瞪着捕获它的人。
【考例】[NMET 1999] ____ him and then try to copy what he does.A.Mind
B.Glance at
C.Stare at
D.Watch [考查目标] stare 等近义词辨别。[答案与解析]D watch意思是“观察”，是长时问关注；而stare at却是“盯着”。含有惊奇、傲慢的感情色彩。
18.trouble
(1)麻烦；烦恼；烦心的事(可数，不可数)It is a pity to give you so much trouble./ Life is full of troubles.(2)困难；费事(不可数)have trouble with sth./ have trouble(in)doing sth.(= difficulty)Did you have much trouble in finding the post office? / I hope you won't have any trouble with the work.[相关短语]
(1)ask for trouble 自寻烦恼；自找麻烦 What made you write such a letter? It was asking for trouble.(2)(be)in trouble 有烦事；有困难；出事；惹麻烦 He never came except when he was in trouble.(3)put sb.to trouble 给某人造成麻烦；增添麻烦 I am sorry for putting you to so much trouble.(4)take trouble to do sth.费心做某事；费心 It was good of you to take the trouble to help us.[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：(speed，owe，encourage，decide，moment，apologize)1.will never forget the ____ given by Mr.Wang, which helped me overcome a lot difficulty.2.I have made a ___that every department in our company should buy a computer of this kind.3.I recognized the man the ____ I saw him at the corner.4.Since it was a bit later，we had to ____ up.5.We must ____ our success to our parents and teachers.6.The parents came from the far-away village, making an ____ for their naughty son.☆词语比较☆
1.win, beat, defeat 表示获胜、取胜的词语
(1)win v.赢„„，获胜，接比赛或奖项 win a game / a prize / an honor / a race./ Our team won the game 8 to 7./ He won by five points./ He won her love at last./ He won the first place in the competition.(2)beat + 对手，表打败(尤指体育比赛)I can easily beat him at golf.(3)defeat 表战胜，接对手The enemy was defeated in the battle.2.in the end, finally, at last 三者均可表示“(经过周折、等待、耽误)最后，终于”之意。不同的是：
finally 一般用在句中动词前面，而 at last 与 in the end 的位置则较为灵活；
三者中at last 语气最为强烈，且可单独作为感叹句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian./ At last he knew the meaning of life./ At last!Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.另外，finally还可用在列举事项时，引出最后一个内容，相当于lastly。Firstly, we should make a plan;secondly, we should carry it out;finally we should make a conclu-sion.3.by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea
(1)by sea “走海路，乘船”，用来表示交通方式，同 by ship 同义。These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.(2)by the sea “在海边”，相当于 by(at)the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.(3)in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.(4)on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸边”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.(5)at sea 在海上；在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.4.be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of(doing)sth.(1)be afraid 意为“担心，害怕”，多用于口语，常用来表示一种歉意，或遗憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 从句。I'm afraid(that)其语意相当于 I'm sorry, but...。
--Are we on time? 我们准时吗?--I'm afraid not.恐怕不准时。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.(2)be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于胆小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone./ He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.(3)be afraid of(doing)sth.常表示“担心或害怕某事(发生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.5.live, living, alive, lively
(1)live adj.①活的；活生生的；(只修饰生物；只作前置定语)The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.②实况直播的(不是录音)It wasn't a recorded show.It was live.③带电的；燃着的；可爆炸的 This is a live wire.(2)living adj.活着的，有生命的(作表语或定语)She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England./ The old man is still living.(或alive)
(3)alive adj.①活着的；②有活力的；有生气 作后置定语：Who's the greatest man alive? 作表语：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.作补语：Let's keep the fish alive.(4)lively adj.活泼的；有生气的；活跃的(作表语或定语)The music is bright and lively.6.take off, take down, take in, take on, take up
(1)take off ①(飞机)起飞 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.②脱下(衣裳等)；取下 He took off his wet shoes./ Who took the knob off the door? ③休假；请假；歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.④(指观念、产品)大受欢迎；(事业)突然发达，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off./ His business began to take off when he was in his forties.(2)take down ①拿下来；取下来 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.②记下来 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.(3)take in ①接受(房客，客人等)；收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.②理解；领会；明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.③包括；涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.④使上当；欺骗We were completely taken in by her story.(4)take on ①接受；从事(某工作)After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.②雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis-tant? ③具有(新面貌、意思等)The city has taken on a new look.(5)take up ①从事某项活动；发展某种爱好 So many young men want to take up writing.②开始做(某项工作)；开始学习(某个课程)Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast./ He dropped medicine and took up physics.③占去(时间或空间)The meeting took up the whole morning./ The table takes up too much room.④接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.7.call for, call on, call up
(1)call for ①来找(某人)；来取(某物)I'll call for you at your house.②要求；需要Success in school calls for much hard work.(2)call on ① call on / upon sb.拜访；去会(某人)I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.② call on / upon sb.to do sth.请／叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.③号召；呼吁；要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.(3)call up
①给„„打电话(英 ring up)I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.②征召入役；调用(后备部队)Three boys in our street were called up last week.8.too much, much too
(1)too much “太多”之意，可以作形容词，修饰不可数名词，也可作副词，修饰动词。There is too much rain here in spring./ She talked too much at the meeting.(2)much too “简直太，过于”，只能作副词，用来修饰形容词或别的副词，不能修饰动词。This book is much too difficult for me./ The old man walks much too slowly.9.custom, habit
(1)custom 指传统风俗、习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs./ It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.(2)habit 指个人生活习惯。“(有)养成„„习惯”常
用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth.句型；“戒掉„„习惯”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth.句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up./ The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.10.arise, rise, raise raise vt.“使„„上升；升起；提高”等；
rise vi.“上升；升起”； arise vi.“站起来(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都属正式用法；arise主要表示“出现、发生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger.(抬高)The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.(刮起)The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother.(=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.)(爬起)She rises before it is light.(起床)Difficulties will arise as we do the work.(出现)☆短语归纳☆
1.can't help doing sth.禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事
She couldn't hep smiling.[比较]
(1)can't help but do 不得不„„；不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.(2)cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.[归纳](1)help(sb.)(to)do sth.Help me get him back to bed at once./ By helping them we are helping save ourselves.(2)help...with sth.帮助„„做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.(3)help oneself / sb.to sth.给自己 / 别人夹菜 / 拿烟 等；擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?
(4)help...in sth.在„„方面帮助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.(5)help out 帮忙(做事；克服困难等)I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.2.含go的短语
① go around 到处走／跑．(疾病)流传，(谣言)传开；go after 追求；go ahead 说吧，请吧，做吧；go away 离开，出去
② go back 走网头路，翻悔改变；go bad 变坏；go boating 去划船 ③ go fishing 去钓鱼；go for a walk去散步 ④ go hiking 去徒步旅行；go home 回家 ⑤ go in for 喜爱，从事于；go into 进入，加入 ⑥ go mad 发疯
⑦ go off 离去，去世；go on 继续，进展，依据；go on doing 继续做；go out 出去，发出去，熄灭，不时兴；go over 研究，检查，搜查
⑧ go shopping 去商店；go skating 去滑冰；go straight along 沿着；go swimming 去游泳 ⑨ go through 通过，经受，仔细检查；go to bed 上床 ⑩ go up 上升 ? go wrong 走错路，误入歧途
[例句] We'll go through the items one by one.我们要逐条研究。She has gone back to her old habits.她又回到了已往的习惯。Come on Sunday by yourself-we can go over the house together.星期天你要过来．我们一起检查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.他的演讲持续很长时间，结果人们开始想睡。That expression has gone out.Nobody Uses it today.那个短语已经过时了，现在没有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong.这个年轻人还没有意识到他已经误入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr.Liu pretended to have something important to do.厌烦与妻子一起去购物，刘先生假装有重要的事情要做。
【考例2】(2004北京)I don't ____ rock' n' roll.It's much too noisy for my taste.A.go after
B.go away with
C.go into
D.go in for [考查目标] 此题主要考查四个动词短语的意思。
[答案与解析]D
go after 追求；go away with 带走；go into进入，加入；go in for 喜爱，爱好。根据句子意思“摇滚音乐太嘈杂。不合乎我的口味．所以我不喜欢”。
【考例】(NMET 1998)Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.A.be put up
B.give in
C.be turned on
D.go out [考查目标]此题主要考查四个短语的意思。[答案与解析] D
put up 挂起；give in 屈服；turn on 打开；go out 熄灭。本句话意思是“没有人注意到贼溜进了屋子，因为灯碰巧熄灭了”。3.go wrong
(1)走错路；弄错方向
(2)失败；不顺利All our plans went wrong./ Everything went wrong in those days.(3)发生故障
The clock went wrong.[比较]表示“变为”的系动词
(1)go 表示由积极向消极方面变化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry
(2)become / get 表示由积极向消极或消极向积极方
面变化 The weather is getting quite warm./ Gradually he became silent.(3)turn 多接表颜色的词 This ink turns black when it dries./ He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.注意：become a writer
(4)grow 侧重变化过程 The sea is growing calm.(5)fall 进入某种状态
All three children fell asleep.4.owe...to...受到恩惠；归功于„„(1)欠(钱)owe sb.money = owe money to sb.I owe ￡50 to my tailor.= I owe my tailor ￡50.(2)得过(某人的)好处；欠(某人的)人情债
We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.(3)应当给予 You owe me an apology.(4)„„应归功于；„„都亏得
We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.[拓展]表示“由于”的词组：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of 5.take one's place(1)入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please.We are about to start.(2)take one's place = take the place of sb.代替(职务或工作等)；接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.[比较](1)in place(of)代替；„„而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.(2)take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下；有时等于 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.6.think highly of 赞扬 表赞赏的词有：
(1)think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.表认为不好的词有：
(2)think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.7.含“动词 + away”的短语 ① do away with 去掉
② get away 逃脱，(使)离开 ③ go away 离去，出去
④ put away 放好，把„„收拾起来，存(钱)以备它日之用 ⑤ run away 逃走，离开
⑥ smooth away 去除，克服
⑦ stay away(from)不在家，外出
⑧ take away 拿走，带走，夺去，使离去 ⑨ throw away 扔掉．浪费．坐失(良机)[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance.Or you'll regret.不要放弃这么好的机会，不然的话，你会后悔 的。Put away the tools before you leave.离开前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你为什么不去上学? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away.我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我离不开。【考例】(2004重庆)Before the war broke out, many people ____ in safe places possessions they could not take with them．
A.threw away
B.put away
C.gave away
D.carried away [考查目标]此题主要考查“动词+away”四个短语的意思。[答案与解析]B throw away 扔掉；put way 放好，把 „„收拾起来；give away 分发．泄露；carry away 冲 走。本句话意思是“在战争爆发以前，许多人把他们不 能带走的财产藏在了安全的地方”。8.含“动词 + off”的短语
① drop off 放下，下车 ② fall off(从„„)掉下来
③ get off(从„„)下来，动身，起飞，脱下来 ④ give off 发出，放出
⑤ jump off 跳离
⑥ put off 推迟，延期
⑦ set off 出发，引起，启程
⑧ see sb off 为某人送行，为„„送行 ⑨ switch off 关掉
⑩ take off 脱，去掉，起飞，匆匆离开，成名 ? throw off 匆忙脱掉
? turn off 关掉，避开，拐弯
[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit.在改变火线前，主干线的电力供应必须切断。Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off.Garey夫人像通常一样把他送到门口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness.因为疾病的缘故，他不得不推迟了与我的约会。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off.车身适当修理前，所有外部的配件必须拿下来。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat.这炉火好像不大热。【考例】(2005广东)John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.A.send...away
B.leave...off
C.see...off
D.show...around [考查目标]此题主要考查短语see off的用法。
[答案与解析]C
see off 意为“给某人送行”；send away意为“派遣”；leave off意为“停止，不再穿”；show around意为“带领某人参观”。[牛刀小试2] 在下列句子的空白处填上适当的介词或副词。
1.My grandmother had put ____ over$50,000 when she was sixty—five years old.2.His mother had thought it would be good for his charac-ter to get ____ home and earn some money on his own.3.The market was filled ____ salted fish, giving the worst smell that you can imagine.4.--What do you think the contest?--I was told that the English Speech Contest went ____ successfully last night.5.If you had gone ____ your test paper carefully before handing it in you would have made fewer mistakes.☆句型诠释☆
1.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.他没能上电影学院是因为他的分数太低了。
该句巾的why引导一个定语从句，而that引导表语从句。
1.句中that引导的表语从句说明主语reason的具体内容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause.当主语是reason / cause时，一般不能用because或why引导表语从句，以免造成语意重复。当主语是This / That时，可以由because / why引导表语从句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.【考例】(NMET 1999)--I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.--Is that ____ you had a few days off?
A.why B.when C.what D.where [考查目标] 表语从句。[答案与解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你请了几天假的原因吗?”因此可知答案为why。2.why在句中是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，同时它在定语从句中作状语，此时why = for which，但要注意：关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词that或which。
【考例】(2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A.he explained
B.what he explained
C.how he explained
D.why he explained [考查目标]定语从句。
[答案与解析]A what，how不能引导定语从句，排除B、C两项；the reason在定语从句中作explained的宾语，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。
2.Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.好多看过这个片子的人一想起片中鲨鱼食人的场面．就不敢下海游泳了。
该句是一个复杂长句，从when到句子末尾是状语从句，在从句中包含一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词scenes;在前面的主句里面。包含一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.定语从句关系词的选择，要遵循“瞻前顾后”的原则，所谓“瞻前”即看前面的先行词指人还是指物；“顾后”即后面的定语从句，看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。例如：This is the factory where he works.(状语)/ This is the factory(that / which)he visited.(宾语)【考例】(NMET 1992)In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.A.that
B.who
C.from whom
D.to whom [考查目标]定语从句。
[答案与解析]D “turn to sb for help”为固定短语，意思是“向某人求助”，所以选to whom。3.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children.当有人问起他成功的秘诀时。史蒂文?斯皮尔伯格说起他的成功和幸福主要来自于妻子和孩子。
该句中的 ”when" 是时间状语从句的省略形式。在状语从句中，如果从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it，而且从句谓语动词是be或包含be时，常常将从句主语与be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.【考例】(2003上海春招)Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.A.invited
B.inviting
C.being invited
D.having invited [考查目标]状语从句的省略现象。
[答案与解析]A unless为连词，后面省略了you are，所以选invited。
4.Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.在餐桌上，懂礼节意味着你知道如何使用刀叉，何时祝酒以及如何在用餐时举止得体。
该句中having good manners为v-ing形式作主语。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.▲友情提示：在v-ing 形式前加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，构成v-ing复合结构，在句中作主语、宾语。
【考例5】(2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.A.he'd like to collect coins as well
B.he feels like collecting coins, too
C.to collect coins is also his hobby
D.collecting coins gives him great pleasure [考查目标]v-ing 作主语。
[答案与解析]D
A、B、C三项句法都无错误，但在and连接的并列句中，两个简单句的主语要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分别做两个简单句的主语。
5.It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need.餐盘里的东西要吃光才礼貌，所以不要多拿。
该句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为to finish eating „例如：It's not right to tell lies.撒谎是不对的。
it作为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。常见的句型有： 1.It + be + adj.+ to do sth 2.It + be + n.+ to do sth 3.It + be + PP.to do sth 【考例】(2001上海)In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this
B.that
C.there
D.it [考查目标] 形式主语。
[答案与解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主语。【句型归纳】
1.When / While / Though / Unless / If + n./ adj./ 现在分词／过去分词„„ 状语从句有些成分有时可省略，一般是主语和be省略；有时it和be可以省略： He made no answer when(he is)spoken to./Though(he was)born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York./ Come back early if(it is)possible.[注意]用法详见Chapter 10语法活用“省略和插入语”。2.Not only / just„but(also)连接相同的句子成分
Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum.(连接主语时根据就近原则)/ They not only sang but(also)danced for a whole night./ Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous./ Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future.(连接句子时，not only后的句子要部分倒装)[牛刀小试3] 1.The reason ____ you failed, I think, was ____ you had turned a deaf ear to your mother's advice.A.that;because
B.why;because C.why;that
D.for that;that 2.The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.(2004 全国卷I)A.for which
B.at which C.in which
D.on which 3.When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year.(2002 上海春招)A.completed
B.completing
C.being completed
D.to be completed 4.____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(2003 上海)A.The president will attend
第五篇：高一英语必修四第二单元知识点总结
第二单元
*重点单词及短语
1）hunger名词，表示“饥饿，欲望”。have a hunger for sth渴望做某事。
satisfied one’s hunger解饿。
作动词，表示“（使）饥饿”。hunger for/after表示“渴望得到”。2）thanks to表示“由于”。区别thanks to，due to和owing to：
thanks to相当于on account of；because of，多用于褒义。
owing to表示“因为”，只能作状语。
due to也表示“因为”，可作状语，可放在be后面，也可直接用在名词后面。3freedom of；freedom to do„表示“„„的自由”。
freedom from„不受„„的影响。the freedom of sth随意使用某物的权利。4）would rather
表示“宁愿，宁可”后接动词原形。
would rather do„than do„表示“宁愿做„„而不愿做„„”。
would rather后接省略that的宾语从句，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。5）suitable形容词“合适的，适当的”。be suitable for/to sb/sth适合于„„。6）term名词，表示“术语，期限，学期”。
带有term的短语：holiday terms冠冕堂皇的言语，奉承的言语 serve one’s term服刑 in good set terms用坚决严肃的语言 in the long（short）term从长远（短期）来说 in terms of用„„的字眼，从„„观点出发；换算，折合
7）refer to向某人/某事物查询信息。提到，说到，涉及到。与某人有关。适用于。8）reduce表示“减少，缩减，缩小，降低，简化”。
reduce„to减少到„„；使陷入„„的境遇；使成为„„的情况；使变形，使变化； 分解，化简。归纳成为。reduce„by减少了„„。9）supply作动词，表示“补给，供给，提供”。supply sb with sth=supply sth to/for sb。
作名词，表示“供给，供应”，是不可数名词。表示“供应品，补给品”，是可数名词，常用复数形式。in short supply缺少，供应不足。
have a large/good supply of„ = have large supplies of„ 备有许多„„。10）whatever作连接代词，表示“无论什么，凡是„„”，引导让步状语从句。相当于no matter
what„也可以引导名词性从句。做疑问代词，意思是“（究竟是）什么”。or whatever诸如此类。作副词，常用于no+名词，nothing，none等之后，以加强语气。11）summary表示“总结，归纳，摘要”。in summary总的来说。作形容词，表示“简短的，迅速的，概括的”。
12）rid
rid sb of sth除掉某人的„„。get rid of意思是“除掉，除去，摆脱”。13）regret作动词，表示“后悔，懊恼，惋惜”。作名词，表示“懊恼，遗憾，悔恨”。
regret sth/that„后悔某事。regret doing sth后悔干了某事。regret to do sth遗憾要干某事。It is to be regretted that„遗憾的是„„。to one’s regret 抱歉，令某人遗憾的是。* 重要语法知识点
3.语法动名词作主语宾语与动词不定式 动名词 定义
动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。
特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征
一、动名词的作用
动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
1、作主语
动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。
动名词作主语的几种类型
动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：
1.直接位于句首做主语。
2.用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3.用于“There be”结构中。
4.用于布告形式的省略结构中。
5.动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。
6.例词shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词
二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。
注意：
1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。
2)在“It is no use„”，“It is no good„”，“It is fun„”，“It is a waste of time„”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语。
3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语。
4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语。
5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一。
2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devo„to„, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。
（2）作介词的宾语。
（3）作形容词的宾语。
3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。
二、动名词的逻辑主语
带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如
在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。
在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
a.无命名词b.有生命名词但表示泛指意义c.两个以上的有生命名词并列
三、动名词的时态和语态
1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。
2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。
（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。
（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。
（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。
（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。
四、常见题型：
1）动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数。
2）在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词。
3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语。
4）有些词后只能接动名词
admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;can’t help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand„
5）另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
it’s no good;it’s no/little/hardly any/ use;it’s not/hardly/scarcely use;it’s worthwhile;spend money/time;there’s no;there’s no point in;there’s nothing worse than;what’s the use/point„
6）有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。
五、动名词与现在分词的同与不同
动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为“-ing形式”。这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
区别：
1?动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是：
①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变。
②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置。
2?动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于：
动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质?状态或动作等。
被动语态
一、被动语态的用法：
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词。
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词。
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词。
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词。
5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词。
6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词。
7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词。
二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1.先找出谓语动词；2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1.不及物动词无被动语态。2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。
4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定,或是间接宾语加被动语态再加只接宾语。
5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。不定式
[不定式的简介]
1.不定式定义:由to＋动词原形构成。
不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，可分为不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。
2.用途：在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的性质，本身可以带宾语和状语。[动词不定式的时态、语态]
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语，其形式如下：
主动形式 被动形式
一般式（not)to make（not)to be made 完成式（not)to have made(not)to have been made
进行式（not)to be making（not）to have been making
(1)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of(to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.)There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
(2)时态
1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
3)进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
4)完成进行时： [疑问词＋不定式结构]
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。
疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。[动词不定式的语法功能]
一、作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)把不定式置于句首
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①It＋be＋名词＋to do ②It takes sb+some time+to do
③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式。
二、作宾语
1)动词+ 不定式
afford.aim.appear.agree.arrange.ask.be.decide.bother.care.choose.come.dare.demand.desire.determine.expect.elect.endeavor.hope.fail.happen.help.hesitate.learn.long.mean.manage.offer.ought.plan.prepare.pretend.promise.refuse.seem.tend.wait.wish.undertake.2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish„
3）动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
4)以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。
5)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。
三、作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
2)to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
3)to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean„
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.四、作表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组时，或以what引导的名词性分句，不定式说明主语的内容。
动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。
五、作状语
1）目的状语 to„only to(仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)„as to„(如此„„以便„„)
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。3)表原因
六、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
(1)表示将来的动作。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态。
(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句。[省to 的动词不定式]
1）情态动词(除ought 外，ought to)： 2）使役动词 let, have, make：
3）感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
4）表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather，had better，might(just)as well：rather than置于句首时。
5）Why„ / why not„：6）help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth：
7）but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8）由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
10）but作介词，后接不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时，but后的不定式要省去to，否则要带to。
11）当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and，but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时，则不能省略。
12）不定式做表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。[不定式的特殊句型]
1、不定式的特殊句型so as to
1）表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。2)so kind as to —劳驾
2、“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议
“为什么不„„？” “干吗不„„？”
3、It’s for sb.和 It’s of sb.1）for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。
4、不定式的特殊句型too„to„
1）too„to 太„„以至于„„
2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太”。
3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常„等于very。
一为不定式+动词原形；
一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to习惯于，be used to习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意
介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。[动词不定式与动名词区别与联系]
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的。
2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3）在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： ①hate,like,love前有would(should)时。
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时。
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时。
④advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语或带不定式作宾补。
4）部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事(已做)regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。
go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为”怕”；
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为”生怕，恐怕”。be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着
begin(start)doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。
2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。4)物作主语时用to do。
⒉动词不定式的时态,语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。
②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如:There are still many things to take care of(to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.)There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态,语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前，之后。
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义。
⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用”to”代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略。
⒌在why引起的问句中,省略”to”.如：
Why spend such a lot of money Why not wait for a couple of days
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加”to”。
⒎”to”在下列短语中是”介词”,后接动名词或名词形式。
devote„to, face up to(勇敢地面对),look forward to(盼望),object to(反对),take to(养 成习惯,对„„感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be used to(习惯于)等。
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