大学生科协各中心工作介绍(南中医)

第一篇：大学生科协各中心工作介绍(南中医)

大学生科协各中心工作介绍

一、综合管理中心： 秘书处

1、参与理事会日常工作，负责学期初科协工作计划和学期末科协工作总结以及各项规章制度的起草，负责做好科协档案的整理和保管工作。

2、在理事长的领导下主持财务会计工作，编辑科协总体财务预算，审批部门活动经费，监督经费收支使用情况，并负责和校团委进行结算和汇报；采购公共用品和办公用品；负责科协财产、财务登记、保管和检查工作。

3、在做好本职工作之余，还坚持张贴各大宿管站的生活小常识海报，为同学们提供养生保健知识。

4、修改整理各个部门发来的通讯稿和月评报告、对各部门举办的活动进行拍照是我们的基本工作。

5、名师采访让我们更加了解专家教授，而整理出的资料又为兄弟部门举办活动宣传提供方便。

宣传部

为科协的各项活动做好宣传工作。

部门要求：招揽才华横溢，有书法和绘画特长的同学。人力资源部

对科协内部的人事管理、调动，合理协调各部门之间关系。

搜集整理电视、报刊、杂志等媒体发布的公共前沿信息，编辑《科协人》内参。

组织理事会和各部门团队培训，了解干部的思想动态，做好干部的思想政治工作。

公关部

对外代表科协形象，负责同校内各部门及其他学生组织的联系工作；策划具有时代感、创新性、参与性强的各类活动；拥有一只属于科协自己的礼仪和主持人队伍。

部门总体要求：性格外向，活泼，善于并乐于交流，有责任心，有较强的语言表达能力，吃苦耐劳，有自信（男女不限）。

礼仪队要求：身高165以上，形象好，身材匀称，举止得体的女生。主持人队要求：形象好，有较强的语言表达能力和语言组织能力，普通话标准，有较强的应变能力，主持有自己的风格和特色。

二、学术中心 人文部 多年来致力于为全校同学带来高品质的人文类讲座和访谈，弘扬校园内人文精神，展示我部“释放青春激情 展现人文风采”的活动宗旨。

特色品牌——“人文报告厅”，曾邀请到中国药科大学丁家宜教授、南京大学胡阿祥教授、程章灿教授、南京师范大学何永康院长、张学锋教授、曹晓虎副教授；我校黄煌教授、丁安伟院长、唐德才书记、金鑫院长、，吉文辉教授等一些重要专家学者为我校同学带来了精彩的人文大餐。

学术部

定期组织医药以及其他科技领域的学术讲座、专题报告会、讨论会等活动，让广大同学触摸科技动态，感受学术魅力。

举办活动丰富多样，有学术沙龙，学术报告厅，“曲水流殇，岐黄论道”征文比赛，名人名师名家进校园活动等。其中学术报告厅和学术沙龙是品牌活动，已成功举办多届。

三、科创中心

2008年科协在自身发展需要的前提下，在校团委支持的保障下，于本学期在原来学术中心科技创新办公室的基础上成立了科技创新中心，并设立科技创新办公室、科技创业团队两个部门，为我校营造更为浓厚的科技创新、创业氛围，为广大学生打造了一个在“挑战杯”大赛中展现自我的锻炼平台。

四、医桥工程

自成立以来，先后被评为省大学生“风采工程”中的优秀活动之一，省“优秀青年志愿者集体”等。

专家义诊：邀请校内外名老中医参加社区、广场等地区的义诊活动，为贫困人们送医送药，并在多个地区设立了医疗咨询点。

青年志愿服务工程：凭借专业优势，与红十字会建立长期稳定的合作关系，多次被相关媒体报道，“医桥工程”志愿者在募捐、义诊等活动中表现突出，曾受何权副省长接见和省红十字会表彰。

急救培训工程：“医桥工程”急救培训小组受红十字会专业培训，具有初级急救资格。

医桥工程电话咨询热线：向社会开通了025—85196120健康咨询热线，同时开通了10602585196120的短信咨询平台以及njutcmyqgc@163.com电子邮箱。

爱心工程：是为所有需要我们服务的老人、孤儿等人群组织的活动，目前与南京多家老年公寓保持联系，并发挥专业优势，定期上门为老人、孤儿做小事、献爱心等。

五、分会中心 药学分会 本部门的所有活动主要围绕中药为主。自2001年11月首届药膳大赛举办以来，我们以成功举办了多次药膳大赛活动，提高了动手能力，加深了对中药的认识，同时我们上山采药、药茶药粥及图片展依旧定期举行。

常规活动：药茶药粥展；会员内部培训；标本、饮片、盆栽展；义诊；香薰活动；慰问敬老院；登山；盆栽认养；参观花房；上山辨药采药；制作标本。

英语俱乐部

英语角（English Corner）：每2周一次（周五18：30-20：30）的英语角活动是我们的强势节目之一。

各色英语讲座（Assorted English course）英语情景剧（English scene play）

其他（others）：不定期播放原版外文电影，不定期组织会员外出郊游，邀请外教同行；定期发放一些英语资料，定期组织部内英语征文等文娱比赛。（仅限会员）

计算机网络分会

电脑维修队：为全校同学提供免费服务，内容包括：电脑故障维修、硬件代购、装机指导、光盘刻录等（所有业务仅收成本费）。

免费上机：会员周六在B6四楼机房享有2个小时的免费上机时间。计算机等级考试的培训

我们也会举办一些数码产品、电脑配件的展销，拆装机大赛、电子竞技大赛等活动。

经方研究会

定期举办以中医经典著作为主题的讲座。

引领同学们进行中医古籍的学习与研究，创造良好的中医学习气氛。针灸推拿分会

每学期举办一次针灸或推拿培训班。定期对会员进行针灸、推拿技巧培训。在社区、敬老院、小学举行义务推拿活动。文辉书友会

新书介绍，定期介绍新书，使新书与会员零距离接触。

开展文化讲座，针对社会热点问题、同学关注问题以及与学习生活相关的问题。

与学校图书馆合作，在图书馆5楼，文辉有自己的自助式图书馆，无租期无限量的为同学们提供好书，并在5楼定期举行会员交流会，便于交流读书心得。

六、百村工程 2007年7月由南京中医药大学、江苏省红十字会、江苏《风流一代》杂志社联合启动的一个青年志愿者服务品牌“农民健康百村工程”在南京中医药大学汉中门校区正式启动。以“关爱农民健康，共建和谐苏北”为宗旨的“农民健康百村工程”，致力于将优质的医疗服务送到苏北农民的家门口，自2007年实施以来，已在泗阳、睢宁、洪泽、滨海、灌云等地多次开展活动，直接服务群众22000余人，培训基层医护人员200多名，受到农民朋友的欢迎。

全民起武

为适应现代医学理念的转变，积极倡导健康生活理念，发挥养生功法在增强身体素质方面的积极作用，农民健康百村工程项目组于2007年起发起了“全民起武”志愿服务项目。

七、杏林社

南京中医药大学“杏林社”志愿服务队是一支定点在栖霞区靖安、龙潭等村（社区），长期开展送医送诊送健康等专项活动的高校公益性社会服务组织。一直以来，南京中医药大学的大学生志愿者们依托自身专业优势，走到农村基层、走到百姓当中，开展了一系列具有创新性、示范性、引领性的结对共建活动，让一朵朵连心之花在基层绽放。

八、活动团支部

活动团支部是整个科协交流的重要纽带，各成员均是从各部门选拔的精英人才，也是大学生科协的人才储备库。每年活动活动团支部会结合当下国际热点举办模拟联合国、高团培训等一系列活动。

第二篇：科协各部门介绍

电控学院团委科技协会部门介绍

一．秘书处

秘书处是全面负责处理科协日常事务，协调各部开展工作的部门，同时负责科协各类资料的收集、整理备案及保存和财务管理等工作。同时秘书处要做好与各部门协调联络工作，为领导提供信息，做好参谋，及时完成上级交办的其它各项工作。秘书处的工作虽琐碎，但却至关重要，是一个组织的心脏，希望广大同学踊跃竞选。

二．组织部

电控科协组织部是一个重要的职能部门。它主要负责活动前期的准备工作，使得活动能圆满举行。在工作中组织部要配合主席团及各部门积极做好人员调配、工作分配任务。在组织部工作需要有很强的责任心、吃苦耐闹的品质及随机应变的思维。总体来说，电控科协组织部是一个很能锻炼能力的部门。

三．宣传部

宣传部是一个职能覆盖面较广的部门，在一个组织当中，不管那一个部门承办活动，他们都离不开对自己的活动进行宣传，那也就是说，他们离不开宣传部；其次，宣传部的成员因能经常长时间的在一起相处而使之成为一个感情味十足的部门，在这个部门里，部员能够培养和施展自己在平面设计、写作、书法和绘画方面的兴趣和才能，欢迎有志者前来加盟。

四．网络信息部

网络信息部是各部门之间信息传递，以及院科协团委和校学生会进行网络知识沟通的桥梁。主要负责追踪报道大学生各项活动的台前幕后，捕捉学院动态，关注最新消息，并将其尽快传达给学生。各项活动期间主要负责拍照，摄影，记录活动的精华内容。活动后处理图片和内容并将其及时上传至网站。平时主要负责网页设计、版面设计及维护后台工作，以更加有效地宣传学院科技文化活动。

五．外联部

外联部是科协的外交部门,是科协的对外代言人，是一个注重人际关系、语言表达、整体形象的综合性部门。主要负责与各学院展开广泛的交流，友情联谊，构建起与各学院的学生组织之间的交流互动平台；促进电控科协与社会的交往与联系，为科协各项活动创造良好的校园环境、资金保障和社会支持。

六．科技部

科技部是科协的科技研发中心，以电子电工实验室为基地对长安大学广大科技爱好者进行培训，为同学参加一些大型赛事做技术准备。主要负责各项科技类大赛的宣传及组织工作，为大型科技比赛选拔后备人才。走出校园，面向企业，为长大学子创造自主创业的平台。建立校外创业基地，定期开展一系列创业类知识的培训。

第三篇：南中医复试流程

今年比去年难，不知道明年会怎样。我原本基础不好，技能不好，但是复试知道项目很重要，毕竟书那么多那么厚，看的不考考的没看就很怨了。

复试一共五大块，1.专业笔试2.专业面试3.大病历加专业技能4.英语文献翻译5.英语听力和口语.1.专业面试专硕和学硕卷子一样，不同专业考卷有区别。我是妇科，简答10问答7病案5，总分150分。前年是简答问答病案15题，今年内科好像是5+5+3。妇科看南中医谈勇的《中医妇科学》就差不多会写了，内科就是南中医的白皮书必备了。

对了，其中两题开放型题目，就是问你为什么选该校该专业，入学后打算，对该校哪个老师哪个著作有兴趣，谈谈感想

2.专业技能，分三项 第一项，中医诊疗，必选，进去之后有一百个左右的中内病案，抽签后大概准备一分钟左右或者等你边上同学说完就得说出辩证分型理法方药。

第二项包括三个:心电图，影像，检查。抽签觉得做哪个。心电图和影像不是做，是看片子说结果。影像包括X片和CT，包括头部和胸部，得出结论之前先简单说说胸廓对称气管居中什么的。

第三项包括三个:外科，急救，诊疗。外科包括打结穿手术衣隔离衣手套等这些常见的操作，急救是地上一个模型，做心肺复苏，边说边做而且好像边上有个小机器显示你按的和吹气的达不达标。诊疗包括巴宾斯基征，霍夫曼征，奥本海母征，咯噔征（我听别人说的不会写勿喷，反正就是腿部的反射检查都会有，还会问这个征阳性说明什么）

大病历和专业技能，分开考，但是目测去年是这两个合为一大项。大病历是一张A4纸的题目，病案经过和检查结果都有，答题纸是两开的那种老式考试卷，没有格式（去年有格式，据说直接誊抄）白白一片自己写格式填内容，当然少不了后面的诊断，用药。

3.英语文献翻译，两张A4纸上面三个篇文章，分别是医学，药学，管理学，任选一个翻译。半个小时时间。今年据说有牛人翻译了两篇。

4.听力口语一起考，前面一个进去说时你进去抽签，出来大约五分钟准备，可以讨论可以百度，前面的出来你进去说2分钟，然后听一分钟听力，用英语或汉语说出意思，没听懂可以说出听见的几个词，老师还会问问题，英语问，某词英语怎么说，某单词什么意思。话题很多个，大纸是喜欢的歌，颜色，电影。英特网对生活的影响，难点的有喜欢做饭么。

5.专业面试 七八个人坐对面，进去简单说下名字毕业学校，桌上有一个纸条，一个中医题目一个西医题目，一个专业几乎都一样，（所以让我们出来不要说，我还是出来就说了）所以注意问你前面考过的人。

专业笔试150专业面试100大病历50翻译50口语听力50专业技能100这些加上选择初试分数总计1000分，按这个决定最终排名。注意其中所以涉及选择时都是抽签，专业问题很细，重在积累。我考的项目有限，智力和记忆力有限，希望其他考友们帮忙更正，以便后面研友们少走着弯路。

第四篇：英文介绍中医

Traditional Chinese medicine(also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医;traditional Chinese: 中医;pinyin: zhōngyī)includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China.It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage;often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body.Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.0

RADITIONAL-CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY

历史悠久的中国传统医学

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has a history of several years.Its origin

中医有着几千年的历史, can be traced back to remote antiquity.In 起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与a long course of struggling against 疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and 一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000integrated theoretical systcm of TCM.It 多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国is an important part of Chinese culture.现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和More than 2,000 years ago, came out 《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含Huangdi's Classic on Medicine(Huang Di 9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。Nei jing), which is the earliest medical 该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生classic extant in China.It consists of 理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方two parts—Basic Questions(Su Wen)and 面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它Miraculous Pivot(Ling Shu), each 运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了comprising）nine volumes, each of which, 因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling 原则并且表达了整体观念的思想up to 162 chapters.The book gives a 即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其complete and systematic exposition to the 周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中following various subjects : the 医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。relationship between man and nature, the 继《黄帝内经》之后，东汉时期之physiology and pathology of the human 前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中body, and the diagnosis, treatment and 医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病prevention ot diseases.It also uses the 的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》theories of yin-yang and the five 的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经elements to deal fully with the 典著作相继出现，各抒己见。principles of treatment by differentiation of syndromes(TDS)according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution.Hence（giving expression）to the holistic concept of taking the human body as an organic whole and taking the human body with the surrounding environment as the integrity.It laid a preliminary

foundation for the theoretical formation of TCM.After Huangdi's Classic on Medicine another classic of medicine, Classic on Medical Problems(Nan Jing), was given birth to the world before the Eastern Han Dynasty.The book deals mainly with the basic theory of TCM, such as physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on.It supplemented what Huangdi's Classic on Medicine lacked.From then on, many medical schools and various classics on medicine were brought into being in succession, each having its own strong points.Shen Nong's Herbal(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing), also known as Classic on the Herbal(Ben Cao Jing)or The Herbal(Ben Cao), is the earliest book on materia medica in China, which appeared in about

《神农本草》（亦称“本草经”the Qin-Han Period with its authorship

或“本草”）是中国最早的药物学unknown.Not only does it list 365

专著。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不medicinal item —among which 252 are

祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物（其herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are

中草药252种，动物类药67种，矿minerals, but also divides them into

物类药46种）而且依药物性质及功three grades according to their different

效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时，properties and effects.The book also

该书简述了方剂的基本原则（君、gives a brief account of pharmacological

臣、佐、使）和七情与药物的四气theories—principal(jun), adjuvant

五味相和的原则。

(chen), assistant(zuo)and guide(shi);harmony in seven emotions(qi qing he he), four properties of medicinal herbs(si qi)and five tastes of medicinal herbs(wu wei).In the Han Dynasty(3rd century

汉朝（公元前3世纪）的张AD), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding 仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤physician, wrote Treatise on Febrile and 寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部Miscellaneous Diseases(Shang Han Za 分，名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。Bing Lun), which is divided into two 该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术books by later generations, one is 数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发entitled “ Treatise onFebrile Diseases”, 展奠定了基础。(Shang Han Lun), the other Synopsis of Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet(Jin Kui Yao Lue).The book established the pnriciple of TDS（Treatment of Differentiation Syndromes；Technical Data System 技术数据系统）, thereby laying a foundation for the development of clinical medicine.In the Western Jin Dynasty.Huang Fumi, a famous physician, compiled A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

西金时期的著名医家皇浦(Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing)The book consists

谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷of 12 volumes with 128 chapters，128章组成，包括349个穴位。它including 349 acupoints.It is the

是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针earliest extant work dealing exclusively

灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。

with acupuncture and moxibustion and one of the most influential works in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion.The Sui and Tang Dynasties came into their own in feudal economy and

隋唐时期形成了自己封建culture.In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al.的经济文化制度。公元前610年，compiled General Treatise on the Etiology 巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对各and Symptomology.The book gave an 种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广extensive and minute description of the 泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早的etiology and symptoms of various 病因及症状学著作。公元前657年，diseases.It is the earliest extant 苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了classic on etiology and symptoms in 《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方China.In 657 AD, Su Jing together with 正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上20 other scholars, compiled 最早的药学著作。孙思邈（公元前Newly-Revised Materia Medica(Xin Xiu 581－682年）倾其一生精力撰写了Ben Cao), which is the first 两部著作，分别是《备急千金药方》pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in 和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总ancient China, and the earliest 论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、pharmacopoeia in the world as well.Sun 方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分Simiao(581-682 AD)devoted all his life 支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表to writing out the two books: Valuable 作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药Prescriptions for Emergencies(Bei Ji 之祖”。Qian Jin Yao Fang)and Supplement to Valuable Prescriptions(Qian Jin Yi Fang).The hooks deal with general medical theory, materia medica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, diet, health preservationand prescriptions for various branches of medicine.Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty.Sun Simiao was honored by later generations as “the king of herbal medicine”.In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of TCM.The goverment set up“the Imperial

宋朝更注重的是中医教育。Medical Bureau” for training and bringing

政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格up qualified TCM workers.In 1057 AD, a 的中医师。公元前1057年，一个特special organ named “Bureau for Revising

殊的组织－校正医书局成立了，其Meidical Books” was set up in order to

目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正proofread and correct the medical books

并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书from preceding ages, and to publish them

流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界one after another.The books revised have

学习中医的重要经典著作。

been handed down till now and are still the important classics for China and other countries to study TCM.In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties，金元时期出现了四个医学there appeared four medical schools 学派代表人物分别为：刘完素（公represented by Liu Wansu(1120-1200 AD), 元前1120－1200）、张从正（公元Zhang Congzheng(1156-1228 AD), Li Gao 前1156－1228）、李杲（公元前1180(l180-1251 AD)and Zhu Zhenheng －1251）、朱震亨（公元前1281－(1281-1358 AD).Among them, Liu Wansu 1358）。他们中，刘完素认为火热believed that “fire and heat” were the 是导致各种疾病的病因，治疗疾病main causes of a variety of diseases, and 应选择性质寒凉的药，因此被后世that the diseases should be treated with 称为“寒凉派”。张从正认为外邪drugs cold and cool in nature.So he was 侵犯人体是疾病的原因，提倡用known as “the school of cold and cool” by “汗、吐、下”等法驱邪外出，所later generations, Zhang Congzheng 以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派believed that all diseases were caused by 以李杲为代表主张“脾胃内伤，百exogenous pathogenic factors invading 病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要the body, and advocated that pathogenic 的应为温养脾胃。因为脾在五行中factors should be driven out by methods 属土，故其被称为“补土派”的奠of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.So 基人。第四个学派为朱震亨发起的he was known as the “school of purgation”.“滋阴派”。他认为“阳常有余，The third school represented by Li Gao 阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用held that “Internal injuries of the “滋阴泻火”的方法。spleen and stomach will bring about various diseases”.Therefore, he emphasizeed that the most important thing, clinically, should be to warm and invigorate thespleen and stomach because the spleen is attributed to the earth in the five elements.So he was regarded as the founder of the “school of reinforcing the earth”.And the fourth school was known as the “school of nourishing yin” by founded Zhu Zhenheng.He believed: “Yang is usually redundant, while yin is ever deficient”.That is why the body “often has enough yang but not enough yin”.So he usually used the method to nourish yin and purge fire in clinical practice.Li Shizhen(1518-1593 AD), a famous physician and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote The Compendium of Materia Medica(Ben Cao Gang Mu).The

李时珍（公元前1518－book consists of 52 volumes with 1,892 1593年）是汉朝著名的内科医生及medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 药师，撰写了《本草纲目》。该书prescriptions and 1,000 illustrations of 共有52卷，记载了1892种药，10000medicinal items.In addition, his book 首方剂和1000条医理注释。另外该also deals with botany, zoology, 书还涉及了植物学、动物学、地质mineralogy, physics, astronomy, 学、药理学、天文学、气象学等学meteorology, etc.It is really a 科，是一部真正的药物学不朽著作。monumental work in Materia Medica.It is 它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展作a great contribution to the development 出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期，针of pharmacology both in China and all over 灸也达到了发展的高潮，许多历代the world.During the same period, 的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发acupuncture and moxibustion reached 展。their climax.Many literature concerning acupuncture and moxibustion for the ages were summarized and developed.Since the founding of New China, our

自从新中国成立以后，我国government has paid great attention to 政府对继承和发扬中医药遗产予以inheriting and developing the heritage of 了高度的重视，制定了一系列利于TCM and Materia Medica.A series of 中医药发展的方针政策和措施。policies and measures have been taken for 1986年，国家中医药管理局成立developing TCM.In 1986, the State 了，它成为保证中医药顺利发展的Administrative Bureau of TCM and Materia 领导主体。中医药从来没有象今天Medica was established.This leading body 这样繁荣过。在历经了时代的变迁is the guarantee of developing TCM and 和沧桑之后，中医药仍然保持着其Materia Medica smoothly.Never before has 鲜活的生命力。毫无疑问，中医药TCM been as prosperous as it is today.TCM 将以崭新的面貌耸立于世界之林。has experienced many vicissitudes of times but always remains evergreen.There is no doubt that TCM will take its place in medical circles of the world as a completely new medicine.SPECIFIC AND PROFOUND TCM 中医的独特性与深刻意义

TCM, one of China's splendid cultural heritages, is the science dealing with human physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.TCM summed up the experience of the Chinese people in their long struggle against

中医是中国辉煌的传统文化之diseases and, under the influence of 一，它是一门涉及人体生理、病理、诊ancient naive materialism and 断、治疗和疾病预防的科学。它是在古dialectics, evolved into a unique, 代朴素的唯物主义和辨证法的影响下integral system of medical theory 对中国人民长期与疾病斗争经验的总through long clinical practice.结，并在长期的临床实践中演化成了During several thousand years it has 一套独特完整的医学理论。在过去的几made great contributions to the 千年里，中医为中华人民健康水平的提promotion of health, the 高、民族的繁荣昌盛及世界医学的丰富proliferation and prosperity of the 及发展做出了巨大的贡献。中医理论系Chinese nation, and the enrichment and 统的形成受到古代中国的唯物主义和development of world medicine as well.辩证法的极大影响。这套理论系统以脏The formation of the theoretical 腑经络的生理病理为基础，以辨证论治system of TCM was greatly influenced 为其诊断特色。by ancient Chinese materialism and dialectics.The theoretical system takes the physiology and pathology of zang-fu organs and meridians as its basis, and TDS as its diagnostic and therapeutic features.TCM has its own specific

中医在对人体的生理功能、病understanding both in the 理改变和诊治疾病方面有其独特的见physiological functions and 解。它把人体看作一个以脏腑和经络相pathological changes of the human body 互联系的有机整体并认为人体与其外and in the diagnosis and treatment of 界环境也是息息相关的。中医高度重视disease.TCM regards the human body 内因即所谓的“七情”在疾病的发生itself as an organic whole 和发展过程中所起的作用，但也决不排interconnected by zang-fu organs, 除外因的作用即所谓的“六淫”。在诊meridians and collaterals.And TCM 断方面，中医以四诊（望、闻、问、切）also holds that the human body is 为技术原则、八纲辨证为指导总纲并把closely related to the outside world.脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作In regard to the onset and development 为其辨证论治的基础。它强调“未病先of a disease, TCM attaches great 防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、importance to the endogenous “调整阴阳”和“三因制宜”（因时、pathogenic factors, namely the seven 因地、因人制宜）的重要性。emotion, but it by no means excludes the exogenous pathogenic factors, namely the six pathogens.In diagnosis, TCM takes the four diagnostic methods(inspection, auscultation ant olfaction,inquiry, pulse-taking and palpation as its principal tcchniques, eight principal syndromes as its general guideline, and differentiation of syndrome according to the zang-fu theory, differentiation of syndromes according to the six-meridian theory, and differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of wei, qi, ying and xue as its basic theories of the differentiation of syndromes.It also stresses the prevention and preventive treatment of disease, and puts forward such therapeutic principles as “treatment aiding at the root cause of disease”.“strengthening vital qi and dispelling pathogens, regulating yin and yang and treating diseases in accordance with three conditions”(i.e.the climatic and seasonal conditiont, geographic localities and the patient's constitution).These characteristicts, however，然而，对以上的中医特点可以can be generalized as the holistic

用“整体观念”和“辨证论治”加以concept and treatment by

概括。

differentiation of syndromes(TDS)l.The Holistic Concept

1.整体观念 By “the holistic concept” is meant a general idea of, on the one hand, the unity）and integrity within the human body and, on the other, its close relationship with the outer world.The human body is composed of various organs and tissues, each having its own distinct function, which is a component part of the life activities

整体观念的总思想是一方面认of the whole body.And in TCM the human 为人体是一个统一的整体，另一方面认body is regarded as an organic whole 为人体与其外界环境密切相关。人体由in which its constituent parts are 不同的脏腑组织组成，每个脏腑组织都inseparable in structure, 有其独特的功能并都是整个人体进行interrelated and interdependent in 生命活动的组成部分。中医把人体看作physiology, and mutually influential 一个有机人体认为人体的各部分在生in pathology.Meanwhile, man lives in 理上相互联系和相互独立，在病理上相nature, and nature provides the 互影响。同时，因为人类生活在自然中，conditions indispensible to man's 自然提供给人类赖以生存的环境，所以survival.So it follows that the human 人体就会直接或间接的受到自然环境body is bound to be affected directly 变化的影响并产生相应的反应。中医认or indirectly by the changes of 为医生在诊治疾病时应该熟悉自然规nature, to which the human body, in 律和地理环境。这便是中医为何在诊治turn, makes corresponding responses.疾病时既强调人体为一整体也重视人TCM says: “Physicians have to know the 体与自然环境相互作用的关系。law of nature and geographical conditions when diagnosing and treating diseases.” That's why TCM not only stresses the unity of the human body itself but also attaches great importance to the interrelationship between the body and nature in diagnosing and treating diseases.2.Treatment by Differentiation of

2.辨证论治

Syndromes

TCM, on the other hand, is characterized by TDS.Differentiation

中医的另一特色是辨证论治。means comprehensive analysis, while “辨证”即综合分析相关的症状，因此syndrome refere to symptoms and signs.辨证意味着将四诊收集到的症状加以So differentiation of syndromes 分析和总结确定疾病的病理、病性、病implies that the patient's symptoms 位和邪正关系，从而确定疾病的证型。and signs collected by the four “论治”指的是根据辨证的结果选择diagnostic methods are analyzed and 相应的治疗。总的来说，辨证论治即在summarized so as to identify the 对症状的全面分析基础上进行诊治。etiology, nature and location of a disease, and the relation between vital qi and pathogens, thereby determining what syndrome the disease belongs to.By treatment is meant selecting the corresponding therapy according to the outcome of differentiating syndromes.Taken as a whole, TDS means diagnosis and treatment based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs.As concerns the relationship between “disease” and “treatment”, TCM takes two different clinical ways on the basis of TDS.One is “treating the same disease with different therapies”, by which is meant that the

关于疾病和治疗的关系，中医same disease may manifest itself in

在辨证论治的基础上存在两种治疗途different syndromes at different

径。一种是“同病异治”，即同一疾病stages or under different conditions.在不同环境、不同阶段下会显示出不同Therefore, the therapies of the same 的证候，因此，对同一疾病应根据患者diease should be adopted towards 的体质、地理环境的不同和天气季节的different therapies according to the

变化采取不同的治疗措施。例如流感可patient's constitution, the

以由风寒、风热、暑湿之邪造成，所以geographical environment, the

治疗应相应的采取祛风散寒、疏散风热climatic and seasonal changes.Take

和清暑化湿的方法。另一种是“异病同flu for example, it may be caused by

治”，即不同的疾病出现相同的证候可wind-cold，wind-heat, summer-heat and

以采取相同的治疗。例如泻泄引起的脱dampness or other pathogens.So is

肛和子宫下垂是两种不同的疾病，然advisable to adopt dispersing

而，如果它们都是以中焦之气下陷引起wind-cold, eliminating wind-heat，相同的证候为特征的话就可以采取相clearing away summer-heat and

同的治疗——升提中焦之气。从以上，dampness respectively.The other is

显而易见，中医并不是注重疾病之间的called “treating different diseases

相似和不相似，而是重视证候的相同与with the same therapy”, by which is

否。总而言之，相同的证候采取相同的meant that different diseases

治疗方法，不同的证候采取不同的治疗manifesting themselves in the same

方法。

syndrome may be treated with the same therapy.For example prolapse of the

rectum due to protracted diarrhea and hysteroptosis are two different diseases.However, if they are both marked by themselves in the same syndrome of qi of sinking of the middle energizer, they can be treated in the same therapy by lifting qi of the middie energizer.From the above it becomes obvious that TCM does not focus its attention on similarities or dissimilarities between diseases but on the differences between the syndromes.Generally speaking, the same syndromes are treated with basically same therapies, while different syndromes with different ones.To sum up, the principle that different contradictions in essence

总之，原则是在疾病的发展过are handled by different methods in 程中不同的本质矛盾应采取不同的方the course of development of a disease 法，这就是辨证论治的核心。is the core of TDS.YIN AND YANG-THE LAW OF NATURE

阴阳－自然界的法则

Yin and yang, which come from

阴阳来自古代ancient Chinese philosophy, are a general 中国哲学，是自然界中相联系的term for two opposites of interrelated 事物和现象中相互对立面的总things or phenomena in the natural world.称。最初，它们的内涵很简单，At first, their connotations were quite 指的是事物的对立两方。向阳为simple, referring to the two opposite sides 阳，背阳则为阴。在长期的观察of an object.The side facing the sun is yang 实践中，古代中国人民开始认识and the reverse side is yin in the course 到阴阳的对立和消长存在于一切of long practice and observation, the 事物中。《易传》曰：一阳一阴ancient Chinese people came to understand 谓之道（道代表宇宙中对立统一that the opposition and wax-wane of yin and 的基本规律）。换言之，“宇宙yang are inherent in all things.Yi Zhuan 中的每个事物都包含阴阳两方says, “Yin and yang are what is called Dao”, 面”。并且他们进一步认为阴阳(Dao means the basic law of the unity of 不仅代表两个对立的事物而且可opposites in the universe).In other words, 用于分析一个单独实体中存在的“Everything in the universe contains yin 两个对立面。总之，动态的、明and yang.” And they further believed that 亮的、热的、功能的事物或现象yin and yang can not only represent two 属于阳；反之静止的、黑暗的、opposite objects but also be used to analyze 冷的、实质的事物和现象属于阴。two opposite aspects existing in a single 阴阳理论认为宇宙中一切事物的entity.Generally speaking, things or 变化发展来自于阴阳的对立统phenomena which are dynamic, bright, hot, 一。《素问》曰：阴阳者，天地functional, etc..., pertain to the category 之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父of yang, while those that are static, dark, 母，生杀之本始。阴阳理论是中cold, substantial, etc., pertain to that 医理论系统的重要组成部分并贯of yin.The yin-yang theory holds that the 穿于该系统的各个方面。它用于development and changes of everything in 解释人体的生理和病理现象并指the universe result from the unity of 导临床的诊治。阴阳理论的基本opposites be tween yin and yang.Su Wen 内容可总结为以下几方面。says: “yin and yang are the law of heaven and earth, the principles of all things, the parents of all changes, the origin of life and death...” The yin-yang theory is an important constituent of the theoretical system of TCM and runs through every aspect of the system.It is used to explain physiology and pathology of the body and to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.The basic content of yin-yang theory can be summarized as follows.l.The Unity of Opposition Between Yin and

1.阴阳的对立统一

Yang

By the opposition between yin and yang is meant that all things or phenomena in nature have two opposite aspects-yin and yang, such as heaven and earth, motion and quiescence, ascending and descending, exiting and entering, day and night, heat

阴阳对立指的是自and coldness and so on.The former being

然界中所有的事物和现象都存在yang and the latter yin（P29）in every pair

对立两面—阴阳，如天地、动静、above.The unity is the outcome of mutual

升降、进出、日月、寒热等等。opposition and restriction between yin and

以上的每对现象中前者为阳，后yang.Without opposition, there would be no

者为阴。统一是阴阳对立制约的unity;Without mutual opposition, there

结果。没有对立就没有统一，没would be no mutual complement.It is only

有相互对立就没有相互补充。正through this kind of opposition and

是这种对立统一，阴阳才能达到restriction that the dynamic equilibrium

动态平衡。例如，天体运动、四can be established.For instance, in the

季变迁、昼夜交替、以及春生、nature world, the motions of celestial

夏长、秋收、冬藏的变化，皆为bodies, the variations of the four

阴阳对立统一的具体表现。

seasons, the alternations of days and nights, as well as sprouting in spring, growing in summer, reaping in autunm and storing in winter, are all the concrete manifestations of the unity of opposites between yin and yang.TCM believes that the normal physiological functions of the human body result from the opposite and unified relationship between yin and yang.Both of

中医认为人体的them are always in a state of dynamic 正常生理功能是阴阳对立统一的balance.Even under normal physiological 结果。阴阳总是处在动态平衡的conditions of the human body, yin and yang 状态。甚至在人体正常的生理条can not be in a state of absolute balance, 件下，阴阳也不可能达到绝对平but in a state of relative balance.If, for 衡，而是处于相对平衡的状态。any reason, the relative balance is 一旦阴阳的相对平衡被打破就一destroyed, there is bound to be excess or 定会导致阴阳的偏实偏虚，疾病deficiency of yin or yang, and then a 也就随之产生了。正如《素问》disease will arise.As is stated in Su Wen , 所指出的“阴胜则阳病，阳胜则“Yin in excess causing yang disease, while 阴病”。也正是由于阴阳的对立yang in excess leading to yin disease.” It 统一万物才得以发展变化，自然is precisely due to the unity of opposites 界才得以永生。between yin and yang that all things can develop and change ceaselessly and the natural world is perpetually full of life.2.Interdependence between yin and yang 2.阴阳相互依存

Yin and yang are opposed to and yet，阴阳是对立的但同时又at the same time, depend on each other.是相互依存的。缺了对立方，任Neither can exist in isolation without its 何一方都不能独立存在。换言之，Opponent's existence.In other words, 无阴则阳无以生，反之亦然。所without yin there would be no yang, and it's 以无论阴或阳都是其对立方存在the same the other way round.So either yin 的先决条件。这种共存关系中医or yang is the prerequisite for the other's 称为“独阳则阴无以化，独阴则existence.And this kind of coexistent 阳无以生”。这种相互依存也可relationship is stated in TCM, “solitary 在物质于功能的关系上被反映。yin or yang failing to live.” This 物质对应阴，功能对应阳。功能interdependence is also reflected in the 是运动的结果，世上的万物都处relationship between substances and 于运动之中。从而，没有不能产functions.The substance corresponds to yin 生功能的物质，也没有不从物质and the function, to yang.The function is 产生的功能。因此，《内经》曰：the result of material motion, and nothing 阴在内，阳之守也；阳在外，阴in the world is not in a state of motion.之使也。“阴”指的是物质，是Thereby, there is not any substance which 阳功能活动的基础；“阳”指的can't produce its function and there is also 是功能活动。物质和功能之间是not any function which doesn't originate 相互依存、不可分离的。这仅仅from the motion of its substance.是一种可以想象的、逼真的言语Therefore, Neijing says: “Yin in the 表述。然而，当物质之间、动能interior is the basis for yang;while yang 之间或物质和功能之间相互依存in the exterior is the activity for yin.” 的关系异常时，正常的生命活动“Yin” refers to the material，basis of 就会被破坏，从而导致阴阳离绝、functional activity of yang and “yang” 元气损耗，甚至生命的终结。refers to functional activity.The substance and function are interdependent and inseparable.Here is just an imaginable and vivid figure of speech.However, when the interdependent relationships between substances, between functions as well as between substances and functions are abnormal, life activities will be broken, thus bringing about dissociation of yin and yang, depletion of essence-qi.and even an end of one's life.3.Waning and waxing of yin and yang

3.阴阳消长

Yin and yang always coexist in a dynamic eqilibrium in which one waxes while the other wanes.In other words, waning of yin will lead to（因果关系的词：causing，inducing，leading to，bring on，give rise

阴阳总是共存于此消彼to，produce，make，generating）waxing of

长的动态平衡中。换言之，阴消yang and vice versa.Take the seasonal and

会导致阳长，反之亦然。以四季climatic variations for example, it gets

和天气的变化为例，冬去春暖、warm from winter to spring, and hot from

春去夏热是阳盛阴衰的过程。相spring to sumner.This is the process of

反，夏去秋凉、秋去冬寒是阴盛“yang waxing and yin waning,” Conversely，阳衰的过程。在正常的条件下，it gets cool from summer to autumn, and cold

阴阳的消长处于动态平衡的状态from autumn to winter-the process known as

中。如果这种关系超出了正常范“yin waxing and yang waning”.Under normnl

围，阴阳的相对平衡就无法维持，conditions, the waning-waxing relation of

结果就会导致阴或阳的偏盛偏衰yin and yang is in a state of relative

和疾病的发生，更甚者致危及生balance.If this relation goes beyond normal

命。

limits, the relativc balance of yin and yang will not be maintained, thus resulting in either excess or deficiency of yin or yang and the occurrence of diseasc, so far as to endanger one's life.4.Transformation of yin and yang

4.阴阳转化

In given conditions, either yin or

在特定条件下，阴或阳都yang may transform into its opposite, i.e.可以向其对立方转化。如阴可以yin may be transformed into yang and yang 转化成阳，阳也可以转化成阴。into yin.If the waning-waxing of yin and 如果说阴阳消长是个量变的过yang is said to be a process of quantitative 程，那么阴阳的相互转化便属于change, then that of their 基于量变上的质变。这种过程大inter-transformation pertains to a 多是由量变渐致质变的过程。《素qualitative change based on the 问》曰：重阴必阳，重阳必阴。quantitative chang.Such a process is 寒极生热，热极生寒。这就是物mostly a gradual one from quantitative to 极必反。在病理上，阴证可以转qualitative change.Su Wen states: “Extreme 化成阳证，反之亦然。必须指出yin gives rise to yang, while extreme yang 的是阴阳相互转化的决定性因素gives rise to yin.” “Extreme cold brings on 是条件，包括内部和外部条件，heat, while extreme heat brings on cold”.不然，转化便不可能发生。This is termed“Things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme.” Pathologically, the yin syndromes can be transformmed into yang syndromes, and vice versa.It must be pointed out that the decisive factor of the mutual transformation is the conditions, including internal and external conditions, without which such transformation will be by no means likely to occur.The above statement is the basic content of yin-yang theory, which is also

以上所述为阴阳理论的illustrated by “Taijitu”(Yin-Yang

基本内容，它也可以用以下的太Diagram)below.In the diagram the white

极图来说明。在图中，白色部分part indicates yang, and the black part yin.代表阳，黑色代表阴。他们之间The relationships between the two are both

存在相互对立、相互补充的关系。opposite and complementary to each other.阴中的白点表示阴中之阳，黑点The white spot within yin shows the yang

表示阳中之阴。同时，他们还包within yin, while the black spot does yin

含了阴阳相互转化、此消彼长的within yang.Meanwhile, they contain the

意义。

potential for Intertransformation and inter-wane-wax between yin and yang.From the above, we can see that the content of yin-yang theory is composed of four aspects, among which the opposition

从以上我们可以知道阴and waxing-waning contain the opposite of 阳理论的内容由四部分组成。其contradiction;the interdependence and 中阴阳对立和消长代表矛盾对立transformation contain the unity of 面，阴阳的相互依存和转化代表contradiction;waxing-waning and 矛盾的统一面。消长和转化代表transformation contain quantitative change 量变和质变。前者为后者的前提，and qualitative change.The former is the 后者为前者的结果。precondition for the latter, the latter is the outcome of the former.THE APPLICATION OF THE YIN-YANG THEORY

阴阳学说的应用

The yin-yang theory permeates all aspects of

阴阳理论渗the theoretical system of TCM.The theory is used 透于中医理论系统的各to explain the organic structure, physiological 个方面。该理论可用于解function and pathological changes of the human 释人体的组织结构、生理body.It also serves as a principle to guide 功能和病理改变，也是指clinical diagnosis 导临床诊断的原则之一。l.Explaining the Tissues and Structure of the

1.解释人体组织结构

Human Body

The human body is an integrated whole.All its tissues and structures are organically connected

人体是一个and may be classified as two opposite aspects-yin

完整的整体。所有的组织and yang.That is why Su wen states,“Man, having

结构都存在着有机联系，a form, can not deviate from yin and yang.” In terms

并可被分为阴阳相反的of the anatomical locations, the upper part of the

两类。这就是为什么《素body is yang and the lower part is yin;the exterior

问》说：人生有形，不离is yang and the interior, yin;the back is yang and

阴阳。就解剖位置而言，the abdomen, yin;the lateral aspects of the

人体上部为阳，下部为extremities are yang and the medical aspects, yin.阴；外为阳，内为阴；背Concerning the zang-fu organs, the zang-organs

为阳，腹为阴；四肢末端store but not discharge essence-qi and, therefore，为阳，躯干为阴。就脏腑they are yin;while the fu-organs transmit and

组织而言，脏藏而不泄，transform food into essence-qi but not store it，故为阴；而腑泄而不藏，and, for this reason, they are yang.Furthermore，故为阳。再者，脏腑的每each of the zang-or fu-organs can be redivided

一部分又可分阴阳。例into yin and yang.For example, heart-yin and

如，心阴和心阳，肾阴和heart-yang, kidney-yin and kidney-yang，肾阳,胃阴和胃阳等等。stomach-yin and stomach-yang, etc.As concerns yin

就经络系统之阴阳而言，and yang of the meridian-collateral system, there

可分为两类：阴经和阳are two categories: yin meridians and yang

经，阴络和阳络。以上都meridians;yin collaterals and yang collaterals.属于阴阳的对立两面。以All of them are opposite pairs.Thus, in line with

此而知，阴阳理论贯穿存the yin-yang theory, the unity of opposites

在于人体的上下、内外、between yin and yang exist in the upper and lower，前后部分和内部组织之internal and external, front and back parts of the

间。

human body, and within all the internal organs as well.2.Explaining the Physiological Functions of the

2.解释人体的生理功能

Human Body

The yin-yang theory believes that the

阴阳理论认normal life activities of the human body result 为人体的正常生命活动from the harmonious relation of the unity of 来自于阴阳对立统一关opposites between yin and yang.Take the 系的协调。以功能和物质relationship between function and matter for 的关系为例，功能属阳，example, function pertains to yang while matter, 物质属阴。人体的生理活to yin.Physiological activities of the body are 动以物质为基础。没有物based on matter.Without matter, there would be no 质，功能活动就无法维sustentation for function activities.And 持。功能活动是物质形成functional activities are the motive power for 的动力。换言之，没有功producing matter.In other words, without 能活动，物质形态就无法functional activities, the metabolism of matter 形成。因此，人体阴阳是would not be performed.In this way, yin and yang 相互依存的。如果阴阳不within the human body depend on each other for 能相互补充而是相互分existence.If yin and yang can't complement each 离，生命就将告终。故《素other and become separated from each other, life 问》曰：阴平阳秘，精神will come to an end.So Su Wen says:“The 乃治；阴阳离决，精气乃equilibrium of yin and yang makes the vitality 绝。well-conserved;the divorce of yin and yang essence-qi exhausted.”

3.Explaining the Pathological Changes

3.解释病理改变

TCM considers that the imbalance between yin and yang is one of the basic pathogenesis of a

中医认为阴disease.The occurrence and development of a

阳不调是疾病的基本病disease are related to both the vital-qi and

理改变之一。疾病的发生pathogenic factors.Although the pathologlical

和发展与正邪两方面因changes which occur in diseases are complicated

素有关。尽管疾病的病理and changeable, they can still be summarized as

改变变幻复杂，但始终能excess or deficiency of yin or yang.To be more

归结为阴阳的虚实。更具concrete, “yang excess leads to heat syndrome

体的说就是“阳盛则热，while yin excess causes cold syndrome”;“yang

阴盛则寒；阳虚则寒，阴deficiency results in cold syndrome while yin

虚则热；阳损及阴，阴损deficiency causes heat syndromes”;“yang

及阳”。

deficiency affects yin while yin deficiency affects yang.”

4.Serving as the Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment

4.指导诊断与治疗

As the imbalance between yin and yang is the root

由于阴阳不调是cause for the occurrence and development of a 疾病发生和发展的根源，disease, all clinical manifestations, no matter 所有的临床症状，无论其how complicated and changeable they are, can be 有多么变幻复杂,都能用explained with the aid of yin-yang theory.So TCM 阴阳理论加以解释。所以holds, “A skilled diagnostician, first of all, 中医认为“善医者，必先differentiates between yin and yang when observing 察色按脉，以别阴阳”。the complexion and feeling the pulse.” In 在辨证中，虽然有八纲即differentiating syndromes, although there are the 阴阳、表里、寒热、虚实，eight principal syndromes, namely, yin, yang, 但总以阴阳为总纲。根据interior, exterior, cold, heat, deficiency and 阴阳理论，表、热、实属excess.Yin and yang are regarded as the general 于阳，里、寒、虚属于阴。principles among the eight ones.According to the 中医治疗疾病时首先确yin-yang theory, exterior, heat and excess pertain 定治疗原则。阳盛则产生to yang;while interior, cold and deficiency 实热证，应投以寒性药以pertain to yin.When treating a disease, TCM first 抑亢阳，如热者寒之。阴determines the therapeutic principles, and then 盛导致的寒证属于实寒preponderance of yang belongs to excess-heat 证，应投以热性药，以化syndrome.It should be treated with cold-natured 实阴，如寒者热之。以上drugs in order to inhibit excessive yang, i.e, to 的证候属于实证，治疗原cool the heat.Cold syndrome caused by 则为“实者泄之”。阳虚preponderance of yin belongs to cold-excess 导致的虚寒证应投以温syndrome.It should be treated with hot-natured 补之药以化实阴。这在中drugs so as to restrain excessive yin, i.e., to 医称为“益火之源，以消heat the cold.As both syndromes above are excess 阴翳”，亦为“阴病治syndromes, this therapeutic principle is called 阳”。阴虚引起的内热证“treating excess syndromes with the purgation”.属于虚热证，应投以滋补Deficiency-cold syndrome caused by yang 阴液之药以抑亢阳，这就deficiency, should be treated with the drugs warm 是中医所说的“壮水之and tonic in nature to relieve excessive yin.This 主，以制阳光”，亦称为is said in TCM, “restraining predominant yin by “阳病治阴”。reinforcing yang,” also known as “treating yang for yin diseases.” The interior heat syndrome resulting from yin deficiency belongs to Deficiency-heat syndrome, which should be treated with the drugs of nourishing yin and replenishing fluids so as to restrict excessive yang, this is what is known in TCM, “restraining predominant yang by strengthening(renal肾)yin,” also called “treating yin for yang diseases.”

Zhang Jingyue thought that, in treating

张景岳认为，治deficiency of yin or yang, drugs tonifying both yin 疗阴虚或阳虚应该同时and yang should be used, because yin and yang are 应用滋阴和扶阳的药物，interdependent.Therefore, reducing the excessive 因为阴阳是相互依存的。and replenish the deficient can adjust excess or 因此，补虚泻实适用于阴deficiency between yin or yang and restore the 虚或阳虚之证，从而使阴balance between them.阳重新建立平衡。

阴阳理论不仅可 The yin-yang theory is used in not only

用于诊断原则的确立，并determining diagnostic principles but summarizing

可用于对药物的性质、气the nature, flavor and action of medicinal herbs.味和功效进行总结，从而Thus providing a theoretical basis for the

为临床用药提供理论基clinical application of herbs.础。In terms of the medicinal nature, herbs with cold

就药物的性质而nature belong to yin and those with warm and hot 言，寒性药属于阴，温热nature pertain to yang.As concerns the flavors, 药属于阳。就气味而言，herbs that are sour, bitter and salty belong to yin 酸、苦、咸味药属于阴，and those that are acrid, sweet and bland pertain 辛辣、甜、淡味药属于阳。to yang.In terms of actions, herbs with 就药物的功效而言，具有astringent, descending and sinking actions belong 收敛、沉降功效的药物属to yin, while those with dispersing, ascending and 阴，具有发散、升浮功效floating actions pertain to yang.的药物属阳。

To sum up, the principle of treatment should

总而言之，治疗be established in the light of the excess or

原则的确立必须以阴阳deficiency of yin or yang, and then relevant（相

虚实为根据，相应药物的关的）herbs should be selected according to the

选择也必须依其阴阳归attribution（归因）of yin or yang and their

属及功效而定。所以，只functions.So and so only can imbalance of yin and

有明确阴阳不调，才能最yang be put right, and eventually, the aim of

终达到治愈疾病的目的。

curing diseases is attained.Special phrases treating...with...特殊词组

“治法＋证名”＝“„„者„„之”

treating excess syndrome with purgation purging

实者泄之

excess treating deficiency syndrome with invigoration，虚者补之

（or invigorating deficiency）

treating cold syndrome with hot-natured drugs，寒者热之

（or heating the cold）

treating heat syndrome with cold-natured drugs，热者寒之

（or cooling the heat）

THE FIVE－ELEMENT THEORY—NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN ANCIENT CHINA

五行学说-中国古代自然哲学观 The five elements refer to wood, fire, earth, metal, and water and their motions.The five

五行指的是element theory resulted from the observations

木、火、土、金、水和它们and studies of the natural world by the ancient 的运动。五行理论来自于古Chinese people in the course of their lives and

代中国人民在生活和生产productive labor.Since ancient time, wood，劳动中对自然界的观察和fire, earth, metal and water have been considered

学习。自古代以来，木、火、as basic substances to constitute the universe

土、金、水就被认为是宇宙and they are also indispensable for life.Zuo's

组成的基本物质，也是生命Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals

不可缺少的物质。《左传》(Zuo Zhuan)says:“ The five kinds of materials

曰：天生五材，民并用之，in nature are all used by people.None of them

废一不可。另一部经典著作cannot be dispensed with”.Another classical

《尚书》曰：水火用于炊煮，work Shang shu states: “water and fire are used

金木用于耕耘，土壤用于孕for cooking, metal and wood are used for

育万物，一切皆为民所用。cultivating and earth gives birth to all things，这五种物质存在相生相克which are used by people.” These five kinds of 的关系，并处于持续的运动substances are of the relationships of

变化之中。中医的五行理generation and restriction and are in constant

论，作为一种理论工具，通motion and change.In TCM the five-element

过分析和推理用于详细说theory, as a theoretical tool, is used to explain

明五种不同医学问题的性and expound different kinds of medical

质和它们之间的关系。它也problems by analogizing and deducing their

用于指导临床的诊断与治properties and interrelations.It also used to

疗。该理论如阴阳理论一般guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.The

已称为中医理论系统的重theory, like the theory of yin－yang, has become

要组成部分。

an important component of the theoretical system of TCM.Classification of Things in Light of the Five-Element Theory.根据五行理论进行归类

In ancient China, the five-element theory was

在古代中国，unceasingly developed and gradually became 五行理论不断发展渐致完perfected.In time it came to recognize that 善。后来，人们认识到自然everything in nature might be respectively 界中的所有事物都能归属attributed to one of the five elements.For 于五行中的一种。例如，木instance, wood has the nature of growing freely 有生发伸展的性质，所以，and unfolding.So, anything that is similar to 任何有相似特性的物质都the characteristics is attributed to the 归属于木。火性炎上，因此，category of wood.Fire has the nature of flaring 任何有相似特性的物质都up.Thereby the things similar to the nature of 归属于火。土有孕育万物的fire are classified into the attribute of fire.性质，因此，具有该性质的Earth has the nature of giving birth to all 物质都属于土。金有净化和things.Thus, those that possess the nature of 沉降的性质，因此，有金的earth are attributed to earth.Metal has the 性质的物质都归于金。水曰nature of purifying and descending.Hence, those 润下，因此，具有湿润、向with the nature of metal can be attributed to 下、寒冷性质的物质都属于metal category.Water has the nature of 水。以下的表格根据五行理moistening and flowing downwards.For this 论将部分物质进行了归类。reason, the things that have moistening,（见表1）downward movement and coldness correspond to water.The following table shows the classification of partial things according to the five-element theory.(See Tab.1)

Among the five-elements, there exist the relationships of generation, restriction，五行当中存在生、subjugation and counterrestriction, and mutual

克、乘、侮和母子相互影响affection between mother-organ and child-organ.的关系。生意味这一种物质Generation implies that one kind of thing can

可以促进、援助、产生另外promote, aid or bring forth another, i.e., wood

一种物质，例如，木生火、generates fire, fire generates earth, earth

火生土、土生金、金生水、generates metal, metal generates water, and

水生木。五行中的任何一行water, in turn, generates wood.Each of the five

都有生我和我生的双重性elements contains the dual nature-“being

质。五行的这种关系叫做generated” and “generating”.This relationship

“母子”关系。五行中生我of the five elements is called the “mother-child”

者为“母”，我生者为relationship.The element that generates is

“子”。以木为例，因为木called the “mother”, while the element that is

生火，故木为火之母；但是generated is called the “child”.Take wood for

它由水所生，故又为水之example, because wood produces fire, it is the

子。

mother of fire;but it is produced by water, so it's water's child.Tab.1 the Classification of Things According to

表1.事物的五行归类

the Five Elements

Restriction means bringing under control or restraint.The order of restriction goes as

相克意味着控制或follows: wood restricts earth, earth does water, 抑制。相克的原则如下：木water does fire, fire does metal, and metal, in 克土、土克水、水克火、火turn, does wood.Any one of the five elements has 克金、金克木。五行中的任two aspects-being restricted and restricting.何之一都有克我和我克两For example, the element restricting wood is 方面性质。例如，克木者为metal, and the element that is restricted by wood 金，被木克者为土。

is earth.Generation and restriction have the correlations inseparable in the five elements.And they oppose each other and yet also

五行中的生克complement each other.Without generation,there 关系是不可分离的。它们相would be no growth and development of 互对立，也相互补充。没有things;without interrestriction there would be 生就没有事物的成长和发no balance and coordination during development 展；没有克就没有在发展变and change,and excessive growth would bring 化中的协调平衡，过渡生长about harm.For example,on the one hand,wood 会造成危害。例如，一方面，generates fire,and,on the other hand,it 木生火；另一方面，木克土；restrains earth;while earth, in turn,generates 同时土又生金及克水。正因metal and restricts water.Precisely because 为克中有生和生中有克，自generation resides in restriction and 然界和生命才拥有旺盛的restriction resides in generation,the natural 生命力,这是一方面；另一world and life processes are full of vitality,on 方面，过度生长会造成危the one hand and excessive growth will not bring 害。因此，生克之间维持相about harm on the other hand.Thus,the relative 对平衡是事物生长和发展balance maintained between generation and 的保证。restriction ensures normal growth and development of things.That is, ecological equilibrium in nature and

这就是自然界中的physiological balance in the human body result 生态平衡，人体的生理平衡from such relationships of generation and 来自于生克关系的平衡。这restriction.These relationships are 些关系将在以下的数据中illustrated in the following figure.阐述。Fig.2 Relationship of generation and restriction(or subjugation)of the Five

Elements

表2.五行中的生克关系

However, once any one of the five elements becomes excessive or insufficient, there would

然而，一旦五行中appear abnormal intergeneration and 的任何一行变得过剩或不counter-restriction known as subjugation and

足，就会出现异常的相生和counter-restriction(or reverse restriction).相克称作乘和侮。“乘”指By subjugation is meant that one of the five 的是指五行中的一行会对elements overacts upon another one when the

较弱一行进行过度制约。因latter is weak.Therefore, it is also called

此，也称为“双重压制”。“double restriction”.For instance, excessive

例如，木过剩会过度抑制wood may over-restrict earth, resulting in

土，造成土的不足，叫做木insufficiency of earth, so called wood

乘土。这是事物之间相克失subjugates earth.This is the abnormal

常的异常表现。

manifestation of disorder of inter-restriction among things.Counter-restriction means that the strong bulliesthe weak.It is also a morbid condition in which one element fails to restrict

侮指强制弱，这是the other in the regular order, but in reverse

一种病态表现，是一行失去order.It is clear that the order of

对另一行的正常克制，而反counter-restriction is just the opposite to that

被其克制。很显然，侮是相of inter-restriction.For example, under normal

克关系的相反表现。例如，conditions, metal should restrict wood, but in

在正常情况下，金克木，但case of wood-qi excess, or metal-qi deficiency，在木气过剩或金气不足时，wood will counter-restrict metal instead of

就会出现木反克金而不是being restricted by metal, which is known as

金克木，这就是“木侮“wood counter-restricts metal.” Therefore, Su

金”。因此，《素问》中说：Wen states :“When qi of a certain element is

“气有余，则制已所胜而侮sufficient, it will encroach the restricted

所不胜；其不及，则已所不element and counter-restrict the restricting

胜，侮而乘之，已所胜，轻element.When qi of a certain element is

而侮之”。这是事物之间平insufficient, it will be subjugated by the

衡失调的另一表现。（见表restricting element and counter restricted by

3）

the restricted element,” This is another manifestation of the disturbance of the equilibrium between substances(see Fig.3).Fig.3 Relalionship of subjugation and Counterrestriction of the Five Elements

表3.五行的乘侮关系

“Affecting between mother and child” refers to abnormal intergeneration in the five elements.The generated element is considered as

“母子相及”指的是the child, and the generating element as the

五行中的异常相生。我生者mother.Here “affecting” means having harmful

为子，生我者为母。这里的influence, including both “the diseased

“及”意味着有害的影响mother-organ affecting the child-organ” and “the

包括“母病及子”和“子diseased child-organ involving the

病及母”。前者与相生的规mother-organ.” The former is same as the order

则同，后者则与其规则相of intergeneration, and the latter is just the

反。例如，正常情况下，水reverse order of intergeneration.For instance，生木。当水病及木时,叫normally, water generates wood, which is called

“母病及子”；当木病及水“mother organ's disorder affecting its

时便叫做“子病犯母”。child-organ”;but abnormally, water involves

（见下表）

wood, which is called “child organ's disorder involving its mother organ” when wood affects water.(See the following figure).Fig.4 Subjugation and Counter-restricting Among The Five Elements

Special phrases

表4.特殊词组 1.reinforcing the spleen(earth)to strengthen the lung(metal)2.failure of water(kidney)to nourish wood(or failure of the kidney to nourish the liver)

3.five movements and six climates 4.wood tending to spread out freely 5.Depression of the liver(wood)generating fire 6.fire of the liver(wood)impairing the lung(metal)

7.fire tending to flare/flame upward 8.excessive fire impairing the lung(metal)9.failure of fire to generate earth 10.coordination between water(kidney)and fire

(heart)11.incordination between the kidney(water)and the heart(fire)12.“being restricted” and “restricting”

1.培土生金 2.水不涵木 3.五运六气 4.木喜条达 5.木郁化火 6.木火刑金 7.火性炎上 8.火盛刑金 9.火不生土 10.水火相济 11.水火不济 12.“克我”和“我克”《内经》称“所不胜”与

“所胜”

THE FIVE ZANG-ORGANTS-THE ORGANS OF PRODUCING AND STORING

ESSENCE-QI

五脏－生化和储存元气的器官

The heart, Lungs, spleen, liver and kidneys

心、肺、脾、肝、are together known as the five zang-organs，肾合称为五脏，其共同生理作whose common physiological function is

用是化生和贮藏精气，藏而不preducing and storing essence-qi.They store

泄。

but not eliminate essence-qi.1.Heart

1.心

The heart is situated in the chest, above

心位于胸中，the Diaphragm, and is enveloped by pericardium 膈之上方，外为心包所包绕。externally.TCM believes（holds, think, find, 中医认为心统治所有的脏腑consider, deem, judge, feel, take, make）that 组织，是“君主之官”。心在the heart governs all the other zang-fu organs 五行中属火，由心阴和心阳组and, therefore, is a “monarch organ”.The 成。心阴为包括心血的物质结heart, pertaining to fire in the five 构，心阳为功能活动。就生理elements, consists of heart-yin, the material 功能而言，因为其是血液循环structures containing the heart-blood, and 的动力，因此认为心主血和血heart-yang, the functional activities.As for 管。血管是承载血液的物理结physiological functions, the heart is thought 构。血管和心相连形成一个密to, first, dominate blood and vessels since it 闭系统，血液循环在心和血管is the motive force for blood circulation.The 的配合下完成。在心气的推动blood vessels are the physical structures 下，血液被运送到人体各部分containing the blood.The blood vessels are 起营养作用。因此，心气的状linked with the heart to form a closed system, 况和血液量可以从脉象和面and blood circulation is performed by the 色中体现。这就是《素问》为cooperation of the heart and the blood 什么说“心其华在面”。所vessels.Under the impulse of heart-qi, blood 以，无论是心气还是心血的充is transported to all parts of the body for 足与否都会影响心的搏动力、nutritive prupose.Thereby the condition of 速度、和节律。heart-qi and the blood volume may be shown in both the pulse condition and the complexion.That's why Basis Questions(Su Wen)says, “The heart has its outward manifestation in the face or complexion”.As a result, whether heart-qi and heart-blood are sufficient or not can affect the strength, rate and rhythm of the heart.The heart houses the mind, also known as the heart dominating the mental activities.The

心主神志，也叫做心mind, in its broad meaning, refers to the 主精神活动。神，广义上指的outward manifestations of the life activities 是整个人体活动的外在表现；of the whole body, and, in its narrow sense, 狭义上指的是心所控制的精to mental activities controlled by the heart, 神活动包括意识、精神、思想including consciousness, spirit, thinking, 等。脏腑理论认为精神活动和etc.The zang-fu theory holds that mental 思考都以心的功能为基础。精activities and thinking are to take the 神、意识、思考、记忆和睡眠heart's functions as their basis.Spirit, 都以心主神志的功能有关。因consciousness, thinking, memory and sleep are 此，《灵枢》曰：“心为神之all related to the function of the heart in 宅”且“所以任物者谓之housing the mind.Therefore, Miraculous Pivot 心”。心开窍于舌。“开窍”(Ling Shu)says, “The heart is the residence 在中医指的是脏和器官在结of the mind” and also, “The heart takes on the 构、生理和病理上的紧密联performance of activities.” The heart opens 系。所以心虽然在体内，但通into（have one's specific body opening；...be 过心经与舌联系。通过这种联reflected on...）the tongue.系，无论心的功能正常与否都“Resuscitation”, in TCM, means the close 可以有舌象表现出来。换言relationship between a particular zang-organ 之，舌象可以体现心的生理和and one of the sense organs in the structure, 病理改变。所以，中医认为：physiology and pathology.So the heart, though 舌为心之镜。此外，心其华在being in the body, is connected with the tongue 面，在志为喜，且通过经脉与by the heart-meridians.Through such a 小肠相表里。connection, whether the heart functions normally or not can be clearly learnt from the tongue condition.In other words, the tongue condition may show the physiological and pathological changes of the heart.So TCM holds: “The tongue serves as the mirror(or body opening)of the heart”.In addition, the heart has its outward manifestations in the face.The heart corresponds to joy in the emotions.（open into；have one's specific body opening；...be reflected on...）And its meridians connect with associate with, be related to）the small intestine with which they are internally-externally related.Appendix: Pericardium

附注：心包

The pericardium, serving as the peripheral tissue surrounding the heart, plays a part in protecting the heart When exogenous

心包是包绕心脏的外pathogenic factors attack the heart, the 周组织，外邪犯心时首先侵袭pericardium is always the first to be 心包，起到保护心脏的作用。attacked.The heart, if invaded by the 心如被邪气所伤将会使功能pathogens, will be impaired and diseases will 受损，疾病也就随之发生了。ensue.For example, high fever, coma and red 例如，高热、昏迷、舌红被描tongue are described as “heat-pathogen 述为“热入心包”的表现，事attacking the pericardium,” and, in fact, the 实上，外邪侵犯心包的临床表clinical manifestations of the pericardium 现与外邪犯心是一样的。因invaded by exogenous pathogens are the same as 此，心包通常被认为是心的附those of the heart.For this reason, the 属。pericardium is usually regarded as an attachment to the heart.2.Lungs

2.肺

The lungs, including the two lobes, one

肺有两个位于胸腔，on the left and right separately, are situate

左右各一，彼此分离。因为其in the thorax.They are compared to the

位置在所有脏腑器官之上，所“canopy” becausea of its uppermost position

以被喻为“华盖”，也被称为among all the zang-fu organs.They are also

“娇脏”。

termed “delicate zang organs”.The lungs dominate qi and respiration.They

肺主气司呼吸。它是are the place of exchange between the gases 气体体内外交换的场所。《素inside and outside the body.Basic Question 问》曰：大气通与肺.同时，(Su Wen)says, “atmosphere communicating to 肺还主升降、通调水道，朝百the lungs”.The lungs also govern dispersing 脉助心调节血及气的正常循and descending, and regulates water passage, 环功能。肺在志为忧,主皮毛。and communicate with numerous vessels to 肺开窍于鼻，他们都是肺的外coordinate functional activities of the whole 在表现。在经络关系上，因为body, assisting the heart to adjust normal 手太阴肺经与手阳明大肠经circulation of qi and blood.The lungs 相联系、相附属，故肺与大肠corresponds to melancholy in the emotions and 相表里。are related to the skin and hair externally.They open into the nose and their conditions are reflected on vellum（牛皮纸）hairs.In the meridian-collnteral relation,the lungs and the large intestine are exteriorly-interiorly related because of interconnecting-interpertaining of the Lung Meridianof Hand-Taiyin and the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming.3.Spleen

3.脾

The spleen is located in the middle energizer, below the diaphragm.The spleen's meridians connect with the stomach, with which it is exteriorly-interiorly related.TCM is widely divergent from Western medicine in the

脾位于中焦，膈之下，understanding of the spleen.TCM holds it true

通过经络与胃相连，与胃相表that the spleen is divided into spleen-yin，里。在对脾的认识上，中医与its material structures;spleen-yang, its

西医有很大的不同。中医认为functions;and spleen-qi which merely refers

脾分为脾阴和脾阳，脾阴为物to its functions, and that the spleen may be

质结构，脾阳为功能，脾为消the main organ of the digestive system.The

化系统的主要器官。脾非常重spleen is of great importance because, for one

要，一方面运化水谷；另一方thing, it controls transporting and

面还统血，因此能维持血液在transforming food and water and, for another，脉管中运行，防止其从脉管中it controls the blood of the whole body.溢出。脾还是气血生化之源，Thereby, keeping the blood circulating

正如中医所说的“脾为后天normally within the vessels to prevent it from

之本”。

extravasating.The spleen is also viewed as the source for the production and transformation of qi and blood, as is said in TCM, “ The spleen is the foundation of postnatal life”.4.Liver

4.肝

The liver is at the right hypochondriac region below the diaphragm in the upper

肝位于腹上膈下，右abdomen.The liver and gallbladder make a pair 胁之中。肝胆构成脏腑关系。of zang-fu.The liver meridian connects with 肝经与胆经相连形成表里关the gallbladder to form an exteriorinterior 系。relationship.People are apt to associate the livcr with its functions of storing blood and governing normal flow of qi.The former is concerned with the liver's capability in storing blood and regulating the blood volume.A certain amount

人们易于将肝与藏血of blood stored in the liver can restrict

和理气功能联系在一起。前者liver-yang hyperactivity so as to maintain the

与肝的储藏血液和调节血量normal flow of qi.If the liver fails to

有关。肝内储藏一定的血量可function normally in storing blood.Such

以防止肝阳上亢从而维持气pathological changes as liver-blood 的正常运行。如果肝的藏血功deficiency or bleeding will occur.The liver

能异常将会引起肝血虚或出also play a principal role in regulating the

血等病理改变。肝同样对血量blood volume，especially the volume in the 的调节起作用，特别是外周血peripheral portion of the body.The latter，量。后者和维持气的正常运行governing the normal flow of qi, is an

有关，与气的运动、提高人体important link in regulating qi movement，血液循环和调节情志有重要promoting the circulation of blood and body，关系。肝的另外一个功能表现as well as harmonizing emotional activities.在调节情志活动、促进消化吸The liver's another function is incarnated in

收和维持气的正常运行上。除its regulating emotional activities，此之外，肝与筋、爪和眼紧密promoting digestion and absorption and

联系。肝开窍于眼，其华在爪。

keeping qi and blood flowing normally.Besides the above, the liver are also closely related to the tendons, nails and the eyes.It has its specific body opening in the eyes and its outward manifestation on the nails.5.kidney

5.肾

The kidneys, situated in the lumbar zone, one on either side of the spinal column, store the congenital essence and are, therefore, considered as the “foundation of prenatal

肾位于腰部，脊柱两life”.Their main physiological functions 旁各一，储藏先天之精，因此are: storing essence;dominating growth, 被认为是“先天之本”。肾的development and reproduction;regulating 主要生理功能为：藏精、促生water metabolism and receiving qi.The kidneys 长、主水、纳气。肾还司骨、also take charge of the bone and manufacturc 髓。同时，肾其华在发，开窍marrow.Meanwhile, the kidneys have their 与耳及两个隐秘部位—前后conditioias revealed on hairs and open into 二阴。肾经与膀胱经相联系，the ears and, the two“private parts”-urethra 构成表里关系。and anus.The kidneys' meridians connect with the urinary bladder, with which they are internally-externally related.THE SIX FU-ORGANS AND THE EXTRAORDINARY FU-ORGANS

六腑和奇恒之腑

TCM refers the gallbladder, the stomach, the large intestine, the small intestine, the urinary

中医的六腑指bladder and the triple energizer to the six 的是胆、胃、大肠、小fu-organs.it is not only that, besides the 肠、膀胱和三焦。这不functions of their own, they are characterized by 仅是因为除了其自身功their common role ofdecomposing and digesting water 能之外，它们具有腐熟、and food, and discharging the wastes, but that, in 消化水谷和传化糟粕的the process of digesting and absorbing food and 共同功能特点，而且是excreting the wastes, they are closely related to 因为在食物的消化、吸each other both physiologically and 收及排除残渣的过程pathologically.Their functional feather is 中，它们在生理和病理excretion without storage and taking descending and 上是密切相关的。它们unobstruction as their normal functional state.的特点是泄而不藏，以TCM's rational knowledge of the interrelationship 通降为合。中医对六腑of the six fu-organs is well grounded on ancient 关系的理性认识来自于anatomical knowledge, the observation of the 对六腑生理和病理改变physiological and pathological changes of the six 的认识和长期丰富的临fu-organs and the summarization of long-term and 床经验。rich medical experience.Food entering the stomach is decomposed into

食物进入胃内chyme which after digested by the stomach, is 经胃的消化变为食糜后transported to the small intestine in which it is 转运至小肠，在小肠内further digested by means of bile excreted by the 由胆汁进一步消化。小gallbladder.The small intestine “separates the 肠有分清别浊的功能。clear from turbid”.The clear, refers to food 清指的是食物精华，它essence, is transported and distributed to all 有脾运送分散到人体的parts of the body by the spleen;while the turbid 各个部分。而浊指的是is the residues of water and food.Of them waste 水谷残渣。浊水经过膀water goes into the kidney, and then into the 胱转化成尿液排出体urinary bladder where it is turned into uruie to be 外。另外的部分则运送excreted from the body.And the other is conveyed 到大肠，在大肠内转化to the large intestine where it is changed into 成粪便由肛门排出体feces and leaves the body via the anus.In the whole 外。在水谷运化的整个process of the transportation and transformation of 过程中，三焦调节气的water and food, the triple energizer dominates qi 运化和整个人体的气的transformation and qi movement of the whole body.运动。

The triple energizer is one ot the six fu-organs，三焦是六腑之and among all the zang-fu organs, it is the largest 一，在所有的脏腑器官fu-organ in the human body.Huangdi's Classic on 中，它是人体中最大的Medicine holds: “The triple energizer is separated 腑。《黄帝内经》认为：from the zang-fu organs and yet is within the body.“三焦与脏腑分离但位It encloses all organs and is the largest one.” And 于体内。它围绕所有的the book also advanced a viewpoint that “The triple 器官，是人体最大的器energizer exists in name only but is not the 官”。该书亦提出一个entity”.Triple energizer has no exterior-interior 观点即“三焦有名无relationships with the zang-organs, it is therefore 实”。三焦和脏之间没called “solitary fu-organ”.Its main functions are 有表里关系，因此也称to pass various kinds of qi and to serve as the 为“孤腑”。它的主要pathway for body fluid.It is divided into three 功能是运行各种气体并parts: the upper energizer, middle energizer and 是体液运行的通道。它lower energizer.The triple energizer with the 分为三个部分：上焦、related zang-fu organs, each having its own 中焦、下焦。三焦与相function to perform, accomplish jointly a 关脏腑，各自执行其功complicated physiological process in the 能共同完成消化、吸收、digestion, absorption, distribution and excretion.分散、排泄这个复杂的生理过程。

The upper energizer refers usually to the part

上焦通常指的above the diaphragm, including the heart, lungs and 是膈以上的部分包括head as well.Its main physiological function is to 心、肺和头。它的主要distribute essence-qi throughout the body.In other 生理功能是散精至身体words, in combination with the heart and the lung, 的各个部分。换言之，the upper energizer distributes essence-qi to the 通过心肺结合，上焦散whole body to warm and nourish the skin and muscles, 精至全体以温养肌肤筋tendons and bones.This function is described in 骨。这个功能在《灵枢》Miraculous Pivot “The upper energizer resembles a 中被喻为“上焦如雾”，sprayer.“ This is a metaphor, which is used to 这是一种隐喻法，通常describe the function of the upper energizer to 用于描述上焦散精的功sprinkle fog-like cereal essence.能。

The middle energizer refers mainly to the

中焦主要指的abdorminal part between the diaphragm and 是位于膈和脐之间的腹umbilicus, and includes such zang-fu organs as the 部部分，包括脾、胃、spleen, stomach, liver and gallbladder.Its main 肝、胆。它的主要生理physiological functions are to decompose food and 功能是腐熟水谷将精微transform nutrient substances into qi and blood, 物质转化胃气血，泌糟and to discharge the wastes and steam body fluid.粕、蒸津液。这个功能This function is mentioned in Miraculous Pivot: 在《灵枢》中被喻为“中”The middle energizer is likened to a fermentation 焦如沤”。“沤”指的tun.“ By ”fermentation tun“ is meant the place where 是食物腐熟消化的地food is decomposed and digested.方。

The lower energizer refers, generally, to the

总的来说，下焦portion located below the stomach, including the 指的是位于胃以下的部small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, urinary 分包括小肠、大肠、肾、bladder.etc.Its main function is to discharge food 膀胱等。它的主要生理residuces and urine.So there is also a saying in 功能是排泄糟粕和尿Miraculous Pivot, ”The lower energizer works like 液。所以《灵枢》将其a sewer.“ Here ”sewer“ is used to describe the 喻为“下焦如渎”。function to excrete the wastes.However, with the “渎”是用于描述排泄development of visceral manifestations(zang 废物的功能。然而，随xiang), essence and blood of the liver and kidney 之脏象学说的发展，后as well as primordial qi are generally attributed 人多认为肝肾之精血和to the lower energizer by later generations.元气也来自下焦。

In short, the triple energizer dominates all

简而言之，三焦kinds of qi and qi transformation of the human body, 主司各种气体调节体内and serves as the pathway for water.Therefore, 气体的运化并是水运行Basic Questions says: ”The triple energizer, as the 的通道。因此，《素问》waterways, is an organ in charge of the water 曰：三焦者，决渎之官，circulation, flowing along the waterways.“ 水道出焉。

While the six fu-organs transport and tranform water and food, the process of reception, digestion, transportation and excretion are also in progress.The six fu-organs are usually in a state

六腑在运化水of the alternations between emptiness and fullness.谷中，依次进行受纳、And they transform food into essence but not store 消化、传输、排泄的过it.That's why TCM believes: ” the six fu-organs 程。六腑常处于更实更function well when they are unobstructruction, the 虚之中,传化物而不藏。unobstructed is the normal functional state for the 这就是为什么中医认为six fu-organs;where the regular descent is their 六腑以通为用，以降为normal functional activities.“Pathologically, 和。病理上六腑功能的disorders among the six fu-organs often affect each 失调会相互影响。例如，other.For instance, when body fluid is consumed 当胃实热证时，体液被because of excessive heat in the stomach, the large 消耗，大肠的传输功能intestine is bound to have trouble in 也一定会出现问题而导transportation, and, in consequence, constipation 致便秘的发生。大肠传occurs.A disturbance of the large intestine in 输功能异常不仅会导致transmission and transformation not only leads to 大肠气滞，也会影响胃the obstruction of the large intestine itself, but 气沉降而导致反复呕also affects the regular descent of stomach-qi, 吐。胆火炽盛，常犯及causing repeated vomiting.A dominant gallbladder 胃造成呕吐苦水。脾胃fire often interferes with the stomach and results 实热常熏蒸肝胆，这便in vomiting bitter fluid.Dampness and heat 会导致胆汁外溢返流。accumulated in the stomach and spleen burn and steam the liver and the gallbladder.This may cause the bile to overflow, and give rise to jaundice.Apart from the six fu-organs, there are the

六腑之外，尚有brain, marrow, bones, vessels, gallbladder and 脑、髓、骨、脉、胆、uterus termed the ”extraordinary fu-organs“.Like 女子胞称为“奇恒之the fu organs morphology, the extraordinary 腑”。它在形态上与六fu-organs are mostly hollow but not the pathways for 腑相似，大多为空，但the digestion and excretion of cereal food and, like 不是水谷消化和排泄的the zang argans functionally, they also store 通道；在功能上与脏相essence-qi.With the exception of the gallbladder, 似，它们也可藏精。除they have no exterior-interior relationships.了胆，其他的都没有表

里关系。

The brain is located in the skull and connects

脑位于头颅，与with the spinal marrow.It is the organ of spirit，髓相联系。它是精神、consciousness and thinking.Basic Question says:

意识、思考的器官。《素”The head is the house of intelligence“.（，the head

问》曰：头者，精明之is the residence of intelligence）Li Shizhen of the

府。明代的李时珍指出：Ming Dynasty pointee out, ”The brain is the seat of

脑为元神之府。心统管the mind“, and the heart governs all funcctions of

全身功能包括精神活the whole body, including mental activities.In the

动。清代王清任指出Qing Dynasty, Wang Qingren stated: ”The

“智力和记忆来自于脑intelligence and memory onginate from the brain but

而非心”。他认思考、not from the heart.“ And he also considered:

记忆、视力、听力、嗅”Thinking, memory, vision, hearing, smelling and

觉和言语都由脑控制。speaking are all controlled by the brain.“ Although

虽然中医对脑的生理和TCM has some knowledge of the brain's physiology and

病理有了一些认识，胆pathology, it still ascribes the functions of the

始终将其归于心、肝和brain to the heart, the liver and respectively to

其他的五脏的功能里，the five zang-organs, and holds that spirit，认为魂、意识、思考于consciousness and thinking are related to the five

五脏相关

zang-organs.女子胞是女性

The uterus, or womb（wu：m）, situated in the

位于下腹膀胱之后的器lower abdomen posterior to the urinary bladder in

官，是个倒置梨形的器women, is an inverted pear-shaped organ where

官，是月经发生和孕育menstruation occurs and the foetus is bred.They are

胎儿的场所。它们是两two complex physiological processes in which

个复杂的生理过程，由tiangui, a kind of refined nutritious substance

肾经化生的精微物质－transformed from the kidney-essence, plays the most

天暌在其中起了非常重important role.Both Chong and Ren meridians

要的作用。冲任二脉都originate from the uterus.The uterus is also

起于女子胞。女子胞同closely related to the heart, liver and spleen，样与心、肝、脾有着紧because normal menstruation and the nourishment of

密的联系。因为，月经the foetus rely on the blood dominated by the heart, 的正常和胎儿的营养要stored by the liver and controlledby the spleen.依靠心的主血、肝的藏Therefore the dysfunction of the above organs will

血和脾的摄血功能。因affect the normal functions of the uterus, bring

此，以上脏器的功能失about menstrual disorder and sterility.调将会影响女子胞的正

常功能，造成月经鼻不调和不孕。

需要指出的是 It should be pointed out that according to the 根据脏象理论，脏腑器theory of visceral manifestation, the names of the 官的名字与现代人体解zang-fu organs correspond to those of the modern 剖学的器官相对应指的human anatomy and refers to the substantial 是内脏器官的物质形internal organs.However, in the physiology and 式。然而，在生理和病patholoty, the knowledge of TCM differs greatly 理上，中医和西医的认from that of western medicine, which has been learnt 识却大相径庭，这在以a lot from the above.上的阐述中能明显体

现。

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ZANG-AND FU-ORGANS

脏腑器官的相互关系

While the relationship among the zang-fu organs is quite a complicated matter--so much so that（so such an extent that）it deserves to be devoped a lot of

尽管五脏与六腑之关pages, yet, thanks to TCM's concise and

系如此之复杂，需要大量篇幅brilliant summarization, it may just as well

加以论述；但由于中医学精辟be briefed in a broad outline.In TCM, the zang 的概括性，这种关系仍可以简organs pertain to yin and are thought of as

要概述如下。中医认为，脏属interior, while the fu-organs to yang and，阴、属里，而腑则属阳、属表。naturally enough, as exterior.The

它们之间的表里关系以经脉相interior-exterior relationship between them

连。它们的这种关系及其之间is formed by the connections of their

在生理上的协调和病理上的相meridians.This relationship as well as their

互影响可以清楚的体现于心和physiological cooperation and pathological

小肠、肺和大肠、脾和胃、肝interaction can be clearly seen in the

和胆及肾和膀胱之间的相互关interrelations between the heart and the

系中。

small intestine, the lung and the large intestine，the spleen and the stomach, the liver and the gallbladder and the kidney and the urinary bladder.The heart and the small intestine are

心和小肠由心经和小connected by the heart meridian and the small 肠经相连形成表里关系。因此，intestine meridian to form an 也使它们在病理上互相关联。exterior-interior relationship.Thus making 心有实火，可移热于小肠，引the two pathologically related to each other.起尿少，尿痛等症。反之，小The excessive heart-fire tends to go into the 肠有热，亦可循经上炎于心，small intestine resulitng in oliguria, 使心火内炽，引起心烦，舌赤，burning pains during urination,etc.口舌生疮等症。Conversely, the excessive heat in the small intestine may go upward along the meridian to the heart and cause internal hyperactivity of heart-fire.Leading to dysphoria, crimson tongue, oral ulceration and so on.The lung and the large intestine form an exterior-interior relationship by mutual connections of their meridians.The

肺和大肠通过它们的dispersing and deseending functions of the

经脉相互联系形成表里关系。lung help the large intestine to perform its

肺的宣发和肃降功能助大肠完transporting task.When the lung functions

成传输的任务。肺的功能正常normally, the large intestine does well.则大肠的功能也正常。相反，Conversely when the descending function of

当肺的肃降功能异常时，大肠the lung qi do not work well, it will affect 的传化功能将会受到影响，使the functionof the large intestine in

肠运动困难。另一方面，便溏transportation, causing difficult bowel

和腑气郁滞可以影响肺气的肃movements.On the other hand, loose stools and

降造成喘咳和胸闷。

the stoppage of fu-qi may affect the descent of lung-qi, giving rise to asthmatic cough and chest distress.Both the stomach and the spleen lie in the middle energizerand are connected by their meridians to form an exterior-interior relationship.The stomach governs the reception, while the spleen governs the transportation and transformation.The

脾胃位于中焦，通过它relationship between the two is that ”the 们的经脉相连形成表里关系。spleen conveys the booy fluid for the 胃主受纳，脾主运化。两者的stomach“.If pathogenic damp attacks the 关系为“脾为胃传其津液”。spleen, it will injure the transporting and 湿邪犯脾时，脾的运化功能受transforming functions of the spleen and 损会影响胃的受纳和沉降，导affect the reception and the descending 致纳呆、呕吐、恶心和气滞。action of the stomach, resulting in poor 因此，脾胃共同协调完成饮食appetite, vomiting, nausea and gastric 的消化、吸收和散布任务。相distention.So the spleen and the stomach 反，饮食不节、食滞于胃不仅share out the work and cooperate with each 会影响胃的沉降功能，脾的运other to jointly accomplish the task of the 化功能也会受到影响，产生腹digestion, absorption and distribution of 胀、腹泻的症状。food.On the contrary, intemperance of food intake（improper diet）and dyspeptic retention of the stomach will bring about both the dysfunction of the stomach in descent but that of the spleen's transportation and transformation, causing such symptoms as abdominal distention, diarrhea.The gallbladder is attached to the liver, and they are connected by their meridians to form an exterior-interior relationship.Bile derives from surplus qi of the liver.It is stored and excreted by the

肝胆相连，它们通过经gallbladder located under the liver.Only

脉形成表里关系。胆汁来自于when the liver performs its function

过剩的肝气。它储藏、排泄自successfully can bile be secreted, stored and

位于肝下的胆。只有肝的功能excreted normally.On the other hand, when

正常，胆汁的分泌、储藏和排bile is excreted properly, the liver can give

泄才能正常。另一方面，只有full play to its function in regulating the

胆汁的排泄正常，肝才能充分normal flow of qi.Conversely, when bile fails

执行其正常的理气功能。相反，to be excreted normally, the liver function

当胆汁排泄异常时，肝的功能will be affected, too.Therefore, the liver

也会受影响。因此，肝胆在生and gallbladder are closely related

理和病理上紧密联系。肝病通physiologically and pathologically.The

常影响及胆，反之亦然。因此，diseases of liver often involve the

肝胆在生理和病理上不能完全gallbladder and the contrary is also true.分离。例如，肝胆实火都会出Therefore, the liver and gallbladder cannot

现气滞、湿热的症状。

be completely separated physiologically and pathologically.For example, excessive fire of both the liver and the gallbladder may present such symptoms as qi-stagnation and heat-dampness.The kidney and urinary bladder, like the other zang-fu organs, form an exterior-interior relationship through their meridians.The kidneys control opening and

肾和膀胱与其它的脏closing, while the urinarybladder governs 腑一样通过经脉形成表里关storing and excreting urine.Both are related 系。肾主开合，膀胱则是储藏to water metablism.Whether the function of 和排泄尿液。两者都与水液代the urinary bladder is normal or not depends 谢有关。膀胱的功能正常与否on the sufficiency or deficiency of 依赖肾气的充足与否。肾气充kidney-qi.When kidney-qi is sufficient and 足，则固摄有权，膀胱开合有its astringency is right, the urinary bladder 度，从而维持水液的正常代谢。will open and close regularly, thus 如果，肾气不足，一方面可使maintaining normal water metabolism.In case 肾气化无常，固摄无权，则膀kidney-qi is deficient, there will be the 胱开合失度，即可出现小便不disturbance of its qi transformation and 利，失禁，遗尿，尿频等病症。astrictive action, causing the irregular opening and closing of the urinary bladder, manifested as dysuria, incontinence of urine, enuresis and frequency of micturition.So far the text has just briefly discussed the relationship between the five

至此，该篇已简要讨论zang-and the six fu-organs.To have a thorough

了五脏六腑之间的关系。要想understanding of their interrelations and the

彻底理解它们的关系及脏腑理zang-fu theory, it is also important to know

论，重要的是要了解五脏和六the relationship between the five zang-organs

腑的关系，限于篇幅，这些关and that between the six fu-organs as well，系只好于此割爱。

which, as space is limited, have to be reluctantly parted with here.In short, although the zang-and fu-organs have different physiological functions, there is a close relationship between them in

简而言之，虽然脏与腑maintaining the normal functions of the body, 的生理功能不同，但是它们之and it is the meridian-collateral system that 间的密切关系却维持了人体功makes them internally-externally 能的正常，通过经络系统使它interconnected.Without the interconnecting 们形成了表里联系。没有经络pathways of the meridians and collaterals, 这一联系通道，脏腑就会变得each of the zang-fu organs would become an 孤立静止，不能执行其功能活isolated and static organ and unable to 动。《素问》中说：“五脏之perform its functional activities.A case in 道，皆出于经遂，以行血气”。point to show the relationship is what is said 这便是一个表明这种关系的很in Basic Questions.”The zang-organs are all 好的例证。connected with the meridians to perform the circulation of qi and blood.“

THE ROOT OF LIFE-Qi

元气之根

In TCM books, qi is always mentioned in the same breath with blood and body fluid, for they

在中医书中，气总是are all the fundamental substances constituting 与血和津液相提并论，因为the human body and maintaining its life 它们都是构成人体和维持生activities.However, among them qi is 命活动的基本物质。然而，particularly important for the human body.That 它们之中，气对于人体尤为is why TCM often explains the life activities 重要。这就是中医为什么要of the human body in the viewpoint of qi.For 用气的观点来解释生命活this reason, ZhangJingyue said: ”Man's life 动。因此，张景岳说：“人relies entirely upon this qi.“ Classic 之有生，全赖此气”。《难onMedical Problems states:”qi is ihe root of the 经》则指出：“气者，人之human body;once the root is damaged, the stem 根本也；根绝则茎叶枯矣”。and leaves would turn withered“.And, also, 《素问》还指出：“天地合Basic Questions points out : ”One's life is the 气，命之曰人”。combination of qi of heaven and earth“.Qi in the human body is composed of

人体之气由先天之congenital qi and acquired qi.The former is

气和后天之气组成。前者为inherited from one's parents before birth,the

出生之前秉承父母之气，后latter is derived from cereal essence

者来自与脾胃生化的水谷精transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh

微及肺从自然界吸入的清air inhaled from the natural world by the lung.气。因此，气是以上三种因Therefore, qi is a combination of three kinds

素的结合。很显然气的根源of factors.It is easy to see that the source

与产生与先天禀赋、后天营or production of qi is related to innate

养和周围的环境有关，也与endowment, acquired nutrition and

肾、脾、胃、肺共同活动有environmental conditions, and the actions of

关。

the kidney, spleen, stomach, lung as well.Congenital qi and acquired qi complement

先天之气与后天之each other.Congenital qi is the material 气互相补充。先天之气是后foundation for the production of acquired qi, 天之气产生的物质基础，后and acquired qi continuously supplements 天之气则补充和营养先天之congenital qi with nourishments.Both of them 气。因此，两者之间是互相are, therefore, described as an interdependent 依赖的关系—先天之气是后relation-congenital qi promoting acquired 天之气的基础，后天之气营qi,which, in turn, nourishing congenital qi.养先天之气。各种气和它们There are all kinds of qi and, their functions 之间的功能极其复杂，不是are too intricate to be expounded in a few 三言两语可以讲清的。让我words.To provide a precise exposition, let's 们用以下的六个标题来讨discuss them under six heads.论，以提供一个精确的解释。1.Promoting Action of Qi

1.气的推动功能

Qi, as a sort of refined substance full of vigour, plays a promoting and activating role

气，一种充满活性的in the growth and development of the human body, 精微物质，对人体的生长发the physiological activities of the zang-fu 育、脏腑经络的生理活动、organs and meridians, the production and 血液的产生和循环、津液的circulation of blood, as well as the production, 产生、散布和排泄都起到促distribution and excretion of body fluid.If the 进和推动作用。如果因为气above functions are weakened due to 虚而使以上的功能减弱，就qi-deficiency, the following pathologic 会发生以下的病理改变：人changes will occur: tardy growth and 体生长发育的停滞、脏腑经development of the human body, hypofunction of 络功能减弱、血液凝滞和津the zang-fu organs and meridians, stagnation of 液停滞等。blood, fluid retention, etc.2.Warming Action of Qi 2.气的温煦功能

Whether man's body temperature is normal or

人体体温正常与not depends on the warming action of qi.Classic 否依赖于气的温煦作用。《难on Medical Problerns says:” Qi is responsible 经》曰：气者，温也。只有for warming.“ Only through the warming action 通过气的温煦作用，脏腑经of qi can all zang-fu organs，meridiarns and 络和其它组织结构才能行使other structures perform their normal 其正常的功能活动，血液和functional activities, and can such liquid 体液等津液物质才能正常循substances as blood and body fluid circulate 环。语云：“血得温而运，normally.As the saying goes: ” Blood flows in 得寒而凝。”例如：阳气不warmth, while it coagulates in cold.“For 足会导致气的温煦作用减example, the insufficiency of yang-qi may 弱，引起恶寒、四肢冰冷、impair the warming action of qi, causing an 体温降低等等。相反，如气aversion to cold, cold limbs.Lowered body 过剩则会导致气无法散热，temperature and so on.Conversely, qi excess may 引起喜冷、发热等症状。《素result in the failure of qi to disperse heat, 问》指出：“气实者，热也；marked by preference for cold, fever, etc.Basic 气虚者，寒也”。Questions states, ”Qi excess preduces heat, while qi deficiency produces cold.“ 3.Defending Action of Qi

3.气的防御功能

Qi has defending function to defend the body surface against the exogenous pathogens

气的防御功能为防and to combat with the invaded exogenous

卫外邪袭表并将外邪驱除至pathogens to drive them out of the body.The book

体外。因此，《素问》指出：Basic Questions, therefore, states:” When vital

“正气存内，邪不可干”和qi exists in the body, the exogenous pathogens

“邪气所凑，其气必虚”疾can not attack the body.“ And ” If the pathogens

病也随之产生。

invade and occupy the body, qi-deficiency is bound to ensue.“ Thereby leading to illness.4.Controlling Action of Qi

4.气的固摄功能

Qi also has controlling action, by which is

气也有固摄的作用，meant the ability to control the liquid 这意味着气有固摄液体和人substances and fix the internal organs in the 体内脏器官的能力。这可以body.This is shown in the following aspects: 从以下几方面体现：(1)Keeping the blood flowing within the vessels（1）维持血液在脉管中运to prevent it from extravasating without 行，防止其无故外溢。reason.（2）控制和调节汗液、尿液、(2)Controlling and regulating the secretion 精液、唾液、胆汁等的储存and excretion of sweat, urine, sperm, saliva，和排泄，以维持水液代谢的gastrointestinal juices, etc , to maintain a 相对平衡。relative balance of water metabolism.（3）维持内脏器官在正常的(3)Firming the internal organs in their normal

位置不至于下垂。positions without prolapse.If this action is impaired，如果此功能受损，将hemorrhage, premature ejaculation, spontaneous 会出现出血、早泄、自汗、sweating, urinary incontinence, and 遗尿和遗精。如果该功能不spermatorrhea will occur.If this action fails 能正常运行，则会出现胃下to work normally,such prolapses as 垂、肾下垂、子宫下垂等下gastroptosis, nephroptosis, hysteroptosis will 垂症状。be brought about.The promoting and controlling actions of

气的促进和固摄功qi are the two aspects of mutual opposition and 能是相互对立、相互补充的mutual complement.Provided these two actions 两方面。如果这两种功能能work harmoniously, blood circulation and water 协调运行，则血液循环和水metabolism can be normally carried on.液代谢就会正常。5.Action of Qi Transformation

5.气的气化功能

Qi transformation may be defined as various kinds of changes brought about by the movement of qi.Concretely speaking, it refers

气的气化功能可以to the respective metabolism of essence, qi, 定义为各种不同的变化来自blood and body fluid and their reciprocal 于气的运动。具体的说，它transformation.For instance, food is 指的是精、气、血和体液的transformed into qi, blood and body fluid;body 独立代谢和它们彼此的相互fluid are converted into sweat and urine by 转化。例如，食物转化成气、metabolizing, and the residues of food,after 血和体液；体液通过代谢转digestion and absorption, are turned into feces 化成汗和尿液，而食物残渣to be discharged from the body.All these 经过消化和吸收后则转化成processes are all the specific manifeatations 粪便排除体外。所有的这些of the action of qi transformation.If qi 过程都是气化功能的特殊表transformation is out of order, it will affect 现。如果气化功能失常则会the digestion, absorpiion of food, the 影响食物的消化和吸收，精、metabolism and transformation of essence, blood 血、体液的代谢和转化，汗and body fluid, the excretion of sweat, urine 液、尿液和粪便的排泄等等。and feces and so on.To put it briefly, qi 简要的说，气化实际上是体transformation is actually the process in which 内物质代谢和转化的过程。the substances in the body are metabolized and 虽然以上五种气的功能各不intertransformed.Although the above five 相同，但它们在生命的维持actions of qi differ from one another, they are 上是不可分离的。它们之间indispensable to maintaining human life.Their 的协调合作和相互支持是生harmonious cooperation and mutual support 理活动顺利完成的保障。ensure that the physiological activities are completed smoothly.The Movement of Qi is known as ”qi ji“, qi

气的运动叫做“气activity.Qi in the human body travels

机”。气运行于全身到达所throughout the body and reach all the zang-fu

有的脏腑组织和经络，促进organs and meridians to promote and activate the

和推动人体的生理活动。

physiological activities of the human body.Qi has four basic forms: ascending，气有四种运动形式：descending, exiting and entering.These four 升、降、出、入。这四种形forms are the basis of human's life 式是人类生命活动的基础。activities.Once these movements stop, it means 一旦这些运动停止了，便意that the life activities ceaseand death ensues.味这生命活动的终止和死亡的发生。

The ascending, descending, exiting and entering of qi are mainly embodied in the

气的升、降、出、入physiological activities of the zang-fu organs，具体表现在脏腑组织、经络meridians and other processes of metabolism.和其它代谢过程的生理活动For example,the lung governs respiration，中。例如，肺主呼吸，呼气exhaling pertains to exiting, inhaling to

为出，吸气为入；宣发为升，entering;and dispersing pertains to ascending，肃降为降。脾的升清和胃的lowering to descending.The spleen sends the

降浊。人体的各种生理活动clear upward and the stomach passes the turbid

都必将在气的四种运动形式downward.So all kinds of physiological

中体现。

activities in the human body, essentially, are reflected in the four movements of qi.According to the sources, functions and

根据根源、功能和分distributions, qi is divided into four types:

布，可以将气分为四类：元primordial(yuan qi), genuine qi(zhenqi)，气、真气、宗气、营气和卫pectoral qi(zong qi), nutritive qi(ying qi)

气。

and defensive qi(wei ai).l.Primordial qi, also known as genuine qi(zhen qi)is the most important of the four kinds of

1.元气，也叫做真气是四种qi.It is the primary motive force of life

气中最重要的一种。它是人activities.Primordial qi derives from the

体活动的原动力。元气源于congenital essence stored in the kidney, and

先天之精，储藏于肾中，依depends on the acquired essence regenerated by

赖脾胃化生的后天之精滋the spleen and stomach.The book Miraculous

养。《灵枢》中明确说：“真Pivot makes it clear by saying, ”Genuine qi

气者，所受于天，与谷气并(Zhen qi)is inherited from heaven(the

而充身者也.。”

parents)and combined with cereal essence to replenish the body.“ 2.Pectoral qi is formed from a combination of

2.宗气由肺吸入的清气和脾the fresh air inhaled by the lung and the cereal

胃化生的谷气混合而成。宗essence conveyed by the spleen and stornach.气主要执行两种功能。一种Pectoral qi performs two main functions.One is

是走息道以行呼吸,宗气的traveling through the respiratory tract to

充足与否会影响到声音、言prormote respiration and the sufficiency or

语和呼吸的状态。另一种是insufficiency of pectoral qi influences the

贯心脉以行气血,宗气的充conditions the voice.speech or breath and so

足与否与气血的运行、体温、on.The other is running through the

四肢活动、视觉、听觉能力heart-meridians to promote the circulation of

以及心脏搏动的力量和节律qi and blood.The vicissitude of Pectoral qi is

有关。

related to the flow of qi and blood, the body temperature and the activities of the trunk and limbs, the visual and aural perceptibility, as well as the strength and rhythm of the heart beat.3.Nutritive qi is the qi that circulates together with blood in the vessels.Nutritive 3.营气是与血共同运行脉中qi originates from the pure part of cereal 的气。营气源于脾胃运化的essence transformed by the spleen and stomach 水谷精微的纯净部分，并承and bears responsibility for the blood 担着血液的产生和濡养全身production and the nutrition of the whole body.的职责。营气属于阴，所以Nutritive qi is considered as yin, so it is also 也称作营阴。called nutritive yin(ying-yin).4.Defensive qi, like nutritive qi, comes from cereal essence,but, unlike nutritive qi, it runs outside the blood vessels.Defensive qi has

4.卫气，如营气一般，来自the following functions: protecting the body

水谷精微，但是却行于脉外，surface against exogenous pathogens，这与营气不同。卫气有以下controlling the opening and closing of the

功能：保护体表免受外邪侵pores, adjusting the excretion of sweat，犯，司毛孔的开合，调节汗warming and nourishing the zang-fu organs.液排泄，温养脏腑组织、肌muscles and the skin with hairs，肤毛发等和维持体温的恒etc.,maintaining a relatively constant body

定。“卫气”这一名字正是temperature.It is given the name ”defensive qi“

因为它有抗御外邪的功能。precisely because of its

卫气属阳，所以别名叫“卫antiexogenouspathogenic action.Defensive qi

阳”,这正好与以上提及的belongs to yang, so it has another name

营阴形成鲜明的对比。

defensive yang(wei-yang),” which presents a strinking contrast with ying-yin as mentioned above.THE TYPES OF QI AND THEIR MOVEMENTS Types of Qi

Movement starting from between the two kidneys, passing through Yuan tri-energizer and circulating Qi(Primordial through the while body, inward to Qi)zang-and fu-organs and outward to the muscles and skin.Zong stored in the chest and poured Qi(Pectoral into the meridians of the heart Qi)and the lung.Ying originating from tri-energizer, Qi(Nutritive entering the meridians by way of Qi)the lung, and circulating all

气的分型与运动 气的分型

运动 始于两肾之间，行于三焦，周行全身，内至脏腑，外达肌肤。

元气

宗气

藏于胸中，注于心肺两经。源于三焦，由肺入脉，周行全身。

营气 over the body.circulating outside but leaning Wei against the meridians, vaporized Qi(Defensive to the diaphragm and scattered in Qi the chest, travelling between the skin and flesh.Special phrases

行于脉外，上行至膈，散于胸中，周行肌表。

卫气

特殊短语

As the saying goes, As=in the way that，as the

或云；相传

story goes/runs as the matter stands as the case may be as things are as things run

照目前情形 依照情况 照此情况

照通常顺序、情形、性质等

血、津液－人体生命活动的物质基础

Blood, circulating in the vessels, is a

血液行于脉red liquid substance rich in nutrients.It is one 管之中，是一种富含营养of the indispensable substances that constitute 的红色液体物质。它是构the human body and maintain its life activities.成人体和维持生命活动不Blood originates from cereal essence transformed 可缺少的物质。血源于脾by the spleen and stomach, and has the functions 胃化生的水谷精微，具有of nourishing and moistening the whole body.营养和滋润全身的功能。

Nutritive qi and body fluid are thought of as

营气和津液the material basis of blood formation.As both of 被认为是形成血液的物质them derive from cereal essence, the quality of 基础。因为它们都来自水the food intake and the conditions of the spleen 谷精微，所以摄入饮食的and the stomach are bound to have a direct bearing 质量和脾胃的状态与血液on blood formation.Either a long-term 的形成直接相关。无论是malnutrition or a lasting hypofunction of the 长期的营养不良或脾胃损spleen and stomach may cause insufficient blood 伤都会使血液产生不足，formation, resulting in blood deficiency.That's 导致血虚。这就是为什么why TCM states“ Reinforcing the spleen and the 中医认为“补脾肾，血自stomach enables blood to develop spontaneously.” 生”。

Normal blood circulation comes of the

正常的血液循行joint action of the heart, the lung, the spleen 来自于心、肺、脾和肝的and the liver.The heart-qi is the fundamental 共同作用。心气是推动血motive power to propel blood circulation.The 液循行的原动力。肺主司lung is in charge of qi of the whole body and, 一身之气，因此，与宗气therefore, has an important bearing on the 的形成有重要的关系。当formation of zong qi.When zong qi gets in the 宗气注入心经便可以促进heart meridian, it may promote the movement of qi 气血的运行。脾使血液流and blood.The spleen may keep blood flowing 于脉管之中，防止其外溢。BLOOD AND BODY FLUID-THE MATERIAL BASIS OF LIFE ACTIVITIES within the vessels and prevent it from 肝除了有储藏血液的功能extravasating.And the liver, besides its 外，还可以调节血量，维function of storing blood, adjusts the volume of 持气血的正常运行。如以blood flow and maintain the normal flow of qi and 上所说的任何一脏不能正blood.In case any one of the above organs fails 常行使其功能的话，就会to work properly, abnormal blood circulation is 发生异常的血液循行。例certain to occur.The heart-qi deficiency, for 如，心气不足可以导致心instance, may lead to heart-blood stagnation.The 血凝滞；脾气不足无法收spleen-qi deficiency fails to control blood, 摄血液导致出血等；肝气leading to bleeding, etc.The disturbance of qi 不调、血液循行紊乱则会flow of the liver and blood circulation may bring 出现血瘀、血肿、女性月about such pathological changes as blood stasis 经不调、痛经、或闭经。or swelling, abnormal menstruation, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea in women.Blood circulates within the vessels, by which it is carried to the zang-fu organs internally and to the skin, muscles, tendons and bones

血在血管中循行，externally.It circulates ceaselessly Like a ring 内至脏腑，外达皮肉筋骨，without end to nourish and moisten all the organs 如环无端，运行不息，营and tissues.In this, normal physiological 养滋润所有脏腑组织。这activities are maintained.Basic Questions 样，正常的生理活动才得says:“The liver with blood is able to ensure 以维持。《素问》云：“肝normal vision.the feet with blood are able to 受血而能视，足受血而能walk.the palms with blood are able to grip 步，掌受血而能握，指受things, the fingers with blood are able to grasp”.血而能摄。”对于血和髓、“When discussing the relationship between blood 骨节之间关系的探讨，《灵and the tendons, the bones and the joints, 枢》指出：“血常则髓骨Miraculous Pivot points out:”When blood is 坚，骨节敏。”故此，足normal, the tendons and the bones are strong and 见人体之感觉、运动均不the joints are nimble.“ Thus, it can be seen that 能须臾离开血液提供的营the sensation the the movement of the body never 养。for a moment deviate from the nutrients provided by blood.Blood is also the material basis of mental

血液也是精神活activities.Sound mental activity results from 动的物质基础。健全的精normal circulation and a sufficient supply of 神活动来自于正常的血液blood.So any blood trouble, whatever the causes 循行及充足的血液供应。maybe, will bring about symptoms of mental 所以不论什么原因导致的activities varying in degrees.Basic Questions 血液问题都会引起不同程advises people: ” Qi and blood are the foundation 度上的精神症状。《素问》for human mental activities and have to be nursed 建议：“气血者，人之神，with caution.“ And Miraculous Pivot informs us, 不可不慎养。”《灵枢》” Harmonious blood vessels ensure a vigorous 则提醒我们：“血脉安，spirit.“ These famous remarks show the close 精神乃治。”这些著名的relationship between blood and mental 鉴言都体现了血和精神活activities.Deficiency of blood, therefore, will 动之间的密切关系。因此，cause mental disorder.For example, heart-blood 血虚会导致精神错乱。例or liver-blood deficiency will lead to such 如，心血或肝血不足会导symptoms as palpitation, insomnia and 致心悸、失眠和多梦的症dreaminess.状。

Body fluid is called jinye in TCM, including

体液在中医称为all kinds of fluids in the organs and tissues and 津液，包括存在于脏腑组their secretions, such as gastricjuice, 织和它们之间间隙的各种intestinal juice, nasal discharge, tears, sweat, 液体如胆汁、肠液、鼻涕、urine and so on.Just like qi and blood, body fluid 眼泪、汗液、尿液等等。is also one of the essential substances 与气血一样，津液也是构constituting the human body and maintaining its 成人体和维持生命活动的life 必要物质之一。

jin and ye are always mentioned in the same

津与液总是相提breath because of the fact that, for one thing, 并论，因为一方面，它们both of them derive from food and water 都来源于脾胃化生的水谷transported and transformed by the spleen and 精微；另一方面是由于它stomach.and for another, they can transform into 们可以互相转化。但是，each other.But they are actually different in 实际上它们在稀薄、性状、thickness, property, function and distribution.功能和分布上是不同的。By and large, jin is the fluid which is clear and 总的来说，津是一种清、thin and flows easily.It is distributed in the 稀、易于流动的液体。它skin, muscles and orifices, furthermore, it 分布于肌肤官窍，可以进permeates the blood vessels to keep them 一步渗透到脉管使其保持moistened.Ye, on the contrary, is thick fluid 湿润。相反，液是一种质with flowing less easily.It is distributed in the 稠、不易流动的液体。它joints, brain, marrow and internal organs to 分布于关节、脑髓和内脏，nourish them.Jin and ye may transform into each 使其得到滋养。津和液可other.These two fluids are hard to be separated 以互相转化。这两种液体completely and, for this reason, they are jointly 很难完全区分，因此，它referred to as ”jinye“(body fluid).In case of 们合称“津液”。在津或the impairment of jin or exhaustion of ye, the two 液的枯竭上，两种必须辨must be identified in TDS.证的区分。

The formation, distribution and excretion of

津液的形成、分布body fluid are the complex physiological process 和排泄是一个由许多脏腑in which they are accomplished by the joint action 组织共同完成的复杂过of many organs.As is pointed out in Basic 程。正如《素问》所指出Questions : ”After food and drink enter the 的：“饮入于胃，游溢精stomach, they are digested and transformed into 气，上输于脾，脾气散精，food essence and then, transmitted upward to the 上归于肺，通调水道，下spleen, which disperses the essence upward to the 输膀胱，水精四布，五经lung and the lung regulates water pathways 并行。”这段描述提示了：downward to the urinary bladder.And by doing so（1）津液由胃中消化吸body fluid is finally disseminated to all parts 收、小肠进行分清别浊、of the body along all the meridians and 脾运化的水谷中形成。（2）collaterals." This description suggests that, 1)津液的分布和排泄由许多body fluid is formed from food and water by 脏腑组织共同完成，如脾digestion and absorption of the stomach, 的运化功能、肺的宣发肃separating the clarity from the turbidity of the 降功能、肾的蒸发沉降功small intestine and tramformation of the spleen;能。（3）津液以三焦为通2)the distribution and excretion of body fluid 道进行分布和排泄。are accomplished by the joint action of many zang-fu organ, such as the transforming function of the spleen, the dispersing and descending function of the lung, the steaming and ascending function of the kidney;and 3)body fluid takes triple energizer as its passageway for distribution and excretion.Body fluid bears two physiological functions:

津液有两种生理moistening and nourishing：body fluid distributed

功能：滋润和营养。津液to the body surface moistens and nourishes the

分布于肌表滋养肌肤毛muscles and skin with hairs;body fluid permeated

发；渗透于体窍滋润和保through the body orifices moistens and protects

护眼、鼻、嘴和其它官窍；the eyes, nose，mouth and other openings;body

津液渗透至脉管起到营养fluid infiltrated into the blood vessels

和滑利的作用，也是血液nourishes and smooths them and is also the basic 的基本组成成分；津液注component of blood;body fluid poured into the

入内脏使其得到滋养；骨internal organs nourishes and moistens them, and

中的津液对骨髓、脊髓和body fluid in the bone nourishes and moistens the

脑髓起到滋养作用。

bone marrow, spinal cord and brain marrow.

第五篇：大学生科协工作总结

? 办公室

办公室主要负责校大学生科协的文职工作，如大学生科协章程起草、制定，通讯稿撰写等。办公室为主席团、各中心提供财务、后勤、信息等方面的服务，面向大大学生科协各中心，以财务、后勤为接口，管理与服务相结合，全面为各中心提供周到细致的服务，保证各中心工作无后顾之忧。办公室以科协阶段发展计划为纲制定办公室的工作计划，处理主席团下发的各项任务，收集、整理、保管科协所有档案材料；对科协的日常活动进行考评；保持与科协各部门的联系；拟订计划、总结工作；采购并管理办公用品。出席主席例会并做好会议记录，负责科协各项资产的管理，负责会议活动场所的安排与布置，加强与各学院科协、各部联系。收集意见或建议并上交主席团，负责将必要的信息传达给各部、各学院科协，撰写学期总结。

这一年来办公室能基本完成科协布置的各项工作，在工作中我们得到了很多的锻炼，我们一起成长了很多，收获了很多?? 总之，办公室在不断的进步，2009年科协先后举办过多项大大小小的活动，在各项活动中办公室始终担负着幕后工作。在工作中我们始终坚持“高效、高质”的工作原则，努力地工作。

第七届大学生科技文化节 为期一个多月的第七届大学生科技文化节已经落下了帷幕，在这一个多月中，办公室伴随着大学生科协一起成长，在此期间办公室的各个成员都锻炼了很多，也收获了很多。

与新闻编辑部、文宣部、气象中心合作共同协办游园会活动。游园会不仅吸引了众

多学生的参与，受到了老师、同学的一致好评，更展现了办公室各成员之间以及与其它部门之间的默契配合，积极负责的精神。

科技节期间，办公室除了承担着整个大学生科协内部统筹与协调的作用，此外还做了很多细节的工作，比如开幕式的准备，会议材料的准备，发文到各院，做席卡等。办公室每个干事，都在勤勤恳恳的工作着，尽自己最大的努力去做好每一项工作。开幕式中的会场布置，给各部门签到，迎接各校来宾等，都能看到办公室忙碌的身影；科技节期间，办公室还协助其他部门举办各项活动，收集科技节的资料等。

大学生科协招新

在每学期的开学初，办公室都进行了招新活动，招新工作开展的很顺利。办公室在招新之前，做了大量的准备工作，制定了有效的招新方案和程序，加快了大学生科协的招新工作实施。感谢戴老师的大力支持，同时感谢文宣部对办公室的大力配合，使得两次招新都圆满成功。招新期间，办公室的成员积极工作，经过大家的不懈努力，办公室不断壮大。在严格的筛选下，最终选取了我们认为优秀的同学。这些同学在以后的工作中也确实表现了他们的积极性和能力。

办公室的职责

办公室始终承担着收集、整理、保管科协所有档案材料的义务，这是我们最根本最基础的工作。这学期，科协还没有独立的办公室，我们的档案只能暂时保管在成员身边，等下学期我们有了自己办公室，就可以把资料档案等一并保存在科协办公室内，那时科协的各项管理将会更正规。

科协的财务管理也是办公室的日常事务，本学期关于科技节的各项收支办公室都做了相关的记录统计。办公室还有一个特殊的使命，那就是保持与科协各部门的联系，收集意见或建议并上交主席团，负责将必要的信息传达给各部、各学院科协。

人事安排

办公室目前总人数22名，部长张敏，副部长马周达、潘以周。其它干事分为三组，分别为文字编辑组、信息采集组、组织策划组。每组组长两周一选，并作任务汇报，08级干事则分别负责每组的文字编辑、活动指导。做到尽可能的调动成员的积极性、发挥成员的才干。

新学期的目标及愿望

今后，办公室要继续坚持“高效、高质”的工作原则，坚持管理与服务相结合，做好主席团同各中心的“纽带”，为主席团、各中心提供满意的后勤、信息等方面的服务，保证各中心工作无后顾之忧。踏实做好各项文字工作，努力配合各中心开展更丰富多彩的活动，为科协的发展贡献力量！

目标：

1．继续细致认真的做好文职工作，争取为科协整理出一套完整详细的历史材料。做好每月的工作报告，对科协内部每月开展的活动作出总结；做好各种工作会议详细的会议记录，整理备案并定期汇总；做好各中心每周的活动计划及开展情况记录，收集整理各中心活

动策划和活动小结；做好新闻稿的发布工作，确保及时发布。2．努力完善科协内部现有的各项制度，并监督各项制度的执行情况。在2008年制定的各项

工作制度的基础上，根据科协的现实发展需要，作相应的调整，时制度更好的为发展着科协服务！完善科协成员工作绩效考核制度并继续负责组织考核工作，将工作考核与奖励制度联系在一起，激励成员努力工作。3．加强各中心之间的联系。努力协调工作中遇到的各种冲突和问题。及时向主席团反映。

定期组织对内部成员开展的思想沟通、技能培训、工作经验交流等活动，保持成员思想先进性，促进成员工作能力的全面提高。定期组织成员参加各种文化娱乐活动，加强成员之间的交流，增强科协内部凝聚力。4．继续组织好科协每年的招新活动，继续体贴地协助科协各中心开展招新工作。为科协吸

收新鲜血液，招纳人才贤士做好保障工作。

愿望：

1．全体成员能一如既往地团结一致，努力奋斗！2．中心合作能构更加广泛，彼此之间更加熟悉！3．协举办各项活动的能力进一步提高，水准进一步提升！4．能够把新的科协办公室布置得温馨雅洁，为成员们办公提供一个舒适得环境！5．科协的影响力能够扩大到众人皆知的程度，科协的综合实力也能更上一层楼 ? 文宣部

文宣部主要负责校大学生科协各项活动的的宣传工作，主要有科协每学期一次的招新宣传工作，每年一次的科技文化节宣传，每期观点论坛的宣传以及“挑战杯”和科创基金的宣传等。文宣部密切配合校大学生科协其他各部门，为科协各部门开展的活动做好宣传工作。主要采用手写海报、手绘展板、电子版海报及喷绘等宣传方式，面向全校学生宣传科协各项活动，是大学生科协工作的窗口，是广大学生了解科协动态的重要途径之一，对丰富科协文化和扩大科协知名度起着重要作用。一年以来，科协文宣部秉乘大学生科协严谨踏实的工作作风，积极开展各项宣传活动，认真完成每一项工作任务，并积极参与科协开展的各项活动，加强与其他各个部门的联系，营造良好的工作氛围。

人事总结

文宣部现有20人，根据工作需要及个人特长工作能力，分为二小组： 一绘画组，组长由09级的储泓薇担任。

主要负责科协内部及部门内部相关活动的图画宣传；

二写字组，组长由田静担任。主要负责文字宣传材料。各成员在各项事务的处理中起着重要作用，从09年年初到岁末，这批成员在工作中不断锻炼，逐渐从新手成长为文宣部的核心骨干力量，为文宣及科协付出了很大的心血。活动总结

科协招新宣传 大学生科协2009年3月中旬及10月上旬分别进行了一次招新，为科协挑选后备人才及力量。在这两次招新活动中，文宣积极配合其他各个部门的招新工作，制作了大型喷绘、海报及若干展板，在东、中、西三苑配合办公室设点招新宣传，取得了显著成效。科协下半年招新面试工作于10月15日在大学生活动中心一楼进行。此次招新，我们部根据现有成员及面试者的条件，择优录取了13名新成员加入科协。其他各部门招新也进行顺利，此次招新为科协注入了一股新的活力。

第七届科技文化节 11月25日第七届科技文化节顺利开幕。一年一度的科技文化节对学校及科协来说是一项重要的活动。科技节宣传工作主要有：宣传册、电脑海报、喷绘的设计构思及制作，活动预告展板、海报，科技节贺报，写邀请函。由于部里老成员参与过上届科技节的准备活动，了解到了一些科技节准备活动的常规事项及其重要性，因此这次科技节我们提前做好了一些心理及具体事宜的准备。老成员以自己的亲身感受给新成员打好心理预防针，合理安排新成员接触工作，从中发掘每个成员的书法绘画强项。部门成员相互协作，各部门之间协调配合，使得科技节顺利进行。

与办公室、新闻编辑部及气科中心在此次科技节中共同举办的游园会活动，规模大，内容丰富，意义深远，实为本次科技文化节的一大文化盛典。其他部门活动的宣传

文宣部的主要任务是协助其他部门开展活动，贯穿一年之中。一年以来，另外还主要负责了以下活动的宣传： 1）气象科技中心：气象日宣传、星空之约天文知识普及 2）观点论坛：每期观点论坛、“倾听化学的声音”化学小实验 3）新闻编辑部：科技类摄影大赛、悬停共轴遥控飞行器、游园会 4）科学普及部：孔明灯放飞之旅、水火箭大赛

在以上活动中，文宣部负责前期的宣传，如张贴活动预告海报、设置展板、设计喷绘及电子版海报、张贴海报公布获奖名单等。

参与科协各项活动

在做好自己工作，协助其他部门做好对外活动宣传工作的同时，我们还积极参加科协开展的各项活动，如观点论坛，孔明灯放飞等。这些活动使成员更好地融入科协，气氛更加融洽，有助于今后各项工作的开展。

新学期展望

过去的一年里我们一直坚持着自己的目标，本着踏实严谨的工作作风，在主席团的带领及其他各个部门的帮助和支持下，一步一步向前迈进，一点一点地成长。新的一年即将到来，在新的一年里有更多的希望与期待。我们会一如既往的认真开展各项宣传活动，对自己提出更高的要求，并注意不断提高成员自身素质，加强与其他各部门的联系，协调好与其他各部门的关系，更好的为科协这个大集体服务，使科协各项活动更好的更顺利的开展下去。

目标： 1)继续保持工作的热情，和对人的真诚，继乘和发扬文宣部“t”文化。继承“钉子精神”，踏实刻苦对待工作；提高时间观念，提高工作效率；学会协调工作和学习的关系，工作学习同时抓，在工作和学习中取得双赢。2)加强人才的培养，从无到有，从会到精。提高手绘海报展板宣传制作小组的能力，熟悉和掌握各种平面设计的方法和思路，提高工作水平和质量，办出更多更好的海报及展板。培养photoshop平面设计人才，学习电脑平面设计制作。3)协调好与学生会宣传部的工作关系，更好的管理使用书画室和其他公共工具材料，使篇二：大学生科协工作总结

校大学生科协科普部2009—2010学年工作总结 2009—2010学年，校科协科普部积极落实校团委的工作计划和部署，围绕“丰富我校学术氛围，提高我校大学生的创新意识和创新能力，促进我校大学生创新、创业”的方针，积极完成各项工作任务，组织活动，先将本工作总结如下：

一．工作情况 2009年9月，科普部完成了科协的招新工作。成功为我校大学生科协注入了许多新鲜而有活力的血液。为以后工作的成功开展奠定了良好的基础。并在招新后通过组织趣味运动会等多种形式的活动，让新成员们很快融入到科协的集体中，适应了大学的学习生活和工作。2010年4月，校科协成功组织了xx大学第六届“挑战杯”创业计划大赛答辩。科普部负责了三个答辩区的组织管理工作，大一干事担任了速记、摄像、礼仪等工作。通过工作干事们有更多的机会“感临身受”挑战杯答辩氛围。通过干事们对这次工作的总结和反馈，了解到他么在答辩工作中获取了更多的挑战杯知识，从对挑战杯较为感性的初知上升到更为理性的认识。

第一轮答辩后，我们积极总结工作中的疏漏与不足，并在第二轮答辩中改正克服，使得答辩工作较为成功的完成。本次答辩工作的顺利完成少不了部室成员的配合和努力，通过活动中人员的有效沟通，培养了部室成员间的团结协作能力与大局意识，为以后工作积累了宝贵经验。

2010年4月，第一期“周末访谈”在东校区举办，这次讲坛由科普部组织策划，各部室协助举办。访谈邀请到人文院的xx老师，以讲座的形式，为同学们讲述了关于大学生职业生涯规划的多问题。讲座涉及了现今职业生涯规划的重要性及职业生涯规划方法。这次访谈在丰富了同学们的课余文化生活的同时锻炼了本部独立策划和组织活动的能力，凝练了队伍。2010年5月，科普部成功的举办了第二期的“周末访谈”，本次讲坛由东西校区科普部联合举办，邀请了我校外国语学院美籍教师david 做了一场生动的英文访谈。david为大家讲述了关于东西方校园文化生活及社会生活的差别，并让大家了解到美国大学生对创新创业的看法。在举办这次栏目的过程中，我们认 真吸取了上次访谈活动的经验和教训，做了细致的策划和大量前期的准备工作。访谈吸引了大量的同学参加，上座率高，收到了良好的效果，提高了同学们关注文化生活的意识。通过本次活动，在很大程度上提高了“周末访谈”的影响力。

二．经验教训总结

在一年的工作中，我们得到了诸多管理和组织经验。1.大二副部和大一干事掌握了一套访谈讲座活动的策划和组织方法，并通过实践使得活动越办越成熟，为下一步的工作奠定了坚实基础。2.与其他部室的配合工作本着“科协大家庭”的原则，科普部与各部室彼此熟悉，亲如一家，与其他部室配合起来工作有条不紊，配合成熟高效，经验丰富。我们对此颇为欣喜。

在工作中也不乏失误和不足。1.招新的工作中不足在于在招新面试前没有对参与面试的人员进行统一的培训，导致面试人员不够专业。在以后的工作中都要注意考虑到每个细节，不再出现此类问题。2.第一期“周末访谈”活动中存宣传做的不够到位的问题，导致本次访谈的影响力没有达到预期的效果，活动过后，我们认真分析活动中存在的问题，在下次活动加以改正，达到了预期效果。我们会在工作中吸取教训，争取在今后的工作中取得更大的进步。

三．工作目标

科普部下一步工作重点在于办好、办大“周末访谈”栏目，下一步我们将对同学感兴趣的话题进行问卷调查，努力扩大人际关系网，寻找适合的嘉宾进行访谈，提高栏目质量。通过做好“周末访谈”栏目，在增强栏目的知名度的同时扩大校科协的影响力，为科协的工作和发展出力。

大学生科协科普部

2010年6月16日篇三：大学生科协会长个人工作总结

大学生科协会长个人工作总结

回想起当选时的惶惶不安，感觉经过一学期的锻炼，自己的处事能力在不知不觉中变得成熟起来。一个会长可以做得很轻松也可以做得很累，也可以做得很快乐。而在我看来，我一学期做得有累有轻松又有快乐。如果说会长工作不累那是唬人的，除非根本没有真正投入协会工作中。

我和现任的干部们都是在科协里共同成长的伙伴，我们相互信任，私下里我们是很好的朋友，当然工作中我也不想有太大的等级差别，所以我很重视他们的意见，每次在重大问题面前都是尽量争取我们一致点头同意下才落实进行。我把他们称为我的xx只手臂，我希望自己能做到懂得权力的下放，工作的合理分配。在每次活动前，我都会找到各部门的平衡点，尽量每个部门都会有工作。在熟谙每个干部的办事风格后，我更好得开展工作。有些部长很有主见和个性，他就不喜欢办事时你一直催他一直教他怎么做，这反而会让他罢工；而有些则正好相反，他做事认真但是会拖拖拉拉，这些部长就需要你布置下任务后，隔三差五地发个短信提醒他、督促他，否则会坏大事。在对待干部方面，每次活动结束后，在开总结会议时适当的表扬嘉奖是必要的，但有些表现不如意的也需要及时明里暗里得提醒和指出。经过将近一学期的磨合，因为有了各位干部的帮助和分担，才使我的工作轻松了很多，当我短信通知事情后，伙伴们一个接一个回复短信说“收到”，“好的”，“放心”??即使我很累很烦躁，也觉得心里甜甜的，仿佛有很大的安慰和力量，因为我看到了协会核心的团结和凝聚力！

自从本学期纳新后，我们协会有15名干部和24名可爱的小助理。在入会典礼上，看着会员们那一张张期待的脸，师兄师姐们那鼓励的眼神，我感到了自己肩上的担子很重。我下决心在我在任的一年里，要让那些渴望锻炼渴望提升的师弟师妹有真正的机会，能让他们真正得到锻炼，政行科协，你我共同成长！

自从入会典礼后，我不再是简单的个人，当我走在雁山大道上，我多了一个身份-----一温馨、平凡、向上的科协会长！我不想一年后，科协的伙伴们，助理们离开协会说：原来科协也不过如此。

在会长的位置上，可以说我现在是在中点，眺望远方，不断摸索向前。回顾走过的路，我感慨万千，这一学期，说实话，我失去了很多，但是也得到了很多，我觉得自己在有得有失中飞快成长了，在大一和大二的这阶段，我跨越了很多级！

和上一任的干部相比，我的管理经验、领导才能相对缺乏，我认为自己做的还有诸多不足。面对建设一个充满战斗力和影响力团队的重任着实让我感到有些束手无策，我是一个热情有余而经验不足的人，我所走过的每一步都是一个艰难的探索过程。

作为会长，我会严格约束自己，本着对所有成员负责的原则把协会的各项工作统筹做好。加强协会内民主制度建设，给大家更多的话语权。相比学院其他社团来说我们科协会员的数量较少，开展的活动相对来说不算多，会员的满意度也不是高，所以我们开始规划，争取积极策划和开展一些符合我们协会特色的活动，督促干部做好本职工作，引导和培养助理的工作能力，让科协的整体实力得到提升。

我没有过多的奢望，没想过要超越前几届或者要创造什么空前的辉煌，我只想平安地祈求着，协会在我手上的一年里可以运作正常，继续稳步向前，并尽自己最大的努力带好协会，成功得把她交给下一任我信任的德才兼备的小孩手里，进行他们的下一个旅程！篇四：大学生科协技术协会2010工作总结报

大学生科协技术协会2010工作总结报

一．前言

随着2010年学期的渐近尾声，我们科协的活动也将告一段落。一学年来我们随着社团一起成长，我们把热情积极投入到社团的各项活动中，大家一起努力，为科协的建设贡献着自己的一份力量。过去的一年中，有欢笑有泪水，有收获也有失去，但这些都将成为我们在台州学院学习生涯中的一份宝贵的财富，同时它将激励着我们的进步与发展。

回眸2010年，为了使新社员的能力得到锻炼，增进社员之间的感情，同时增加社团凝聚力，我们科协在2010学举办了一系列的活动，使我们科协在内部发展和对外发展这两项都取得了很大的进步。为了使我们科协在以后的工作中获得更大的成就，为了克服和改进以前活动和工作中的不足之处，使我们今后的步伐更加坚定，在此，我们对科协2010年学年的活动做了一个全面的总结，回顾过去，总结经验，发现问题，改进不足，使科协朝着一个更好的方向发展。2010年上半学年，在科协总计划与目标的指引下，在我社所有会员的共同努力下，成功举办了以下活动：

（一）2010总结大会

（二）运动会志愿者活动

（三）科普知识宣传活动

（四）科协下小学活动科普知识宣传活动

（五）科技小制作大赛

二.活动主要情况：

（一）活动名称：学期总结大会

活动时间：2011年1月4日

活动目的：回顾过去一学期的工作情况，总结经验，发现问题，改进不足，同时对下学期的工作提前做好计划。对一些社员进行表彰，提出一些在活动中存在的问题，希望在下学期能得到改善。同时对社员们进行鼓励，使大家对下学期的工作充满信心，携手共创科协更加美好的明天。

（二）运动会志愿者活动

活动时间：2010年10月27日

活动背景：学校举行校运动会

活动情况：保证运动会能更好的举行，学校开始了运动会志愿者的报名工作，当然我们科协的成员们也积极报名参加志愿者工作。

我们科协的运动会志愿者们负责当啦啦队。在举行运动会的三天中，每天都能看见我们科协的志愿者们顶着凛冽的寒风，为运动员们加油助威，那一阵阵呐喊声激励了运动员，更加鼓舞着他们的士气。

（三）科普知识宣传活动

活动时间：2010年11月13日

活动的目的及意义：

使广大市民掌握一些火灾逃生，突发急病急救以及台风预防措施，形成良好的安全意识，减少市民们在遇到一些紧急状况而手忙脚乱导致伤残甚至死亡的情况，也有利于促进平安社会的发展。

活动情况以及活动所达到的预期目的：(1)市民们积极参与我们的活动，并且在横幅上签上他们的名字，热情参与我们的有奖科普知识竞答活动。

（2）通过科协成员们向市民们分发科普知识传单，并且耐心为他们讲解一些科普小知识，使他们基本掌握了一些急救措施。

（3）活动吸引了各种不同年龄层的市民，一些小朋友也在他们父母的带领下在我们的横幅上签下了他们的名字，起到了很好的宣传效果。

（四）科协下小学活动科普知识宣传活动

活动背景：每年都有许多人在发生火灾，台风或其他一些地质灾害因没有很好地掌握逃生技巧而导致丧命，同样也有许多孩子因为在没有大人的陪同下独自去游泳而导致溺水死亡，还有许多人因为在平时生活中没有注意卫生安全，而出现一些拉肚子，发热等现象，严重的有时甚至会出现死亡。这些问题应该引起大家的关注，而一些必要的科普知识在这些情况中能起到很大的作用。于是在2011年4月，科协举办了一场科协下小学科普知识宣传活动。活动准备：

（1）与学校取得联系。

（2）通过网络和书籍，收集和整理科普小知识，制作成宣传单。

活动地点：洛河德才小学、哲商小学、光明小学

活动目的：从孩子抓起，使孩子们从小掌握一些必要的科普知识，让他们能应对一些紧急突发情况，也让他们平时就养成安全意识，生活在一个更加安全的环境下，减少危险的发生。

活动情况：

（1）小学生们在班主任的带领下，以班级为队伍，依次参观了我们在操场上摆放出的科普知识宣传海报，并且为他们大致讲解了一些安全逃生措施。

（2）以班级为单位，给孩子们分发了一些相关科普知识的宣传单，与孩子们进行交流，同时为他们讲解一些科普小知识。而且，我们还为他们准备了一些小本子作为礼物，也希望他们能平安快乐的成长。看着孩子脸上开心的笑容，我们大家也都感觉到了快乐。

孩子们积极参与到了我们的活动中，与我们进行交流，并且像我们提问。在大家的共同努力下，德才小学科普知识宣传活动顺利结束。从孩子们的笑容中，我相信他们也一定学到了很多。

（五）科技小制作大赛

活动目的：激发大家探索的热情以及勇于创新的精神，锻炼大家的动手能力与动脑能力，在不同的领域中提升自我，完善自我，促进自身的全面发展。

三.活动总结

1、准备要充分，要有计划和目的。活动的顺利开展离不开前期的准备，活动中的应变，会员的热情和分工的明确与否；

2、要充分调动成员的积极性。使社员们积极参与到活动中来，集思广益，一个篱笆三个桩。社团是大家的，好的决议是大家的智慧成果。

3、活动期间要注意沟通，任务分工要明确。每次活动能顺利展开与否离不开人的因素，活动必须充分及时的沟通，共同解决面临的一些困难，避免误解，彼此相互鼓励加油。怎样分配好工作怎样调动会员活动的积极性是社团建设的重中之重；

4、培养社团干部，加强干部之间及各部会员之间的交流。干部要起带头作用，注意自身修养，同时干部要做好各部门的联系工作，促进部门间的合作。

5、加强纪律意识。一个好的团体离不开纪律的约束，社团要前进要发展离不开纪律，那是社团赖以生存的基本准则；

6、活动后要有总结，对活动要反思。找出活动中存在的一些不足之处，力争在下次 活动中改进。对于一些好的方面，要继续保持。

四.结束语

科协一学年的工作已经顺利结束，这少不了社员们的共同努力。我们与科协一起成长，一起欢笑。我们坚信，在我们的共同努力下，科协将越办越好。在今后的工作中我们要再接再厉，争取创造更好的成绩。科协办公室

2011年5月13日篇五：学校大学生科协工作总结

校大学生科学技术协会干事（会员）工作总结及下学期计划 院系:林学院 部室:学术部 姓名:聂向彤 性别:女 联系电话:*** 引言: 弹指一挥间，三个多月的时间已经过去，从最初来到大学时的迷茫，到进入科协学术部，一路走来，我经历了很多，付出了很多，也收获了很多。在科协的日子里可以说是我最快乐最充实的，因为在科协这个大家庭里，我们每个人都是兄弟姐妹，我们一起工作，一起玩笑，一起讨论着我们的未来，在以后的日子里，我们更会一起把我们的科协越办越好。现在，我把我这个三个月以来的工作，总结如下。

正文：

一、本学期所从事的工作

1、茶水会和联谊

2、知识竞赛

3、挑战杯的户外宣传

4、ppt大赛

5、发放报纸

6、日常值班工作

二、自我对本学期的工作总结

从刚进入科协到现在，我成长了好多，在科协我最大的收获就是每次工作不管做多做少，都应该用一颗真诚的心去面对。最一开始的知识竞赛，作为学术部的一员我积极参加了，可是赛后我才知道自己与别人的差距到底有多远，作为科协的一员，也作为我自己，我有责任在以后的日子里更加努力,提高自己的综合水平。赛后我也积极参与了看卷工作，并本着公平认真的态度去对待。在进行挑战杯的户外宣传时，我尽自己所能去向同学们宣传，并热情的向同学们解答了有关挑战杯的一些问题，可是在回答别人的疑问是，我感觉自己还是不太了解，准备的不充分，所以在以后办活动时我会充分准备，尽量做到最好。ppt大赛时我也积极参加了，然而在实际操作时我感觉自己懂得太少了，以后要在计算机方面多多练习。对于每月发放的报纸，我都会认真积极的负责，并时刻注意礼貌问题。另外，留给我印象最深的还是我们的联谊活动，它把我们每个人都融到了一块，不仅增进了我们之间的友谊，也让我明白了，我们科协是一个整体，是不可分割的。

三、计划下学期的工作安排

下学期，首先我会做好自己的本职工作，即办公室的日常值班。然后认真把学长学姐交给的任务完成，对于咱们科协的每一次活动都积极的去参与，并做自己力所能及的事情。明年是学术年，所以我会争取参加挑战杯课外学术科技作品竞赛。另外，对于其他部门的活动，我也会尽自己的一份力。最重要的还有就是学习，千万不能落下，要做一个积极上进的人。

四、预期要达到的目标

首先是值班工作我必须做到不迟到不早退，另外在宣传咱们科协的活动时，我肯定会自己先了解清楚，做好充分的准备。明年的挑战杯大赛，我觉得重在参与，但是我要尽自己的最大力去准备，在比赛中提高自己的团队意识及自身的各方面素质。

五、对校科协的建议和要求

在科协的这三个多月，它教会了我许多，那些我以前没有接触过的新事物，不断的冲击着我的大脑，使我时刻保持着一份活跃的心情，但是，科协是大学生科技活动建设的主阵地，我觉得它的学术氛围不是太大，所以我们科协内部也应该定期举办一些活动，比如说：开展科技节活动，增进大家对科技创新的兴趣，提高素质，发挥才智，使大家的才能都能更好地发挥出来。另外，干事们平常联系太少，我们也可以不定期的举行交流会，都谈谈这段时间自己做了什么，有什么学习经验，或者是比赛的商讨会等等，这样不仅增进了彼此之间的感情，也会使工作效率大大提高。

结束语： 总体来说，通过这三个月以来各项工作的开展，我在科协的收获有喜有忧，我已变得日趋成熟，这也为我以后工作的开展打下了一个坚实的基础。我们有理由相信在大学生科协干事的共同努力和支持下，我们能充分发挥大学生科协的潜在力量，坚持原则，脚踏实地，团结向上，我们就一定能够百尺竿头，更进一步！希望在下一学期可以继承可取之处，改进不足之处，在下半年的工作中取得更大的发展和进步。