第一篇:英语作文开头技巧小结
英语作文开头技巧小结
常言道“良好的开端是成功的一半。”作文开头如果能恰倒好处,常常能一下子抓住读者,也能增加文章的亮点。所以能否灵活自如地、独特精当地写好作文开头往往关系到一篇文章的成败。对于英语作文来说,写好开头尤为重要。英语作文篇幅简短,开头更须明确文章主题。下面介绍几种常用的英语作文开头写作方法。
1、开门见山,直入正题(开门见山法)
开门见山法要求开头用一两句话就引出主题,也就是说,让读者快速了解文章的主旨,一目了然,而不是去绕圈子,最终不知所云。比如unit1 Book4的《Are women given a fair chance?》(《妇女有同等的机会吗》)的开头: I don‟t think women are given a fair chance to have as good a career as men for three reasons.就直接提出观点,直接明了。又如作文“I Have a Dream”(《我有一个梦想》)的开头是这样的: My dream is to be a doctor.And I have never changed my mind till now.2、引用名言警句,推出主题(名言名句法)
对于许多作文题,可以使用使用引用名言名句进行开头。因为引用名言名句是经过加工过的语言,有力度,有价值,会使文章增色。这样,用极短的语言就能点明题旨,解决写什么的问题,从而达到快速入题的目的。比如上次诊断性测试中关于考试作弊方面的作文章,就可以引用名言:“Honesty is the best policy.(诚实才是上策)”,一句话即可表明文章主旨,又会使文章上一个档次。又如作文“Computer Games”(《电脑游戏》)的开头:There‟s a well-known saying “As one coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages.” Computer games are no exception.It has brought us both advantages and disadvantages.3、出其不意 深化主题(欲扬先抑法)
有些作文题,为了突出文章中的人物,在开头如果使用欲扬先抑法,给读者留一个反面的印象,后面文风一转,出其不意,会受到良好的效果。这样比正面写某个人要好得多。比如写关于母亲的文章,一般都认为母亲是关爱子女的,你在开头写上:I don‟t think mother love me as deeply as father does.…或者是“I hate my mother.…”会给读者带来兴趣,想读下去。再在文章中间和结尾写出母亲对你的特别关爱,来个出其不意,会取得良好的效果。
4、描述现象,引发主题(背景法)
这种写法要求先描述一种普遍存在的现象,然后再发表对该现象的看法和观点,从而点明主题。如作文“Say „No‟ to Smoking”(《对吸烟说“不”》)的开头:
Nowadays smoking is popular.Even some teenagers smoke.If you ask them “Why do you smoke?” They might answer “It looks cool.” Is it really a cool thing? I‟m afraid I can‟t agree.5、陈述不同观点,衬托主题(衬托法)
简要阐释人们对某一话题的不同观点后,亮明自己更加合理的看法,以起到到一种承托的作用。如作文“My Best Friend”(《我最要好的朋友》)的开头: “Best Friend” may have different definitions to different people.A child may regard the ones who always whisper to him as his best friends.The young boys may regard the ones who always play with them as their best friends.To me “Best friend” is the one who I like best and we are faithful to each other.6、自问自答,引出主题(提问法)
这种方式要求针对某话题先提出问题,然后给予解答,通过答案的方式来呈现观点。如作文“What I Want to Be When I Grow Up?”(《我长大了要做什么?》)的开头:What I Want to Be When I Grow Up? My answer is “an English interpreter”.Why do I hope to become an English interpreter? There are two reasons.7、身边事件,导出主题(故事法)
从身边熟悉的人或事引发感想,导出主题,显得自然、贴切。如作文“Fast Food”(《快餐》)的开头: When my seven-year-old brother behaves well in school, he will ask for nothing but “KFC” as reward.As a matter of fact we would find it difficult to refuse such attraction of fast food too.But why are they so popular? 四六级写作中常用的开头段的表达方法举例如下:
●使用引语(use a quotation)
使用一段名人名言,或人们常用的谚语、习语,以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如:
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked.But it still has a profound significance now.To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析:开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性,点明主题。
●引用具体或粗略的数据(use figures or statistics)
当然对于图表题型,该种方法是必须的选择,具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据,然后作出概括性分析,点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如:
As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security.It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析:文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找 工作难这一现象的严重性,很有说服力。
●提出问题(ask a question)
提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题,然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如:
What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.分析:文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题,然后自问自答,指出工作 除了物质利益,还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。
●给出具体实例或报道(offer relevant examples or reports)给出具体生活实例或新闻报道 如:
As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society.It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter.It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析:文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例,说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。
●定义法(give definition)
针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义,然后进行深入探讨。如:
As we all know, practice makes perfect.This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life.It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析:文章用It means that这一句型,说明了practice makes perfect的含义。
●主题句法(use of topic sentence)
文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题,然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如:
Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents.According to a recent survey by Dr.Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析:文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题,然后再用实例数据加以佐证。开头段的常用核心句型归纳如下,大家可选择使用:
● As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that …
● The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ….● Although it is commonly agreed that …, it is unlikely to be true that ….● There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that ….● In all the discussion and debate over …, one important fact is generally overlooked.● On the surface(At first thought), it(this)may seem a sound(an attractive)
suggestion(solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind(on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …
● Although many people believe that …, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis ● The danger(problem / fact / truth / point)is that….● I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….● There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of ….Those who object to … argue that ….But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….● Currently(In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is(has been)a(n)general(widespread / growing / widely held)feeling towards(concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)….● As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….● Now it is commonly(widely / generally / increasingly)believed(thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged)that ….But I wonder(doubt)whether …
英语写作开篇八法
良好的开端是成功写作的一半。英语作文一个好的开篇不但能引人入胜,激起读者的阅读兴趣,而且还会给阅卷老师留下美好的第一印象。开篇是写好整篇作文的关键一环,同时也是最难的一环。下面介绍几种常见的开篇方法:
开门见山法
文章一开头就点明主题,把中心思想一目了然地呈现给读者。这是四级短文写作最常用的一种开篇方法。例如:
1)Whether you are a smoker or a nonsmoker,you should take measures to protect your lungs.
2)Happiness is easy to find and easy to lose. It depends on the way you look at life.
以上两例都是开门见山地点明文章的主旨,随后的句子就可以围绕着这个中心展开写。
交代背景法
开篇就把事件发生的时间、地点、人物及情景等交代得清清楚楚。这种方法多用于叙述文和描写文。例如:
1)It was cold and bleak in the late winter. The nightwas dark;nota star was to be seen in the gloomy and dismal sky.The north wind was howling dreadfully outside the house,like the screams of some wounded wild beasts.
2)Today is my birthday.It is the first time that Ispent my birthday in the United States.Being alone and far away from home,I intended to spend the day quietly all myself.
例1)开篇通过景色描写展现出一幅凄凉的画面:严冬时节,北风呼啸,天上看不见星星。这样的描写让读者有一种如闻其声,如临其境之感,有助于制造气氛,让人感到悲哀沮丧。例2)开篇就交代了“我”是在异乡过生日,以及“我”打算怎样过这个生日,这就造成一种悬念,“我”的这个生日是否按“我”原来的想法度过。提出问题法
用提出问题的方法引出文章的主题,以激起读者的阅读兴趣。然后可以针对这个问题进行解答,这样也就展开了段落。这种方法可用于各种文体。例如:
1)What is success?Different people may give different answers to this question. Some people think that...
2)Can wealth bring happiness?Different people have different opinions about this. Some people take it for granted that wealth is the source of happiness.Some people...
名言警句法
所谓“名言警句”是指人们耳熟能详的谚语、习语、俗语、警句或伟人的论述等,它们常常
具有权威性或其道理已为大家公认。由此开篇可以增强文章的说服力。但要注意所引述的名言警句一定要家喻户晓,人所共知,不可引述生僻的名言。另外,一般是用直接引语来引述,所以务必准确无误。例如:
1)As an old saying goes,“Art is long,but life is short.”We have only limited time to obtain unlimited knowledge.
2)“Practice makes perfect.”This self-evident proverb means doing something repeatedly is the way to become very good at it.
数据统计法
就是引用一些具体的、已经证实的统计数字来引出文章的主题。然后以这些数据作为证据,来论述、解释、说明要表达的思想,这样开篇可信度高,说服力强。使用此法时,要注意所引述的数据或数字一定要准确,来源可靠,切不可为了说明某一问题而杜撰数据。此法主要用于说明文和议论文中,图表作文时用得最多。例如:
1)Unemployment rose from 7.5%in June2002to 7.8%in July 2002,the highest rate since January of that year,the Labor Department reported.
2)According to a recent poll,61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once.
3)There are 7 billion people in the world(2000 figure),and the smokers are about 1.4 billion,which make up 20 percent of the world's total population.
例1)是一篇关于失业问题的短文。文章一开篇就引用了来自劳动部的报告:失业率从2002年6月的7.5%上升到 7月的7.8%,达到那年自元月份起的最高点。这一具体数字有力地论证了中心思想———失业问题的严重性。例2)和例3)同样是在文章开篇使用具体的统计数字,分别说明美国中学生作弊的普遍性和世界吸烟人数之多。
比较对比法
在作文开篇把人们熟悉的人物或事物与其他的人物或事物放在一起,分析它们的相似或不同之处。通过比较对比,强调某一人物或事物,使读者对其有更为深刻的认识和理解。例如: The relationship between a teacher and a student can be good or bad,helpful or harmful. Either way,the relationship can affect the student for the rest of his life.A good teacher-student relationship will make learning enjoyable and interesting,whereas a bad relationship can discourage the student from learning and make teaching an unpleasant task.
例句用对比的方法开头,通过对比良好的师生关系对教与学产生的积极影响和恶劣的师生关系产生的不良影响,说明建立良好的师生关系的重要性。
进行定义法
就是对文章要阐述的主题先下个定义,或者对文章题目所用的词汇、所持的观点或所提到的事物进行定义,然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明或论述。这种方法的作用就是解释概念,限定范围,然后引入正文。应该说明的是,文章所下的定义总的来说应该简练,而且也有别于哲学意义上的定义。此法常用于说明文和议论文。
1)Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activities.For example,psychologists are interested in why some things make you sad,but others make you happy.They want to know why some people are shy,but others are quite talkative.
2)Self-confidence means the trust in one's own ability.As a very important psychological quality,it brings your creative power,arouses your enthusiasm and helps you overcome difficulties.
例1)文章开篇先给心理学下定义,接着通过举例的方法进一步解释这一定义,让读者对心理学的含义具有准确的理解。例2)是对自信进行简单的定义,然后再展开说明或论述。
其他方法
英语作文开篇的方法还有很多。例如:
1)She views the world through outsized glasses.Her hair is long and flowing. She wears a mini-skirt even in winter.She is the Today girl,the modern teenage girl.
文章开篇对“她”进行了一番描述:她,带着特大号眼镜,长发飘飘,甚至在大冬天还穿着迷你裙。一个新潮的现代女孩的形象跃然纸上。这是以描述人物开篇。
2)There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers,untouched.The second has a great many books—a few of them read through.The third has a few books or many—every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated. 文章开篇把拥有书的人分为三类,然后再详细描述这三类人。这是以分类的方法开篇。如何写好作文的结尾段
文章的开头很重要,因为精彩的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样,文章的结尾也很重要,好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象,可以增添文章的效果和说服力,起到画龙点睛的作用。确切地说,结尾的作用就是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使读者加深印象;有时也用于展望未来,提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。重复中心思想
回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到再次肯定和强调的效果。例如:
In conclusion,we should know about the problem of fake commodities,and object to their being sold in the market.Only in this way can we eliminate them completely from the market.
In short,my opinion on this theme is reading selectively.We should learn not only how to select books,but how to select better books.
应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文
应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文,既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。例如:
This lesson tells us that Rome was not built in one day.We should advance in order and keep patient if we want to get the goal on time.
But once they find a job suiting them best,they'd better stick to it and work hard on it,or else they would get nowhere.As an old saying goes” A rolling stone never gathers mosses.” 用反问结尾
用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,具有明显的强调作用,引起读者思考。例如:
Therefore,listening skills must be consciously improved.Since it is such an important means of learning and communication,why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
So,what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health? 提出展望或期望
提出展望或期望 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。例如:
From all the reasons above,we know that great changes had taken place in developing countries.And I believe that in the near future,people in these countries would enjoy the most comfortable life that they have never imagined.
If everyone has developed good manners,people will form a more harmonious relation.If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world.With the general mood of society improved,there willbe a progress of civilization.
几种典型的英语作文开头引述方法
Type1引述他人观点(为提出自己观点铺垫)
[1] It is widely(commonly)accepted(hold)+THAT
[2] A widely accepted(commonly)hold idea(point of view,viewpoint,opinion,assumption)is +THAT/NP
[3] A/The dominant(prevalent,prevailing)idea(see [2])is NP/to DO
[4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)
[5] People(The majority)seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT
[6] People are willing to regard NP1 as NP2/ADJ
[7] People are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO
Type2提出异议
[1] However(But),…
[2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable,inappropriate,improper,undesirable,etc;
ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul,etc
[3] In fact(As a matter of fact),…(follow[2])
[4] However,it is not(quite,necessarily)the case.[5] This(It)is not(quite,necessarily)the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)
Type3论述的展开:说明原因和理由,层进,举例,转折
[1] The reason lies in several aspects,[2] The reason why+clause+[1,underlined]
[3] There are several remarkable reasons.[4] 层进in addition,besides,fruthermore,what’s more,on the other hand,meanwhile,for one thing…for another; finally,above all,in short.[5] 举例for example,for instance,such(general term)as(specific terms),a typical(striking)example is that,a case in point
[6] 转折however,but,nevertheless,on the contrary
[7] 条件if,provided that,unless,as long as,etc
Type4 就…而言;关于
[1] as far as …is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned
[2] as t the problem as to NP有关…的问题
Type5问题
[1] Although much effort has been made,the situation is far from satisfactory(or: the problem remains unsolved,little improvement has been achieved)
[2] There is a tendency,as recent study(investigation)has pointed out(shown,revealed,indicated),+THAT
[3] There is growing concern about +NP
[4] It will inevitably(is likely to)result in(lead to)unwanted(serious)consequence(or NP)
[5] Unfortunately,…
[6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.[7] The process,once initiated,is most likely irreversible.[8] We are constantly(frequently)faced with NP
TYPE6重要与必要;(应)注意与重视
[1] NP1 is of great importance(necessity,value)in NP2(or: NP is of enormous significance)
[2] The importance(necessity)of NP(to do sth.)lies in(the fact)that…
[3] NP1 plays,as is known,an irreplaceably important role in NP2
[4] The irreplaceably important role NP1 plays in NP2 is significant(obvous)
[5] NP1 is an indispensable part of NP2
[6] It is important(necessary)to DO(or:THAT)
[7] Special attention should be pay to …(or: We should pay special attention to…)
[8] What we should take into consideration is +NP
Type7行动
[1](immediate,emergent,effective)Measures are being taken(has been taken,should be taken)to DO
[3] We have made much effort,there is still more we need to make(cf.We have learnt a lot,there is much more we need to lea123)
Type8二择其一
[1] If it were left for me to decide whether(wh-clause),I would,without hesitation,choose+to DO(or: I would prefer the former/the latter)
[2] To DO/NP is a matter of prerence.[3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.[4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.[5] In fact,we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.[6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely
[7](of two conflicting ideas,concepts)Though conflicting to one another,they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.[8] The benefits of NP are varied…
[9]While disadvantages are unavoidable,it is the advantages that prevail.高考英语作文常见的六种开篇法 1.开门见山,揭示主题 2.交代人物,事件,3.回忆 4.概括 5.介绍环境 6.交代写作目的
第二篇:高考英语作文开头技巧大集合
核心提示:一篇文章通常可分为三个部分,即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体,直接影响到文章的质量。文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下于引起
一篇文章通常可分为三个部分,即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体,直接影响到文章的质量。
文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下于引起读者的兴趣。
作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种:
1.开门见山,揭示主题
文章一开头,就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头可以写成:
I Spent my last vacation happily.
“Honesty”(谈诚实)的开头可以写成:
Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”,and is looked upon by honest people.
2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan”(去金山旅游)的开头可以写成:
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回忆性的开头
用回忆的方法来开头。例如“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”(泰山游)的开头是:I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4.概括性的开头
即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头:
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5.介绍环境式的开头
即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头可以写成:
It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.6.交待写作目的的开头
在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如 “Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头:
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.下面是两篇例文,供大家可以参考:
关键字:毒鸡蛋
The Chinese news agency Xinhua says the People's Daily newspaper have both carried reports suggesting that the addition of industrial chemical melamine to animal feed in China is an open secret.Quentin Sommerville reports from Beijing.Animal feed in China is routinely contaminated with industrial chemical melamine, according to the country's state media.Chemical firms have been repackaging scrapped melamine as protein powder and selling at home.When added to the feed, it gives the illusion of boosting nutritional levels.China's melamine scandal began in the dairy industry, 4 babies died and 20 thousand children were hospitalised after the chemical was added to milk.This week, the authorities in Hong Kong discovered melamine in 4 brands of Chinese produced eggs.It's believed they have got there because of contaminated animal feed.关键字:感恩节
Live with thankfulness
Do you know Thanksgiving Day? Do you know why human thank God?
Thanksgiving falls on the fourth Thursday of November, a different date every year.The President must proclaim that date as the official celebration.Thanksgiving is a time for tradition and sharing.Even if they live far away, family members gather for a reunion at the house of an older relative.All give thanks together for the good things that they have.In this spirit of sharing, civic groups and charitable organizations offer a traditional meal to those in need, particularly the homeless.On most tables throughout the United States, foods eaten at the first thanksgiving have become traditional.What should we thank?
The thankful great universe provides the environment of existence for us and give us sunlight, air, water and everything in keeping with we existence of space, bring storm to let us accept to toughen for us, bring to us mysterious let us look for.The thankful parents give us the life, make us feel the merriment of the human life, feel the genuine feeling of the human life, feel the comity of the human life, feel happiness of the human life, also feel hardships and pain and sufferings of the human life!
The thankful teacher works with diligence and without fatigue everyday of teach, give us knowledge ability, put on the wing which flies toward the ideal for us.The thankful classmate and friend grows up road of, let I no longer standing alone in the itinerary of life;The with gratitude is frustrated and let us become in a time the
failure stronger.
第三篇:作文开头技巧
高考作文开头技巧
1、开门见山法:
例:朱自清《背影》的开头:“我与父亲不相见已两年余了,我最不能忘记的是他的背影。”
2、巧用修辞法:最常见的是比喻和排比
例:2010年高考全国卷Ⅱ的优秀作文《浅阅读与深阅读》的开头:“茫茫书海之中,如果深阅读是大海,那么浅阅读只能是小溪;如果深阅读是蓝天,那么浅阅读只能是浮云;如果深阅读是草原,那么浅阅读只能是绿坪。”
3、引用开头法
例:2012大纲全国卷《放下顾虑》的开头:“我们之所以未能走得更远,是因为我们的肩上背负的顾虑太多。”于丹如是说。
4、故事开头法
例:大家都读过《渔夫和金鱼的故事》,渔夫的老婆贪得无厌,木盆变成金盆她不知足,草房子变成高楼大厦她不知足,她由一个乞丐似的老太婆变成了一个雍容华贵的皇后还不知足。最后,她的贪得无厌成了竹篮打水一场空,她又回到了一贫如洗的破房子中。从这个故事中可以看出,一个人的贪得无厌是多么的可怕和可憎。所以,在人生漫漫的征途中,人应该有知足心,知足者常乐。——《知足者常乐》
5、情景开头
例:2011四川卷《总有一种期待》的开头:“垂柳树下,难掩泪面,忍把浮名,换了浅吟低唱;汴京城外,挥手离别,仍念执手,眷念香衾绣被。”
6、疑问开头法
例:幸福是什么?杂交水稻之父袁隆平说:……常晒太阳,呼吸新鲜空气,有个好身体。”李白说:“安能摧眉折腰事权贵,使我不得开心颜。”幸福并不需要德高望重,更不需要财大气粗。其实幸福很简单,追随你的梦想,做你想做的事情。——2011福建高考《幸福的意义》
素材
柴静辞职自己出资拍“穹顶之下”的中国
知名主持人柴静2015年从央视离职后的去向一度被关注和热议。今天,柴静的新作——大型空气污染深度公益调查《柴静雾霾调查:穹顶之下》首发,柴静也现身接受媒体专访。她透露,促使她展开调查的原因是,没出世的女儿便患有肿瘤,从一出生就接受手术,“在照顾她过程中,对雾霾的感受变得越来越强烈”。
《穹顶之下》全片103分钟,柴静走访多个污染现场寻找雾霾根源,并多国实地拍摄治污经验。这次关于雾霾的调查,被认为“是非机构、非记者所做的信源最权威、信息最立体、视野最开阔、手段最丰富、最有行动感的雾霾调查”。在此前的交流现场,柴静综合运用当众演讲、现场演示、视频展示和网络传播这四大手段,剖析了给中国带来严重大气污染的燃煤和燃油存在的四大问题。
为了完成这个难度不小的调查,柴静奔波于中国、美国、英国,还亲自上手和同伴一起拍摄、编辑视频,更为关键的是这次调查花的都是她自己的钱。告别央视后,选择这一题材让众人惊诧,谈及初衷,柴静说:“这不是一个计划中的作品,当时因为孩子生病,我辞职后打算用相当的一段时间陪伴她,照顾她,所以谢绝了一切工作邀请。照顾她过程中,对雾霾的感受变得越来越强烈”。
“这是我和雾霾之间的私人恩怨。”公开演讲中,柴静还首次爆出,她没出世的女儿患有肿瘤,从一出生就接受手术,目前已经痊愈。但害怕女儿有一天会问“什么是蓝天”、“为什么老把我关在家里”,因而启动了雾霾调查。柴静称,自己怀孕前从不戴口罩,女儿出生后每遭遇雾霾天却连孩子笑一下都担心吸进太多PM2.5,她担心孩子生活在污染的空气中,输在起跑线上。
第四篇:作文开头技巧
万事开头难,作文也是如此。起好头,能为顺利地展开文章打下基础。古人写文章把好的开头比作“凤头”,是很有道理的。一个能让人“一见钟情”,引发别人无穷遐思的开头,往往能使你的文章增色不少。特别是在应试作文中,“凤头”更能牵引阅卷者的目光,让你的文章脱颖而出。一个引人入胜的开头,往往能激发读者的兴趣,并为文章增添色彩。作文开头的方法很多,在此谈谈作文中最为实用的一种方法——修辞排比法。
修辞排比法。在开头的时候,用上几个修辞排比句,把文章主题的内涵,用排比句的形式写出来。这种修辞方法,可用于夹叙夹议类的记叙文。
这种方法的主要特点就是:连续把有几个象征意义的句子排比起来,最好把几个比喻句排比起来。而且建议同学们的比喻句不要太长,而且要顺着比喻句往下写,才能达到生动形象具体的效果。
☆、何谓排比?有何特点?
在一个句子中同时把结构相同或相似,语气一致、意思密切关联的三个或三个以上句子或词语,排列起来的修辞手法。其特点是有三个或三个以上分句组成,而且开头几个字相同。
例:不同的人有不同的追求,有的人追求“路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索”,有的人渴望“为人性僻耽佳句,语不惊人死不休”,也有的人为“天长地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期”而感动。
例1《文学经典,我的追求》: 有什么能比乘一叶轻舟在浩瀚的大海上漂行更让人心醉神驰,浑然忘俗的呢?那满载思想的小舟便是书——名家经典。它带着我漂过知识的海洋,智慧的溪流,驶向诱人的港湾,神秘的小岛,未知的远方。
评述:巧用修辞,化无形为有形,化抽象为具体,形象地写出了读书的美妙感受。例2《我最好的朋友》:
她,犹如一阵清风,拂去我心头的惆怅;她,犹如一股清泉,滋润我干涸的心田;她,犹如一缕阳光,驱散我心灵的阴霾。
写作角度1:生活中对自己帮助大的朋友同学邻居„„
写作角度2:爸爸妈妈教会我做人,同学们教会我道理„„
写作角度3:书、名言警句„„
评述:运用修辞,生动形象地写出“书”是我最好的朋友的原因。
例3《追求心中的绿洲》:
追求一轮红日,便将强壮的身体化作了山峦去托起它;追求一个梦想,便将所有的心血化作了地平线去迎接它;追求一种成功,便将自信的力量去化作风景去展现它。
评述:用灵动的语言勾勒出追求者的执着与坚韧的形象。
排比句式开头仿写练习:
☆、排比技巧:
方法:
1、太阳、星星、山峦、春雨、阳光、大海、海湾、溪流„„
2、语言的“陌生化”
种类:
1、陈述式排比
例:凡事感激,感激伤害你的人,因为他磨练你的意志.感激拌倒你的人,因为他强化你的双腿.感激欺骗你的人,因为他增进你的智慧.感激蔑视你的人,因为他磨练觉醒你的自尊.感激遗弃你的人,因为他教会你该独立.凡事感激,学会感激,感激一切使你成长的人.2、设问式排比:一问一答中显真情
例:是谁?曾经彷徨,而后怀着满腔热情拿起笔杆子,向敌人的咽喉刺去;是谁?曾经呐喊,而后激励着一代又一代有志青年,在铺满荆棘的道路上奋勇前行,追寻那一片光明;是谁?曾经伤逝,为的是无法一直做人民的孺子牛,为革命多做一件事。是您,鲁迅先生!
先用一个设问句提出问题,然后再用一个或一组比喻来回答前面提出的问题。这是使用比喻的一种常见方式。特别是当用一组比喻来构成排比或说成构成一个博喻时,并让每一个比喻句分别独立成段时,其气势,其形式,其效果,在一问一答中,是非常令人满意的。
例
1、诚信是什么?活泼好动的孩子说诚信是两根纤小的手指,拉过钩儿就永不反悔;风华正茂的小伙子说诚信是一张精致的信用卡,是不能透支的诺言;耄耋之年的老人说诚信是一本厚厚的日记,是一张不容背叛的人生契约。(2001年满分作文《诚信是什么》)
作者先提出“诚信是什么”这个问题,然后从小孩、小伙子和老人这三个不同年龄特征、不同人生阅历的人的回答中让读者自己去体会什么是“诚信”。小孩把“诚信”比喻成“两根纤纤的手指”,并认为 “诚信”就是“拉过钩儿就永不反悔”;小伙子把“诚信”比喻成“一张精美的信用卡”,并认为“诚信”是“不能透支的诺言”;老人则把“诚信”比喻成“一本厚厚的日记”,认为“诚信”是“一张不容背叛的人生契约”。到此“诚信是什么”这个问题得到了解决,且显得令人信服,感人至深。
例
2、诚信是什么?诚信是荒原上流淌的一汪清泉;诚信是寒冬腊月交替寒傲放的一枝腊梅;诚信是夜晚行路时前方如豆的不灭之灯;诚信是在浮浮沉沉漂泊不定的人海中导航的一座灯塔……(2001年满分作文《诚信是什么》)
本文作者也是先提出了“诚信是什么”的问题,然后用了一个排比句来回答,而且每一个分句都是一个比喻句。作者将“诚信”比喻成“清泉”、“腊梅”、“不灭之灯”、“灯塔”,比喻新颖独特,有创意了,但作者并不仅仅局限在此,还在每一个喻体前面加上了一串很富有特色的定语,又为这个比喻增色不少。采取一问一答的方式,让人在不经意中认清了“诚信”的本质,产生了一泻千里的气势,读来是一种享受,从而使得文采斐然,诗意昂然。
练习:以“幸福”为话题用设问+比喻式写一组比喻。
3、比喻式排比
博喻,就是用几个喻体从不同角度反复设喻去说明一个本体,又叫连比。博喻不同于明喻、暗喻、借喻等等各种比喻,博喻运用得当,能给人留下深刻的印象。它可以产生势如破竹、一唱三叹的艺术效果,能够给人一种应接不暇的感觉,让人在博喻中深味主题的意蕴,感受作者语言的文采和气势。有时还要在每个比喻的后面做进一步的解释说明,那就又可使语言更加丰富。
例、诚信如春天第一缕阳光,令人向往,敞开胸怀去接受;如夏天的一块西瓜,含在口中,甜到心里;如秋天远方飘来的一片火红的枫叶,勾起无限牵挂;如冬天漫天飘飞的雪花,永远那么纯洁。(2001年高考作文《诚信--永远的绿卡》)
行文过程中构建博喻,可以形成破竹之气势,让读者在博喻的句式中去细细品味。本段作者深悟了这一方法:将“诚信”比作“春天第一缕阳光”、“夏天的一块西瓜”、“秋天远方飘来的一片火红的枫叶”和“冬天漫天飘飞的雪花”,以四季中最具代表性的事物为喻,视点独特。但作者并没有只是停留在一个简单的博喻的层面上,而是在每一个比喻后面又添加了一句。一般学生看似容易但做起难的而表达效果又特别好的话。如“敞开胸怀去接受”,就把作者对如春天阳光的诚信的喜爱之情写了出来。
4、起兴式排比:朱熹在《诗集传》中说:“兴者,先言他物以引起所咏之辞也”。就是在作文开头先选用几个鲜明生动的形象来带出所要抒写的主题内容。
例:如果你失去了金钱,你只失去了一部分;如果你失去了健康,你只失去了一半;如果你失去了诚信,那你就几乎一贫如洗了。
这个排比由三个语句构成,作者先写两个假设复句来起兴,目的是为引出第三个句子:“失去诚信”就“一贫如洗”。而这第三个句子是结论,是显示作文中心的句子。三个假设复句造成一种气势,并让读者从中得到警示:人生在世,“诚信”是何等重要!
【随堂练习】
练习:用修辞排比法为下列文题拟写开头。
文题:《微笑着面对生活》
博喻连篇佳作欣赏:
那人却在灯火阑珊处
曾有人问过贝克特,他创作的戈多到底是谁,贝克特回答说:“如果我知道的话,早就告诉你们了。”
等待戈多,但戈多到底是谁?如果没弄清楚这点的话,即使戈多来了,我们依然形同陌路,只会擦肩而过。
在我的心中,“戈多”是现代人心中已久违的精神的宁静、思想的澄明。我们已在喧哗与骚动中沉沦太久,对于信念、理想、友谊这类事物已略感陌生。戈多是信念。对于人的渺小,古今同感。但现代人对于机器文明的强势,内心愈感脆弱,信念的火焰更为缥缈了。诚然,人只是一根苇草,是宇宙间最脆弱的东西,但人是一根能思想的苇草,人具有万事万物无所比拟的精神力量。“人只是火花,被信念从今天送往明天。”只要信念不息,火花就不会灭。戈多的归来也就为时不远了。
戈多是理想。“少年的梦想是风的梦想,青春的思念是长长的思念。”这是北欧海员远航时所唱的歌谣,当我们踏上人生征程之时,也应想想,自己是否已准备好理想要去实现。人如果没有理想,便将陷于无边的空虚与等待中。与其让生命白白流逝,我们为何不现在就树立理想,去迎接戈多的到来呢?
戈多还是道德。在我们踏上人生的征途之时,切不可忘记当怀有一颗善良的心、带着道德上路。古人欲立身立业者,必先立德。德如风,功业如草,风在上,草必靡,无往不利。现代的人过于重利而轻义,以致缺少彼此的信任,内心怎能不感到孤单、有所希冀呢?以爱人之心协调人际关系,那么我们将时刻感到自己浸身于爱的暖流之中。
“众里寻他千百度,蓦然回首,那人却在灯火阑珊处。”如果我们已坚定了人生信念,树立了远大的理想,带着道德上路,那么就会发现“戈多”已在我们面前。
戈多其实从未曾离开过我们,戈多就在我们身边,只是我们匆匆于人世,忙碌于琐碎,以至于连风的感觉时刻在从手边溜走。真正在等待的,其实是戈多,戈多一直期望着人们能尽早发现他,使人重归心灵与肉体的统一。
戈多今天已经来了,但愿人们能把握戈多,使他明天不至于再次离我们远去!
这篇作文的骨架是这几句话:戈多是已久违的精神的宁静、思想的澄明;戈多是信念;戈多是理想;戈多还是道德。很明显,文章是用这几个比喻来连缀全篇的,这就是我们说的博喻连篇。
博喻连篇,说起来比较新奇,但其实并不难掌握。作文时只要抓住关键的三步就可以成功驾驭。但应注意抓住关键的三步:
第一步,扣准核心。博喻本身并不难构成,关键是要有一个建立的前提,即要围绕作文题目的核心内涵来进行。有时候,题目不只是一个概念,这时候绝不能只抓住其中的一部分来博喻连篇。比如2006年广东省的作文话题是“雕刻心中的天使”,这个话题,有两个核心,一是“天使”,一是“雕刻”,如果我们的作文仅仅用“天使是什么,天使是什么,天使是什么”构成,就遗漏了“雕刻”的内涵,这就是不恰题的。再如上面的例文,话题是“戈多来了”,所以文章在多次比喻“戈多是什么”之后,还着重反映出“来了”的内涵,显得特别贴切。第二步,博喻成纲。抓住题目的关键部分后,围绕它从一个特定角度进行多方面比喻,要尽量争取比喻之间要有一定的逻辑联系并保持一定的跨度,这样便于下一步组构成文。如2006年辽宁省作文题是“肩膀”,我们可以尽量多的先想一想“肩膀像什么?”在此基础上,可以找到这样的几个比喻句作为作文的纲领:肩膀是义不容辞的责任;肩膀是顶天立地的力量;肩膀是柔软温暖的港湾„„
第三步,连喻成篇。前面拟好了几个博喻句,作文的骨架就形成了,再对每一个比喻句进行扩充,形成文章的一个段落,相互联结,文章便大局已定了。注意哦,别忘了反思一下,如果还有什么对题意兑现不到位的地方,一定要补救一下。
第五篇:作文开头技巧
高考满分作文开头的7大技巧(含示例解析)
高考阅卷时间短,任务重,评卷人少,对于阅卷老师来说,电脑评卷下的脑力、视力劳动都很繁重,在此情况下,高考作文能否吸引老师的目光,让他认真仔细地读你的作文,开篇的出语不凡就显得尤为重要。高考作文就应该一开始就抓住阅卷老师的目光,这是高考的形式和阅卷实际所决定的。那么,高考作文怎样开篇才能吸引老师的目光? 修辞开篇,展示文采
修辞是语言运用中不可缺少的部分。生动而又贴切的修辞手法的运用常能使语言增添许多风采。在高考作文,你若能熟练运用修辞手法,定能使文章增色添辉。下面举例中,运用比喻、排比,使语言形象生动、气势畅达、音韵和谐。
例:千载风雨兴衰,你,静静地贮立于万千苍生之上,仰天长望,唯有无字碑留下了你的浩叹。抚摸着那凹凹凸凸的碑身,沧桑而感慨,你,只是略略扬起那时柔时刚的嘴角。此时,风,依旧凛冽;苍穹,依旧浩渺,你无语,碑无字,却完整地记下了你的不凡,青史依旧为你长流,在那 看似空白的无字碑上,却无限延伸着你——那个唐朝女皇的博大与智慧。(福建高考满分作文《点点空白 悠悠情思》)悬念导入,吸引读者
高考作文在开始写之前,不妨用3-6分钟精心构思,用悬念导入,这样容易抓住人们阅读时的好奇心理,吸引人们阅读,从而达到良好效果。
例:很小很小的时候,总是喜爱看妈妈穿白色的裙子,她那么美,那么快乐,被妈妈牵着小手好幸福好幸福!那时候,妈妈就是我心中的天使。然而妈妈却爱亲昵地叫着我:“安琪,你是天使!”
我不是天使,要不被接进天堂的怎会是妈妈,而不是我呢?(广东高考满分作文《我是天使》)故事先行,引人入胜
高考作文故事先行,能引人入胜。举例中的“蚌育珍珠”是许多人都知道的故事,它具体形象,引人入胜,包含着一个经历艰辛困苦获得成功的道理。
作者叙写的这个故事很好地契合“雨燕减肥”这一话题的深刻寓意。标题中的“它”,正是困难、挫折、艰难险阻等的代称,突破它们,人生将变得壮美无比。作者以这故事先行,既能引人入胜,又切合话题。
例:夏日里的炎热炙烤着大地,不知不觉中,海边多起了游泳的人。向远处望去,几个小孩像在搜寻着 什么,带着好奇我走了过去,才知他们是在寻找珍珠……一颗小小的沙砾被蚌无意识地吞噬在嘴里,蚌觉得好痛,似乎有一把尖刀刺向它的喉咙。但一切都无可奈何,只能日日夜夜地把它磨小、磨亮才能将它吐出。终于有一天,蚌被海水冲上了海滩,一个小男孩发现了蚌嘴里的沙砾,把它取了出来,但它不再是粗糙的沙砾,而是一颗灿烂夺目的珍珠,蚌感觉轻松了许多,重新回到了海洋中。蚌育珍珠从此为人们所知,于是它的故事被人们所传颂,生命从此有了夺目的光彩,每一次去海边,我都带着崇高的敬意注视着蚌的艰辛。(江西高考满分作文《穿过它,生命从此壮美》)引用开头,突出主题
引用法是一种很常用的文章开头法,巧妙地借用诗歌、名言、典故、俗谚语开篇,能收到很好的艺术效果。当然,引用要突出主题,要准确、得体,切忌张冠李戴、弄巧成拙。举例以引用诗词名句开篇,从多方面多角度论述了“意气”,增强了论证效果,突出了主题。
例:“千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风”,是青翠的竹在向你昭示着它的意气,昭示着一种贯穿生命的不屈与坚韧;
“不爱沙滩擢贝子,扬帆击楫戏中流”,是浪顶峰尖的弄潮儿在向你昭示着他的意气,昭示着一种蓬勃于血脉中的勇敢和无惧;
“仰天大笑出门去,我辈岂是蓬蒿人”,是骄傲的行者在向你昭示着他的意气,昭示着一种托起生命、托起希望的坚定的信心。
意气,生命的支撑,成功的基石。(湖南高考满分作文《谈意气》)设问开头,引人深思 高考作文开头围绕主题设问,有问有答,能引人深思,突出主题。看看下面的例题开头围绕“纵然面对的会是苦涩,但苦涩之后便会是甘甜”这一主题,通过一连串的“问”和“答”,开启了思绪,突出了主题。
例:倘若你是一粒种子,告诉我,你会怎样?是等待春天的召唤,还是迫于与寒冬挣扎?倘若你是一掬清泉,告诉我,你会 怎样?是任凭风儿的吹荡,还是勇于激起浪花?倘若你是沧海桑田中的一颗沙砾,告诉我,你会怎样?是受命于雨打风吹化成一缕尘烟,还是敢于摩擦出晶莹的珍 珠?……大凡成功之士都会选择后者,纵然面对的会是苦涩,但苦涩之后便会是甘甜。(江西高考满分作文《磨炼出与成功的默契》)破“旧”开篇,反衬主题
所谓破“旧”,就是用逆向思维,从新的角度打破旧有的思想观念,提出新的思想观念。破“旧”开篇,就是先写出旧有的思想观念,然后否定它,并提出新的思想观念,从而反衬主题的正确。
下面例题中先写出刘禹锡的观点“千淘万路虽辛苦,吹尽狂沙始到金”。然后否定它,并提出作者新的观点“有时候选择停止也是好的”,从而反衬了主题的正确,令人耳目一新。
例:刘禹锡说:“千淘万路虽辛苦,吹尽狂沙始到金。”然而现实生活中真是这样的吗?那可不一定,就算巨轮上的帆任凭它再顽强,再牢固也有被狂风袭卷的时候。人生亦如此,若沿着自己的路走下去,只能说明你的毅志力比较顽强,并不代表你一定能成功。所以有时候选择停止也是好的。(重庆高考满分作文《走与停》)比兴开篇,烘托主题
“比兴”是我国诗歌创作的传统手法,高考作文也可借他物比兴,作为开篇之法。当然,所用的他物,必须与“所咏之辞”有内在的联系。下面的例题从自然界写起,由物及人,明确提出了自己的观点——“做回自己,给自己一方天空”。这里的“比兴”与“所咏之辞” ——“做回自己,给自己一方天空”是相吻合的,从而烘托了主题。
例:若生为林木,我当欣欣以向荣;若生为幽草,我当萋萋而摇绿。
如果是小草,就不要羡慕大树的伟岸参天,你依然可以长成一片翠绿;如果是麻雀,就不要羡慕雄鹰的搏击飞翔,你依然可以在枝桠间寻找快乐;如果是小溪,就不要羡慕大海的惊涛拍岸,你依然可以在山涧自由流淌。生而为人,就不要羡慕别人的天赐良机,做回自己,给自己一方天空。(全国卷一高考满分作文《给自己一方天空》)
总之,采用怎样的文章开头,应根据文章的内容和风格来定。总原则是用上好的开篇,能使文章主旨更鲜明,结构更严谨,内容更丰富,材料更新颖,语言更生动。