第一篇:初中升高中英语各种时态总结(家教必备)
时态总结
时态-定义
英语语法中的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时
下面就英语中常见的十种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这十种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、一般现在时
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week(day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,3.基本结构:动词 原形(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:.It seldom snows here.He is always ready to help others.Action speaks louder than words..二、一般过去时
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词 的过去式
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.I didn't know you were so busy.三、现在进行时
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:now, at this time, days, etc.look.listen
3.基本结构:be+doing
4.否定形式:be+not+doing.5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.四、过去进行时
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing
4.否定形式:s+was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.五、现在完成时
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3.基本结构:have/has + done
4.否定形式:have/has + not +done.5.一般疑问句:have或has。
6.例句:I've written an article.The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.六、过去完成时
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.3.基本结构:had + done.4.否定形式:had + not + done.5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month.We had reviewed four books
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句七、一般将来时
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are+going to + do;will/shall + do.4.否定形式:am/is/are not going to do ;will/shall not do。
5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain.八、过去将来时
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.3.基本结构:was/were+going to + do;would/should + do.4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.I asked who was going there.九、将来完成时
1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语:by the time of;by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)
3.基本结构:be going to/will/shall + have done
4例句:By the time you get back,great changes will have taken place in this area.十、现在完成进行时
1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing
3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。
4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.The chirdren have been watching TV since six o'clock.十一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A.He joined the League two years ago.B.He has been in the League for two years.C.It is two years since he joined the League.D.Two years has passed since he joined the League.十二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.Peter is working, but Mike is playing.十三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum!意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.互相转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
十六种时态
所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段,即:现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种;所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时说呈现的状态,有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态或完成进行状态四种。由时和态结合,便形成下列十六种时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时;
现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时;
现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时;
现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时
第二篇:高中英语时态总结
英语动词的时态
时态和时间是两个不同的概念。时间是一种客观存在的形式,它不依赖于任何一种特定的语言,为所有的文化共有。时态是一种语言的手段,依语言的不同而有所区别,它是属于动词的语法范畴。英语动词时态是以动词形式变化来表示句子中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。因此我们可以看到时态和时间两者间虽然有关系,但不可以混淆。
The plane leaves tomorrow morning.飞机明晨起飞。
此句中的时态为一般现在时,但是它所表示的时间却为将来(明晨)
英语动词的常用时态总共有十六种:
一般现在时 现在进行时 一般过去时 过去进行时
一般将来时 将来进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时
将来完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
1. 一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
是以动词的原形表示的,当主语为第三人称单数时,做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or –es, 其构成方式列表如下:
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes 以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I,再加-es Tries, carries
但是,动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下:
一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.You know it.You are a student You have a pen
He(she)knows it.He(she)is a student.He(she)has a pen.We(you,they)know it.We(you,they)are students.We(you,they)have pens.一般现在时的功用
1.表示一直发生的事情,经常发生的动作:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.Excuse me, do you speak English? I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.It often rains in summer in Beijing.2.表示客观事实或者真理:
Birds fly.The earth goes around the sun.3.谈论时间表、旅程表等,如:
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.Tomorrow is Thursday.4.谈论籍贯、国籍等,如:
Where do you come from?
I come from China.你是哪国人?我是中国人。
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou.你是哪里人?我是广州人。
5.询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容,如:
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.Shakespears says, ―Neither a borrower or a lender be.‖ 莎士比亚说:―既不要向人借钱,也不要借钱给别人。‖
一般过去时
一般过去时是表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态的动词时态,它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一。
1)一般过去时规则动词的构成形式:
规则动词在其原形后面加-ed: to work-worked
以字母e结尾的规则动词,只加-d: to love---loved
对所有人称均无词形变化。
否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成拼写注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词为单音节,以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit—admitted
以y结尾的动词,在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 – ed Carry –carriedHurry –hurried
以y 结尾的动词,在y 前为元音字母时 加—ed Obey—obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的,这类动词被称为不规则动词。总数大概不过200多个,但是使用频率很高。主要分成三类:
1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形,如:
cost cost cost cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt shut shut shut set set set
注意,有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式,如:
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形,如:
bend bent bent
bring brought brought catch caught caught hide hid hid / hidden get got got/ gotten(AmE)lead led led
3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同,如:
原形 过去式 过去分词
begin began begun break broke broken forbid forbade forbidden grow grew grown ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同,如:
come came come
become became become run ran run
一般过去时的功用
1)表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动,如:
He worked in that bank for four years.(没说明起始时间,但是现在不在那里工作了)。
They once saw Deng Xiaopin.Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing? 2)表示在过去特定的时间结束的行动,如:
When did you meet him? I met him yesterday.When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University.Where have you been? I’ve been to the opera.Did you enjoy it?
3)表示过去的习惯
He always carried an umbrella.They never drank wine.现在完成时的形式
现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成:
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked? You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He(she)has worked.He(she)has not worked.Has he(she)worked? Has he(she)not worked?
We(you / they)have worked.We(you / they)have not worked.Have we(you / they)worked? Have we(you / they)not worked?
紧缩形式
现在完成时的功用
现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态。它与现在有密切联系,如:
------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.和现在的联系就是 I don’t remember her name now.------Fort has gone to Canada.和现在的联系就是 He is not here.He is in Canada now.1)表示延续到现在的动作(有时是总计做了多少次等)。
How many times have you been to the United States? She really loves that film.She has seen it eight times.Tom has lived in Now York all his life.2)表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动,如: I haven’t seen you for ages.我好久没见到你了。(说话时刻已经见到了)
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months.(也许从说话开始时刻就要打扫它了)
3)表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,如:
The window has broken.4)和最高级连用,表示到现在为止是最……的
What a boring film!It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read.5)和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 连用,如:
This is the first time he has driven a car.(相当于 he has never driven a car before.)
Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
Professor Johnson has lost his passport again.It’s the second time he has lost it.6)和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用,如:
Have you ever eaten French cheese? We have never had a private car.Has it stopped raining yet?(yet 表示期待雨停止)
Would you like something to eat? No, thanks.I’ve just had lunch.Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you?
I’ve already mailed it.(already 表示比预料的要快)
7)与since 连用,since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用,表示―从那一刻到说话时为止‖,它总是与完成时连用,如:
She has been here since 6 o’clock.He hasn’t been himself since the accident.(那次事故后,他从未完全康复)
Since I was a child I have lived in England.一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1)过去时仅仅表示过去,现在完成时还表示与现在的关系,如:
He has lost his key.He lost his key.2)与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时
The Chinese invented printing.Shakespear wrote Hamlet.3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间,就不能用现在完成时,如:
Did you see the film on television last night? Tom lost his key yesterday.询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时(when , what time, where), when , what time, where), 用一般过去时,如:
What time did they arrive?
When and where were you born?
比较:
Have you see Ann this moring?(说话时仍为上午)Did you see Ann this morning?(说话时为下午)
Jack has lived in London for six years.还在伦敦住
Jack lived in London for six years.先不住伦敦了
I have never played golf in my life.I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成:
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am working.You are working.He(she)is working.We(you,they)are working.I am not working.You are not working.He(she)is not working.We(you,they)are not working.Am I working?Are you working?Is he(she)working?Are we(you,they)working?
现在分词的构成,是在动词原形上加—ing, 但是应该注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing 动词以 —ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
动词为单音节:以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
动词为双音节或者多音节:最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting 以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
现在进行时的功用
1)表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.Let’s get out.It isn’t raining any more.2)表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。
3)表示最近的确定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.Oh, is she? What time is she arriving? At 10:15.Are you meeting her at the station? I can’t.I’m working tomorrow morning.以上句子也可以用be going to(do)的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候,用现在进行时态显得更加自然,除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此,切不可用will, 如:
Alex is getting married next month.不能用 will get married.4)和always 连用表示某种情绪,可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬,如:
Tom is always going away for weekends.My husband is always doing homework.有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作,一般不用于进行时。例如,我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know.常见的这类动词有:
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信)suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have(拥有)belong
To understand is to accept.理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow? I remember him very well.I think I understand what he wants.一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情
现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情,如:
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.Where’s Tom?-------He is playing tennis.What do you do? 你是干什么工作的?
What are you doing here? 你在这里干什么?
一般现在时是表示经久的情况,而现在进行时表示的是暂时的,如:
My parents live in Shanghai.They have been there for 50 years.She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.过去进行时
过去进行时的构成形式为:
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 动词的现在分词
过去进行时的功用
1)表示在过去某个时间后者某段时间正在进行的动作,如:
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.This time last year I was living in Shanghai.What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
2)过去进行时和一般过去时连用,表示在一个动作发生的过程中,发生了另一个动作,如:
It was raining when I got up.I fell asleep when I was watching television.3)过去一般时所说明的动作是已经完成的,而过去进行时不表示正在进行的动作一定会完成,如:
Tom was cooking the dinner.Tom cooked the dinner.现在完成进行时
其构成形式如下:
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下:
1)表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如:
Ann is very tired.She has been working hard.Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2)表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如:
It has been raining for two hours.(现在还在下)Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.3)表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.4)现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如:
Tom’s hands are very dirty.He has been repairing the car.The car is going again now.Tom has repaired it.
第三篇:高中英语时态总结
一般现在时
经常发生或反复发生的动作
现实的情况或状态
永恒的真理
She works eight hours a day.He is a law student
It snows in winter
静态动词、短暂动词用于一般现在时
现在进行时
一般表示状态、感觉的动词不能用于进行时,但
She looks tired
she is looking at bird
The juice tastes good
I’m tasting the wine
My house stands by the river
He’s standing on a chair
表示将来:多指以计划安排好的事
I’m flying to Hon Kong tomorrow.一般将来时
表示未来情况的方法:
Will be
Be going to :打算做某事I’m going to buy you some flowers.从形式上看,某事要发生It’s going to rain.现在进行时 :计划、准备要做某事 I’m leaving.一般现在时:按计划要发生的事,尤其以事物作主语时The train leaves at 10:35.Be about to :已经决定而且立即要发生的事 Turn off the gas----the soup is about to boil over.Shall 主要用于第一人称后,构成疑问句,询问对方意见:what time shall I come?
将来进行时:will+be+doing
一般过去时:表示过去发生的动作
过去进行时:过去某时的一个动作正在进行;描绘一幅景象。was/were + doing;This time tomorrow we will be sitting in the cinema and watching a film.现在完成时:have/has+ 过去分词:表示一件已发生的事,这事往往与现在有联系;常和just, already,yet,recently,over这类副词连用;和过去到现在这段时间的状语连用;since,for,how long引导的状语连用;表示持续到现在的状态。
This is the best film that I’ve seen.Have been to 到过某地
Have gone to 到某地去了
过去完成时:had + 过去分词(过去的过去)过去某时前某事已发生
It was the first time I have been in a foreign country.
第四篇:高中英语时态 教案
高中英语教案 时态总结
一、时态的内涵
Tense翻译为时态,包含时间+状态两个方面。
时间的划分:过去,现在,将来 状态的划分:一般,进行,完成
状态——实意动词:
四种形式 例:go, went, gone, going 四种形式各有分工 一般:go, went 进行:going 完成:gone 例: 一般
I go to school every day.I went to school yesterday.进行
we are learning English.I was learning English when you called me yesterday.完成
We have had breakfast.I had had breakfast by 8 this morning.时间——助动词
时助动词(Auxiliary verb)do, be, will, have持续性动作动词动作性动词(dynamic verb)时态态状态性动词(stativeverb)瞬间性动作动词客观状态动词心理状态动词
那接下来又有新的问题了。比如说,现在分词,它只有一种形式,如going ,或者learning, 那我们时间又不一样,有过去进行的,现在进行的,比如刚才的两个例句,we are learning English, 我们用的是 are.I was learning English yesterday when you called me.用的是was.所以我们发现,learning是没有变化的,但前面这个are, was是变化的。它们的变化就把这个时间讲清楚了。而它呢,位于learning实意动词之前的这个,叫助动词。也就是说,be,是个助动词。如果我问be是什么词?很多同学肯定会说be是系动词,其实be又是助动词,又是系动词,这里的be就是助动词。大家该如何理解呢,看这里,一个实意动词,只能把状态讲清楚,但因为一个状态里面,有不同的时间,比如进行,有过去进行,现在进行,和将来进行,而实意动词本身不能把这个时间讲清楚,于是就借助于,求助于,助动词来帮忙,所以这个词就叫做助动词。
那助动词是怎么分配的呢,答案直接告诉大家:一般do,进行时be,完成时 have,将来时 will。通过do,be,have,will不同的形式变化,就把时间给讲清楚了。好,现在造几个句子,你们就有感觉了。
第一句话:我每天都去学校。I go to school every day.我昨天去了学校
I went to school yesterday.好,这是肯定句,那要是否定句呢。我不是每天都去学校。
I don’t go to school every day.是不是加了do这个助动词表达否定概念。
如果说我昨天没去学校,怎么说呢?
I didn’t go to school yesterday.这里有人可能有疑问,问什么肯定句是went,而否定句就是 go,为什么就还原成原形了呢?很多人没有想过这个问题,或者想了没有想明白这个问题。其实很简单,大家想一下,否定句中,这个did not,did是不是就已经表达出过去的意思了?所以go就不需要再重复的来体现一般过去时了。而在肯定句里面,在没有助动词的情况下,只能靠go自己用过去式went来体现它的一般过去这个时间。所以我们只要在一个点上可以体现出来就行了。不需要重复体现它的时间,明白了吗?
这就是为什么否定句、疑问句中用了did之后,后面的动词要还原的原因。因为did已经告诉我们它是个一般过去时了。清楚了吗?
好,到这里,我们总结一下,英语中tense,这个时态,我们要把两个问题讲清楚,一个是时间,一个是状态,我们把时间讲清楚,靠的是助动词,把状态讲清楚,靠的是实意动词四种形式,其中原形和过去式用来表达一般状态,动词的现在分词形式用来表达进行状态,动词的过去分词形式用来表达完成状态,于是时间和状态都讲清楚了,那么时态就讲清楚了。
现在来造几个句子,运用一下上面的知识。
I do homework every day.I do not do homework every day.这两个do词性是一样的吗?
第一个是助动词,只起语法作用,翻译不出来,第二个是实意动词。这两个do叫什么呢,同音同形异义词,把这个概念理解了,你就清楚了。归根结底,这是两个单词,而不是一个单词,只不过长的一样,发音一样。
I have had breakfast I had had breakfast by 8 this morning.现在我们来用这么一个时态造句:现在完成进行时,这算简单句中比较难的一个句子。比如说这样一句话
到现在为止,我学英语已经学了十年了。(并没有结束,还要继续学。)现在完成 have +过去分词 进行 be +现在分词 have/has been + v-ing I have been studying English for ten years
将来完成进行时
I will have been studying English for ten years by the end of this year.过去完成进行时
I had been studying English for ten years by the end of last year.再次总结。规则:时间+状态。
一、十六种时态
时态-Tense状态时间现在present过去past将来future过去将来past future一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时进行continuous完成perfect完成进行perfect continuous现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时 1.一般现在时 the present tense 2.一般过去时 the past tense 3.一般将来时 the future tense 4.一般过去将来时 the past future tense 5.现在进行时 the present continuous tense 6.过去进行时 the past continuous tense 7.将来进行时 the future continuous tense 8.过去将来进行时 the past future continuous tense 9.现在完成时 the present perfect tense 10.过去完成时 the past perfect tense 11.将来完成时 the future perfect tense
12.过去将来完成时 the past future perfect tense
13.现在完成进行时 the present perfect continuous tense 14.过去完成进行时 the past perfect continuous tense 15.将来完成进行时 the future perfect continuous tense
16.过去将来完成进行时 the past future perfect continuous tense
二、时态的表达:需要借助助动词和实意动词
一般现在:I watch TV everyday.一般过去:I watched TV last night.Be 现在进行:I am watching TV now.过去进行:I was watching TV at eight last night.Will 一般将来:I will watch TV tonight.Have 现在完成:I have watched TV.注意: 1.I watched TV last night.I didn’t watch TV last night.didn’t 已经体现了过去的意思,故watch就变为原形,不必重复体现时间。
2.同音同形异义词 I do homework everyday.I do not do homework everyday.助动词do-只起语法作用,没有实际意义 实意动词do – 实际意义:做
I had had my breakfast by 8 a.m.yesterday.时态-Tense状态一般进行完成完成进行时间现在do / gobe / goinghave / gonehave been / gone过去did / wentwas, were / goinghad / gonehad been / gone将来willwill bewill havewill have been过去将来wouldwould bewould havewould have been
过去将来完成进行时
一、结构形式
过去完成进行时由“would have been+现在分词”构成。
二、用法归纳
过去将来完成进行时表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间。动作是否继续下去,由上下文决定。如:
He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.他说到了春季学期末,他就学了三年英语了。
I want you thinking of food and wine, because these last years would have been miserable for you.我要你只想吃喝,因为最近几年你的生活够苦的。
在间接引语中,将来完成进行时通常要改为过去将来完成进行时。如: I know by this time next week you’ll have been working here for 30 years.→I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.She will have been teaching in this university for 20 years by this summer.→She told me she’d have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer.
第五篇:初中英语语法时态总结
初中英语语法动词时态总结 一、一般现在时
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I don't want so much.我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。二、一般过去时
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了”。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb.did sth.“时间已迟了” “早该……了”,例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在
。例如:I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下。2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? 11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯,或“习惯于”,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't
答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。三、一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b.计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c.有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5)be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6)be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)7)一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.车来了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.铃响了。3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比尔来后,让他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里,就写信给你。4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。8)现在进行时标将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
四、现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4)用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that I've(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题
(1)---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming
答案B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.6(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.5)比较since 和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错)Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.6)since的四种用法
1)since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989.1989起,我一直在这儿。2)since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿,已经有五个月了。3)since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后,变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后,变化可大了。4)It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。7)延续性动词与瞬间动词 1)用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)
I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题
1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet
答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be
答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
五、过去完成时
1)概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在 2)用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如: She said(that)she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c.表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本…,未能…”。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B,were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left
答案D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前,因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我刚打开门,他就打了我。had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。4)一般过去时代替过去完成时
1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、将来完成时
1)构成will have done 2)概念
a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
七、现在进行时
1)现在进行时的基本用法:
a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。
b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。
d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。2)不用进行时的动词
1)事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers.我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister.这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help.我需要你的帮助。He loves her very much.他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice.我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired.你看上去有点累。
八、过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3)常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。典型例题
1)Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2)As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading; fell C.was reading; was falling D.read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 “在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
动词时态形式一览表