初中英语语法总结(动词的时态)

第一篇：初中英语语法总结(动词的时态)

初中英语语法总结(动词的时态)

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。

例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点

离开家。

2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用

一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。

I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行 的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客 观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了”。

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。句型：It is time that sb.did sth.“时间已迟了” “早该……了”，例如: It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。句型：would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。

比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：

Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？

11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。

例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。

be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名 词或动名词。

例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。

典型例题

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。

11.4 一般将来时

1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？

2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。

例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b.计划，安排要发生的事。

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。

例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的

时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好准备

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你脱下衣服,我们将在镜子前帮你穿上新衣服 11.6 be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或 计划。例如：

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）11.7 一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时 可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。

2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.车来了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。11.8 用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时 可以表示将来。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 11.9 现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还 存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。

11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现 在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语 连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）

I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time … that… 结构中的从句部分，用现在 完成时。

例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。

典型例题

（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。注意： 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发

生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。(延续)I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。(开始时间)注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.（我现在已不在这里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

1）（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四种用法

1）since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。

例如： I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。2）since +一段时间+ ago。

例如： I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。

3）since +从句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后，变化可大了。

4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1）用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时 间状语连用。例如：

He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2）用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示 “到……，才……”。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。

再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。11.15 过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去

----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时 以前 那时 现在 2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一 般过去时。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。

c.表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。

3）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题 ：

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。

注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打了我。

had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时

1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.我听到这个消息后，很兴奋。3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老师告诉我们，哥伦比亚在1492年发现美州。11.17 将来完成时

第二篇：英语语法—动词时态（推荐）

动词时态

英语语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。动词时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段，即：“现在、进行、过去、将来”四种；所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态，有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态四种。由时态结合，便形成下列十六种时态： 一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时； 现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时； 现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时；

现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时． 一般现在时

1.概念：表示经常发生的情况、有规律出现的情况、总是发生的事和事实真理。2.时间状语：Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week(day, year, month„），once a week(day, year, month„），on Sundays（on Mondays „）.3.基本结构：主语 + do/does +其他；（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）。

4.否定形式：主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他（此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词）。5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。6.例句：（1）It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。

（2）He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。（3）Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。一般过去时

1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month„），in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本结构：主语 + 动词的过去式或be的过去式+名词。

4.否定形式：主语 + was/were + not + 其他(在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词)。5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。6.例句：（1）She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。（2）I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。一般将来时

1.概念：表示将要发生的动作、打算、计划或准备做某事。

2.标志：Tomorrow, soon, in a few minutes,，the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本结构：（1）主语 + am/is/are + going to + do sth（2）主语 + will/shall + do + do sth 4.否定句：在系动词is/am/are或情态动词will/shall后加not 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。{首字母大写} 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。

It is going to rain.天要下雨了。一般过去将来时

1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。2.时间状语：The next day(morning , year„），the following month(week„），etc.3.基本结构：主语 + was/were + going to + do + 其它；主语 + would/should + do +其它 4.否定形式：主语 + was/were + not + going to + do;主语 + would/should + not + do.5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。6.例句：（1）He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。（2）I asked who was going there.我问，谁要去那里。现在进行时

1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc.look, listen 3.基本结构：主语+ be + doing + 其它

4.否定形式：主语 + be + not +doing + 其它 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

6.例句：How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何？ He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。过去进行时

1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构主语+was/were +doing +其它

4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其它 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。（第一个字母大写）

6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时，我正在读报纸。将来进行时

1.概念：表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。

2.时间状语：Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，in two days, tomorrow evening 3.基本结构：主语 + shall/will + be + 现在分词 + 其它

4.否定形式：主语 + shall/will + not + be + 现在分词 + 其它

5.例句：This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间，他们正坐在电影院。

He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。过去将来进行时 1.概念：表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，主要用于宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中。2.基本结构：should/would + be + 现在分词

3.例句：They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。

He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。现在完成时

1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。2.时间状语：yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 时间点，for + 时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3.基本结构：主语 + have/has + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它

4.否定形式：主语 + have/has + not + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它 5.一般疑问句：have或has放句首。

6.例句：I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。

The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年，农村发生了巨大的变化。过去完成时

1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year(term, month„），etc.3.基本结构：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它

4.否定形式：主语 + had + not +p.p（过去分词）+ 其它 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。

6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候，火车已经开走了。

By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底，我们已经复习了四本书。基本结构：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它 ①肯定句：主语 + had + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它

②否定句：主语 + had + not + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它 ③一般疑问句：Had +主语 + p.p（过去分词）+其它 ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 将来完成时

1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of + 时间短语（将来）；by the time + 从句（将来）3.基本结构：主语 + be going to/will/shall + have + p.p（过去分词）+ 其它 4例句：By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候，就将发生巨大的变化。过去将来完成时

1.概念：表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作，常用在虚拟语气中，表示与过去的事实相反。

2.基本结构：should/would have done sth.3.例句：I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。

He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。现在完成进行时

1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。

2.基本结构：主语 + have/has + been + doing + 其它 3.时间状语：since + 时间点，for + 时间段等。

4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。

The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起，孩子们一直看电视。过去完成进行时

1.概念：表示某个正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束。

2.基本结构：主语 + had + been + doing + 其它

3.例子：She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？ 4.特殊含义：①尚未完成：He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。（他没写完）②企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。（他曾努力学习过它）③未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。（但是我们没有理解）

④最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。（最近）⑤反复动作：He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。（屡次）⑥情绪：What had he been doing？他做了什么 将来完成进行时

1.概念：表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。

2.基本结构：shall/will have been doing 3.例子：I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了。

If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there.咱们如不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。过去将来完成进行时

1.概念：表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。2.基本结构：should/would + have + been +现在分词

3.例子：He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我，到年底时，他就在那住了30年了。

第三篇：初中英语语法时态总结

初中英语语法动词时态总结 一、一般现在时

1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。二、一般过去时

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb.did sth.“时间已迟了” “早该……了”，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在

。例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。

比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）

Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 11.3 used to / be used to

used to + do：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。

be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：

He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't

答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。三、一般将来时

1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5）be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6）be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）7）一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.车来了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。8）现在进行时标将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？

四、现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。

共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）

I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）

He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4）用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题

（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming

答案B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.6（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.5)比较since 和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.（我现在已不在这里工作。）

I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.6)since的四种用法

1）since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：

I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。2）since +一段时间+ ago。例如：

I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3）since +从句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后，变化可大了。4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。7）延续性动词与瞬间动词 1）用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：

He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）

I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2）用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet

答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be

答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

五、过去完成时

1）概念：表示过去的过去

----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在 2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。

c.表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”。例如：

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。

3）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left

答案D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。

注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打了我。had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。4）一般过去时代替过去完成时

1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、将来完成时

1）构成will have done 2）概念

a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了。

七、现在进行时

1）现在进行时的基本用法：

a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。

b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：

Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）

c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。

d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。2）不用进行时的动词

1）事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers.我有两兄弟。

This house belongs to my sister.这房子是我姐的。

2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help.我需要你的帮助。He loves her very much.他爱她很深。

3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：

I accept your advice.我接受你的劝告。

4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：

You seem a little tired.你看上去有点累。

八、过去进行时

1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。

3）常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。

It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。典型例题

1）Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。

2）As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read；was falling B.was reading； fell C.was reading； was falling D.read；fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 “在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。

动词时态形式一览表

第四篇：初中英语语法练习动词时态专项训练..

初中英语语法练习动词时态专项训练

一、用所给词的适当形式填空：

1．He______swimming in the river every day in summer.(go)2.It________you are right.(seem)3.Look, the children______ basketball on the playground.(play)4.He______to the radio when I came in,(listen)5.It is very cold.I think it______.(rain)6.—I need some paper.—I______ some for you.(bring)7.I can’t find my pen.Who______it ?(take)8.He said that he______back in five minutes.(come)9.I didn’t meet him.He______ when I got there.(leave)10.I______my bike, so I have to walk to school.(lose)11.He______down and began to read his newspaper.(sit)12.He is very hungry.He_________ anything for three days.(not eat)13.I______with you if I have time.(go)14.We will go to the cinema if it______fine.(be)15.I will tell her the news when she______to see me next week.(come)16.“ When______you______the car ?” “ In 1998.”(buy)17.We______good friends since we met at school.（be）18.What______you______ at five yesterday afternoon ?(do)19.The bike is nice.How much______it______?(cost)

二、选择最佳答案填空

（）1.We’ll go swimming if the weather______fine tomorrow.A.is B.was C.will be D.is going to be（）2.It______five years since he has left for Beijing.A.was B.has been C.is D.is going to be（）3.Please don’t leave the office until your friend______back.A.came B.comes C.have come D.will come（）4.By the end of last year he______about 1500 English words.A.learns B.learned C.was learning D.had learned（）5.Listen!Someone______in the next room.A.cried B.crying C.is crying D.has cried（）6.You must tell him the news as soon as you______him.A.see B.sees C.will see D.is seeing（）7.He told me that he______to see us the next day.A.comes B.came C.will come D.would come（）8.We can’t find him anywhere.Perhaps he______home.A.is going B.went C.has come D.would come（）9.The teacher told us that the sun______bigger than the earth.A.is B.was C.has been D.will be

（）10.Could you tell me where the railway station______? A.was B.is C.will be D.would be（）11.We______to the Great Wall several times.A.go B.were going C.have gone D.have been

（）12.It seemed that the old man______for something over there.A.looks B.looked C.was looking D.has looked（）13.He was sure that he______his wallet in the office.A.left B.would leave C.had left D.has left（）14.You must study hard if you______ want to fail the exam.A.won’t B.don’t C.haven’t D.hadn’t

（）15.—I’m afraid you can’t sit here.—Sorry , I______know.A.don’t B.won’t C.can’t D.didn’t

（）16.As she______the newspaper , Granny______asleep.A.read , was falling B.fell C.was reading , was falling D.read , fell（）17.—Jim is not coming tonight.—But he______!A.promises（许诺）B.promised C.will promise D.had promised（）18.—What’s her name? —I______.A.forget B.forgot C.had forgotten D.am forgetting

三、动词时态能力综合测试

（）1.He often______his clothes on Sundays.A.washing B.washes C.has washed D.wash（）2.I’m Chinese.Where______from?

A.do you come B.you are coming C.you come D.are you coming（）3.May______to school.A.never walks B.is never walking C.walk never D.never is walking（）4.We will start as soon as our teacher______.A.comes B.will come C.come D.is coming（）5.How long ago______playing football? A.have you stopped B.had you stopped C.did you stop D.do you stop（）6.It______ hard when I left my house.A.is raining B.rains C.was raining D.will rain（）7.I think this question______to answer.A.easy B.is easy C.was easy D.will easy（）8.Don’t talk so loudly.Your father______.A.sleeps B.is sleeping C.slept D.had slept（）9.How many people does the doctor know who______of the disease(疾病)？ A.are dying B.is dying C.has died D.dies（）10.I______my homework now.A.finish B.finished C.have finished D.had finished

（）11.He______for three years.A.has joined B.has been in the army C.joined D.has served the army（）12.His grandfather______for thirty years.A.died B.was dead C.has been dead D.has died（）13.I______ from my brother for a long time.A.not have heard B.have not heard C.have heard not D.do not hear（）14.Maths, one of the most important subjects, ______always interested him.A.has B.have C.are D.is

（）15.—Did your brother go to America last year? —______.A.No , he did never go there B.No , he has never gone here C.No , he never was there D.No , he’s never been there（）16.He______ that factory since 1958.A.has left B.has worked in C.has gone from D.has come to C.have happened D.are taken place（）17.Our teacher______to Beijing three times.A.went B.had gone C.has gone D.has been（）18.Last week John______his leg.A.felt and broken B.fell and broke C.feels and breaks D.fallen and broken

（）19.Jack______his thick coat because it was snowing.A.puts on B.put on C.takes on D.took on（）20.He______the picture on the wall.A.hanged B.hung C.has hanged D.was hanged（）21.Next month______twenty five.A.has my sister B.my sister will be C.my sister shall have D.my sister is going to be

（）22.You______her again in a few weeks.A.will see B.have seen C.had seen D.have been seen（）23.By the end of last term we______English for two years.A.have studied B.have been studied C.would studied D.had studied（）24.Mrs Brown______in New York for three years before she went to London.A.lived B.had lived C.has lived D.will live（）25.When we arrived , the dinner______.A.already began B.has already begun C.had already begun D.was just begun（）26.I will go home for the holiday as soon as I______ my exams.A.will finish B.finish C.finishing D.finished（）27.When______, I’ll talk to him.A.does Peter come B.Peter will come C.Peter comes D.can Peter come（）28.My sister______to see me.She’ll be here soon.A.comes B.is coming C.had come D.came（）29.They said they______our answer the next day.A.had heard B.would hear of C.would hear D.will hear（）30.The old man said that light______faster than sound.A.went B.will go C.travels D.will travel 答案：

一、1.goes 2.seems 3.are playing 4.was listening 5.is raining 6.will bring 7.took 8.would come 9.has left 10.lost 11.sat 12.hasn't eaten 13.will go 14.is 15.comes 16.did buy 17.have been 18.were doing 19.does cost

二、1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A

三、1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.C 中考英语综合填空题专项训练01.附详解

用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，使短文正确、通顺。每词限填一次。

on，friend，ask，and，have，until，but，cheap，invite，in，mother，beautiful，much，because，put

We are going to have a party in our house this evening.It is my（1）______ birthday，and she has（2）______ my uncles and aunts and some of her（3）______.Mother and I are（4）______ to cook most of the food for the party，and father is getting the drinks.The living-room looks very pretty.Balloons of all colours are hanging from the lights（5）______ we have taken the carpets away（6）______ we are going to dance there after dinner.In the dining-room we have（7）______ out the best plates and glasses and tablecloths，and it all looks（8）______.We are going to have soup，fish，chicken，fruit and cheese.We are going to dance（9）______ midnight，and after that，we will have（10）______ food，because we will be hungry after all that dancing.Last year my mother（11）______ her birthday party in a restaurant，（12）______ it is pleasanter and（13）______ at home.When it is my birthday，I am going to invite my friends and have a party in the garden.I will hang pretty lights（14）______ the trees and we will grill our food in the garden and

6.because.前后又都是句子，且为转折关系，所以用连词but.dance（15）______ the grass.「答案与解析」

本文讲述的是即将为母亲的生日party作准备的事情，以及对去年母亲生日party的回顾和对本人生日的设想。

1.mother‘s.从与前后的单词的搭配来看应填“某人的”，在方框中只有friend’s和mother‘s两个；由下文的描述，特别是第三段的第一句，可知应填mother’s.2.invited.因为要举行party，自然就会邀请亲朋好友。由前面的has可知要用现在完成时表示已经邀请了，所以用invite的过去分词invited.3.friends.见上题。

4.asked.由are可知，用ask sb to do sth的被动式，所以用过去分词。

5.and.两句之间一定是选连词，两句之间是并列关系用and.7.put.首先应判断用动词，又从后面的the best plates and glasses等可知应是已经

“摆放”出来，所以用put的过去分词put.8.beautiful.摆放的是最好的东西，房间看起来自然就是美的。

9.until.表示某种动用一直延续到某个时候用until.10.more.由后文跳饿了，自然就会吃得更多。

11.had.与party搭配用have，因为是去年，所以用一般过去时had.12.but.前后是转折关系用but.13.cheaper.与形容词pleasanter并列的也一定是形容词，且为比较级，在方框中选

出cheap和beautiful，根据常识应是cheaper.14.in.表示在树上一般用介词in.注意表示在树上结的果子时又一般在on了。

15.on.跳舞当然是在草地上，所以用on.中考英语综合填空题专项训练02.附详解 根据短文内容在空格处填入一个适当的单词，使短文的意思完整，需填单词的第一个字母已经给出。

1.among.表示最高级的比较范围，意为“在……中”，一般用of或among，等介词，此处已有首字母a，所以是among.It is well-known that man is much cleverer than any animal.But which is the cleverest a_______（1）the animals？ Some scientists t_______（2）it should be Alex，an African 2.think.根据前面的提问有首字母t可知是think，表示“有的科学家认为最聪明的动物应当是Alex”。

grey parrot.He is unlike any other animal.He can really t_______（3）with people！

When he says “come here”，he really w_______（4）someone to come up to him.“

“Alex is as clever as a c_______（5）of 2 or 3 years old，” says Dr.Pepperberg.“He does not just repeat the s_______（6）he has been taught.He u_______（7）the words！”

Alex can tell about 50 d_______（8）things，name 7 colours and count from 1 to 6.Is the parrot actually thinking in the w_______（9）how man does？ Nobody can say.But the q_______（10）is very interesting.答案与解析

本文论述了非洲灰色鹦鹉被一些科学家认为是最聪明的动物。

3.talk.根据下文对他会讲会的描述和空格后的with，可知是talk with sb（同……

谈话）。

4.wants.根据前面的come here及后文的句式搭配可知是want sb to do sth（想要某人做某事）。

5.child.根据后面的两叁岁可知是小孩。

6.sounds.由前文的talk和后文的words可知是重复教他讲话的声音。

7.understands.从后文的描述可知，他不但会重复教他的声音而且还明白其意思。

8.different.根据things是复数及首字母的提示可知是指不同的（different）事物。9.way.根据句意“他的思维方式是否与的思维方式一样呢？”。搭配：in the way用这种方式。

10.question.上文“Is the parrot…？”提出的是一个问题。

中考英语综合填空题专项训练04.附详解

根据上下文和括号里的汉语提示，在下面的空白处写出正确的单词和短语，使短文意思完整。

Perhaps more than any other people，Americans have come to depend on their cars.The family car（1）______（一直是）a common thing（2）______（从……以来）the early twentieth century，and it has changed American life.Many people have moved（3）______（外面）of the large cities to the suburbs.Some Americans spend（4）______（每天两小时）or more in their cars（5）______（去上班）and home again.Cars have become the（6）______（工具）of transportation for most Americans going shopping，and even going on vacations.Americans（7）______（过去常常）like big cars，and gasoline used to be very inexpensive.Recently，（8）______（然而），the cost of gasoline has increased； smaller

cars have become（9）______（更常见）。Also foreign cars have become very common.Americans have bought（10）______（大量的）Japanese and German cars.They have bought cars from several other countries as well.「答案与解析」

美国多数人都拥有汽车，因此有“车轮上的民族”之称，本文就是讲美国人使用汽

车的一些情况的。

1.has been.句中无动词，由“是”可知要用be；结合第2题可知要用be的现在完成时态。

2.since.它引出的时间状语常与现在完成时连用。

3.outside.修饰动词moved要用副词outside；另外，短语outside of是“……的外面”。

4.two hours a day.注意表示单位时间的词“每天（a day）”要放后面。又如：每小时十公里ten kilometers an hour.5.going to work.注意与前面spend的句型搭配：spend…（in）doing sth 花多少时间或金钱做某事。6.means.注意means（工具、方法、手段）这本单词本身就是以s结尾的，且单复数同形，若作主语要根据句意来确定是单数还是复数。

7.used to.表示过去常常用“used to +动词原形”。

8.however.注意however是副词，且后面常有逗号；但是but是连词其后无逗号。

9.more common.后面省略了than big cars，所以用比较级；common的比较级是在前面加more.10.large numbers of.表示“大量的”还可用a large number of.中考英语综合填空题专项训练08.附详解

阅读下列短文，在每个空格处填入一个适当的英语单词，使短文在结构和意义上完整。

School education is very important and useful.Yet no one can _______（1）everything at school and a teacher cannot teach his _______（2）everything they want to know.His _______（3）is to show his students _______（4）to learn.He teaches them how to read

_______（5）how to think.So much more is to be learned outside school by the students _______（6）。

It is always more _______（7）to know how to study _______（8）oneself.It is quite _______（9）to learn something，but it is difficult to use it to solve problems.Great

inventors do not get everything _______（10）school，but they still can ______（11）

many things and change the world a lot.How can the inventors do all of this？ _______（12）of the answers is： they_______

（13）how to study.A lot of things are not _______（14）in the classroom.They got a lot _______（14）knowledge by reading outside school.They work hard and never give up all their lives.「答案与解析」

1.learn / study.由后文的at school可知是“学习”。

2.students / pupils.老师教当然是教他的学生。

3.work / job.结合全句的意思可知：老师的工作就是教会学生如何学习。4.how.见上题。

5.and.前后的how to read与how to think显然是并列关系，所以用and.6.themselves.句意：还有更多的知识要靠学生自己在出校门后自学。

7.important / necessary 句意：知道如何自学往往更重要或更必要。词组：teach by oneself自学。

8.by.见上题。

9.easy.因but表示前后是转折关系，后文是difficult，前文应当就是easy.10.at / in / from.句意：发明家们并没有在学校或从学校学到了一切。

11.invent / do / make 由前面的inventors和后文的“改变世界”可知，他们发明了许多东西。

12.One.从后文的答语和谓语动词is可知，是其中的一个答案。one of“……中的一个”。

13.know.第7空后有明显的提示：know how to study.14.taught / learnt / learned.由in the classroom可知是老师“教给”或自己“学到”，注意是被动语态，要用过去分词。

15.of.固定搭配：a lot of许多。

第五篇：高中英语语法精讲动词时态

高中英语语法精讲第一章动词时态

在英语中，不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，这就叫做动词的时态。一、一般时

一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。A.一般现在时

1． 一般现在时的构成

一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面要加-s或-es。

They want good jobs.他们想要好的工作。

The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。

This work does not satisfy me.这项工作我不满意。

Do you understand?

你懂了吗?

2．一般现在时的用法

①一般现在时的基本用法

a.表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态

He always takes a walk after supper.晚饭后他总是散散步。

Everyone is in high spirits now.现在大家都情绪高涨。

b.表示客观事实或普遍真理

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起在西方落下。

Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。

Time and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。

c.表示主语的特征、能力和状态

This cloth feels soft.1

这布摸上去很软。

I love classical music.我喜欢古典音乐。

The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。

d.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作

The meeting begins at 7:00.会议七点钟开始。

We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我们八点整离开这里。

e.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作

When you come next time, bring me some magazines.你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。

If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。

Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.不管他同意与否，我都会待在家里。

②一般现在时的特殊用法

a.用于新闻标题或图片说明中

China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful

中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功

Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow

劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科

b.用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中

Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。

Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.现在，看，我按下按扭，打开了这台机器。

c.表示告诫或劝说

You mind your own business.你不要管闲事！

If he does that again, he goes to prison.如果他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。

d.表示现在瞬间的动作

Here comes the bus.汽车来了。

There goes the bell.铃响了。

B．一般过去时

1． 一般过去时的构成

一般过去时是用动词的过去式来表示。

His words fetched a laugh from all present.他的话使在场的人都笑了。

I did not sleep well last night.我昨晚没睡好。

Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?

你告诉这位游客去旅馆的路了吗？

2．一般过去时的用法

①一般过去时的基本用法

a.表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态

He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。

The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.发动机因燃料用光而停机了。

注意：

在一般过去时的句子中，通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。

【误】I visited the Palace Museum.（在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样说）

【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.去年我参观过故宫博物院。

【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.我参观过故宫博物院。

b.表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态

I wrote home once a week at college.我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。

He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。

提示：

表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去式外，还可以用used to或would来表示。

She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.她上高三时经常学习到深夜。

He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。

c.表示过去连续发生的一系列动作

She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来。

The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.学生们很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语。

d.在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作

We would not leave until the teacher came back.老师回来我们才会离开。

She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话，她就不去了。

②一般过去时的特殊用法

a.在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态

It's time we went.是我们该走的时候了。

I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年轻20岁。

I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。

b.在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。

I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想请你帮个忙。

Might I come and see you tonight?

我想今晚来看你，好吗？

3．一般现在时和一般过去时的比较

一般现在时要和现在时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在”不相联系。

His father is a film director.他父亲是电影导演。（他现在还是）

His father was a film director.他父亲曾是电影导演。（他现在不是）

How do you like the novel?

你觉得这部小说怎么样？（还在看小说）

How did you like the novel?

你觉得这部小说怎么样？（已看完小说）

C．一般将来时

1． 一般将来时的构成

一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称，主要见于英国英语，现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成“'ll”，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。

I'll go and shut the door.我去关门。

When will you know your exam results?

你什么时候能知道考试结果？

I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙，所以我不会呆太久的。

提示：在you and I或both of us等短语后，只用will，不用shall。

You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到达那里。

Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我们俩明年中学毕业。

2．一般将来时的用法

①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态

I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。

There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天没有化学课。

They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他们可能去上海度假。

注意：

在口语中，常用will / shall + be doing结构来代替will / shall + 动词原形，以表示生动。

I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.我要去机场给一个朋友送行。

He'll be going with us tomorrow.他明天和我们一起去。

②表示将要反复发生的动作

My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。

The students will have five English classes per week this term.本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。

③表示同意或答应做某事

That bag looks heavy.I'll help you with it.这个包看起来很重，我来帮你提。

I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。

④表示一种倾向或推测

Flowers will die without water.没有水花会枯死的。

Water will change into ice at 0℃.水在零摄氏度就会结冰。

This will be your sister, I guess.我猜想这是你姐姐。

3．一般将来时的常用结构

①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句”中

Don't worry about the exam.I'm sure you'll pass.不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。

I wonder what will happen.我不知道将会发生什么事。

I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想这次测验不会太难。

②用于“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”中

Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力，就会成功的。

Go at once and you will see her.马上去，你就会见到她了。

③与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用

I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.他一到我就通知你。

If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他，他会帮助你的。

We shall go unless it rains.除非下雨，否则我们是要去的。4．将来时间的其他表达法

①be going to + 动词原形

“be going to+ 动词原形”这一结构常用于口语中。

a.表示决定或打算要做某事

I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。

Are you going to play basketball after class?

下课后你去打篮球吗？

He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他长大后要当医生。

What are you going to do today?

今天你打算做什么？

b.表示有迹象即将要发生什么事

Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。

The car is going to turn over.汽车要翻了！

There is going to be a snowstorm.将有一场暴风雪。

比较：

“be going to + 动词原形”与“will / shall + 动词原形”的区别

1．be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。

She is going to get better.她的病要好了。（有恢复健康的迹象）

She will get better.她的病会好的。（认为最终会恢复健康的）

2．will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的； be going to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。

—

George phoned while you were out.你外出的时候乔治打电话来的。

—

Ok.I'll phone him back.好的，我给他回电话。（临时决定）

—

Matthew phoned while you were out.你外出的时候马修打电话来了。

—

Yes, I know.I'm going to phone him back.是的，我知道了。我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）

但在正式文体中，要用will来表示事先安排的动作。

The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m..会议将在10点开始。

Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.从今天起9:30开始供应咖啡。

3．表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will或shall。

I feel terrible.I think I'm going to be sick.我觉得不舒服，我想我要生病了。

4．be going to 可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。

If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.如果你要出席会议，你最好现在就动身。

②be + 动词的-ing形式

“be + 动词的-ing形式”表示根据现在的计划或安排，预期将会发生某事，这种安排不容随意改变。在这一结构中，动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有即将发生之意。

He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.他几天后要动身去新疆。

I am dining out tonight.今晚我将出去吃饭。

The plane is taking off soon.飞机马上就要起飞了。

The old man is dying.那位老人快要死了。

比较：

“be + 动词的-ing形式”和“be going to + 动词原形”的异同

1．表示按计划发生的动作时，两者可互换。

We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

2．表示由于客观因素而产生的将来动作或状态时，用be going to结构，不用be + 动词的-ing形式。

You are going to fall if you climb that tree.如果你爬树的话，你会摔下来的。（不可说 You are falling if...）

Be careful.You are going to break that chair.当心！你会把那张椅子弄坏的。（不可说 You are breaking that chair）

③ be + 动词不定式

这一结构中的be，只有现在式(am, is, are)和过去式(was, were)两种形式。

a.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作

The highway is to be open to traffic in May.这条公路将在五月份通车。

Am I to take over his work?

我是不是要接管他的工作？

b.用于条件句中强调按计划或安排将要发生的动作

If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.如果我们乘坐5点的火车的话，那我们现在就得出发。

c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不许”。

You are to be back before 10 p.m..你必须在10点前回来。

You are not to go out alone at night.晚上你不能单独出去。

比较：

“be + 动词不定式”与“be going to+ 动词原形”的区别

1．“be going to+ 动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，“be + 动词不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事。

I'm going to try my best to write this article well.我将尽力把这篇文章写好。

Am I to wait here till their arrival?

我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗？

2．表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用“be going to+ 动词原形”，不用“be + 动词不定式”。

It's going to rain.天要下雨了。（不说It's to rain.）

Rachel is going to faint.雷切尔要晕倒了。④ 一般现在时

一般现在时可以用来表示将来时间，主要用法有：

a.表示由于日历或时刻表的规定而固定不变的或比较不易变更的将来时间发生的动作。

Tomorrow is Friday.明天是星期五。

What time does the next train leave for Paris?

下一班开往巴黎的火车几点出发？

b.在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时间的动作或状态。

I'll give the book to you after I finish it.我看完这本书就给你。

If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.如果他到了，我们就得到火车站去接他。

c.在hope, suppose等后面的宾语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来动作或状态。

I hope all is well with him.我希望他一切都好。

Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.我们明天还是去远足吧。

D．一般过去将来时

1．一般过去将来时的构成

一般过去将来时是由“should/would + 动词原形”构成的。

He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎。

They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业。

2．一般过去将来时的用法

一般过去将来时间的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作和状态。

a.一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中

He said they would arrange a party.他说他们将安排一个晚会。

I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我问他是否来帮我修电视机。

b.一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态

If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。

I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。

3．过去将来时间其他表达法

a.was/were going to +动词原形

He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.他说他退休后要住在农村。

They thought it was going to rain.他们认为天要下雨了。

b.was/were +动词的-ing形式

Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.没人知道客人们是否要来。

I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。

c.was/were +动词不定式

She said she was to clean the classroom after school.她说她放学后要打扫教室。

It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。

提示：

“was/were going to +动词原形”或“was/were + 动词不定式完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。

Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成）

I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（没有帮上忙）

d.was/were about to do

“was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。

I felt something terrible was about to happen.我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。

e.was/were on the point of doing

I'm glad you have come.I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。

提示：

“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连 用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。

I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.我正要动身天突然下雨了。

进行时

二、进行时

进行时表示动作正在进行，这个动作是暂时的，也是未完成的。进行时包括现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时。A．现在进行时

1．现在进行时的构成

现在进行时是由“am, is, are +现在分词”构成的。

I'm reading the evening newspaper.我正在看晚报。

Now it isn't snowing outside.现在外面不在下雪。

Are they playing soccer in the playground?

他们正在操场上踢足球吗？

2．现在进行时的用法 ①现在进行时的基本用法

a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作

通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语（now, at this moment），或通过Look/Listen!这两个提示语来表明此时此刻动作正在进行。

She is making a fire now.她正在生火。

Listen!Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.听！玛丽正在教室里唱英文歌。

b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作

They are planting trees on the hill these days.这几天他们正在山上种树。

I don't really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在这儿工作，我只是在新秘书来之前帮帮忙罢了。

c.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作

能这样用的动词并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等表示位置转移的动词。这种用法比较生动，给人以一种期待感。

Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.12

几天后简和贝蒂将出去度假。

Where are you staying in Guangzhou?

你到广州后准备住在哪里？

②现在进行时的特殊用法

a.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩

现在进行时往往与constantly, always, forever等状语连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。

She's constantly complaining.她不停地抱怨。

My brother is always leaving things about.我弟弟总是乱丢东西。

He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.他总是想着为学生多做些事情。

b.表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程

The house is falling down.房子正在倒下。

The weather is changing for the better.天气慢慢转好了。

注意：

有时表示一个动作刚刚开始。

I'm forgetting my English.我的英语开始忘了。

Food is costing more.食品贵了起来。

c.强调动作的重复

The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。

Someone is knocking at the door.有人不断地在敲门。

The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高兴地跳个不停。

d.表示两个动作是同一动作

He who helps others is helping himself.帮人就是帮自己。

If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.如果你坚持做这件事，你就是在干傻事。

e.be动词的进行时态

be动词一般不用于进行时态。但有时可用“am, is, are + being +形容词”结构表示暂时或故意如此。

The boy is being naughty.这孩子有点儿淘气。

I don't think you are being fair.我认为你不公平。

He is being modest.他现在很谦虚。

比较：

You are not polite.你不讲礼貌。（一贯如此）

You are not being polite.你可有点儿不礼貌了。（暂时的现象）

3.不用进行时态的动词

①表示状态的动词

这类动词有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。

This backpack belongs to me.这背包是我的。

He seems rather angry with you.看起来他很生你的气。

②表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词

这类动词有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。

I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不会来。

I still remember the days when we studied together.我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。

提示：

有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。

She's understanding you better now.她越来越了解你了。

③表示要求、心愿等意义的动词

这类动词有want, wish, need, desire等。

Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。

How I wish I were a bird！

我多希望我是一只鸟啊！

④表示继续或持续含义的动词

这类动词有continue, keep, last, go on等。

She still continues in poor health.她仍然身体很差。

Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。

⑤表示感觉的动词

这类动词有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。

The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来不错。

This flower smells nice.这花闻上去很香。

Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建议听上去有道理。

注意：

如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用进行时态。

She is tasting the apple.她正在尝苹果。

The dog is smelling the footprints.狗正在嗅脚印。

The bell is sounding for dinner.晚饭铃响了。

4．现在进行时和一般现在时的比较

①暂时性动作和经常性动作

The computer is working perfectly.计算机运转得很好。（暂时）

The computer works perfectly.计算机运转很好。（一直如此）

②持续性动作和短暂性动作

The bus is stopping.车停了下来。（渐渐地）

The bus stops.车停了。（迅速）

③暂时性动作和永久性动作

She is living in the country.她现在住在农村。（暂时）

She lives in the country.她住在农村。（永久）

④有感情色彩和没有感情色彩

He is doing well at school.他在学校表现很好。（赞扬）

He does well at school.他在学校表现很好。（一般事实）

B.过去进行时 1.过去进行时的构成

过去进行时是由“was / were +现在分词”构成的。

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

Were you expecting him yesterday?

你昨天一直在等他吗？

They were not talking when I came in.我进来的时候他们没在说话。2.过去进行时的用法

①过去进行时的基本用法

a.表示在过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发生

I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7点我正在吃晚饭。

She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.她弹钢琴时我在看报。

提示：

当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时。

We listened closely while the teacher read the text.老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。

b.表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作

We were talking about you the whole morning.我们整个上午都在说你。

He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在看电视。

c.表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事

He told me that he was going soon.他告诉我他很快就要走了。

She said she was leaving for New York the next month.她说她下个月动身去纽约。

②过去进行时的特殊用法

a.表示故事发生的背景

It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.那支医疗小组往前线行进时天正下着雪。

Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.汤姆乘没人注意时溜进了房间。

b.表示一个新的动作刚刚开始

过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。

Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。

The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.这婴儿在大声啼哭，突然，哭声停止了。

c.用来陈述原因或用作借口

She went to the doctor yesterday.She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。

I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。

d.与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩

The girl was always changing her mind.这女孩老是改变主意。

In the past he was constantly asking me for money.过去他总是向我要钱。

3．过去进行时与一般过去时的区别

①一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给朋友写了封信。（信写完了）

She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。（信不一定写完）

②一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。

She waved to me.她朝我挥了挥手。

She was waving to me.她不断地朝我挥手。

The boy jumped up and down.这男孩跳了一下。

The boy was jumping up and down.这男孩不停地跳着。

C.将来进行时

1．将来进行时的构成

将来进行时是由“shall/will + be +现在分词”构成的。

Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.We'll be having classes then.8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。

Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

今晚你用自行车吗？

She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.明天8点她不在开会。

2．将来进行时的用法

①将来进行时的基本用法

a.表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作

I'll be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。

They will be meeting us at the station.他们会在车站接我们的。

b.在口语中代替will/shall do

I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按时来。

I'll be seeing Mr.Smith tomorrow.我明天将见到史密斯先生。

The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部长将就国际事务发表演讲。

②将来进行时的特殊用法

a.表示原因、结果或猜测

Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。（表原因）

Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。（表结果）

You will be making a mistake.你会出错的。（表推测）

b.用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌

Will you be reading anything else?

你还要看点儿什么吗？

When shall we be meeting again?

我们什么时候再见面？

c.表示稍后一点儿的安排

The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.这星期我们学第三单元，下周我们将学第四单元。

My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任务在7月结束，之后我会回上海。

完成时

三、完成时

完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。

A．现在完成时

1．现在完成时的构成

现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。

I haven't seen much of her lately.我最近不常见到她。

How long have they been married?

他们结婚多长时间了？ 2．现在完成时的用法

①表示结果的现在完成时

现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。

I have bought a pen.我买了一支笔。（结果：I have a pen now.）

The temperature has increased by 10℃.19

温度上升了10摄氏度。（结果：It is quite hot now.）

Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.）

注意：

现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。

【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾）

【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我（过去）买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。

【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突）

【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。

②表示经历的现在完成时

强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。

Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

你去过长城吗？

I have visited Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少访问过十次了。

She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.她从未到海滨度过假。

③表示延续的现在完成时

这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。

He's loved fishing for a long time.他爱好钓鱼为时已久。（他现在仍爱好钓鱼）

I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在这儿住了三十多年了。（也许还会继续住下去）

注意：

现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词（主要是持续动词），也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。

I haven't seen a film for weeks.我已经好几个星期没看电影了。

She hasn't written to me since September.自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。

3．现在完成时的时间状语

①与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语

现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。

a.不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等

I've seen the film before.我以前看过这部电影。

Have you been there lately?

近来你去过那里吗?

b.频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等

We have never heard of that.我们从未听说过这事。

He has sometimes played tennis.他有时打网球。

Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本钟很少出差错。

c.包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等

I have just finished the letter now.我现在刚写完信。

You have just missed the bus.你刚好错过公共汽车。

Has he done much work today?

他今天做了很多工作吗？

比较：already和yet用法上的区别

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。

She has already gone.她早就走了。

Have you eaten your dinner already?

你已经吃过饭了?

He has not come yet.他还没有来。

②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语

与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连 用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。

a.since +具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始

Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。

He hasn't been home since he graduated.他毕业后就没回过家。

b.for +一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久

We have worked here for ages.我们在这里工作很久了。

There has been no rain here for nearly two months.这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。

c.until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment

到目前为止

I have not seen him so far.到目前为止我没见过他。

Up to the present, everything has been OK.到目前为止一切正常。

d.in/during the past/last five years

在刚刚过去的5年里

He has been away from school during the last few weeks.过去的几个星期里他没在学校。

In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。

e.all the while, all day一直，一整天

She has been busy all day.她忙了一整天。

4．现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。

He locked the door.他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。）

He has locked the door.他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。）

Who turned on the light?

谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。）

Who has turned on the light?

谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。）

②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿）

He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）

B．过去完成时

过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。

1．过去完成时的构成

过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。

Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。

The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before.飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。

Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的时候他已经回家了吗？

2．过去完成时的用法

①“已完成”用法

表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。

By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。

He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。

They came earlier than we had expected.他们到得比我们预料的要早。

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。

注意：

在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

The train(had)started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。

After he(had)arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

②“未完成”用法

表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。

Up to that time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。

John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。

She said she had made much progress since she came here.她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。

③“想象性”用法

过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。

If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。（事实上她没努力，也没成功。）

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。

The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。

④表示“刚刚……就……”

过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely...when..., no sooner...than...等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。提示：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。

I had meant to come, but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。

I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较

一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟车才来。

C．将来完成时

1．将来完成时的构成

将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。

Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。

He is somebody now.He will not have remembered his old classmates.他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。

Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？

2.将来完成时的用法

①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

Will you soon have finished laying the table?

你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？

注意：

在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。

When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。

Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.请待车停稳了再下车。

②表示推测

You will have heard of this, I guess.我想你已经听说过这件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了这个信息。

四、完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。

A.现在完成进行时

1．现在完成进行时的构成

现在完成进行时是由“have/has been +现在分词”构成的。

He is ill.He's been lying in bed for three weeks.他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。

Your eyes are red.Have you been crying?

你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？

What have you been doing all this time?

这半天你干什么来着？

2.现在完成进行时的用法

①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在

现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。

I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。

She has been reciting the words all the morning.她整个上午都在背单词。

This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。

②表示动作刚刚结束

My clothes are all wet.I've been working in the rain.我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。

He is dead drunk.He's been drinking with his friends.他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。

③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作

You've been saying that for five years.这话你已经说了五年了。

He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。

④表达较重的感情色彩

What have you been doing to my dictionary?

看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！

Time has been flying so quickly!

时间过得可真快啊！

Too much has been happening today.今天可真是个多事的日子。

3.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较

①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。

Have you been meeting him recently?

你最近常和他见面吗？

Have you met him recently?

你最近见到过他吗？

②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。

I have been waiting for you for two hours.我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）

I have waited for you for two hours.我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）

③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。

Who has been eating the oranges?

谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）

Who has eaten the oranges?

谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）

B.过去完成进行时

1.过去完成进行时的构成

过去完成进行时是由“had been +现在分词”构成。

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time?

他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？

Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。

2.过去完成进行时的用法

①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作 过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。

They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。

②表示反复的动作

He had been mentioning your name to me.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。

You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。

③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章）

The doctor asked what he had been eating.医生问他吃了什么。

I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。

④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。

She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。

3．过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较

She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。（强调结果）

She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。（强调动作一直在进行）