第一篇：初中英语语法动词二教案
第9单元 动词(二)
英语动词有十六种时态，但初中阶段常用的有八种，即：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时。
1．一般现在时
(1)一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但在第三人称单数时，谓语动词在词尾要加s或es，规则如下：
a.一般动词在词尾加-s(读音规律同名词变复数)，如：play-plays [],like-likes []
b.以字母s,x,ch,sh和o结尾的动词加-es，如：wash-washes [ｗ], teach-teaches [：]
c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，如：study-studies, fly-flies
(2)一般现在时的用法：
a.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
『例』 He gets up early every day. b.表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。
『例』 The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. c.表示客观事实和普遍真理。
『例』 The sun rises in the east.
d.在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
『例』 I'll tell her about it as soon as she comes back.
2．现在进行时
现在进行时表示说话时或目前正在进行的动作。它由“助动词be(am,is,are)+现在分词”构成。
『例』
The students are singing and dancing now.
现在分词构成如下：
a.一般情况词尾加-ing,如：look-looking, read-reading
b.以不发音的e结尾的词，去e再加-ing,如：ride-riding, leave-leaving
c.以重读闭音节结尾的单词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing, 如： run-running，swim-swimming，prefer-preferring等。但是，有些动词的现在进行时表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作，这些动词有go, come, leave, start, arrive, return等。『例』She is coming to see me next week.
3．现在完成时
现在完成时由助动词have/has+过去分词构成。动词过去分词的构成规则变化同它的过去式.
(1)现在完成时的用法：
a.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
『例』 We have already seen this film.
The plane hasn't arrived yet.
注意：already，just用于肯定句，yet用于疑问句或否定句。
b.表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段时间的状语连用，如for a week, since ten years ago等。
『例』 I have lived here since I was born.
He has worked in Shanghai for more than five years.
注意：有些动词代表一个短暂的动作，因而它在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，它们有：begin, start, come, go, buy，sell, die, open, close, join, borrow等。
『例』
His grandfather has died for ten years.由于die是个短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，这就要用be来表示连续状态： 『例』 His grandfather has been dead for ten years.列举数例将短暂性动词转换为延续性动词的表达法： Buy---have die---be deadfinish/end----be over join----be in/be+a+名词
fall in／get ill—be ill leave/move----be away from／be out of go out----be out
get up----be up get to know-----know
(2)have/has been to与have/has gone to的用法区别：
have/has been to表示去过某地现在已经返回，表示人已回来。
have/has gone to表示去某地了，可能已经到达，也可能在去的路上，表示人不在这儿。『例』—Where's Jim? —He's gone to Xi'an. I have been to Xi'an.
(3)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况，所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
『例』 I have read this book.(我了解书的内容) I read this book last year.(说明去年看的)
4．一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall/will加动词原形构成。shall(用于第一人称，will用于任何人称。表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间连用。如：tomorrow, next week等。但在表示准备、计划、打算做某事时，常用be going to加动词原形的结构。『例』 We're going to see Uncle Wang tomorrow.
5．一般过去时
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，表示过去发生的动作或状态。过去式分为规则变化和不规则变化。
规则变化：
6．过去进行时
过去进行时由was/were加现在分词构成，表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。常与表示过去某一时间的状语或when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语从句连用。
『例』
What were you doing at this time yesterday? My mother was cooking when I got home.
7．过去将来时
过去将来时由should/would加动词原形或was/were going to加动词原形构成，表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情，常用在宾语从句中。 『例』
I didn't know when he would come back.
8．过去完成时
过去完成时由had加过去分词构成，表示过去某一动作或时间以前已发生或完成的动作，也可指从过去某时开始到过去另一时为止的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。常用的时间状语有：
A.by last month, by the end of last term等； B.before he came here, when I got there.『例』 By the end of last term they had learned about twenty English songs. The film had already begun when we got there.
注意：before与ago的用法有区别。
before表示“距过去某时…以前”，即过去的过去，用于过去完成时； ago表示“距今…以前”，即从现在起的过去，用于一般过去时。
第二篇：初中英语语法动词三教案
第10单元 动词(三)
当谓语表示一个动作时，它与主语有两种不同的关系。若主语为动作的执行者时，主谓之间是主动关系，用主动语态；主语为动作的承受者时，主谓之间是被动关系，用被动语态。
被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，由助动词来表示不同的时态。过去分词的构成分规则与不规则两部分，规则动词的过去分词变化同动词的过去式.（一）几种不同的被动语态的结构 1．一般现在时的被动结构： be（isamare）+及物动词的过去分词 『例』 This desk is made of wood and metal. English is spoken by more and more people.2．一般过去时的被动结构： was/were+及物动词的过去分词
『例』 A window was broken yesterday. Those tall buildings were built in 1998.3．含情态动词的被动语态结构： 情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词
『例』The classroom must be kept clean and tidy every day.
The book can't be taken out of the reading room.注意：以上三种被动结构是初中阶段的重点，但初中阶段同时也出现了其他结构。见下面。
4．一般将来时的被动结构：
『例』
An English party will be held on New Year's Day.
Our TV set won't be mended until next Tuesday. 5．现在进行时的被动结构：
be（am／is／are）+being+及物动词的过去分词 『例』 A new school is being built. Too many trees are still being cut down.6．现在完成时的被动结构：
have/has + been + 及物动词的过去分词
『例』
More than thirty English songs have been taught since September.
The old man has been sent to the hospital.
注意：在初中阶段还出现的另三种时态的被动语态，要求理解。7．过去进行时的被动结构：
was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词 『例』
At that time the hall was being built.8．过去将来时的被动结构：
should/would +be + 及物动词的过去分词
『例』
He said the machine would be invented soon.9．过去完成时的被动结构： had+been+及物动词的过去分词
『例』When I remembered and went back for it, the bag had been taken away by someone.（二）被动语态的用法
1． 当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
『例』
The old woman was hit when she crossed the street. The apples will be picked next week. 2． 当以动作的承受者为谈话的中心时。
『例』
My glasses were broken by my little son.
The road must be swept by Class Two.
（三）主动语态变为被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
1． 在hear, see, watch, listen to, look at, feel等感官动词及make, have, let等使役动词的主动语态中，后面接不带to的不定式。但这些词变被动语态后，后面接的不定式须带to,(let通常不用被动语态)
『例』
Mum made Bill go to bed early.
Bill was made to go to bed early.
They watched the children sing that morning.
The children were watched to sing that morning.2． 带双宾语的主动语带变被动语态时，可以把其中一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一个宾语保留在谓语后面，多数是把间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。
『例』 a.Someone will give me a call tomorrow morning.
I will be given a call tomorrow morning.
A call will be given(to)me tomorrow morning.
b.I bought my son a new bike last year.
My son was bought a new bike last year.
A new bike was bought for my son last year.
注意：直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，间接宾语要为某个介词(如：to、for)的宾语，介词to可省掉(如例a),介词for不能省略(如例b)。
3． 当一个含有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的句子变为被动语态时，只能把宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语补足语不动。
『例』
They told him to help me.
He was told to help me.
We hear her singing a new song.
She was heard singing a new song.4． 动词短语变被动语态时，短语中的介词或副词不能省略。
『例』
You must take care of your books.
Yours books must be taken care of.
May I try on the coat?
May the coat be tried on?
5． 有些动词的主动形式表示被动意义。如：cook(做饭)、print(印刷)、sell(读)、miss(丢失)、build(建造)、copy(抄写)等，它们的进行时态就表示被动意义。
『例』
My bike is missing.
This kind of sweat is selling well.
再如有些不定式表示性质和可能性的形容词hard, easy, possible等或用于too...to, enough to结构中也表达被动意义。
『例』
The problem is too hard to work out.
The air is bad to breathe.
又如在某些动词(词组)中，用动词-ing形式作宾语，表示被动含义。
『例』
The Tianzi Mountain is worth seeing.
第三篇：初中英语语法动词一教案
第8单元 动词(一)
（一）动词的种类
动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。 1．行为动词
行为动词可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。『例』More and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2．连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。『例』 Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. It feels damp.
3．助动词
助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有be,do,have,shall,will等。『例』 How do you usually come to school? The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有can(could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。『例』 Can I help you?-Must we go now? –No, you needn’t.a.can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。
b.must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。 c．need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。
（二）动词不定式
动词不定式to do没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语，又可以在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、主语、表语等。但它毕竟是动词，因此，具有动词的许多特点，如它可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
1．作主语：
『例』To learn English is very important. 但实际上不定式作主语常用it来作形式主语，而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。如上句可表达为：It's very important to learn English.
2．作表语：
『例』 My idea is to ring him up at once.
3．作宾语：
『例』 I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4．作宾语补足语：
a.ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。『例』The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b.hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
『例』 We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c.let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。
『例』In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语，可带to也可不带to。『例』Can you help me(to)carry the heavy bag?
5．作定语。
a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词，后面的介词千万不要省略。
『例』 Maybe they have three rooms to live in. b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。
『例』 Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave. c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。
『例』 I have no time to play cards.
6．作状语，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。『例』 I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7．不定式复合结构“for sb.to do sth” 作主语时，常用“It is +adj+ for sb.to do sth” 的句式。It is interesting(difficult, hard, easy, important, dangerous, important, possible, late , time)for sb to do sth.『例』It's dangerous for you to ride so fast. It's very kind of you to help me.It is interesting for us to read this story.It’s late for me to have class.It is important for her to stay at school.形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever, right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb.to do sth.” It is kind(nice good careful careless)of sb to do sth.其他形容词用for。『例』 It is very kind of you to give me a hand.It is careless of him to do exercises.8．动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。『例』I don't know when to start.= I don't know when we'll start. He didn't tell me where to go.=He didn't tell me where he would go.I don’t know where to go.We knew who(whom)to ask.He wants to know what to do.I want to know why to stand there.
I didn’t know how to when to leave.Do you know how to answer this question? 注意：
a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式，只能接动词的-ing形式。
如：enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。『例』 The peasants are busy picking apples. Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些动词后可接不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式，但意思不同。『例』 Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做) Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作) They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
9.不定式的否定形式：
在to 前加not.(not to do sth.)
『例』 Ask her not to speak loudly.We found people not to throw it about.Tell the students not to make much noise.10.let , make, have，had better=’d better，will you please= would you please= could you
please(跟动词原形,否定式是在第二个动词原形前加not)
『例』 Let’s go.Let me see.Li Feng made the baby stop crying.Don’t have them be in trouble.You had better turn the radio down.Will you please sweep the floor?
Let us not talk.Make him not shout again.You’d better not come back.Will(Would)you please not follow me? Could you please not tell me about it?
11.wish 和hope 的用法：
希望做某事： hope to do sth.wish to do sth.希望某人做某事： wish sb to do sth hope+that 宾语从句 『例』 It hope to get an English dictionary.You wish to stay here.（你希望留在这。）We hope(that)we can see you again.= We hope to see you again.
第四篇：初中英语语法总结(动词的时态)
初中英语语法总结(动词的时态)
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。
例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点
离开家。
2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用
一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行 的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客 观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了”。
例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。句型：It is time that sb.did sth.“时间已迟了” “早该……了”，例如: It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。句型：would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。
例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名 词或动名词。
例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。
例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b.计划，安排要发生的事。
例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。
例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的
时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好准备
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你脱下衣服,我们将在镜子前帮你穿上新衣服 11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或 计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时 可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.车来了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时 可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还 存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现 在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语 连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time … that… 结构中的从句部分，用现在 完成时。
例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。注意： 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发
生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。(延续)I have lived here since I was born.我从出生起就住在这儿了。(开始时间)注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.（我现在已不在这里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四种用法
1）since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。
例如： I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。2）since +一段时间+ ago。
例如： I have been here since five months ago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3）since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我们走后，变化可大了。
4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有两年了。11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1）用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时 间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2）用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示 “到……，才……”。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题
1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。
再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。11.15 过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时 以前 那时 现在 2）用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一 般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c.表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题 ：
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.我听到这个消息后，很兴奋。3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老师告诉我们，哥伦比亚在1492年发现美州。11.17 将来完成时
第五篇：初中英语语法形容词副词二教案
第6单元 形容词和副词(二)
（一）形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法：
大多数形容词和副词都有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的原形称为原级；两人或两物之间，在性质或特征方面相比较时，用比较级；在三个或三个以上人或事物之间进行性质或特征方面的比较，用最高级。
注：有些形容词由于本身涵意的限制，没有比较级和最高级。如：dead, empty, round, sure, woolen等。
（二）使用比较级和最高级的几个要点 1．比较应在同类事物间进行 误：My hair is longer than you.
正：My hair is longer than yours.
为了避免重复累赘，比较状语从句中常有某些成分被省略，但作为“比较的对象”的成分不能省掉，否则会造成不合逻辑的比较。误句中you和my hair不属同类的东西比较，故要成yours(=your hair),这样便属同类比较了。
2．避免双重比较
误：His handwriting is more better than mine. 正：His handwriting is better than mine.
在比较级前加上more属重复比较，是错误的。
3．比较级和最高级前的修饰语不可误用
误：You can jump very higher on the moon than on the earth. 正：You can jump much/far higher on the moon than on the earth.
very不可与比较级或最高级连用，比较级前可用much, far, even, a lot, a little等来修饰。
4．最高级后的介词in与of
误：Xu Yang sings the best of her class. 正：Xu Yang sings the best in her class.
表示比较的范围的介词短语“in...”与“of...”在用法上是有区别的：
(1)in表示“在…内(指某范围内)”，其后接表示单位、组织、时间等概念的单数名词或代词。
(2)of表示“属性(指在同类人、物中)”，其后可接：
a.“the+基数词”或“the+基数词+名词复数”
Betty is the youngest of the three girls.
b.“all +the(one's)+名词复数”或“all(作代词)”
Lin Lan is the hardest of all.
5．形容词最高级前要用the
误：This TV play is best I have ever seen. 正：This TV play is the best I have ever seen.
形容词前必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可以用也可以不用the。
6．比较级前加the
误：Lucy is nicer of the two. 正：Lucy is the nicer of the two.
形容词的比较是对两种性质相同的人或事物的比较：如“A比B漂亮”，英语有两种译法：一是把A、B都说出来：A is nicer than B;另一种是只说出其中一个人：A is the nicer of the two.因此在“主语+谓语+the+比较级+of the two+复数名词”的句型中，比较级前的the不能省去。
7．比较要符合逻辑
误：Zhang Feng is shorter than any boy in his class.
正：Zhang Feng is shorter than any other boy in his class. 正：Zhang Feng is the shortest of all the boys in his class.
当比较的人或物超过两个时，我们使用“any other”或“the+最高级+of”的结构。误句中any boy(任何一个男孩)包括了Zhang Feng,而Zhang Feng不能比他本身还要矮。
8．主格和宾格问题
比较级than后应用人称代词的主格，但在非正式语体中常常用宾格，如：I am older than she.
I am older than her.(多用于口语中) 但有时意义有所不同。如：I like the boy better than her.(我喜欢那个男孩胜于喜欢她)
I like the boy better than she.(我比她更喜欢那个男孩)
9．同一个表示比较的句子，可以有不同的表达。 如：他是班上个子最高的。 He is the tallest in his class.
He is the tallest student in his class.
He is the tallest of the students in his class. He is taller than his classmates.
He is taller than any other student in his class.
He is taller than any of the other students in his class. He is taller than any of the others in his class. He is taller than all of the others in his class. He is taller than all the others in his class. He is taller than anybody else in his class. Nobody else in the class is as tall as he. No one is taller than him in his class.
Nobody else is as tall as he in his class.
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