初中英语语法讲座

第一篇：初中英语语法讲座

这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别初中英语语法讲座

是针对同学不易掌握的方面。

一、名词 关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。

┌单数---可用

在元音发音开头的单词前用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，an，名词的根据数 可数名词└复数

而不是a

1.(1)复数的构成方法：不可数名词

(2)一般在复数名词后加

s，如：(3)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加dog--dogses，如：。watch--watches

。请区别：如果是元音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，monkey--monkeysy结尾的名词，则只须加变y为i加es，如：country--countries s如：。(4)复数。以o结尾的名词。

只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es 构成(5)2.以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加Japanese--Japanese

单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish—esfish, Chinese--Chinese，如：knife--knives。，3.(2)man--men特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teethFrenchman--Frenchmen，woman--women，policeman--policemen,，foot--feet 请区别：(3)childGerman(德国人)--Germans 4.子常以复数形式出现的名词：—children

people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(语，用复数。)glasses(眼镜裤如：),这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓5.握的，My clothes are(be)newer than yours.理No news is good news.)

应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物6.等来修饰可数名词复数。可用，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，anyHow many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)

1.应特别记

常见的不可数名词有：

water，rice，fish，meat，等。medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.3.如：不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。可数名词。常用Somehow much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any breadover there.(be)

等来修饰不4.片面包”这样的意义，常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两则可加请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果s。即：two pieces of bread

bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而pieceapples

three boxes of 例：2

1、Thesetwopieces ofbreadareoverthere.(be)A.piece of bread、Could I have three ,please？

名词的格breadB..piece of breadsC.pieces of

D.pieces of breads 名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→译为“…的”，若遇上以讲座

可。如：名词的所有格，仍按惯例加Teachers' Day ,two weeks' holidays结尾的复数名词，则在 Tom's，而不以ss后加“ '”即结尾的复数关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：'s。如：Children's Day 1.doctor's 可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunt's

我姑姑家。go to the 2.西和莉莉的表示两人共同拥有，去医生家。在最后一个名词后加's如：3.个朋友掌握词组：

Lucy and Lily's 露

a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一eg;The white shirt is and blue one is my

A、Kate ,myB.Kate's ,mineC.Kate ,mineD.Kate's,二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌

握其基本用法，中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.2.冠词指不定冠词

car.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，a, an和定冠词the

如：3.4.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词请区别：a useful machine

an hour, an English the earth

在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the

the.如：the sun ,the moon, 5.如：定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。6.the first, the best ,in the south

如：在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。7.8.在介词短语中常用定冠词The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.(1)特别注意不能用定冠词in August 在节日、星期、月份、季节、thethe的几个方面：，如：in the box ,behind the chair 年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,(2)请区别：in the spring of 1945.(这里表示特指，故加the)football

一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play(3)9.一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ，at night.in front of 在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：在…前面in the hospital 在医院里

in the front of 在…范围内的前部in hospital(生病)There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital.住院

三、数词A.an, anB.a, aD.a, the 同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.1,2,3基数词变序数词。其规律为：8特殊记，加th 从

逢少t，9去e，千万别忘记4起(first, second, third, fourth)(eighth ,ninth)20若是几十几，前基后序别倒位到5逢9012，y要变ve变ie f(fifth ,twelfth)

(twentieth ,ninetieth)2.hundred,thousand,million(ninety-first)

式。在构成具体的数字时用单数形只有在表达笼统的多数时才加如：five hundred people.hundreds of s，构成复数形式。thousands of 数以百计的，成百上千的millions of 这些词组前不能用具体数字。数百万的数以千计的，成千上万的3.eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。

A.hundred The lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two.(twenty)B.hundredsC.hundred ofD.hundreds of 另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法4:15 four fifteen

(钟点＋分钟)如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five

倒读法4:15 fifteen past four(分钟＋to／past＋钟点)如：4:30 half past four 4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter past four 练习题／a quarter to five 1.At the beginning of the_______(twenty)century, the world's

population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor)at once.4.Would you give me ________, please?

A.two paperspaperB.two piece of paperC.two pieces of 5.There are three _____and seven ____in the picture.D.two pieces of papers

A.monkeys , sheeps C.monkies, sheep6.A lot of____ are talking with two_______.D.monkies,B.monkeys, sheepsheepsA.Germans, FrenchmansFrenchmenB.Germen, FrenchmansC.German, 7.June 1 is ______________.D.Germans, Frenchmen A.the DayChildren'sDayB.theC hildrens'DayC.Children's 思考题D.Childrens'Day 1.__________people went out to see what had happened.A.Thousands of B.Three thousand of C.Thousand of D.Three thousands

2.We have been in the school for______.A.three and a half month C.three month and a halfB.three and a half months 3._____English is_____ useful language.D.three months and half A.A, an

四、代词B./, aC.The,anD.A, /(人称代词一)

主格物主代词 宾格me Iyou he sheitweyou they

反身代词名词性形容词性 minemy youyour him hisher herits itourusyour you them

their

myself yours yourself his hershimself its oursyourstheirs

1.itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves

herself词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名2.如：注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系room)

⑵⑴,是单数还是复数。This is not our room.These books aren't ours.Ours is over there.(Ours are new.(这里这里ours=our books)ours=our 3.“of+如：名词性物主代词”表示所属4.a friend of mine a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 我的一个朋友 一人称”。如：人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第5.enjoy oneself=have a good time(关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：You, she and I all enjoy the music.by oneself=alone(help oneself to…(随便吃单独、独自)过得很愉快)learn sth.by oneself练习题

=teach oneself /喝 些...)

sth.(自学)

1.-Whose trousers are these? A.They2.Nobody B.TheirA.him, himselftaught___ English.C.TheirsD.Them

-_____, I think.He taught____.（二）B.his, himselfC.him, by himselfD.his, his 修饰可数词 意义 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定修饰不数名词

意义 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定few 如和

little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.用:There are quite a few new books in the library.1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.little, a little, few, a few填空:

2.Jim,don't go and get some water.There is ______ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks.He can speak very well.4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代词当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。: something, anything, nothing.There's ____ in today's newspaper.如：A.important anything中考题

something new C.anything importantB.important something(1.some四)另外，代词于表示请求的疑问句中。（一些，某）some, every, all, both, either, another

D.something important一般用于肯定句中注：some有时也可用any①（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句

② Will you give me some water? ③ Would you like some meat? ④ May I ask some questions? 2.every Could I have some apples?

＋单数名词 “每一个” 与each “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。如：of强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常Each of them has a nice skirt.Each student was asked to try again.连用。

3.all “(全部Every child likes playing games.连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在如：none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词

of None of us is/are afraid of dogs.We are all from Canada.= All of us are from Canada.4.both “（两者）都”（单、复数均可）

名词复数。作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟either “两者中任何一个” ,作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither “(两者如：)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同

作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;either。There are trees on both sides of the street.They both swim well.＝Both of them swim well.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week = There are trees on either side of the street.5.another +Neither answer is right.单数名词, “另一个”

the other +one … the other “一个……，另一个……”= the others “其他的人或物” 复数名词

others “别人”（指确定范围内剩下的全部）（这里，五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which

对作定语的内容提问，常用which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，which.I'm going to take the skirt on the right.(97________ ________ are you going to take? 中考题)

五、形容词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级： 副词

原级： 比较级：

最高级： 比较...，更...一些（情A）最...单音节词和少数双音节词1.况构成：(规则情况): 一般情况变 化 方法 例加 er, est词 以字母重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时e结尾clever-cleverer-cleverest加r, st双写加nice-nicer-nicest er, est 以辅音字母加big-bigger-biggesty结尾变y为i加er,est部分双音节和多音节词early-earlier-earliest

slowly-more slowly-most slowly在词前加more, most 2.good/well-better-best 不规则变化，须熟记：

st

many/much-more-mostfar-farther-farthebad/badly/ill-worse-worst(B)little-less-least 1.as … as … 常见的使用情况2.not as(so)… as 和...一样（中间用原级）

3… than …...比和...不一样（中间用原级）4.eg.有范围修饰的用最高级...（用比较级）

⑵This is the best film ⑴Winter is the coldest season 如of the year.:in, of, among或用从句修饰的 5.eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 比较级+and+ 6.The+eg:The more, the better.比较级，the+比较级(C)越多越好 越…...就越…...1.2.形容词最高级前一定要用注意点：

the,副词最高级前可省略。3.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。替代前面提到过的名词。在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one, that, those等词来eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)1.He is taller than any other student in his class.掌握三种同义句转换：

=He is the tallest(student)in his class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isn't as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting than this one.3.I prefer maths to English.=I like maths better than English.96Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs? 中考题：

A.best, or B.better, or C.best, and D.better, and

此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.2.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。enough副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+

名词3.eg;she is old enough to go to school.她够上学的年龄了。也区别几组易混淆的副词: too

also 用于肯定、疑问句较为正式书面语either 已经already

用于否定句 yet 不再常用于否定句、疑问句常用于肯定句、疑问句no(not any)longer

no(not any)more 从时间上讲如此这样such

从动作上讲so 修饰名词 eg: such a big box 单独、独自修饰形容词、副词alone

eg: so big 孤独的作表语 =by oneself lonely eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there.(happy)可作表语、定语

练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park.A.OthersSome are drawing by the lake._____ are climbing the hill.2.There isn't _____ in today's newspaper.B.OtherC.AnotherD.The other A.important somethingC.anything importantB.important anything 3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's? D.nothing importantA.hers, my-No ,Mum.It's not ______.It's ______.思考题B.her, myC.Mine, hersD.hers, mine 1.The A.long

Changjiang 2.An elephant is _____ than a horse.B.longerC.longestRiver is the third _____ river in the world.D.the longest A.more strongstrong

B.much strongerC.the most strongD.much more 3.Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water? A.good

六、介词B.WellC.BetterD.Best 1be afraid of ．与形容词搭配的词组有：的气）（怕）be angry with（生某人be away from

（与…不同）（不在某地）be different from be good at 有益（善于）

be interested in /有害)

be good/ bad for(对…be/get ready for（对…感兴趣）be late for 握（为作好准备）be sure of(（迟到）对…有把 be worried about)

2（为…感到担忧）1)You must take good care of her.．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词

-ing形式 2)Thank you for teaching us so well.3A．几组易混淆的介词after + ． “在...之后”in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）如：一点时间（常用于一般将来时）The baby will stop crying in half an hour.The baby stopped crying after half an hour.They will visit their teacher after Friday.Bsince +． for +一段时间 这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们过去的一点时间

讲解。

Cbe made in “由某地制造”． be made of “用……制成” be made by somebody “由某人制成”

Din “在某月． in, on, at eg: in 1996,(季节、年表时间)等”固定词组： in January, in summer

on “in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等” at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组：

times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at this month, at the same time 注意：this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：yesterdaytomorrow ,和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词以及。the day before next, last,如:不能说E.Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao.(except +只能说宾格 /doing something “tomorrow 在明天 in 除…之外”

（不包括本身）=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.同义句转换)F用语言． “用” 通过交通工具 by plane 通过媒介 in English

用工具手段 on /over the telephone,on /over the radio,on TV Gbetween...and..., ． between “在 with a pen, with one's hands ~和~（两者）之间” between the two...among eg.Sue spent over two hours ____ her homework yesterday evening.在...之间(三者或三者以上)

A.on

七、连词B.withC.atD.over 1 both…and ．并列连词neither…nor 既

靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。既不~又~~谓语用复数动词也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由

either…or…

and“和”致。but “但是”

连接两个并列成分“或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一

or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。eg:or，而不用

and。I don't have brothers or sisters.I have brothers and sisters.(否)= I have no brothers and no sisters.2陈述句：．引导宾语从句的连词一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”that 可省略

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 34．引导原因状从的有：

A.．引导时间状语从句的连词：because(不能与so同时出现在句中)到…才），when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直

将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般eg:B.从句用一般过去时。I won't leave until he comes back.主句为现在完成时，egC.：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.用进行时态。eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.5if ．引导条件状语从句的连词：般现在时。“如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一

请区别于境确定if“是否”相当于

whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语eg:1)I don't know if it

(rain)tomorrow.3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other ___they left school five years ago.八、动词A.asB.beforeC.afterD.since 可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词

以及助动词。

一、实义动词

1.如不及物动词（行为动词）

to(at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about:look at(for, after), get to(on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point :不能直接跟宾语,常须加了介词后方能加宾语

2.在及物动词及物动词:后面必须跟宾语等 易忘记+副词,意义才完整

如:turn on(√)turn on the radio(√)turn the radio on(√)turn on it(×),故应特别加以记忆。构成动副搭配时,代词放中间这一点同学们常turn it on(√)常见的动副搭配的词组有：

write down, move away, take awayput on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, 3.原形注意行为动词的几种变化形式等第三人称单数过去式 enjoy 过去分词 enjoys 现在分词 enjoyed enjoyed 象过去式，过去分词，同学们须熟记初中所学的不规则动词变化 enjoying

表。现在分词的变化方法，可加以记忆：要双写的单词有：lie-lying, die-dying 一般是直接在动词后加ing，有几个特殊的一个 一个m(swim-swimming)三个g(dig-digging)

三个n(run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning)还有六个p(stop-stopping, shop-shopping ,drop-dropping)

forget-forgetting)

t(sit-sitting, hit-hitting，get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, 同学们特别应注意另外，forget, begin这种双音节单词。

也是同学们易犯的错误。eat, wait这两个词不是重读闭音节，故不能双写加4.ing，这第一组请区别几组易混淆的同义动词 looklook-see-watch-read see 看watch 看见 look at the birdsee a film read 观看、注视 watch TV，watch a football match 第二组读，阅读 read a book，read newspapers saysay-speak-talk-tell ①speak say to sb.,(说（不及物动词）①讲后跟引语)

②say it again(后常跟it)talk speak at the meeting，发言（不及物动词）②learn to speak

③speak English ① 谈话（不及物动词）

tell talk about sth.(谈论某事)②talk with sb.(和某人交谈)① tell sb.to do sth./ tell sb.not to do sth.告诉，讲（及物动词）

②③tell the time “报时”/ tell a story “讲故事” tell sb.about sth.(后常跟某人)

用1.Can you say, speak, talk,tell的适当形式填空：2.The teacher ＿＿＿＿3.Would you please ＿＿＿Japanese?

us not to play in the street.4.What are you ＿＿ it in English? 第三组borrow＿＿＿＿borrow-lendabout? ①②borrow sth.(借进（短暂动词）如borrow sth.from sb.(借某物)向某人借某物）

lend May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken.lend sb.sth.借出（短暂动词）

如= lend sth.to sb.(把某物借给某人)keep :You mustn't lend it to others.动词。借（一段时间），常与一段时间的时间状语连用，为延续性如

第四组: How long may I keep it? bring 如：带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来）bring-take，常与here, me 搭配take Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.如：带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去），常与there, away搭配第五组Take your raincoat with you.It's going to rain.listen 如听不及物，常与介词listen-hear

to连用 Hear :I listened carefully, but heard nothing.hear from sb 听到 及物 后直接跟宾语 如收到某人的来信

hear of :Jim's mother haven't heard from him for a long time.如听说第六组:Have you heard of the news?

look forlook for-find-find out find 寻找（强调动作）如找到 发现（强调结果）

find out :We looked for him everywhere but didn't find him.如第七组:Can you find out who broke the window? 查明（通过调查研究找到事实的真相）put onput on-wear-dress 如穿上（强调动作）wear :It's cold outside.Please put on your coat.如穿着（强调状态）dress :Lucy is wearing a blue sweater today.①打扮，给...穿衣服②dress sb./ oneself 给某人（或自己）穿衣服

③get dressed 如dress up 打扮穿好衣服 穿上盛装”

第八组:She often dresses up in a red skirt.forgetforget-leave 如leave :I forgot to tell you about it.忘了某物 如把某物忘在某地

5:Kate left her key to her room at home.语（表人），间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，若颠倒两者的位． 有些及物动词后可以跟双宾语即直接宾语（表物）和间接宾置，则通常在间接宾语前加一个介词（1to或draw sth.for sb.）2)

for）。make sth.for sb.pass sth.to sb.mend sth.for sb.give sth.to sb.lend sth.to sb.buy sth.for sb.get sth.for sb.show sth.to sb.cook sth.for sb.bring sth.to sb.keep sth.for sb.take sth.to sb.return sth.for sb.write sth.to sb.Eg:A.spendHow much did you ____ all these things? send sth.to sb.二B.giveC.costD.pay for eg: His grandpa has been _____ for over ten years.(die).连系动词

常见的连系动词有：be + adj./ n.become + n./adj.是，在turn + adj.变成 get + adj.变得 grow + adj.变得 keep + adj.长得 feel + adj.保持着 look + adj.感到 seem + adj./n.看上去smell + adj.fall asleep 闻起来看起来好象 三1.can:

.情态动词入睡能，会可以，表示许可，相当于 表示能力，相当于can’t be maybe able to。2.may:

不可能可以，可能，或许may be 3.must:

可能 请区别

maybe副词 可能 必须，表示肯定的猜测must be 4.could: 准是，一定是 5.比can语气更委婉，客气，并不表示过去时。

⑴注意回答形式：

⑵May I...?Yes, you may.No, you can't(mustn't).不。,不得如⑵:⑴

Her mother is ill.She has to stay at home and take care of her.7.should You must look after your clothes.What should I do? 表示”应当，应该"，与疑问词连用表意外，惊奇。8.will, would 我该怎么办呢？

Will you...?...四、助动词好吗？在交际用语中，Would you...? would更客气，表邀请。助动词有

五、动词不定式do, does, did, have, has, will, would

等 形式：特点：to +1.无人称和数的变化。动词原形

2.在句中不能作谓语。

1.感观动词使役动词3.可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语。不定式。: see, hear, watch, feel, notice: let, make

之后必须使用省略to的动词如：⑴

⑵2.had better Nothing could make him get angry.如：to的动词不定式。3.It You had better do it by yourself.to do 作真正的主语。如⑵:⑴It took me half an hour to finish the work.⑶It's bad for you to read in bed.4.如：⑴动词不定式常与特殊疑问词连用。It's very kind of you to help me.⑵⑶We don't know how to get there.He didn't know when to start.5.⑴记住一些特殊结构：I can't decide which sweater to choose.⑵Would like/love to do 想要做 ⑶Why not do ? ⑷Help sb.(to)do sth.为什么不做

⑸It's time to do sth.是干某事的时候了。帮助某人做某事 ⑹spend(in)doing sth.=It takes sb.to do sth.花费（时间）做某事 ⑺too...to do sth.⑻can't wait to do sth.太...以致不能等不及做某事...,迫不及待做某事练习题stop doing sth.停止做某事stop to do sth.停下来开始做某事

A.needn't．--Can you answer this question in English? No, I _____.2.The teacher wanted us _____ Exercise 1, but you let me ______ B.mustn'tC.may notD.can't

Exercise 2.A.to do, do3.Miss Green saw a wallet _______ on the ground when she walked B.to do, to doC.do, to doD.do, do

past the school gate.A.lie4.What have you done _____ the milk? I've just _____ it.B.LyingC.liesD.to lie

A.with, eaten5.It's rather cold today.You'd better _____ more clothes before you go B.for, eatenC.with, drunkD.for, drunk

out.A.put on6.The radio _______ it will get warmer later.B.wearC.to put onD.to wear A.says7.You must be very tired.Why not _____ a rest?

B.speaksC.talksD.tells

A.stop having8.Li Ping is young, but he _____ many places of interest in South B.stop to haveC.to stop havingD.to stop to have China.A.went to9.Mother told me _____ in the sun.B.has been inC.has gone toD.has been to A.not read10.Do you often see her ________ volleyball on the playground? B.don't readC.read notD.not to read

A.play11.─ It's fine today.Why ______ out for a picnic?B.playedC.playsD.to play

A.not go─ That's a good idea.思考题B.don't goC.to not goD.not to go 1.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know

how _______ the problem.A.do2.When the little boy ____someone coming upstairs,he stopped _____.B.didC.to doD.doing

A.heard…cryinglistened…cryB.listened…to cryC.heard…to cryD.3.Ann was just falling ______ when the telephone rang.A.asleep4.I ______ my ruler at home.Can I use yours,please? B.sleepC.sleepingD.slept

A.forgot5.Jim _____ the good news to his classmates this morning.B.have forgottenC.leftD.have left

A.spoke

九、构词法B.toldC.saideg: To anAmerican, a Chinese is a _____________.(foreign)

D.talked 前缀un-例词 派生词 like unlike “不” happy unhappy usual friendly unusual im-后缀“不”-例词 unfriendlypossible 派生词 impossible drive er“人”run runnerdriver win winner（重读闭音节，双写（以e结尾，teach/play/clean-r）

-er)travel traveller-visit or“人” invent-lyvisitor

inventor bad badly（副词后缀）carefulcarefully quickdeep happily usual deeplylucky slow usually strong slowlynoisy 特例：stronglyangry trueterribly possible-possibly use usefulcarefulhelp-yforgetrain（形容词后缀）cloud cloudy rainy去luck noise snow e，加加snowy-y）wind-y）

sun-ionwindy

invent（名词后缀）-nessinventionoperate busy（名词后缀）一些特例：businessgood 动词为名词 形容词 sleep

动词 die enjoy dead asleepboat cross enjoyablebuild begin 名词friend friendlycrossing 形容词south southernmeet woolturn shop danger woolen 去分词转为形容词differencedangerousdifferentworry worried fried

动词know名词break fly please flightknowledgecoloured

pleasure pleasequickly happy luckily noisily angrily quietly

helpful forgetful lucky noisy（以e结尾，sunny（双写，operation goodness 现在分词转化boating building beginning meeting turning shopping 动词 过

fry broken lose pleased lost

colour

名词 名词动词 现在分词、过去分词转为形容词 farmfarmer 农夫follow following interest interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语，仅用于be interested in develop interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语 developed “发达的” developing “发展中的” 练习题

1、Lucy can write a letter ___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.A.fromB.toC.inD.with2、They will have an English test ___two days.A.forB.atC.inD.after3、Wu Dong was born ___the evening of April 2,1975.A.atB.inC.onD.to4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.A.from, sinceB.from, afterC.of, whenD.of , as5、Tom didn'tknow___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.A.howB.weatherC.whetherD.what6、His parents were _______(happy)because he had failed the exam again.7、Mrs.Green liked to stay _____(safe)at the same place.8、The_______(visit)from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.思考题

1、The farmer was ___tired ___he couldn't fall asleep.A.very…toB.too…toC.so…thatD.neither…nor

2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others.A.butB.andC.ifD.or3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it.A.interesting, interestingB.interested, interested C.interested, interestingD.interesting, interested

第二篇：初中英语语法

初中英语语法-定语从句-专项练习用适当的关系词填空：1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week?8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition?9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake?10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake?11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today?

初中各年级课件教案习题汇总

语文数学英语物理化学

第三篇：初中英语语法

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！太平洋英语，免费体验全部外教一对一课程：http://www.xiexiebang.com(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么

eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好

be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……

be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处

eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处

初中英语语法大全

be in good health 身体健康

be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣

be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气

be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎

be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰

be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格

be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么

be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试

be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语

be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth习惯做某事

eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句

because+句子 because of +短语

eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 两者之间

borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb(lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me(he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as)= not different(from)表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站

the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来

初中英语语法大全

come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流

consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞

decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错 97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么

far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）

get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好

get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳

go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）127 good way to 好方法 128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事

have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈

have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …(地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来 133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做

eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做 135 have to do sth 必须做某事

have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 have…time +doing

have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处

help sb with sth one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 帮助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事

How about(+doing)= What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会

He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达 146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句

初中英语语法大全

eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州

If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国 147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv)最后

in the north of… 什么在什么的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东）151 in the sun 在太阳下 152 increase 增加

eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3% the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now 153 instead of +（名）代替

eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学

154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事

156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间

eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook 157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样 158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样

159 It's +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样

160 It's +adj(for sb)to do（对某人来说）做某事怎么样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样

eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English 161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意 162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It's important to me 163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间 eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了 164 join = take part in 参加 165 just now 刚才

166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样？ 167 keep out 不让 …… 进入

168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康 169 key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案 170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙

171 laugh at… 取笑…… eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke 172 learn by oneslfe 自学

173 learn from sb 向某人学习eg: We should learn from Lei Feng 174 learn to do sth 学做某事 175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事

176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望 177 live from :离某地远

178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地 eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan 179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看

初中英语语法大全

180 lose one's way 谁 迷 路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路 181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事

182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you 183 make it early 把时间定的早一点

184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相

185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife 186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean 187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样

188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 eg : I made him write 我以前让他写 189 make up be made up of(被动语态）由……组成 190 make…difference to…

191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么 192 most +名 most of +代

193 much too +形容词 194 must be 一定 195 need +名词

196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事 197 need to do(实义动词）need do(情态动词）198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing 199 no +名词

200 not anymore = no more 再也不…… eg: He didn't cry any more He cried no more 他再也不哭201 not…(形、副）at all eg: He's not tall at all she doesn't junp far at all

202 not…at all 一点都不

203 not…either 表否定，也不 eg : I don't japanse either I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐 204 not…until 直到……才……

eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar 205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供

206 offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water(I offer water to you 我给你提供水

207 on one's way to… 在谁去那的路上

208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈 210 on time 准时 in time 及时

211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，有一天 212 one of +可数名词的复数形式 213 one to another 一个到另一个

214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin 215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作 216 pay for… 付……钱 pay the bill 开钱，付钱 217 please +do 218 please help yourself 219 pleased with sb 220 pool into = pore into 221 practice +doing 练习做某事

222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢…… eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理

初中英语语法大全

prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做… eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车

prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿

eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车 prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意… eg: I prefer her not to come 我不喜欢她不来 223 pretend to do sth 装着去做什么 pretend that 从句

eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作 He pretended that he did not know the answer 他装着不知道答案 224 rather…than 宁可……也不……

eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师 He likes dogs rather than cats 他喜欢狗，不喜欢猫 225 regard…as 把……当作……

eg: Please give my best regards to your family 请带我向你的家人我最好的问候 I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友 He shows little regard for others 他不爱关心别人

226 remid sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remid sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事 eg : he remids me about cooking(he remids me to cook 他提醒我做饭 227 remid sb of sth 使某人想起什么

eg : the pictures remind me of my school days 这照片使我想起了我的学校 the words that(which)the teacher talke to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人 229 say to oneself 对自己说 230 say to sb 对某人说

231 sb spend somemoney on sth 花了多少钱在某事上 232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时间陪谁 233 sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少时间做某事 234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are 235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事

236 seem to do/be +adj 显得怎么样 eg : You seem to be tired You seem to be happy 237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物 238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去？

239 shock 使……震惊 eg : Oh , It's only you!You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！吓我一跳 240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物 eg : I show her the book.241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么东西给某人看 eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me 242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物 eg : I show the book to her.243 some…others… 一些……另一些……

244 start…with… 从……开始 begin…with… 从……开始 245 stay away from 远离……

eg : We're told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时，我们要远离动物 If you want to lose weight you'd better stay auay from the sweet food 徒工你想减肥，你最好远离甜食 246 stop doing 停下正在做的事

247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 248 stop sb(from)doing 阻止某人做某事 249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事

初中英语语法大全

250 such +名 这样，这种 251 suit sb 适合某人

252 surprise sb 使某人惊奇 to one's surprise 令某人惊奇 253 take classes 上课

254 take sb to 把某人带去 eg : I take you to the hospital 255 take walks = take a walk ＝ go for a walk 散步

256 ①talk to 对谁说 eg : I talk to you ② talk with 和谁说 eg : I talk with him ③ talk of 谈到 eg : we talked of you ④ talk about 谈论关于…… 257 talk with sb 和某人说话 258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事 259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事

260 tell sb sth tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth tell a story 261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事

262 tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做什么 tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做什么 263 tell…from… 264 thank you for +doing 265 the same +名词(doing)+as……

266 the same…(名)…as as…(adj adv)…as 相同

267 the way to do sth ＝ the way of doing st做某方面 的方法the way to +地方 去哪的路 e g :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English 268 the way to…（地点）到哪的269 too…to… 太怎样而不能……adj +enough to 足够…能… so…that +丛句 eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to school He is old enough to go to school ＝ He is so old that he can go to school 270 transalte ……into…… 把什么翻译成什么 eg : Trasalte English into chinese 271 travel with sb和某人去旅游272 try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事eg: I will try my best to learn English well 273 try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了 eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但没成功 He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已经做过了 274 try…试衣服 have a try 试一下 275 turn down 开小 ←→ turn up 开大 276 turn off 关上 ←→ turn on 打开 open 拆开 277 upside down 倒着 278 visit to… 参观某个地方 279 wait for sb 等某人 注：版权归徐闯所有，未经本人同意擅自转载！

第四篇：初中英语语法

过去将来时:

句子结构: 肯定句 主语+ would+ 动词原型+其他

否定句 主语+ would not + 动词原型+ 其他

疑问句 Would+主语+动词原型+其他

(would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should)过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中.过去完成时:

句子结构: 肯定句 主语+had + 动词的过去分词+其他

否定句 主语+had not +动词的过去分词+其他

疑问句 Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他

关键词:by+过去某一时间点 如:by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点 如: by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,by the time +从句,或宾语从 句中最后,请记住:

It's not the end of the world, try to look on the bright side of thing, I'm sure it will be all right.这不是世界末日,试着往事情好的方面看,我确认一切都会好起来.英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

现在完成时:

句子结构:肯定句 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他(第三人称单数用has)否定句 主语+have/has not+动词的过去分词+其他

疑问句 Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词+其他

关键词:already, yet, just, ever, never ,so far, for +一段时间,since+过去的

时间或过去时从句.或this year alone“今年以来”,these five years alone“这五年

以来”,in the last ten years “在过去的十年中”等.初中阶段的被动语态有五种时态，我们可以从以下方面进行小结：

一、被动语态的时态及结构（以动词do为例）结构：主语 + be + 过去分词

时态：1.一般现在时： am(is, are)done.2.带情态动词的被动语态：must(can, may, should, need, would)be done 3.一般过去时： was(were)done * 4.一般将来时： will(shall)be done * 5.现在进行时： am(is, are)being done 6.现在完成时： have(has)been done

二、从初中阶段所学五种基本句型谈变被动语态时应注意的问题。1．主语 + 连系动词 + 表语(S+V+P)此结构不可用被动语态。(正)The flowers smell sweet.(误)The flowers are smelt sweet.2．主语 + 不及物动词(S+V)此结构不可变被动语态。

(正)An accident happened last night.(误)An accident was happened last night.3．主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语(S + V+ O)（1）将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 Children often sing this song

This song is often sung by children.（2）将含有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动结构时，不可将介词或副词去掉。We should listen to the teachers carefully.The teachers should be listened to carefully.4．主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(S + V+ IO+ DO)（1）.将表人的间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。He showed us a picture.We were shown a picture.（2）.将指物的直接宾语变为主语，要在间接宾语前加介词to或for.常用加to的动词give, show, pass, read等

常用加for的动词 buy, get, make, sing, draw 等 A picture was shown to us.A dictionary was bought for me by my parents.5． 主语+及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(S+ V+ O + C)如动词为 make, see, hear, watch 等，后接宾语补足语为不带“to”不定式时，变被动语态时要加上“to”。I saw him fall off the tree.He was seen to fall off the tree.6.“be + 过去分词” 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be, feel, seem,look,等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。

I'm interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。

*7.某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。The woman's clothes sell well.女装卖的快。This book sells best.这本书很畅销.一般现在时:

句子结构: 肯定句 主语+be(am, is, are)+ 其他

否定句 主语+be not +其他

疑问句 Be+主语+其他

或: 肯定句 主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语动词要加“s”)

否定句 主语+don't+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语don't改为doesn't)疑问句 DO+主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语do改为doess)关键词: sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday

afternoon, at 10 o'clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等.注:在时间壮语从句,条件壮语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时,这时一般从 句用一般现在时,主句用将来时

现在进行时: 句子结构:肯定句 主语+be +动词的现在分词+其他

否定句 主语+be not+动词的现在分词+其他

疑问句 Be +主语+动词的现在分词+其他

关键词:now, right now, at the moment, It's+几点钟等的句子.或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语.一般将来时:

句子结构: 肯定句 主语+will+动词原型+其他

否定句 主语+will not +动词原型+其他

疑问句 Will +主语+动词原型+其他

(will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall)

关键词:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o'clock tomorrow evening, next year，at ten o'clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days' time, in the future 等.一般过去时:

句子结构:肯定句 主语+be(was,were)+其他

否定句 主语+be not+其他

疑问句 Be+主语+其他

或: 肯定句 主语+动词的过去式+其他

否定句 主语+did not+动词原型+其他

疑问句 Did+主语+动词原型+其他

关键词:yesterday,yesterday morning等 ,last week, last year, at the end of last term，一段时间+ago如:ten years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,2004, in the 1980s等.Just now,in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等.过去进行时:

句子结构: 肯定句 主语+was/were+动词的现在分词+其他

否定句 主语+was/were not +动词的现在分词+其他

疑问句 Was/Were + 主语+ 动词的现在分词+其他

关键词:具体时间+过去的时间壮语 如:at ten o'clock yesterday morning, at this time last Sunday等.1、所有格：He is Fred's best friend.（-'s）

2、动词现在时的第三人称单数：Alfredo works.（-s）

3、动词过去式：Fred worked.（-ed），但亦有不规则变化。

4、现在分词／进行时态：Fred is working.（-ing）（［注］如果动词的末音节为辅音结尾的闭音节，则须双写末辅音，如running）

5、过去分词：The car was stolen.（-en）；Fred has talked to the police.（-ed），但亦有不规则变化。

6、动名词：Working is good for the soul.（-ing）

7、名词的复数：Fred has two blue eyes.（-s）（［注］如果动词的尾字是s,sh,x,ch，则需加-es，如dishes）

8、形容词的比较级：Fred is smarter than Rick.（-er）形容词末尾加-er，多音节在前面”加more，如“more difficult”。

9、形容词的最高级：Fred has the fastest car.（-est）形容词末尾加-est，多音节词在前面加most，如“the most difficult”。

英语的基本语序为SVO，且基本上不能任意变换语序，除了在少数诗词以外；另一方面，有时英语会使用OSV的语序。（注：S：Subject［主语］；V：Verbal phrase［谓语］；O：Object［宾语］）

英语中所有的词可分成十大类，每一类词在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用。这十大词类是：

一、名 词：表示人或事物的名称的词。

二、形容词：表示人或事物的特征的词。

三、副 词：修饰动词、形容词和副词的词。

四、代 词：是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。

五、数 词：表示数量和顺序的词。

六、动 词：表示动作和状态的词。

七、冠 词：与名词连用，其说明人或事物的作用。

八、介 词：通常置于名词和代词之前，表示名词和代词与其他词的关系。

九、连 词：连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词。

十、感叹词：表示说话人感情或语气的词。

英语的时态

英语共有十六个时态、四个体。（注：四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。）

英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式，如：直陈式，命令式等。

（1）一般现在时

基本形式（以do为例）：

第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；

肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他；

否定句：主语＋don„t＋动词原形＋其他；

一般疑问句：Do＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。

肯定回答：Yes，＋ 主语＋do．

否定回答：No，＋主语＋don't.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语序

（2）一般过去时

be动词＋行为动词的过去式

was／were＋not；在行为动词前加didn„t，同时还原行为动词

was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词

（3）一般将来时

am／are／is＋going to＋do

will／shall＋do

am/is/are/about to + do

am/is/are to + do

一般将来时的表达方法

be going to +动词原形

be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形

be able to +不定式

be about to+动词原形

(4)过去将来时

be（was，were）going to+动词原形

be（was，were）about to+动词原形

be（was，were）to+动词原形

肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形～.否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形～.疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形～？

肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形～.否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形～.疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形～？

(5)现在进行时

主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式

第一人称+am+doing+sth

第二人称+are+doing +sth

第三人称+is+doing+sth(6)过去进行时

肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它

否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它

一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 答语：Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它

(7)将来进行时

动词be的将来时+现在分词

(8)过去将来进行时

should(would)+be+现在分词

(9)现在完成时

基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他

(10)过去完成时

基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他

肯定回答：Yes,主语+had

否定回答：No,主语+hadn't

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）

语法判定:

（1）by + 过去的时间点。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.（2）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：

We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3）before + 过去的时间点。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.(11)将来完成时

（shall）will+have+动词过去分词

before+将来时间或by+将来时间

before或by the time引导的现在时的从句

(12)过去将来完成时

should / would have done sth.(13)现在完成进行时

have/has been +-ing 分词

(14)过去完成进行时

had been +-ing 分词

(15)将来完成进行时

主语+ shall/will have been doing(16)过去将来完成进行时

should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称 would have been+现在分词用于其他人称

第五篇：【免费】初中英语语法

多媒体辅助中学英语教学中存在的问题

摘要：多媒体辅助语言教学作为一种教学手段被越来越多地运用到教师的日常课堂教学中，它对于开发英语教学资源，拓宽学生学习渠道，改进学生学习方式，提高教学效果起到了积极的作用。同时，应充分认识到中学英语教学的需要，不能走极端。本文对多媒体辅助英语教学中出现的一些偏差或问题进行了一些探讨。

关键词：多媒体辅助教学；英语教学；现代教育技术

多媒体的出现，网络技术的运用，信息时代的到来正在给教育带来深刻的变化。特别是多媒体融图、文、声于一体的认知工具，改善了认知环境，人们已经意识到如同医疗技术的发展更新了医疗手段、医疗方法一样，以多媒体为核心的新教育技术的运用更新了教学手段、教学方法、教学模式，这将使得人们关于教育、教学的传统观念受到冲击，甚至将会导致教学内容、教育思想、教学理论、教学体制的变革。如何在先进教育理论的指导下，充分认识到中学英语教学的需要，发挥多媒体的作用，促进英语教学改革的深入引起人们的关注，“多媒体辅助中学英语教学”（以下简称“多媒体辅教”）已经普遍被接受，有关它的研究也正在日益兴起。出于对“多媒体辅教”的兴趣及学校教学活动的要求，笔者看过一些“多媒体辅教”的软件，听过很多运用多媒体辅助教学讲授的“公开课”。不能否认，一些软件、一些“多媒体辅教”课还是很成功的，但是，为“公开课”而使用多媒体、为评比而使用多媒体，为使用多媒体而使用多媒体的现象还普遍存在，在“多媒体辅教”这一实验研究中明显存在着“问题”，可能还没有引起足够的思考或重视。本文试图对“多媒体辅教”中出现的一些偏差或问题作一些粗浅的探讨，以引起各位同行的重视。

问题一：不恰当地追求“多媒体”，忽视对教学的干扰

笔者在听课时见过一些课件，一开始就是一段噪人的音乐，在教学过程中，学生答对了，出现鼓掌声或者“你真棒”的赞扬声；答错了，来个“再想想”或者一个怪声音，这就把电脑的多媒体功能在辅助教学中用偏了。多媒体电脑确实能够把声音、图像、文字有机地组合在一起，形成一体化的教材，是内容单调、枯燥，以教科书、录音带、录像带各自独立形式存在的传统教材所无法比拟的，但是作为辅助中学英语这一特定学科教学的电脑软件，尤其作为辅助课堂教学的软件，如果过多地追求“多媒体”，特别是莫名其妙地来一段音乐，就会适得其反，这不仅不能增强教学效果，反而干扰学生的思考，干扰了课堂教学，削弱了课堂教学效果。

问题二：追求软件的“外在美”，忽视软件的“内在美” 在说课与评课的交流活动中，笔者见过一些课件制作者在展示其课件时大谈他的课件多么漂亮，华丽，一味地追求最新的“高科技”，把教学课件搞成电脑多媒体功能成果展览，却不谈用他的课件解决了英语教学中什么不用电脑不能解决的问题，不谈用他的课件辅助教学“辅”在何处。在这种情形下，所用课件往往会分散学生的注意力，干扰学生的观察，不利于看清问题的本质。“电脑辅教”不仅是艺术，更重要的是科学，这是每一个课件制作者都需要注意的，我们提倡课件应该有友好的界面，操作简单、方便，“界面友好”与“华丽”当然不是一回事，特别是作为辅助英语教学的电脑软件，更应该把解决英语教学中的问题放在第一位，追求软件的内在作用，而不是外在的所谓“美”。“英语美”是英语内容的和谐美，对学生“英语美”的教育与熏陶醉要是教学内容上。

问题三：重视多媒体的运用，忽视其他媒体的运用

课堂上使用多媒体，同时又使用其他媒体的做法较为少见。笔者所见到的课件，大多是从上课使用到下课，很少有人把课件在课堂上只用几分钟。教师在课堂上动动鼠标、敲敲键盘代替了手势，教师成了放映员，学生45分钟面对着屏幕，甚至把原先低效的“人灌”，变成高速的“机灌”，使多媒体成了“应试教育”的帮凶。根据本人的实践，在中学英语教学中，可能还没有需要把多媒体从上课使用到下课的教学内容，基本上只使用几分钟或者十几分钟，有时也不是连续地使用，只是需要时才用一下。机器播放的语言固然比较标准，但是与教师的那些富有人情味的亲切话语绝对不是可以等同的，忽视教学中教师与学生的情感交流，不恰当地夸大机器的作用就必然把多媒体辅助教学引向反面。教学过程是一个十分复杂的过程，教师的一个微笑、一个手势、一个简单的动作在提高教学效果中起着重要的作用。在使用多媒体辅助教学的过程中，教师不能用“人机对话”代替“人际对话”，课件制作的过程也应该是学生进行概念构建的过程；并始终注意教师与学生间的情感交流，如教师的精心设问、师生间的对话；教师的板书等，没有忽视黑板的使用。再说，有些内容用其他媒体进行教学并不比多媒体差。能用黑板、嘴巴等其他媒体讲清楚的，就不必使用多媒体，一开始就应该把这个方向搞对头。

问题四：重视演示现象、说明问题、传授知识，忽视揭示过程、培养能力

到底应该用多媒体展示现象，传授知识，还是充分发挥多媒体的“静”变“动”，微观变宏观，抽象变形象等功能来培养学生的各种能力是不同教学观的体现。由此可见，同样是使用多媒体辅助教学，仍然存在教学方法的选择、教学的精心设计。多媒体的出现，更为重要的意义在于我们可以用“建构主义”的思想来进行教学设计，可以为学生实现“意义建构”创设更为逼真的“情景”，可以改善认知环境。

问题五：重视形象思维，忽视抽象思维

多媒体的特点是能够使静态变为动态，抽象变为形象，但是过多地使用多媒体，把一切抽象问题都形象化，又不利于抽象思维能力的培养。一切都形象化了，学生抽象概括的能力就可能下降，而英语又是一门特别需要抽象思维能力的学科，抽象思维能力的削弱不利于英语的再学习，特别不利于高等英语的学习。固然传统教学偏重逻辑能力培养的认知构建有一定的局限性，运用多媒体技术开发学生形象思维的心理优势和学习潜力可以弥补这一缺憾，多媒体技术在教学中的生命力就在于在教学过程中既训练使用右脑，又注重开发左脑，一定要注意如何恰到好处地使形象思维和抽象思维相辅相成，优势互补，相得益彰。

问题六：重视教师的如何“教”，忽视学生的如何“学” 目前使用于多媒体辅助教学的课件大多还只是在改变教师的如何“教”上下功夫，用多媒体来帮助教师说清用其他教具所不能说清问题的教学模式占多数，很少用多媒体来帮助学生学的，即以“教”为主的教学设计多，而以“学”为主的教学设计少。另一方面，忽视课件的“交互性”，即使有“交互性”的课件也是在教师设想范围内的“交互性”。本人曾在听课过程中见到这样的情况，由于多媒体不能演示，把作课教师急得满头大汗。现代教育模式与传统教育模式的根本区别就是把以教师为中心的教学转变为以学生为中心的教学，从这里可以看出，不能教学设备现代化了，而教学思想却是陈旧的。“教育要面向现代化”首先应该是教育思想的现代化。用多媒体辅助教学成功的主要标志应该是：有利于学生主动参与；有利于揭示教学内容的实质；有利于课堂交流的高效实现；有利于学生思维和技能的训练。

问题七：重视课内，忽视课外

目前多媒体辅助教学还只局限于课堂上的使用，而忽视课外对学生的辅导。即使有一些课外的所谓多媒体教学光盘也不外乎是用于学生的练习、考卷，或者把课本上内容罗列一下的“课本搬家”，或者是一些教师的“教学笔记搬家”，实际上，做英语练习的效果还不如传统的练习册。试想一下，学生在屏幕上看习题，多媒体在旁边“读秒”催着做题，能有利于学生思维的展开吗？能不能把课堂上教师用来演示或者启发学生思维、发现问题的教学软件也让学生拥有，学生在家里用这些软件再进行一次概念认知、发现问题、解决问题的实践，即注重学生能力培养的课外辅导软件多一些，而不是练习，这样做才是努力减轻学生的负担实现“素质教育”。这样做的好处是让学习能力稍差的学生有再学习的机会，而不仅是回家再做练习。全面优化的课堂教学，无论是学生还是教师，在课后都应该可以将课堂上讲解的课件再次读取出来，学生对于不理解的环节，教师对于设计不妥的地方都可以反复观看，再次认识或者修改，这不仅降低了教师的工作强度，也极大地提高了学生的学习兴趣。

问题八：把“是否使用了多媒体”作为“优质课”评比的条件之一

在一些学校、一些地区的“优质课”评比中，把“是否使用了多媒体”作为评比标准之一使得教师不顾是否需要多媒体来辅助也用上了电脑。“把电脑搬进课堂就是多媒体辅助教学”是对“多媒体辅助教学”的误导，不可取，这甚至让电脑操作水平还不太高的教师闹出一些笑话。一堂课的好坏是看有没有以先进的教育思想作为指导，教学效果怎样，而不是使用了何种媒体。

问题九：搞好多媒体辅助英语教学必须精通电脑

开展多媒体辅助教学的实验不懂得电脑的基本操作当然不行，但是未必需要“精通”电脑。搞好多媒体辅助教学的最重要的条件是熟悉本学科的教学规律，了解教学的需要。从事学科教学的教师如果能够懂得电脑的基本操作，选择好适合本学科的操作平台就可以把电脑辅助教学搞得“有声有色”。“Powerpoint”是一个适合中学英语教师使用的操作平台，它学起来较容易———只要熟悉Windows的基本操作，经过几天的培训或者认真学习它的《操作手册》就可以制作一些简单的课件了，一旦熟悉了它，制作一个课件只要几分钟，最多不过

一、两个小时。本人就是一个从事10年的中学英语教学的教师，原本不怎么精通电脑，但是经过短期的培训，就能在课堂上使用该软件改进英语教学，这样不仅加大了教学容量，也培养了学生的能力，提高了教学效果，促进了素质教育。电脑专业人员固然精通电脑，但未必熟悉教学规律，制作出的软件未必适合教学需要。因此本人认为：应该坚持英语教师根据教学实际情况自己制作课件。

当然，多媒体辅助教学的实验研究目前还处于发展阶段，任何事物都有一个发生、发展的过程。但是如果能较早地注意到在这个问题上所可能出现的偏向，更有利于这一实验活动的健康开展，从而更加有效地辅助英语教学工作。