第一篇：专有名词翻译作业
作业：
根据已学的知识并利用一切可以利用的资源翻译下列句子，并找出翻译难点及解决办法。
1.国家工商总局授权北京市工商局对该公司进行日常监督管理。(“国家上商总局”是“中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局”的中文简称。)
2.当年12月26日，国家商务部批准成立了北京京港地铁有限公司，并颁发了批准证书。
3.昨天，信息产业部和国家发改委出台了手机漫游费降低的方案，新方案拟从3月1日起执行。
4.农业部全国农业技术推广服务中心
5.北京新奥集团有限公司负责奥林匹克公园中心区的商业开发。
6.价值百亿元的TD首次招标，将在入围的大唐、中兴、华为和普天等厂商间争夺。
7.中国山西省临汾市尧都区鼓楼西大街15号安平花园小区1#楼2单元303室邮编：041002。
8.2008年年底，北京石景山万达广场和万达铂尔曼大饭店同时开业，万选集团终于实现了“一条长安街，两个万达广场”的布局。
9.2008年9月30日，胡锦涛总书记到安徽农村考察，与滁州市风阳县小岗村村民亲切
交谈。
10.该地铁线路西起丰台区长辛店东河沿路，穿京石高速路后，沿卢沟桥路向东进入北京南站，至朝阳公园，最后到来广营地区。
11.中国义乌国际小商品博览会每年都有举办。
112.2008年10月27日，世界最大的绿色环保型31.8万吨’华山’’号油轮在沪下水。
13.嫦娥一号探月卫星是2007年10月24日发射成功的。随后，于2008年9月25日，“神七”成功发射。
第二篇：专有名词翻译（精选）
翻译研究词语1.表情功能expressive function 2.词类转换conversion of word classes 3.词义空缺semantic zero 4.词义相符semantic correspondence 5.词义相异semantic non-correspondence 6词语层面 word level 7达 expressiveness 8段落层面paragraph level 9对应correspondence 10 翻译，笔译translation 11翻译标准translation criteria 12翻译策略translation strategy 13翻译腔translationese 14翻译学translation studies/translatology 15翻译原则principles of translation 16分析性analytic 17符际翻译intersemiotic translation 18惯用法意识sense of good usage 19归化domestication 20含义implicature/implied
meaning 21呼唤功能vocative function 22化境sublimation 23话语discourse 24回指anaphoric 25加注法annotation 26减省法omission 27句法syntax 28句子层面sentence level 29科技文本text of science and technology 30可读性readability 31可译性translatability 32口译interpretation/interpreting 33口译译员interpreter 34跨文化交际cross-cultural
communication 35连贯coherence 36连贯意识sense of coherence 37逻辑思维logical thinking 38美感功能aesthetic function 39目的性intentionality 40内指endophoric 41篇章层面discourse level 42情景语境context of situation 43认知功能cognitive function 44上下文co-text 45社会学符号sociosemiotics 46神似similarity in spirit47省略ellipsis 48释义法paraphrase 49述位 rheme 50 体裁 genre 51外指 exophoric 52文本/语篇 text 53文本类型 text type 54 文化语境 context of culture 55文化意识sense of culture 56文体/风格style 57衔接cohesion 58衔接结cohesive tie 59显性overtness 60校核proofreading 61信faithfulness/fidelity 62信息功能informative function 63形合hypotaxis 64形似similarity in form 65形象思维figurative thinking 66修辞层面rhetorical level 67雅elegance 68异化foreignization /alienation 69译文target text 70译文读者target-text readers 71译者translator 72意合parataxis 73意境ideorealm 74意译liberal translation 75音译transliteration 76隐性covertness 77语法意识sense of grammar 78语际翻译interlingual translation 79语境context 80语内翻译intralingual translation 81语文学philology 82语言学linguistics 83语义学semantics 84语音层面phonetic level 85语用学pragmatics 86语域register 87翻译语言的功能metalingual function 88原文source text/original text 89原文读者source-text readers 90蕴含意义connotation 91増词amplification/addition 92照应anaphora 93直译literal translation 94指称意义denotation 95主体性subjectivity 96主位theme 97转换transformation/transfer 98综合性synthetic 99作者writer/author
中国文化特色词语英译1.拜年pay a New Year call 2.财运luck in making money 3.禅宗Chan Sect/Zen Sect 4.出家人ascetic 5.祠堂memorial temple 6.倒春寒an unusually cold spell in an otherwise warm early spring 7.道教Taoism 8.道士Taoist priest 9.法师Master 10.方丈Buddhist abbot 11.佛教Buddhism 12.恭喜发财May you be prosperous!/Wish you all the best!13.和尚Buddhist monk 14.红包red envelope containing money as a gift;(贬义用法)bribe/kickback 15.红运 good luck 16.华表ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele 17.华盖canopy 18.回教Islam 19.慧根the organ of wisdom 20.基督教Christianity 21.甲骨文inscriptions on oracle bones 22.江南水乡the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 23.戒 precept/discipline 24.金刚经Diamond Sutra 25.京剧票友Peking Opera fan 26.京剧人物脸谱types of facial make-up in Peking Opera 27.景泰蓝cloisonné 28.旧教/天主教 Catholicism 29.坎儿井karez 30.空emptiness 31.喇嘛Lama 32.老字号an old and famous shop/enterprise 33.尼姑Buddhist nun 34.涅槃Nirvana 35.旗袍cheongsam 36.三藏经Triptaka 37.三教（儒、释、道）Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 38.时运luck/fortune 39.四大皆空 all space directions being valid 40.新教,耶稣教 Protestantism 41.真人Taoist pure man 42.族人clansman 43.坐禅sitting in meditation
节假日1.春节Spring Festival 2.党的生日Party’s Birthday 3.端午节Dragon-Boat Festival 4.国庆节National Day 5.建军节Army Day 6.教师节Teachers’ Day 7.清明节Pure Brightness Day 8.国际儿童节International Children’s Day 9.三八妇女节International Working Women’s Day 10.五一International Labor Day 11.元旦New Year’s Day 12.元宵节Lantern Festival 13.中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival 14.重阳节Double-Ninth Festival
政治经济活动1遵纪守法to observe discipline and abide by the law 2.走共同致富的道路to take the road to common prosperity 3.自留地individual farm plots 4自负盈亏to be responsible for one’s own profit and loss 5专业户specialized household 6重复建设to build redundant project 7治理整顿to improve the economic environment and rectify the economic order 8治理三乱to put to a stop/eliminate indiscriminate fines，charges and levies 9政企分开 to separate government functions from enterprise management 10宰人rip-off 11有经济头脑的人commercially minded people 12优生优育to promote good prenatal and postnatal care 13以权谋私to abuse power for personal gains 14移风易俗to transform outmoded habit and custom 15依法治国to rule the country in accordance with law 16一切向钱看money-mania 17一国两制one country，two systems 18一刀切 sweeping approach 19严防死守 life-and-death defense 20严打to crack down on crimes and social evils 21亚运村Asian Games Village 22姓社姓资问题distinction of what is socialism and what is capitalism 23 星火计划 Spark Program 24信息高速公路 information highway 25小商品市场smalls fair 26小康生活to lead a relatively comfortable life 27乡镇企业 township enterprise 28下硬功夫 to make intensive efforts 29下海to take the plunge into private business 30下岗人员the laid-off 31物质文明material progress 32五讲四美运动the movement of “five stresses and four points of beauty”：to promote civility，courtesy，tidiness，orderliness and integrity 33五讲四美三热爱five stresses，four points of beauty and three aspects of love 34五好家庭 five-virtue family 35温饱问题the problem of inadequate food and clothing 36晚婚晚育 late marriage and postponement of childbearing 37歪风邪气unhealthy practices and evil phenomena 38脱贫to shake off poverty 39退居二线to leave the leading post 40四有公民citizens who have high ideals，moral integrity，a good education and a strong sense of discipline 41十年规划和“八五”计划纲要the guidelines of the Ten-Year Programme and the Eighth Five-Year Plan 42十年**the ten chaotic years 43涉外婚姻Chinese marriage with foreign nationals 44扫黄anti-pornography drive 45三资企业enterprises in the “three forms of ventures”：Sino-foreign joint ventures，cooperative businesses
and exclusively foreign-owned
enterprises 46三峡工程Three Gorges Straits 47三通 three direct links of trade，mail and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits 48三角债 debt chains 49权力下放to delegate 50全民所有制public ownership 51勤俭建国to build the country with industry and thrift 52农转非agricultural people to be given non-agricultural status 53南水北调工程projects to divert water from the south to the north 54 磨洋工to dawdle along 55民工out-of-town laborer 56乱涨价 unauthorized price rise 57 乱摊派indiscriminate levies 58龙头 to play a leading role in 59 领导班子leading body 60廉政建设 construction of a clean government 61 亏损企业enterprises running in the red 62跨世纪工程a trans-century project 63可持续发展 sustainable development 64科教兴国战略 the strategy of developing the country by relying on science and education 65科技是第一生产力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force 66康居工程 the Affordable Housing Project 67开展扫黄打非斗争 to crack down on pornography and other illegal publications 68军转民 military conversion 69九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 70纠正不正之风 to rectify unhealthy tendencies and malpractices 71纠风办State Council Office for Rectification 72精神文明建设to promote cultural and ethical progress 73精简机构to streamline government organs 74经济特区 special economic zone 75经济开发区economic development zone 76戒急用忍 to overcome impetuosity and exercise patience 77解放生产力to emancipate the productive forces 78讲学习，讲政治，讲正气的党性党风教育 to educate the cadres in the Party spirit and style through the promotion of the three emphases on theoretical studies，political awareness and integrity 79讲文明礼貌to promote civilized behavior 80减员增效，下岗分流 to cut down the size of workforce for efficiency and get the layoffs re-employed elsewhere 81坚持两个文明一起抓 to ensure that efforts are made to build a society that is advanced both materially and culturally and ideologically 82假日经济 holiday economy 83计划生育 family planning 84集体主义 community spirit 85基本国情 fundamental realities of the country 86火炬计划Torch Program（a plan to develop new and high technology）87
灰色收入 income from moonlighting 88户主 head of a household 89户口管理制度domicile system 90户口簿 residence booklet 91红筹股 red-chip shares；red chips 92黑社会Mafia-style
organizations； gangland 93黑店 gangster inn 94黑客hacker 95和平演变 peaceful evolution towards capitalism 96和平统一，一国两制的方针 the policy of peaceful reunification and the principle of “one country，two systems”97和平共处五项原则 the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 98国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 99长期国库券 treasury bonds 100官倒 official profiteering 101挂靠 to be attached or affiliated to 102公款吃喝 banquet at public expense 103公费医疗 medical services at state expense 104 革命老根据地the old revolutionary base areas 105搞活经济to invigorate the economy 106 搞活国营大中型企业 to invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 107 高新技术产业开发区 high and new technological industry development zone 108港人治港Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong 109改革开放reform and opening to the outside world 110改革开放政策 the reform and open policy 111福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system 112扶贫poverty alleviation 113房管 real estate management 114防洪工程 flood-prevention project 115发展是硬道理 Development is of overriding importance 116第三产业tertiary industry 117第二职业 second employment 118倒爷 profiteer 119党性one’s Party morale 120党群关系 Party-masses relationship 121待业 job-waiting 122大腕top notch（singer etc.）123大排档 sidewalk snack booth 124大路货staple goods 125打破僵局to break the deadlock 126打假to crack down on counterfeit goods 127打白条to issue IOUs 128磁悬浮列车 magnetic suspension 129春运（passenger）transportation during the Spring Festival 130传销pyramid selling 131吃皇粮 to receive salaries，subsidies，or other supported from the government 132吃大锅饭the egalitarian practice of“everybody eating from the same big pot” 133超计划生育 to have more children than what is planned 134参政议政意识 the awareness of the need to participate in the discussion and administration of state affairs 135菜篮子工程 the shopping basket
project 136部优产品Ministry-recognized
quality goods 137不正之风 unhealthy practice（tendency）138不良风气 unhealthy ways and customs 139不合理收费，集资和摊牌 to impose charges and quotas and collect money without authorization 140不顾条件，一哄而起 to rush into action in disregard of objective conditions 141拨乱反正 to set things right 142 变相涨价 disguised inflation 143本位主义 departmentalism 144保重点，不撒胡椒面 Resources must be channeled to priority projects and not spread thinly everywhere 145包干到户work contracted to households 146半拉子工程uncompleted project 147摆门面 to put up an impressive front 148百年不遇 once-in-a-century 149百花齐放，百家争鸣 Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend 150把已经确定的方针政策措施落到实处 to get the set principles，policies and measures implemented 151把眼光放远一些 to have a broad view 152把握正确的舆论导向 to properly guide the public opinion 153按劳分配 distribution according to one’s performance 154安居工程 Housing Project for low-income families 155“一条龙”服务 coordinated-process service 156“豆腐渣”工程 jerry-built project 157“达标”活动 “target hitting” activities
节气1大寒Greater Cold 2小寒Lesser Cold 3冬至the Winter Solstice 4大雪Greater Snow 5小雪Lesser Snow 6立冬the Beginning of Winter 7霜降Frost’s Descent 8秋分the Autumnal Equinox 9白露White Dew 10处暑the Limit of Heat 11立秋the Beginning of Autumn 12大暑Great Heat 13小暑Slight Heat 14夏至the Summer Solstice 15芒种 Grain in Ear 16小满Grain Full 17立夏the Beginning of Summer 18谷雨Grain Rain 19清明Pure Brightness 20春分the Spring Equinox 21惊蛰the Waking of Insects 22雨水Rain Water 23立春the Beginning of Spring 24寒露Cold Dew 25二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms
第三篇：国际贸易专有名词及翻译
1.Uneven distribution
2.comparative advantage 3.absolute advantage.4 cost advantagemarket share economies of scale labor /capital /tech/resource intensive economy supplying /demanding country 1.2.比较优势 3绝对优势
4.成本优势
5.市场份额 6 规模经济
7劳动/资金/技术/资源密集型经济
8供给/需求国
9.Foreign/local currency 10.Exchange rate 11.Target market 12.Export license 13.Quota 14.Cargo flow : import/export /transit trade 9.外/本币 10.汇率 11.目标市场 12.出口许可证 13.定量、配额
14:（进、出口、过境）贸易 15.Credit reference
16.Commodity inspection 17.Customs clearance
18.Direct /indirect/ Entrepot trade 19.International/Domestic trade 20.Export license
15.资信证明
16.商检
17.清关、结关
18.直接、间接、转口贸易 19.国际、国内贸易 20 出口许可证 21.General/Special
trade 22.Direct / Indirect trade
23.Forms of good: Visible/ Invisible Goods trade
24.：settlement instrument： Barter/ free-liquidation trade 21.一般贸易/特殊贸易
22.直接/间接贸易
23.有形、无形产品贸易 24.易货、自由结算贸易
mate’s receipt收货单、大副收据 shipping note装货通知单
the bill of lading提单
shipping advice 发货通知书
1.consumer durables 2.quote a price
3.cross-border transactions 4.customary practice 5.loading fee 6.dividing line 7.actual delivery 1.耐用消费品
2.报价
3.跨境（国界）交易 4.惯例
5.装载费 6.分界线 7.实际交货
１０．
arrival contract 11.Customs clearance 12.Customs formalities 13.delivery 14.inspection
15.Means of transport １０.到达合同 1１.清关、结关 1２.报关手续 1３.交货 1４.检验 1５.运输工具
16.Mode of transport
17.Shipment contract 18.Symbolic delivery
19.Transfer of risks
16.运输方式 １７．装运合同 19.象征交货
20.风险转移
1: INCOTERMS 2010
(Rules for the interpretation of Trade Terms 2010)2:ICC
3:RAFD(Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions)4: QC
1.2010年国际贸易术语(通则）2.国际商会
3.美国对外贸易定义修正本 4.质量控制、质量管理
1.EXW(EX works)工厂交货
2.FCA(Free Carrier)货交承运人
3.CPT(Carriage Paid To)运费付至
4.CIP(Carriage and lnsurance Paid to)运费、保险费付至
5.DAT(Delivered At Terminal)运输终端交货
6.DAP(Delivered At Place)目的地交货
7.DDP(Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货 8.FAS(Free Along Side)船边交货
9.FOB(Free On Board)船上交货
10.CFR(Cost and Freight)成本加运费
11.CIF(Cost, Insurance and Freight)成本、保险加运费
• 1：FOB liner terms(FOB班轮条件): •
buyer for all
• 2：FOB under tackle（FOB吊钩下交货）:
buyer pays from the moment goods under the
tackle • 3：FOB –stowed（FOB包括理舱费）: • seller loading and stowing
• 4：FOB Trimmed（FOB包括平舱费）: seller loading、trimming • 5：FOB stowed and trimmed（FOB包括理、平舱费 •
seller loading stowing and trimming
1、firm offers
2、offeror
3、offeree
4、terminate 5.acceptance 6 Counter-offer
7.enquiry
8.irrevocable offer 9 withdraw of an offer
1.实盘
2.发盘方（人）
3.受盘方（人）
终止 5.接受 6.还盘
7.询价
8.不可撤销发盘 9.撤回发盘 9 Validity periodquotation of an offer 11 Quote CISG（United Nations Convention on Contracts of International Sales of Goods)９ 有效期 报盘
国际货物销售合同公约 形式发票（Proforma Invoice）报价单（Quotation）订单(Order)
Prices quoted should include insurance and freight to Liverpool.报价应包括到利物浦的保险费和运费
• 执事先生： •
从澳大利亚大使馆得悉贵公司在澳大利亚是出口羊毛材料的一家大公司。•
由于本地市场对羊毛材料的需求一直在增长，因此我公司愿在本地区成为第一个销售这种产品的公司。•
请邮寄贵方目录本、价目表以及能提供的各种样品，同时也请告知贵公司与其它公司做贸易所采用的付款方式。•
盼速复。
谨启 • Dear Sirs, • We learn with pleasure from the Australian Embassy in Beijing that you are producing for export wool sweater.• There is a steady demand here for high-class goods of this type, especially in brighter colors.• We would appreciate receiving your catalogue and full details of your export prices and terms of payment, together with any samples you can let us have.• • • • We look forward to hearing from you.Yours faithfully, 敬启者：
贵方九月五日关于羊毛材料的询盘已收悉。应要求，我方已另航邮去带有图解的说明书，价目表及样品本。
有关付款方式，我们贸易的一贯做法是采用保兑的不可撤销的信用证。
由于质地优良，价格合理，我们的羊毛材料多年来在世界市场享有盛誉。我们相信我们的产品一定会帮助你们扩大市场销路。•
盼早复。谨启 Dear Sirs:
Thank you for your inquiry of Sept.5 on wool material
As requested, we have already sent you the illustrated brochures, price list and sample by airmail.• Concerning the terms of payment , our usual practice is confirmed，irrevocable letter of credit（L/C).Over the years, our wool material has the high reputation of good quality and reasonable prices in the world market.We believe that our products will help you to expand market.We look forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully，• Four components in a standard format of a price:
• A code of currency: USD, CAD,CNY, EUR, GBP(货币代码）• A number indicating（表示）the price unit • A unit for measuring quantity: kg, gr, m/t, yd, set • A certain trade term: FOB, CFR, CIF • Examples: • USD225.30/piece CIF New York • FOB Guangzhou EUR12.80/set • Cost of production（生产成本）
• Direct cost（直接成本）: material costs, labour costs, allocation of fixed costs, packing costs, etc.• Administrative costs: overhead经常费用 • Cost of sales • Marketing costs: advertising, sales trip expenses, commissions，intermediary services
• Cost of delivery • Warehousing and transporting charge, insurance premium保险费, taxes税收and tariffs征收关税, customs duties（进口税）
• Anticipated profit margin（预期利润率）
• in an absolute number • in a percentage → profit margin • Capability of target market（目标市场潜力）
• Referring to the consumption power（消费能力）, income level, supply and demand relationship需求关系The higher the capital income of the target market, the higher the price • Payment terms（付款条件）
• The lower the financing charges, the higher the risk of payment • Other factors to be considered
• foreign exchange rates
• international market price for similar products policies and regulations规章制度 in a particular • If FOB price is available
– CFR = FOB + Ocean Freight •
• • Ocean freight（海洋运费）
– Provided by shipping lines（航运公司）– Quoted as packaged price（组合价格）
– Others like “additionals” and “surcharges”（附加费）
– CIF If FOB price is available = FOB + Ocean Freight + Insurance Premium If CFR price is available – CIF = CFR + Insurance Premium Calculation of Insurance Premium(I)– Based on contract value/invoice value + – A markup（上浮，涨价幅度）(normally 10%)to cover incidental costs（杂费）– Formula: I = CIF x(1+10%)x Premium Rate(R)（保险费率）Therefore – CIF = CFR + CIF x(1+10%)x Premium Rate(R)or – CIF = CFR /(1 – 110% x R)Conversion of FOB to other prices CFR = FOB + F – CIF =(FOB + F)/ [1 –(1+markup)x R] Conversion of CFR to other prices – FOB = CFR – F – CIF = CFR / [1 –(1+markup)x R] Conversion of CIF to other prices – FOB = CIF x [1 –(1+markup)x R] – F – CFR = CIF x [1 –(1+markup)x R] Net price（净价，实价）= basic costs + profit Commission – An incentive payment made to the middlepersons for their intermediary services – Expressed in a fixed figure or in a percentage – Examples • CFR London GBP100 per doz, including 2% commission • USD200 per M/T CIFC2% London • CIFC3 Hamburg USD100/set •
• • •
• •
Two ways of calculating计算 commission – based on invoice/contract value
• C = contract value x C rate – based on FOB or FCA:
• Under such terms as CFR, CIF, C is calculated before F（freight)and I(insurance)are deducted • Formula:
– C = price including C(FOB/FCA)x C rate
– Net price = price including C(FOB/FCA)– C
= price including C x(1-C rate)
– Price including C(FOB/FCA)= net price /(1-C rate)– allocation cost
分摊成本 • –
fixed cost
固定成本 –
overhead
管理经费
– insurance premium保险费
–
tariff
关税
–
outlet
甩卖,工厂清仓 –
Factory price
出厂价
– Consumption power
消费能力
– Per capita income
个人平均收入
– segment
市场细分 – Production cost
生产成本 – Marketing strategy
营销策略
– Sales cost
销售成本
– Delivery cost
运送成本
– Financing cost
融资成本 – anticipated profit
预期利润
– terms of payment
付款方式
– cost-plus pricing
成本加成定价法 – marginal cost pricing
边际成本定价法 – buyer based pricing
买方价值定价法 competition based pricing 竞争定价法 export profit margin28 出口盈亏率
export cost for foreign exchang出口换汇成本
break-even point 盈亏平衡点
Local currency 本币
• markup 加价，上浮
• Face value 票面值，表面价值 • premium rate 保险率 •
net price净价 •
commission 佣金 •
discount折扣
• Exchange rate 汇率
Final price
最终价格 •
total price总价
• unfixed price 非固定价
money of account 计价货币 •
initial pric 最初价格
• Money of payment支付货币 • Unit price 单价
• Price adjustment clause 价格调整条款
• Price including commission 含佣价 • rebate 减免、退款
• wage index
工资指数
• 出现下列一类的词句者，皆为虚盘: •
Subject to prior sale.有权先售。
-All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated.•
所作报价，除特别注明外，须经我方确认后方能生效。
-Our offer is subject to approval of export license.出口许可证准许签证，我方报价才有效 卖方发盘，或称“售货发盘”(Selling Offer)
买方发盘，或称“购货发盘”(Buying Offer)，习称“递盘”（Bid）
• offer 报盘，报价
• to offer for 对...报价
• to make an offer for 对...报盘（报价）
• firm offer 实盘
• non-firm offer 虚盘
• to forward an offer(or to send an offer)寄送报盘
to get an offer(or to obtain an offer)获得...报盘
• to cable an offer(or to telegraph an offer)电报（进行）报价
• offer and acceptance by post 通过邮政报价及接受
• to accept an offer 接受报盘
• to entertain an offer 考虑报盘
• to give an offer 给...报盘
• to submit an offer 提交报盘
official offer 正式报价（报盘）
• 指示性价格 price indication • 速复 reply immediately • 参考价 reference price •习惯做法 usual practice
• 交易磋商 business negotiation
• 不受约束 without engagement • 业务洽谈 business discussion • 限**复 subject to reply **
• 限* *复到 subject to reply reaching here ** 有效期限 time of validity
• 有效至**: valid till **
• 购货合同 purchase contract
• 销售合同 sales contract
• 购货确认书 purchase confirmation • 销售确认书 sales confirmation
• 一般交易条件 general terms and conditions • 以未售出为准 subject to prior sale
• 需经卖方确认 subject to seller's confirmation
• 需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation
• 凭规格买卖
sale by specification • 凭等级买卖
sale by grade • 凭标准买卖
sale by standard • 凭说明书买卖
sale by illustration
• 凭品牌或商标买卖
sale by brand or trade mark • 凭产地名称买卖
sale by name of origin
• 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration • F.A.Q.（fair average quality）良好平均品质
• G.M.Q.（good merchantable quality）上好可销品质。合同中的品质条款
（一）基本内容（见例）•
1、Sample No.612 Cloth Doll •
2、White Rice，Long-Shaped，•
Broken Grains（max.）25% •
Admixture（max.）0.25% •
Moisture（max.）15% •
3、T101 MAXAM Dental Cream • Quality as per sample No.123 and technical feature indicated in the illustrations submitted by seller.• • • • • •
品质以卖方提供的第123号样品和说明书的技术标准为准。
5、Quality and technical data as per Seller‘s catalogue page 123 and line 16.品质和技术数据以卖方提供的样本第123页第16行为准。、Quality and technical data to be in conformity with the attached technical agreement which forms an integral part of this contract.品质和技术数据符合本合同所附技术协议书。
机动幅度（Quality latitude）：规定范围（38/39“）
规定极限（max.min.）
规定上下差异（2% more or less）
品质公差（Quality tolerance)：国际、行业公认、合同规定 品质的增减价条款：
含油量
每±1%，合同价格±1.5% 常用计量单位：
千克（Kilogram, kg.）吨（ton, t）
公吨（metric ton, m/t）长吨（long ton, 1/t）短吨（short ton，s/t）公担（quintal.q.）克（gram, gm.）磅（pound, lb.）盎司（ounce, oz）克拉（carat, car）
适用货物：一般天然产品，以及部分工业制成品。如，羊毛、棉花、谷物、矿产品、油类、沙盐、药品等。码（yard, yd.）米（meter, m.）英尺（foot, ft）• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 厘米（centi-meter, cm.）• 公里（kilometer, km）
适用货物：纺织品匹头、绳索、电线电缆等。
• 箱case;c.c/s • 只piece;pc • 纸箱carton
• 件package;pkg • 听tin • 包bale
• 打dozen;doz.• 罐can
• 桶drum or barrel • 套set • 盒box
• 袋sack or bag
• 瓶bottle • 篓/筐basket
• 罗gross;gr(12 doz)
• 大罗great gross(12 gr）• 令ream;rm • 卷roll
• 张piece/sheet • 双pair • 对yoke • 头head 常用单位：
•平方英尺square foot,sq.ft •平方码square yard, sq.yd •平方米square meter,sq.m
适用货物：玻璃板、地毯、皮制产品、塑料制品等。如：塑料篷布，塑料地板、皮革、铁丝网等。常用单位：
•平方英尺square foot,sq.ft •平方码square yard, sq.yd •平方米square meter,sq.m
适用货物：玻璃板、地毯、皮制产品、塑料制品等。如：塑料篷布，塑料地板、皮革、铁丝网等。
• 立方米 cubic meter, cu.m • 立方英尺 cubic foot, cu.ft • 立方码 cubic yard, cu.yd
• 适用货物：天然气、化学气体，木材等。
• 公升（litre, or l.）, • 加仑（gallon, or gal.）• 蒲式耳（bushel, or bu.）
适用货物：谷物类，以及部分流体、气体物品。如，小麦、玉米；煤油、汽油，酒精、啤酒、双氧水、天然瓦斯等。、毛重
GROSS WEIGHT
净重
NET WEIGHT
理论重量
THEORETICAL WEIGHT、法定重量
LEGAL WEIGHT
运输标志（Shipping Mark）指示性标志（Indicative Mark）警告性标志（Warning Mark）中性包装（Neutral Packing OEM（原始设备制造商）到ODM（原始设计制造商）到OBM（原始品牌制造商）
正常提单（Current B/L）它是指在信用证的条件下，卖方在信用证规定的交单期内提交给银行议付货款的提单。
• 过期提单（stale B/L）过期提单有两种含义：
①是指出口商在装船后延滞过久才交到银行议付的提单；
②是提单晚于货物到达目的港，这种提单也称为过期提单。这种情况是近洋运输中经常出现的，所以，近洋国家间的贸易合同一般都规定有“过期提单也可接受”（stale B/L is acceptable）的条款。
倒签提单（Anti-dated B/L）
• 承运人应托运人的要求，签发提单的日期早于实际装船日期的提单。目的是符合信用证对装船日期的规定，便于在信用证下结汇。
预借提单（Advanced B/L）
• 又称无货提单，它是指在信用所结汇期，即信用证的有效期即将届满，而货物尚未装船或尚未装船完毕的情况下，托运人为了能及时结汇，而要求承运人提前签发的已装船清洁提单。
• • • • • 保险人或承保人----保险公司(Insurer)被保险人或投保人----要保人（Insured)保险标的----保险对象
保险价值----保险标的的货币计算(Insured Value)保险金额----是被保险人对保险标的的实际保金额, 也是保险人计算报废和承担赔偿责任的最大限度的依据.1.可保利益（insurable interest）原则
投保人对保险标的具有保险利益。国际货运保险要求在保险标的发生损失时必须具有保险利益。
2.最大诚信（utmost good faith）原则
双方恪守信用，保险人说明保险条款内容，投保人应就重要事实的申报、保证。
3.经济补偿（indemnity）原则近因（proximate cause）原则
保险人只对承保风险与保险标的损失之间有直接因果关系的损失负赔偿责任，对保险责任范围外的风险造成的保险标的的损失，不承担赔偿责任。
5.代位求偿(Subrogation)原则
当损失是由于第三方造成，通常情况，保险人向第三方追偿或向保险人追偿，二选一。若先选择向保险人追偿，则保险人代被保险人追偿由于第三方对于保险标的造成的损失的赔偿
6.分担(Share)原则
重复保险分摊原则是指投保人向多个保险人重复保险时，投保人的索赔只能在保险人之间分摊，赔偿金额不得超过损失金额。海上风险（perils of the sea 外来风险（extraneous risks 实际全损（actual total loss）
推定全损（constructive total loss）单独海损（particular average）共同海损（general average）
施救费用（sue and labor expenses）救助费用（salvage charges）
水渍险（with particular average, W.P.A.）一切险(all risks, A.R.一般附加险
（General Additional Insurance）特别附加险
（Special Additional Insurance）
•平安险、水渍险和一切险的起止时间采用 “仓对仓条款”（warehouse to warehouse clause）W/W • 保险公司对被保险货物所承担的保险期限为：从被保险货物远离保险单上载明的起运港（地）发货人的仓库开始，包括运输过程，一直到货物运达保险单 载明的目的港（地）收货人的仓库为止。
1.协会货物（A）险条款
Institute Cargo Clauses A ,简称ICC（A）2.协会货物（B）险条款
Institute Cargo Clauses B, 简称ICC（B 协会货物（C）险条款
Institute Cargo Clauses C, 简称ICC（C）
4.协会战争险条款（货物）
（Institute War Clauses--Cargo）；
5.协会罢工险条款（货物）
（Institute Strikes Clauses--Cargo）；
6.恶意损害险条款
（Malicious Damage Clauses）
承保范围（risks covered）
除外责任（exclusions）、保险期限（duration）、索赔
（claims）、保险利益（benefit of delay）、减少损失（minimizing losses）、防止延迟（avoidance of delay）
法律惯例（law and practice）。
Insurance policy 保险单（大保单）
Insurance certificate 保险凭证（小保单）
• Cargo Transportation Insurance
货物运输保险 1.commercial expediency 2.premium 3.insurant 4.underwriter 5.scope of coverage 6.The indemnified
7.the assured 8.the insurer 9.the claimant
10.insurable interest
11.the insurable interest principle 1.商业便利
2.保险费 3.被保险人 4.保险公司
5.（保险）责任范围
6.被 赔偿者 7.被保险人
8、承保人，保险公司 9：
赔偿请求人 10
可保利益
11、可保利益原则 12.pecuniary 13.policy 14.void
15.The utmost good faith principle 16.peril
17.The indemnity principle 12.金钱的 13.保险单 14 无效的 15.信任原侧 16.危险
17.赔偿原则
18.The proximate cause principle.The subrogation principle 20.The share principle 21.Actual total loss 22.Combined certificate
23、constructive total loss24、contribution
25、exclusion
26、external risks
27、extraneous risks
18、近因原则
19、代位原则
20、分摊原则
21、实际全损
22、联合保险凭证
23、推定全损
24、分摊
25、除外责任
26、外部险 27
附加险
28.Fortuitous risks 29.Franchise
30.General average 31.General risks 32.Insurance certificate
33、insurance claim
34、insurance cover
35、insurance policy
36、insurance premium
37、insurance rate 28.意外险 29.免赔率
３０．
共同海损
31、一般险
32、保险凭证
33、保险索赔
34、保险范围
35、保险单
36、保险费
37、保险费率
38.Natural calamity 39.Open policy 40.Partial loss
41.Particular average 42.Perils of the sea
43、special risks
44、subject matter
45、sum insured
46、total loss
47、unexpected accidents 38.自然灾害
39.预约保险单 40.部分损失
41、单独海损
42、海上 风险
43、特种险
44、标的物
45、投保金额
46、全损
意外事故 1: CIC 2:
FPA 3: GA 4: ICC 5: IOP 6: PICC 7: SRCC 8: TPND 9:WPA
10: W/W Clause 1.中国保险条款
2.平安险
3.共同海损分担 4.伦敦保险业条款
5.不计免赔
6.中国人民保险公司 7.罢工暴动内乱险
8.偷窃、提货不着险
9:水渍险
10.仓至仓条款
• The insurable interest principle 可保利益原则
• The utmost good faith principle最大诚信原则 • The indemnity principle赔偿原则 • The proximate principle近因原则
• The subrogation principle 代位求偿原则
• The share principle分摊原则
1.出票（Issue）
2.提示（Presentation）3.承兑（Acceptance）4.付款（Payment 5.背书（Endorsement
6.拒付和追索（Dishonor＆Recourse 付款交单（D/P）
承兑交单（D/A）D/P即期付款方式 D/P after 90 days付款
信用证（Letter of Credit,L/C）.预支信用证（anticipatory
L/C）
.循环信用证（revolving credit）备用信用证(Standby Letter of Credit)
1.acceptance
2.anticipatory credit 3.back to back credit 4.beneficiary
5.bill of exchange 6.check
7.clean bill
8.clean collection 9.clean credit
10.confirmed L/C
11.deferred payment 12.discount 1.承兑
2.预支信用证 3.背对背信用证 4.受益人、收款人 5.汇票 6.支票 7.光票 8.光票托收 9.光票信用证 10.保兑信用证
11.延付货款 12.贴现
12.Documentary bill 13.Documentary letter of credit 14.endorsement 15.Factoring 16.forfeiting 17.Irrevocable 12.跟单汇票 13.跟单信用证 14.背书 15.保理
16.福费庭、包买票据 17.不可撤销的
18.Paying instrument.Payment by installment 20.Payment by advance 21.Payment term 22.presentation
23、promissory note24、reciprocal credit
25、red clause credit
26、remittance
27、revocable L/C
18、支付工具
19、分期付款 20、预付
21、付款条件
22、提示
23、本票
24、对开信用证
25、红条款信用证
26、汇付
可撤销信用证 28.Revolving credit 29.Sight draft 30.Sight L/C 31.Standby L/C 32.tenor
33、time/usance draft
34、transferable L/C
28.循环信用证
29.即期汇票
30.即期信用证 31.备用信用证 32.期限
33.远期汇票
34.可转让信用证
1:
D/D 2:
M/T 3:
T/T 4:
D/P 5:
D/A 6:
FCI 7:
L/C 8:
L/G 9: URC 522 10: UCP600
1.即期汇票 2.信汇 3.电汇 4.付款交单 5.承兑交单
6.国际保理联合商会 7.信用证 8.保函
9.托收统一规则
10.跟单信用证统一惯例600 11.Disputes, Claim and Arbitration 12.争议、索赔、仲裁
第四篇：四级翻译专有名词汇总..
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四级翻译专有名词汇总
1.中国历史与文化
京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫Kung Fu 太极Tai Chi
口 技 ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadow play
折子戏 opera highlights 杂技 acrobatics
相声 witty dialogue comedy 刺绣 embroidery
苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy
中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术 paper-making 指南针 the compass 青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain;china 唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing 武术 martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家 Mohism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu
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孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字 pictographic characters 文房四宝(笔墨纸研)the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean 《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Book of Songs 《易经》The I Ching;The Book of Changes 《礼记》The Book of Rites 《三字经》Three-character Scriptures 八股文 eight-part essay 五言绝句 five-character quatrain 七言律诗 seven-character octave 旗袍 cheongsam 中山装 Chinese tunic suit 唐装 Tang suit 风水 Feng Shui;geomantic omen
阳历 Solar calendar 阴历 Lunar calendar 闰年 leap year 十二生肖zodiac 春节 the Spring Festival 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节 the Double-ninth Day 七夕节 the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets 庙会 temple fair 爆竹 firecracker
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年画(traditional)New Year pictures 压岁钱 New Year gift-money 舞龙dragon dance 元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern 灯谜 lantern riddle 舞狮 lion dance 踩高跷 stilt walking 赛龙舟 dragon boat race 胡同hutong 山东菜 Shandong cuisine 川菜 Sichuan cuisine 粤菜 Canton cuisine 扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine 月饼 moon cake 年糕 rice cake 油条 deep-fried dough sticks 豆浆 soybean milk 馒头 steamed buns 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 包子 steamed stuffed buns 北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck 拉面 hand-stretched noodles 馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup)豆腐 tofu? bean curd 麻花 fried dough twist 烧饼 clay oven rolls 皮蛋 100-year egg;century egg 蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg 糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks 火锅hot pot 长城 the Great Wall of China 烽火台 beacon tower 秦台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses 大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 丝绸之路the Silk Road 敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs 五台山"Wutai Mountain 九华山 Jiuhua Mountain 蛾眉山Mount Emei 泰山 Mount Tai
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黄山 Mount Huangshan;the Yellow Mountain 故宫 the Imperial Palace 天坛 the Temple of Heaven 午门 Meridian Gate 大运河 Grand Canal 护城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall 居庸关 Juyongguan Pass 九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall 黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi 十三陵 the Ming Tombs 苏州园林 Suzhou gardens 西湖 West Lake 九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley 日月潭 Sun Moon Lake 布达拉宫Potala Palace 鼓楼 drum tower 四合院 quadrangle;courtyard complex 孔庙 Confucius Temple 乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha 十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha 喇嘛Lama
2.中国经济
总需求 aggregate demand 总供给 aggregate supply 企业文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象 corporate image(Cl);enterprise image 跨国公司 cross-national corporation 创业精神 enterprising spirit;pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业 electronic industry 汽车制造工业 car industry 娱乐业 entertainment industry 信息产业 information industry 知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises
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轻工业 light industry 博彩业 lottery industry 制造业 manufacturing industry 垄断行业 monopoly industries 市场多元化 market diversification 市场经济 market economy 市场监管 market supervision 购买力 purchasing power 牛市 bull market 城镇化 urbanization 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment 业主 home owner 个人购房贷款 individual housing loan 经济全球化 economic globalization 经济特区 special economic zones(SEZ)经济增长 economic growth 泡沫经济 bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy 货币投放量 the size of money supply 流动性过剩excess liquidity 经济过热 overheated economy 通货膨胀inflation 抑制通货膨胀curb inflation 注入流动性 to inject liquidity 贴现率 discount rate 存款准备金率 reserve requirement ratio(RRR)公开市场业务 open market operation(OMO)逆回购 reverse repurchase agreement;reverse repo 引导降低市场借贷成本
to guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level 稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy 微调货币政策 to fine-tune monetary policy 硬着陆 hard landing 软着陆 soft landing 二十国集团 Group of Twenty(G2O)财政部长 Finance Minister 全年预期经济增长目标the expected growth target for the whole year 经济活力 economic vitality 大规模经济刺激计划 a massive economic stimulus package 结构改革 structural reform 硬资产 hard assets
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软资产 soft assets 有形资产 tangible assets 经济走廊 economic corridor 整顿市场秩序 to rectify the market order 反垄断 antitrust;anti-monopoly 定价浮动 price fluctuations 谋求利益最大化 to maximize profit 债务审计audit of debt 地方性政府债务 local government debt/liability 公共财政体制改革 an overhaul of the public finance system 债务管理 debt management 信用支持 credit support 3.中国社会
多元文化论 cultural pluralism 文化适应 acculturation 社会保障 social security 班车 shuttle bus 相定迁户 a relocated unit or household 大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 独生子女 the only child in a family 单亲 single parent 福利彩票 welfare lotteries 家政服务 household management service 民工 migrant laborers 名人 celebrity 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor/laborers 青春期 puberty 全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign 全国人口普查 nationwide census 性骚扰 sexual harassment 走私 smuggling 性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination 年龄歧视 age discrimination 工作歧视 job discrimination 享乐主义hedonism 文盲 illiteracy 贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies 一国两制 One Country, Two Systems 三个代表 the Three Represents Theory 两会(人大、政协)Two Conferences(NPC and CPPCC)南南合作 South-South Cooperation
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南北对话 North-South Dialog 人大常委会 People’s Congress Standing Committee 法制观念 awareness of law 法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up 公务员 civil servants 官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work 和谐并存 harmonious coexistence 计划生育 family planning 计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning 精神文明建设 the construction of spiritual civilization 居委会 neighborhood committee 科教兴国 national rejuvenation through science and education 可持续发展 sustainable development 廉洁高效 honesty and high efficiency 两岸关系 cross-straits relations 两岸谈判 cross-straits negotiations 领土完整 territorial integrity 民族精神 national spirit 普选制 general election system 求同存异 seek common ground while shelving differences 人大代表NPC member 毕业生分配 graduate placement;assignment of graduate 充电 update one’s knowledge 初等教育 elementary education 大学城 college town 大学社区 college community 高等教育 higher education 高等教育“211 工程” the “211 Project” for higher education 高等学府 institution of higher education 综合性大学 comprehensive university 文科院校 colleges of(liberal)arts 理工科大学 college / university of science and engineering 师范学院 teachers’ college;normal college 高分低能 high scores and low abilities 高考(university/college)entrance examination 高校扩招 the college expansion plan 教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education 九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools 物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization 小康社会 a well-off society
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小康水平a well-off standard 一个中国原则 the one-China principle 与时俱进 keep pace with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 共同愿望common desire “走出去”(战略)going global 不结盟 non-alignment 单边主义 unilateralism 多边政策 multilateralism 多极世界 multipolar world 人口老龄化 aging of population 人口出生率birth rate 社区服务 community service 道德法庭 court of ethics 盗用公款embezzlement 成人夜校 night school for adults 在职进修班 on-job training courses 政治思想教育 political and ideological education
第五篇：专有名词翻译对照
浅谈最优化理论在实际生活中的应用 Application of The Optimization Theory in Actual Life 最优化理论The optimization theory
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