求一篇土木工程专业的外文翻译

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第一篇:求一篇土木工程专业的外文翻译

building types and design

A building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in.As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings.industrial buildings are used by various factories or

industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities.Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the

metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry.factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones.the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings.however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used.Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings.residential buildings should suit family life.each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a

toilet.public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings,parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition

halls ,bath pools ,and so on.all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings.the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing.a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort.a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food

markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center.In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out.a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities.in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work.quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion.the accessibility of public

transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work.people we’re chiefly interested in the

arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms.Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should

provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended.in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services”.attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas.the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other

rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall.the

living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a

dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove.the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms.the “services “comprise the

kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets.the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms.It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various

rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible.it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads.in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of

population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the

neighbourhood ,and so on.There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations.the modern trend is

towards light ,airy factory buildings.generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare.翻译:

建筑类型和设计

建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系,他为人们提供必要的空间,用以工作和生活。根据适用类型不同,建筑物可以分为两类:工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑,民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住,就业,教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。

工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业,冶金工业,机械制造,化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型:单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是,工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。

民用建筑按使用可分为两大类:住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房:起居室,厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治,文化活动,管理工作和其他服务,如学校,写字楼,公园,医院,商店,车站,剧院,体育馆,宾馆,展览馆,洗浴池,等等。他们都有着不同的职能,这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。

房屋是用以住人的.其基本功能是提供住房的内容,但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道,现有住房不仅要符合其安全,健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施,如食品市场,学校,商店,图书馆,电影院,以及社区中心等。

在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅,这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家,许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房,即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房,因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音,拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素,因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型,房间的大小和卧室的数目。

在工程项目开始之前,要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。

在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局,其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中,布局可考虑以下三个方面: “白天”,“夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。“白天”房一般包括餐厅,起居室和厨房,但其他房间可能会增加,如书房,并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的,往往是一个餐厅,也或可能有厨房、凹室等。“夜间”房间包括卧室、客

房。“服务”用房间包括厨房,浴室,储藏室,和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起,以方便其房间功能的使用。

此外,还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题,当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而,在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素,往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题,还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施,人口密度,建筑物高度,绿化面积,建筑红线等的要求,还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况,等等。

尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂,可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶,把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。

第二篇:测绘专业英语论文外文翻译

The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processing of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy

2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System:GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.测绘在矿山测量中的发展

七十年代以来,随着电子技术和激光技术的发展,光电结合型的测绘仪器(如测距仪、全站仪、陀螺仪)对传统的测绘仪器方法产生了深刻的影响。以卫星遥感、全球定位系统为代表的空间对地观测技术在测绘科学中的应用日趋成熟,以计算机技术、系统科学为基础的地理信息系统的出现和应用为多源测绘信息的获取、分析、管理、处理及其充分应用提供了有力的技术支持,自动化、智能化的测绘系统已处于研究之中,因此可以说,现代测绘技术正在经历着一场深刻的革命。矿山测量技术的一个重要应用领域,在广大的煤矿、金属矿山、有色矿山等的生产过程中发挥着重要的作用。矿山测量的现代任务是:在矿山勘探、设计、开发和生产运营的各个阶段,对矿区地面和地下的空间、资源、(以矿产和土地资源为主)和环境信息进行采集、存储、处理、显示、利用,为合理、有效地开发资源、保护资源、保护环境、治理环境服务,为工矿区的持续发展报务。为了实现其现代任务,矿山测量必须充分应用现代测绘仪器和技术,将先进的现代技术同矿山测量的实际工作、具体特点相结合,拓宽矿山测量的生存空间和业务范围,促进矿山测量的改革和发展,适应市场经济体制和矿山体制改革的需要。全站仪、空间信息技术、惯性测量系统等现代测绘仪器技术均已在矿山测量中得到了应用并正在不断向纵深发展。为此本文对现代测绘仪器技术的发展及其在矿山测量的应用进行系统的分析和研究,以使矿山测量更好地服务于矿山可持续发展。

现代测绘仪器、技术及其在矿山测量中的应用: 1 全站仪及其在矿山测量中的应用:

全站仪作为当前应用最为广泛的测绘仪器,是电子技术与光学技术发展结合的光电测量仪器,也是集测距仪、电子经纬仪的优点于一体的、应用前途广泛的仪器,智能化的全站仪是目前销量最大的测绘仪器,也是今后发展的主要方向。智能型全站仪是集光、电、磁、机的最新科学成果,集测距、测角为一体的先进仪器。国际上先进的全站仪均以存储卡、内部存储器或电子手簿的方式记录数据,具有双路传输的通讯功能,能接收外部计算机的指令,由计算机输入数据,也能向外部计算机输出数据。目前国际上较先进的全站仪有日本SOKKIA生产的POWERSET系列全站仪及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站仪,瑞士Leica公司生产的TCA100及TCA1800全站仪,日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站仪等。我国目前仅有南方测绘仪器公司生产的NTS-200系列全站仪。全站仪已在工程测量、矿山测量、地籍测量等领域得到了广泛的应用,其发展及应用正处在飞速发展之中。全站仪由于兼具有经纬仪和测距仪的优点,且以数字形式提供测量成果,其操作简便、性能稳定、数据可通过电子手簿与计算机进行通讯等优点使其在矿山测量中得到了广泛的应用。地面控制测量、地形测量、工程测量均可利用全站仪进行,联系测量、井下测量工作也可用全站仪进行。以全站仪为代表的智能化、数字化仪器是矿山测量仪器今后的发展方向之一。基于全站仪和现代计算机技术可建立矿山三维数据自动采集、传输、处理的矿山测量数据处理系统,取代传统的手簿记录、手工录入、繁琐计算等大量的重复性的工作。此外,全站仪在矿山地表移动监测、矿区土地复垦工程实施、矿区施工等方面也都得到应用,各大矿的测量机构正在以全站仪取代传统的仪器进行日常的测量工作,既提高了效益,加快了速度,又减少了开发,保证了精度。空间信息技术及其在矿山测量中的应用:

空间信息技术的核心和主体是“3S”技术,即遥感(Remote Sensing:RS)、全球定位系统(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系统(Grographic Information System:GIS)。遥感包括卫星遥感和航空遥感,航空遥感作为地形图测绘的重要手段已在实践中得到了广泛的应用,卫星遥感用于测图也正在矿究之中并已取得一些意义重大的成果,基于遥感资料建立数字地面模型(DTM)进而应用于测绘工作已获得了较多的应用。GPS作为一项引起传统测绘观念重大变革的技术,已经成为大地测量的主要技术手段,也是最具潜力的全能型技术,在矿山测量、控制测量、工程测量、环境监测、防灾减灾以及交通运输工具的导航方面发挥着重要的作用。由于GPS不仅具有全天候、高精度和高度灵活性的优点,而且与传统的测量技术相比,无严格的控制测量等级之分,不必考虑测点间通视,不需造标,不存在误差积累,可同时进行三维定位等优点,在外业测量模式、误差来源和数据处理方面是对传统测绘观念的革命性转变。地理信息系统作为对空间地理分布有关的数据进行采集、处理、管理、分析的计算机技术系统,其发展和应用对测绘科学的发展意义重大,是现代测绘技术的重大技术支撑。以“3S”一体化或集成为主导的空间信息技术体系已逐渐成为测绘学或地球信息学(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技术体系和工作模式,其先进性、时效性明显。以空间信息技术为技术支撑,现代测绘仪器、技术正处于快速的发展之中。遥感技术在矿山测量中的应用已经历了较长的时间,并积累了丰富的经验。对于航空遥感来说,航空遥感资料可作为进行矿区地形图测绘的资料源,通过象片校正、目视判读、野外调绘等工作,完成地形图的测绘。较之传统的测图方法,利用遥感资料进行测图速度快、成本低、精度高,是一种应用极为广泛的测图方法。航天遥感在矿山测量中应用的关键理论与技术也正处于研究之中。应用遥感资料,可获取矿区实时、动态、综合的信息源,对矿区环境进行监测,为矿区环境保护提供决策支持。遥感资料用于找矿、矿区地质条件研究、煤层顶底板研究等方面都已得到应用,所有这些,都说明遥感技术应用于矿山测量是矿山测量实现其现代任务的重要保证。GPS技术在矿山测量中的应用主要是取代传统的地面测绘工作。如利用GPS技术进行矿区地表移动监测、水文观测孔高程监测、矿区控制网建立或复测、改造等。随着GPS接收机性能价格比的不断上升,其应用于矿山测量工作的地面部分已成为现代矿山测量的一项重要支撑技术。应用于矿区的地理信息系统即为矿区地理信息系统,或称为矿区资料源环境信息系统(MRIES)。MREIS已成为矿山测量的重要发展方向。以矿区资源环境信息系统为平台,以各种测量技术为数据获取的途径,可以建立集数据采集、处理、管理、分析、输出于一体的自动化、智能化的技术系统,作为矿山可持续发展的决策支持系统。矿山测量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作,而建立MREIS则是矿山测量发展的必然趋势。因此,GPS在矿区应用首先就是应用于矿山测量建立矿山测量信息系统,然后以此为基础建立矿区资源环境信息系统。空间信息技术是矿山测量实现其现代任务的重要的技术支撑和保证,以“3S”技术和其他测量仪器技术的有机结合为基础的矿区资料环境信息系统就是空间信息技术在矿山测量中应用的综合性成果。惯性测量系统及其在矿山测量中的应用:

惯性测量系统(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一种导航定位技术,具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和机动灵活等优点,为大地测量、工程测量和矿山测量作业的自动化和全能性提供了另一种新的技术手段。它是利用惯性导航的原理,以同时获取多种大地测量数据(经纬度、高程、方位角、重力异常和垂线偏差等)的一种技术系统。ISS可分为两大类:平台式系统和捷联式系统,ISS在测绘领域的主要应用目标包括:(1)控制测量,如对已有控制点的检核、加密、航测控制等;(2)管线监测、定位、地壳形变、地表沉陷观测;(3)井下定位,各种工程和建筑测量;(4)地震、重力测量,地球物理研究;(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性监测等。GPS/ISS组合系统是满足高精度导航和定位要求的发展方向之一。这种组合系统可使GPS与ISS的性能得到很多互补,能够以整体大地测量模型进行数据处理,同时确定三维坐标和大地水准面,使定位和导航的精度稳定,且显著提高。惯性测量系统在矿山测量中的应用主是在矿山井下测量中的应用,进行井下测量的各项工作,当然其在地面也有广泛的应用领域,如前文所述。ISS在我国矿山测量中应用的工作尚未深入开展,有待继续发展。以GPS+ISS组合系统应用于矿山测量则是较有发展前途的一项技术 4 其他测绘新仪器新技术在矿山测量中的应用:

其他的现代测绘仪器如激光指向仪、陀螺经纬仪、数字式水准仪及相关的测绘技术等都在矿山测量中得到了应用,并以这些仪器技术为基础,形成了许多矿山测量的专用仪器,作为矿山测量应用的现代仪器和技术。结论:

矿山测量作为一门交叉性学科,其发展和进步与采矿技术和矿业工程的发展、测量科学技术与仪器设备的发展、其它学科如数理科学、计算机科学等的发展密切相关。现代测绘技术是建立在电子技术、空间技术、光学技术、计算机技术等基础上的综合性技术,并具有智能化、自动化等一系列优点。现代测绘科学技术迅猛发展,必然会促进矿山测量的进一步发展。以现代测绘技术、矿业工程技术和相关科学技术为基础的矿山测量,必将会形成集数据采集、处理、管理、传输、分析、表达、应用、输出为一体的智能化、自动化的技术系统,为矿区资源环境信息系统的建立提供基础性的资料,促进矿山可持续发展。

第三篇:新闻专业外文翻译

传播起什么作用

新闻与传播学院新闻07-1班武刚

我们是传播的动物;传播渗透到我们所做的一切事情中。它是形成人类关系的材料。它是流经人类全部历史的水流,不断延伸我们的感觉和我们的信思渠道。由于我们已实现从月球进行宽波段通讯联络,我们目前正在寻求同其它世界的其它生物进行交谈。传播是各种各样技能中最富有人性的。

但是,让我们更清醒地推敲一下这个说法。传播究竟能为我们做些什么,我们又利用传播做了什么?

这个问题乍听起来,好象问别人“为什么要吃饭?”或“为什么要睡觉?”一样愚蠢。我们吃饭是因为我们饥饿。我们睡觉是因为我们困倦。我们喊叫“救火!”是因为房子正在燃烧。我们说“对不起!”是因为我们碰撞了别人.

对我们说来,传播是一种自然而然的、必需的、无所不在的活动。我们建立传播关系是因为我们要同环境、特别是我们周围的人类环境相联系。正如上文引用的萨皮尔所写的那段话一样,社会是一个主要由传播所维持的这类关系组成的网。对一名观察者说来,传播就象血液流经人的心血管系统一样流过社会系统,为整个有机体服务,根据需要有时集中在这一部分,有时集中在另一部分,保持接触和平衡以及健康,我们已经习惯于生活在传播的汪洋大海中,以致于很难设想要是没有传播.我们将怎样生活。

不妨设想一个没有传播的社会是一个什么样的国际社会?近几年里,美国和中国之间的官方保持着毫无表情的沉默,但是却通过许多渠道进行了交流:经由大众媒介发表各种声明、采取显然是要转达讯息的政治行动、通过第三国彼此收集对方的情报。甚至有必要在中立国家安排大使级的“非官方”会议。双方交换了各种各样特殊的使节,如乒乓球运动员,通过他们,一个国家的高级官员能够异常坦率地向另一个国家的人民发表讲话。

在没有传播的情况下,群体社会又是什么样的社会呢?西多会有一个“沉默的”苦修会教派的寺院禁止交谈,但不禁止传播。僧侣们只有靠无数的行动传播:一瞥或一笑,行政管理行动,按日程办事,遵守成员们通过虔诚的行动互相交流的某种承诺和信仰上的团结一致。假定有一个隐士从人间世界退隐到他在山里的洞穴去冥思。他试图避免与他人交流,除非是有人来向他求教。但是,沉思冥想这个行为本身就意味着内心的传播。这个隐士是在挖掘自己过去储存的信息,加上从他的脱离人的环境所得到的信息,不断思考,自己同自已讨论。他是在同自己的每日祈祷书和自己的书籍进行交流,而旦在某种意义上说,是在同所有那些对他起过影响的思想进行交流。他的退隐到山洞是向全体人类传播一个讯息。而且他可能象圣方济一样同鸟类交谈。

因此,即使是在极其罕见的情况下,传播也照样在进行着。平时我们的大多数人对此是无意识的,除非有时自我意识到它。一名专业人员对于自己正在为一家杂志写的文章也许是很有自我意识和自我批评的。一个政治家对于自己正在背诵的演讲可能是有自我意识的。但是生活漫无目的的孩子们却是自然而然地发出和接受汛息,以他们整个有机体表现举止行动,不太考虑怎样做这种行动。他们知道喊一声“爸爸”和后来知道讲话时用‘请”字会受到父母的奖赏,但是即使这种表现也是自然形成的。他们喜欢看电视和回忆他们最喜欢的节目。他们到学校去,对自己必须写的作文题变得有点自我意识,或者就一个小伙子来说,对于第一次给一个姑娘打电话变得有点自我意识。但是,除非他们讲话有缺陷,或者是耳聋,或者其它某种痛苦的困难,他们都是以他们自然学会的方式进行传播,利用他们摸索学会的举止

来带来他们想取得的结果。

即使在儿童长大为成年人而且变得比较意识到传播的影响和以不同方式进行传播的后果时,他们也仍然觉得难以用言词描述为什么他们耍象他们所做的那样进行传播。几年前,纽约的报馆罢工,伯纳德?贝雷尔森利用这个机会对一批纽约人进行抽样调查,问他们在没有报纸的情况下感到失去了什么。他的目的当然是试图找出为什么他们读他们所读的东西。但是,这些人甚至很难说出他们失去了什么。他们可能列举出他们不再收到的一些服务性情报——如天气预报、电影上映时间表、晚间广播节目等——但是使他们烦恼的主要并不是因为失去这些情报。

许多人担心他们正在失去某些对自已有重要意义的具体情报:回答问题的好几位年纪大的人认为自己有些朋友可能死了而自己却一点也不知道。还有感到比较恼火的是隐隐约约觉得自己生活中好象缺少什么东西。有的人说,失去了“同世界的联系,失去了被接触的感觉”,或者简单地说少了“某件我每天都做的事”。这项调查的最重要发现也许是了解到读报行为已多么充分地纳入人们的日常生活中,这种传播行为已成了多么自然的事,以及最初采用传播的理由已多么深深地消失在过去的阴影中。

这就是为什么难以用言词说明“传播起什么作用”的一个原因,另一个原因是利用传播的各种理由往往是非常复杂而且不一定能从表面看出的。还有一个原因是明显(有意)的传播的功能,并不始终考虑潜伏(无意)的传播的功能。这是罗伯特.默顿说的话,实际上,他的意思是,传播的实际后果并不始终是有意的后果。例如,提醒别人可能患癌症的结果也许不是引导别人去体检,而是把他们吓得不敢去医院。见面时高兴地对人说一声“早上好”可能不是导致友谊。而是引起别人怀疑打招呼的人是想借钱。最后由于我们关于传播功能的分析大部分不得不从外部进行,我们发现自己总是试图看到黑匣子的里面。

但是,我们每人至少能看见一上黑匣子的里面,那就是我们自己的黑匣子。你进行传播的目的是什么?我为什么要传播?

今天早上我从家里走出来,看见一个穿运动衫的人,我朝他笑笑说“早晨好”。如果有人真的照字面译成新几内亚的部族语言可能会有困难。我不是说这是一个“好的”——就是说不错的——一早晨吗?不,这是一个天气恶劣的早晨,下着滂沱大雨,水从山上冲下来,几乎使我浸泡在水里。我是不是就象我们说“吉样的星期五”一样从某种道义上的角度谈起这个早晨的好呢?不,这一天跟其它日子一样。我是不是祝愿他有一个“好”—一就是说愉快的——早晨呢?在某种程度上有这个意思,但是他看上去完全能够安排他自已的早晨,而事实上我感到相当恼火的是因为他能够在海边度过这个早晨,而我却必须去上班。那么我同他说话的意思究竟是什么呢?我能够作出的最合理的解释是,我是在履行我们自己的部族礼仪。我是在向他传播,我属于他的群体,属于他的文化,不是一个外人,不是一个反叛者,也不是一个威胁。换句话说,我是在证实一种惬意的关系。

他向我说“你今天早晨好吗?”我怀疑他很关心我的健康。他是在做我刚才在做的事情——传播社会成员资格和某种程度的友谊。他期望我会说“很好”,我也的确这么说了。事实上,他们似乎是在向我们周围投射社交雷达射束,好比船只在雾中航行或飞机依靠仪器飞行一样,证实我们的身份以及在雷达屏上出现的别人的身份,证实我们在一个友好的文化群体中的成员资格,做着我们早就知道要我们去做的事。那些把人类关系说成是“晚间经过的船只”的作家,并不是描述我们最密切最亲密的关系,而是描述我刚才谈起的那种接触。而它们占了我们生活中的接触的很大一部分。尽管如此,传播对我们说来们起到雷达的作用,是说明身份的信号,也是预警系统。或者至少在一名观察者看来是如此。

再举个例子:在烟雾缭绕和大家闲聊的鸡尾酒会上,一位年青人问一位漂亮姑娘,“抽烟吗?”表面上,他是在问她要不要抽支烟。实际上,他是在传播兴趣,而且毫无疑问希望

她以同样的方式作出反应。他以问她要不要抽烟的方式传播自己在一种文化中的成员资格,他大概希望她以取一支烟的方式,或者至少以微笑谢绝方式,来证实她的成员资格,而不会因为她不赞成抽烟或认为男青年不应未经介绍就同姑娘说话而打他一记耳光。换句话说,这个局面同我们刚谈起过的局面是一样的:雷达、证明身份、预警。如果这个姑娘作出良好的反应。他接着要问的问题很可能是,“我在什么地方见过你吗?”实际上,这个问题同他究竟见没见过她是毫无关系的,这是一种搭讪,以便再多了解她一点,也许是要估计一下这个偶然的相识是否可能成为持久的相识。换句话说,雷达行为与手段行为合并了。再举个例子,我通常在每天傍晚六点钟左右听到教堂的钟声。我倾听钟声是因为很难做到不予理会,还因为它们的声音悦耳,同日落的景色和傍晚的荫影很调和。钟声使我产生一种满足和温暖的感觉。此外,钟声对我起了报时作用。如果我还在工作的话,那么是开始考虑作一次傍晚的游泳和喝一杯鸡尾酒的时候了。黄昏渐渐开始,是回顾我曾经制订的计划或答应的约会的时候了。此外,钟声提醒我.宗教是我所属的文化的一个组成部分,此刻,我的一部分邻居正在祈祷。钟声还在我脑海中构成令人悦目的图象:教堂、烛光、风琴、无伴奏齐唱乐和态度谦虚的人。

圣玛丽教堂通过那些钟声试图传播什么呢?它正在号召信徒做礼拜。但是,参加那个特定仪式的大多数人,有的也许是听到钟声来的,有的也许没有听到钟声就来的。钟声的目的也是要传播某种人们可以得到的精神援助,假如有人需要这种钟声所象征的精神援助的话。钟声的目的也许是要让我这样的罪人听到,提醒我们注意我们的宗教义务,尽管我们很难得进圣玛丽教堂。圣

玛丽教堂的钟声也许还在传播,它自已是一种古老和光荣的传统的一员,这种钟声作为这个传统的标志已整整好几个世纪。

因此,传播行为的全部意义是难以从表面上看出来的。每一个传播行为,每一个传播者和接受者,都各自有一套目的和原因。但是,我们不能满足于那种解释。传播行为相似之处多于不同之处。人类传播起什么作用,理应得到更系统的解释。

出处:[美]施拉姆《MEN,WOMEN,MESSAGES,AND MEDIA:UNDERSTANDING HUMAN COMMUNICATION》第二章,17-21页.

第四篇:外文翻译

当今时代是一个自动化时代,交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此,一个好的交通灯控制系统,将给道路拥挤,违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展,以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用,智能设备有了很大的发展,是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有:对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制:个路口有固定的工作周期,并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期:对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照,并提取车牌号。在世界范围内,一个以微电子技术,计算机和通信技术为先导的,一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样 与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题,也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理,用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。

研究交通的目的是为了优化运输,人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加,现有资源和基础设施有限,智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是,智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的,但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中,我们着重于微观模型,该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为,从而模仿动态的车辆组。

由于低效率的交通控制,汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统,将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关,增加道路容量和流量,可以防止交通堵塞,交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合,如模糊逻辑,进化算法,和聚类算法已经在使用,试图解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。

在我们的方法中,聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的,这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票,通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的,它希望在它往返的时候等待,如果灯是红色,或者灯是绿色。等待,直到车辆到达目的地,通过有聚类算法的基础设施,最后经过监测车的监测。

我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器,监控交通流量统计,如平均等待时间,并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明,在拥挤的交通条件下,聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器,我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间,用以选择车辆通过市区的道路,并表明,道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。

本文安排如下:第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型,预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实,并介绍了我们的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has:The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第五篇:外文翻译

设计一个位于十字路口的智能交通灯控制系统

摘要:本文模型使用模糊本体的交通灯控制域,并把它应用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一个独立的可重复使用的交通灯控制模块。通过这种方式,增加软件的独立性和为其他的软件开发活动如测试和维护,提供了便利。专家对本体论进行手动的开发和评估。此外,交通数据提取和分类路口使用的人工神经网络的图像处理算法。根据预定义的XML架构,这种信息转化为XML实例映射到适合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊规则的模糊本体。把本系统的性能与其他类似的系统性能进行比较。比较结果显示:在所有的交通条件下,在每个周期中,对每辆车它有低得多的平均延迟时间与其他的控制系统相比。

关键词:模糊本体,智能代理,智能交通系统(ITS),交通信号灯控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,图像处理,人工神经网络

1.引言

作为城市交通增加的结果,道路网络的能力有限和发展交通工具和方法的技术方面,许多实体,关系,情况和规则已经进入交通灯控制域和转化成为一个知识领域。这个领域的建模知识帮助交通代理和应用有效地管理关于实时条件下的交通。全面知识建模领域的一个最合适的方法是使用本体概念。“本体论是一个正式的、明确的一个共享的概念化的规范。以前的模型是基本的本体建设的基础,为下列建立一个共享的语义丰富的知识域。除了本体作为概念化的形式主义的重要性,它有可能超过所代表的数据。这种能力将提高有关性能的决定和其他非智能系统的功能特点。在近年来,本体论上的研究正成为一个新的热点话题在不同的活动,如人工智能,知识管理,语义网络,电子商务和几个其他应用领域。这些领域之一是智能交通系统。一些努力已制成这个通过展示和使用本体检测交通领域拥塞,管理非城市道路气象事件,驾驶阿德福—索里系统,共享和整合一个智能交通系统。本文的目的是介绍一个红绿灯有效控制孤立交叉口这方面的知识重用的控制本体。这种新的办法适用于智能代理使用知识决策模糊。该系统采用的图像来自安装了监控摄像机拍摄的路口。这些图像处理利用图像处理算法和神经网络的方法,然后发送到一个智能代理。第2节中,我们将简要地解释了在这项工作中运用的技术包括seman-TIC网络技术,智能代理技术和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3节,新的系统架构是基于分层语义网络架构。第4节介绍交通灯控制的模糊本体的建设。第五节从路口提取的图像信息解释。在第6节,智能系统的运作被完整描述,最后在第7节对所提出的方法进行评估,对结论进行阐述。

2.背景

本节说明在这项工作中的应用技术包括语义网络技术,特别本体和模糊本体。此外,国家的交通灯控制的艺术方法是简要介绍。2.1.语义网络技术

语义网络被定义为当前Wed的延伸,这些网站的信息都给出明确的含义;使电脑与人更好的合作。有几层语义Web的建议源自伯纳斯滞后阶段。在此类别中的所有规则如表1所示。图.4显示输出模式的示意图。本次评选有助于智能系统,以确定下一步的阶段测序。

另一种模糊的规则类别涉及估计优化周期时间。这些规则的模糊变量是天气条件,时间,每天平均车辆拥堵情况。出于这个原因,60个模糊规则被定义了。从气象研究所取得气象条件。日期和时间也是在交通专家的知识的基础上以模糊变量形式预先定义的。图5显示日期,时间和周期时间的隶属函数。当天的参数是在日历基础上基于假期和正常的一天与周期时间量的关系预定义的。例如,假期期间的周期时间是较平日少。因此,平日的隶属度比假期多。

例如一个阶段选型的模糊规则如下所述:“如果一个路口的类型是四的方式,平均车辆拥堵低,平均行人拥堵是中等,然后相类型是简单的两阶段”。此外,为周期时间估计的模糊规则表示如下:“如果天气条件是晴天,时间是早晨,天是正常的,平均车辆拥堵是低,则周期时间短”。在此类别中的所有规则都列在附录A。

在此步骤结束时,应该对交通灯逻辑控制的项目的有效性进行评估。此功能是使用专家的意见。评价过程的主要目的是显示发展的本体和其相关的软件环境的用处。虽然所有的信息,尤其是交通灯控制规则已提取国际标准和科学交通文学,专家的知识优势是他们最后的正确性验证标准。所有模糊规则,包括优化周期时间和相位类型的规则,在这个过程中,准备以调查问卷形式和展现给一些专家包括从德黑兰警察局交通上校和两名来自德黑兰的交通组织工程师。由于德尔菲专家的意见,约有84%的淘汰型规则和优化周期时间的87%被接受。此外,所有交通逻辑控制的元素包括概念,关系,属性和公理都被这些专家进行了评估和验证。我们评估逻辑交通控制是基于理论知识的。在这个过程中进行了两项活动,包括检查的要求和能力的问题,并在目标应用环境测试本体。由于逻辑交通控制已建成的基础上,如指定要求优化循环时间,逐步淘汰型,交通的移动和优化绿灯时间,每个阶段的序列中,第一项活动是最好的结果。逻辑交通控制满足所有的交通灯控制的需求,并能回答的能力问题。绩效评估机制,可以支持这种说法。在部分实验结果我们验证了这一过程。

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