第一篇：黑体字教学设计
黑体字教学设计
一、教材分析
本课是全套小学教材中第一次接触的美术字书写练习，所以内容选定的是大方、易学的黑体美术字。黑体美术字是以汉字的正楷体为基础，经过加工美化而成，它不像宋体美术字那样有华丽的装饰角和粗细变化，黑体字的笔划横竖粗细一致，方正饱满，粗壮有力，醒目大方，具有强烈的现代工业气息，因此是标语、广告装璜、路标等方面的常用字体。本课第一面先展示“振兴中华”的黑体美术字，给学生以鲜明的视觉效果。中间对黑体美术字的点、横、竖、撇、折、捺、挑、勾八种基本笔划进行了举例。下面分别从左右结构、上下结构、上中下结构，左中右结构，里外结构和独体字六个方面对汉字的结构进行了分析，目的是进一步帮助学生认识黑体美术字，掌握笔划和结构，为这课的作业作铺垫。本课教材的第二面上半部分仍以“振兴中华”为例，较详细地介绍了黑体美术字的书写步骤。最后，教材上安排了一组黑体美术字的运用实例，其中选用了部分黑体美术字，借以开阔学生视野，并为下节课的教学内容作准备。
二、教学目的
通过本课教学，让学生初步了解黑体美术字的基本笔划和结构特点，并学习掌握黑体美术字的正确书写方法。
三、教学重点
黑体美术字的基本笔划和书写步骤。
四、教学难点
黑体美术字的间架结构。
五、学具准备
直尺、铅笔、橡皮、单色颜料或墨水。
六、教具准备
印有黑体美术字的印刷品若干件，三角板、彩色粉笔。
七、教学过程：
第一节
一、组织教学
检查学生学习用具准备情况，安定情绪。
二、导入新课
启发谈话：同学们在上学放学的路上，一定会看到路边的路标、商店的广告牌上有许多美术字，日常看的报刊上，也有许多美术字，今天老师要告诉你们注意其中比较醒目的一种美术字（出示黑体美术字的若干件范品），我们称这种美术字叫作黑体美术字。
板书课题——黑体美术字
三、讲授新课
1.讲述黑体美术字的笔划特点。
黑体美术字是以汉字的正楷体为基础，经过加工美化，逐步演变而成的规范化的字体，它各种笔划的基本特点就是横笔、竖笔的粗细始终是一致的，方正饱满，所以显得特别醒目，是路标、广告、报刊、环境布置上的常用字体之一。
2.讲析黑体美术字的字体结构。
这一部分的内容实际上是重温学生在小学低年级语文课的识字教学内容，在适当引导后，教师可侧重从字体的穿插与避让来进行简要讲析——
①字体的结构是一种基本的划分，在实际书写中不能截然划割开来，否则，整个字就显得脱节、松散。如左右结构的林、振、地等字。②笔划多的字要相应的写得细一些，较简单的字要写得粗一点，以求得视觉上的统一。
③带边框的字要适当小一些，如口、回、区等字；带有撇捺笔划的字可略微写得出格一点。这些都是为达到统一的视觉效果。
3.教师以“振兴中华”为例进行黑体美术字的书写示范。
①在分析了“振兴中华”四字的字体结构后，用铅笔画好方框，用浅淡的虚线定出结构部位。
②用铅笔勾写单线字，注意占满整个方框。
③用铅笔勾画双线。注意“振”字第五笔撇的终点要穿插到左边勾划的旁边，最后一笔捺的终点可略微出格一点；“中”字的两侧略微收缩一点。
④擦去方框线后填上颜色。为节省时间可以直接用黑色颜料或者用墨来填满双勾线的黑体美术字。
教师在基础好的班级上课时，只需以“振”为例，用彩色粉笔在黑板上示范即可。对基础较差的学生，可采用一字一划的方法带着学生书写，以降低难度，收到较好的效果。
四、课堂小结
小结本节课教学情况，布置第二课时的学习要求。
第二节
一、组织教学
检查学生学习用具准备情况，稳定情绪。
二、讲授新课
在上一节课中，我们分析了黑体美术字的基本笔划和字体结构，同时老师进行了示范。这一节课就要同学们按步骤临摹“振兴中华”四个黑体美术字。
教师可以再次分析“振兴中华”四个黑体美术字的笔划特点，强调：写黑体美术字要求方正饱满，统一而又有变化。除了注意基本笔划和字形的统一，字体结构的合理外，还要注意主要笔划与次要笔划的妥善处理。
三、学生临摹，教师辅导
作业要求：按步骤临摹“振兴中华”四个黑体美术字。
辅导要点：
①对学生强调：每个字的方框不小于5×5㎝，四个方框的间距不小于1㎝。
②要求学生字要写满格，笔划粗细要一致，避免过粗过细。
③为使字体粗壮有力，可提示学生注意：“振”字的撇、捺和“兴”字的最后两划的终端可以略微粗一点。这与“笔划粗细一致”并不矛盾，而是一种特殊处理手法。
四、课堂小结
表扬书写较为规范的作业，指出存在的问题。
指出下一节课将进行美化课本的学习，请同学们作好准备。
第二篇：黑体字教学设计修改
黑体字教学设计
一、教材分析
本课是全国中职教材字体设计中的黑体字书写练习，黑体美术字是以汉字的正楷体为基础，经过加工美化而成，它不像宋体美术字那样有华丽的装饰角和粗细变化，黑体字的笔划横竖粗细一致，方正饱满，粗壮有力，醒目大方，具有强烈的现代工业气息，因此是标语、广告装璜、路标等方面的常用字体。本课先展示“振兴中华”的黑体美术字，给学生以鲜明的视觉效果。中间对黑体美术字的点、横、竖、撇、折、捺、挑、勾八种基本笔划进行了举例。下面分别从左右结构、上下结构、上中下结构，左中右结构，里外结构和独体字六个方面对汉字的结构进行了分析，目的是进一步帮助学生认识黑体美术字，掌握笔划和结构,介绍黑体美术字的书写步骤。最后，让学生根据所学进行练习。
二、教学目的
通过本课教学，让学生初步了解黑体美术字的基本笔划和结构特点，并学习掌握黑体美术字的正确书写方法。
三、教学重点
黑体美术字的基本笔划和书写步骤。
四、教学难点
黑体美术字的间架结构。
五、学具准备
直尺、铅笔、橡皮、单色颜料或墨水。
六、教具准备
印有黑体美术字的印刷品若干件，三角板、彩色粉笔。
七、教学过程：
一）、组织教学
检查学生学习用具准备情况，安定情绪。
二）、导入新课
启发谈话：同学们在上学放学的路上，一定会看到路边的路标、商店的广告牌上有许多美术字，日常看的报刊上，也有许多美术字，今天老师要告诉你们注意其中比较醒目的一种美术字（出示黑体美术字的若干件范品），我们称这种美术字叫作黑体美术字。
板书课题——黑体美术字
三）、讲授新课
1.讲述黑体美术字的笔划特点。
黑体美术字是以汉字的正楷体为基础，经过加工美化，逐步演变而成的规范化的字体，它各种笔划的基本特点就是横笔、竖笔的粗细始终是一致的，方正饱满，所以显得特别醒目，是路标、广告、报刊、环境布置上的常用字体之一。
2、讲解黑体字的具体笔画写法
点、横、竖、撇、折、捺、挑、勾八种基本笔划的写法
学完了笔画，我们就开始笔画组合成字的练习了，我们首先再分析一下字体的结构。
3、讲析黑体美术字的字体结构。
①字体的结构是一种基本的划分，在实际书写中不能截然划割开来，否则，整个字就显得脱节、松散。如左右结构的林、振、地等字。
②笔划多的字要相应的写得细一些，较简单的字要写得粗一点，以求得视觉上的统一。
③带边框的字要适当小一些，如口、回、区等字；带有撇捺笔划的字可略微写得出格一点。这些都是为达到统一的视觉效果。
4、教师示范写黑体字
我们学习了笔画和结构，下面开始学习黑体字的具体写法
先找学生上台试写“永”。对学生所写的做一下评价。
教师示范：永
教师一边写，一边讲解分析
①用铅笔画好方框（根据空间和要求定方格的大小），用浅淡的虚线定出结构部位。
②用铅笔勾写单线字，注意占满整个方框。
③用铅笔勾画双线。
④擦去方框线后填上颜色。为节省时间可以直接用黑色颜料或者用墨来填满双勾线的黑体美术字。
教师在基础好的班级上课时，只需以“永”为例，用粉笔在黑板上示范即可。对基础较差的学生，可采用一字一划的方法带着学生书写，以降低难度，收到较好的效果。
四）、学生临摹，教师辅导
作业要求：按步骤临摹写“永”字。基础好的学生写完后可再写其它字 辅导要点：
①对学生强调：每个字的方框统一5×8㎝.②要求学生字要写满格，笔划粗细要一致，避免过粗过细。
五）、课堂小结
表扬书写较为规范的作业，指出存在的问题。
第三篇：思想道德修养黑体字总结
爱国主义的基本要求
1爱祖国的大好河山2自己的骨头同胞3爱祖国的灿烂文化4自己的国家 爱国优良传统；
1热爱祖国矢志不渝
2天下兴亡匹夫有责
3维护统一反对分裂
4同仇敌忾抗御外敌
爱国主义的时代价值
1爱国主义是中华民族继往开来的精神支柱，2爱国主义是维护祖国统一和民族团结的纽带，3爱国主义是实现中华民族实现伟大复兴的动力，4爱国主义是个人实现人生价值的力量源泉
爱国主义与爱社会主义的一致性爱国主义和与拥护祖国统一的一致性 爱国主义与经济全球化
1经济全球化形式下要弘扬爱国主义
2经济全球化与当代大学生的爱国主义
（1）人有地域和信仰的不同，单报效祖国之心不应有差别
（2）科学没有国界，但科学家有祖国
（3）经济全球化过程中要始终维护国家的主权和尊严
爱国主义与弘扬民族精神的内涵
1中华民族精神的内涵
（1爱国主义是中华民族精神的核心
(2团结统一3爱好和平4勤劳勇敢5自强不息
2要大力弘扬和培育民族精神
爱国主义与弘扬时代精神
1时代精神的内涵
（1）改革创新是时代精神核心
（2）改革创新是进一步解放和发展生产力的必然要求
（3）改革创新是建设社会主义创新型国家的迫切需要
（4）改革创新是落实科学发展观
（5）改革创新构建社会主义和谐社会的重要条件
2弘扬以改革创新为核心的时代精神
（1）必须大力推进理论创新、制度创新科技创新文化创新以及其他各方面的创新
（2）要自觉投身于改革创新的伟大实践
自觉维护国家利益
1自觉维护国家利益就要承担起对国家应尽的义务
2自觉维护国家的利益就要维护改革发展稳定的大局
3自觉为火炬国家利益就要树立民族自尊心和自豪感
增强国防观念
1增强国防观念是大学生报效祖国，弘扬爱国主义精神的重要体现
2增强国防观念是大学生履行国防义务，关心支持国防和军队建设的必然要求 3增强国防观念是大学生提高综合素质，促进自身全面发展的迫切需要
追求高尚的人生目的1人生目的决定走什么样的人生道路
2人生目的决定坚持什么样的人生态度
3人生目的决定选择什么样的人生价值标准
树立积极进取的人生态度
1人生态度和人生观
（1）人生态度是人生观的重要内容
（2）人生态度是人生观的表现和反应
2端正人生态度
人生须认真、务实、乐观、进取
科学高尚人生观指引人生
反对拜金主义人生观、反对享乐主义人生观、反对个人主义人生观
人生价值的评价
1坚持能力有大小与贡献与尽力相统一
2坚持物质贡献与精神贡献统一
3坚持完善自身与贡献社会相统一
4坚持动机与效果相统一
人生价值的实现条件
1从社会客观条件出发、与社会主义核心价值体系相一致
2从个体条件出发、不断提高自己的能力，增强实现人生价值的本领；立足现实，坚守岗位做贡献；实现人生价值要有自强不息的精神
在实践中创造价值人生
1走与人民群众相结合的道路
2走与社会实践相结合的道路
促进自我身心的和谐
1树立正确的人生观，世界观，价值观
2掌握应对心里问题的科学方法
3合理调控情绪
4积极参加集体活动，增进人际交往
促进个人与他人的和谐
1促进个人与他人的和谐应坚持的原则
平等原则、诚信原则、宽容原则、互助原则
2正确认识和处理竞争与合作的关系
正确认识竞争、正确认识合作，正确认识处理好两者关系
促进个人与社会和谐
1正确认识个体性与社会性的统一关系
2正确认识个人需要与社会需要的统一关系
3正确认识个人利益与社会利益的统一关系
4正确认识享受个人权利与承担社会责任的统一关系
促进人与自然地和谐
1正确认识人对自然地依存关系
2科学把握人对自然地改造活动
3深入理解人与自然地关系
道德：道德作为社会意识的特殊形式对于社会发展所具有的功效与能力
道德功能：认识和调节
继承和弘扬中华民族优良道德传统的重大意义
1是社会主义现代化建设的客观需要
2加强社会主义道德建设的内在要求
3个人健康成长的重要条件
中华民族优良道德传统主要内容
1注重整体利益、国家利益和民族利益，强调对社会、民族、国家的责任意识和奉献精神。2推崇仁爱原则，追求人际和谐。
3讲求谦敬礼让，提倡言行一致，强调恪守诚信。
4追求精神境界，把道德理想的实现堪称是一种高层次的需要。
5重视道德实践，强调修养的重要性，倡导道德主体在玩完善自身中发挥自己的能动作用 社会主义道德建设的核心和原则
1要以为人民服务为核心
（1）为人民服务是社会主义经济基础和人际关系的客观需要
（2）为人民服务是社会主义市场经济健康发展的要求。
2要以集体主义为原则
（1）社会主义集体主义强调强调集体利益和个人利益的辩证统一
（2）社会主义集体主义强调集体利益高于个人利益
（3）社会主义集体主义强调重视和保障个人的正当利益
3宣传和弘扬共产主义道德
大学生与诚信道德
1诚信是大学生树立理想信念的基础
2诚信是大学生全面发展的前提
3诚信是大学生进入社会的通行证
公共生活特点
1活动范围广泛性，内容公开性
2交往对象复杂性
3活动方式多样性
公共生活需要公共公共秩序
1有序的公共生活是构建和谐社会的重要条件
2有序的公共生活是经济社会健康发展的必要前提
3有序的公共生活是提高社会成员生活质量的基本保证
4有序的公共生活是国家现代化和文明程度的重要标志
社会公德特点：继承性，基础性，广泛性，简明性
社会公德主要内容
（1）文明礼貌（2）助人为乐（3）爱护公物（4）保护环境（5）遵纪守法
网络生活中的道德要求
1正确使用网络工具
2健康进行网络交往
3自觉避免沉迷网络
4养成网络自律精神
公共生活与法律规范作用指引作用 2预测作用 3评价作用 4强制作用 5教育作用
职业道德的基本要求
爱岗敬业，诚实守信，办事公道，服务群众，奉献社会
职业活动中法律的基本要求
1了解职业活动中的主要法律
2坚持职业活动中的法律的基本原则
3明确职业活动中的法定权利和义务
4依法处理职业活动中的纠纷
大学生职业道德素质与法律素质的培养
1努力学习职业道德和职业活动中的法律知识
2努力提高职业道德意识和法律意识
3努力锻炼实际履行职业道德规范和法律规范的法律规范的能力 树立正确择业观和创业观
1树立崇高职业理想，重视人生价值实现。
2服务社会需要，追求长远距离。
3打下坚实基础，做好充分准备。
4要有积极创业的思想准备
5有敢于创业的勇气
6要提高创业能力
在艰苦中锻炼，在实践中成才
1在艰苦中锻炼时成才的必要条件
2社会实践是锻造人才的熔炉
恋爱中的道德
1尊重人格平等 2自觉承担责任 3文明相亲相爱
大学生的恋爱
1不能把友情当爱情
2不能措置爱情地位
3不能片面地或功利化的对待恋爱
4不能只重过程不顾后果
家庭美德
尊老爱幼，夫妻和睦，勤奋持家，邻里团结
法律的一般含义
1法律是有国家创制并保证实施的行为规范
2法律是同志阶级意志的体现
3法律是社会物质生活条件决定
我国法律的运行
法律制定遵守执行实用
建设社会主义法治国家
1完善中国特色社会主义法律体系
2提高党依法执政的水平
3加快建设法治政府4完善司法体制机制
5加强对权力运行的制约和监督
6培植社会主义新型法律文化
社会主义民主与法治观念
1社会主义民主与法治是社会主义的重要特质
2党的领导是社会主义民主与法制建设的根本保证3社会主义民主与法制相互依存相互促进
法律权力与法律义务的关系
1结构上的相关关系
2总量上的等值关系
3功能上的互补关系
履行维护国家安全的义务
1依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织的义务2保守国家秘密的义务
3提供便利条件或其他协助的义务
4如实提供证据的义务
5及时报告危害国家安全行为的义务
6不得违法持有使用专用间谍器材的义务
法律思维方式的特征
讲证据讲程序讲法理
培养法律思维方式的途径
学习法律知识掌握法律方法参与法律实践 宪法的特征和原则
特征
1宪法给定国家生活中最根本最重要的方面2宪法法律效力最高
3宪法比其他法律更为严格
原则
1坚持党的领导原则
2人民主权原则
3保障公民权利原则
4法治原则
5民主集中制原则
我国的国家制度
1人民民主专政制度
2人民代表大会制度
3中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度4民族区域自治制度
5基本经济制度
我国公民的基本权利和义务
基本权利：平等权
2政治权利和自由宗教信仰自由
4人身自由权
5批评建议申诉控告减去全和取得国家赔偿权 6社会经济权
7文化教育权
8特定主体权
基本义务
1维护国家统一和全国各民族团结
2遵守宪法和法律
3维护祖国的安全荣誉和利益
4保卫祖国依法服兵役和参加民兵组织
5依法纳税
6其他义务 以热爱祖国为荣，以危害祖国为耻；以服务人民为荣，以背离人民为耻；以崇尚科学为荣，以愚昧无知为耻；以辛勤劳动为荣，以好逸恶劳为耻；以团结互助为荣，以损人利己为耻；以诚实守信为荣，以见利忘义为耻；以遵纪守法为荣，以违法乱纪为耻；以艰苦奋斗为荣，以骄奢淫逸为耻。
第四篇：GMAT逻辑“ 黑体字” 题型的总结
Bold Face Practice 1.Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.(Fact)During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.(Principle)
Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(Evidence)Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.(Conclusion)
2.A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(Principle)But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.(Anti-Consideration)
3.The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.(Fact)A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.(Evidence)
Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.(Fact)4.More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles.(Conclusion)Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.(Conclusion)
5.Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans.(Fact)
In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(Fact)
As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.(The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.(Conclusion)
6.Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or Background)Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases.(The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.(Conclusion)7.To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies，(The part of evidence in support of this argument)so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)
8.The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.(Premise)Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(Fact)
As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.(The author’s evidence)So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.(The author’s conclusion)
9.Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(Conclusion)In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence);
but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(Evidence)Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(Evidence)
So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.(Author’s method or strategy)
10.(OG-205)Consumer advocate:
it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.(Concession)It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence.(Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs.(A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees.(A consideration in support of that prediction)
GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.(a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy)
appeal: 呼籲,請求
But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.(a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.(Author’s method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official:
At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.(the position that the city official’s argument opposes)
However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.(the conclusion of the city official’s argument)
Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.(Evidence)
GWD-3-Q2 Hunter:
Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.(the main conclusion of the argument)
In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.(Evidence)
GWD-3-Q16: Economist:
Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.(supports the environmentalists’ conclusion)
Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)
However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19: Historian:
In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish)
This very completeness makes one point stand out;in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地
Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded;and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.(that position)
GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)
However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.(a finding on which that challenge is based)
Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.(an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16: Historian:
Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.(evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes)
A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.(evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)
GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier.(the position that the argument seeks to establish)
Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right.(Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.(presents an assumption on which that argument relies.)Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C.it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist:
Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime.These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)
What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.(the main conclusion of the argument)
GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest.Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient.A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce.The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted.(a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.(a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.(describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses)
This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.(states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3: Business Consultant:
Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.(a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.天山Q32: Ecologist:
The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs.The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture.However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago.(evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position.)Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet.(the evidence)Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.8月JJ真题
A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products.(the position that the argument as a whole opposes)
It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified.(the conclusion of the argument as a whole)It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing.Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.
第五篇：八上生物书上黑体字(人教版)
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.腔肠动物的主要特征：身体呈辐射对称；体表有刺细胞；有口无肛门。扁形动物的主要特征：身体呈两侧对称；背腹扁平；有口无肛门。线形动物的主要特征：身体细长，呈圆柱形；体表有角质层；有口有肛门。环节动物的主要特征：身体呈圆筒形，由许多彼此相似的体节组成；靠刚毛或疣足辅助运动。软体动物的主要特征：柔软的身体表面有外套膜，大多具有贝壳；运动器官是足。节肢动物的主要特征：体表有坚韧的外骨骼；身体和附肢都分节。腔肠动物、扁形动物、线形动物、环节动物、软体动物和节肢动物，它们的体内没有由脊椎骨
组成的脊柱，统称为无脊椎动物。
8.鱼、两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟和哺乳动物，它们的共同特点是身体内都有由脊椎骨组成的脊柱，统称为脊椎动物。
9.鱼的主要特征：生活在水中；体表常有鳞片覆盖；用腮呼吸；通过尾部和躯干部的摆动以及鳍的协调作用游泳。
10.两栖动物的主要特征：幼体生活在水中，用腮呼吸；成体大多生活在陆地上，也可在水中游泳，用肺呼吸，皮肤可辅助呼吸。
11.爬行动物的主要特征：体表覆盖角质的鳞片或甲；用肺呼吸；在陆地上产卵，卵表面有坚硬的卵壳。
12.鸟的体温不会随着环境温度的变化而改变，是恒温动物。鱼、两栖动物和爬行动物，体温随环
境温度的变化而改变，是变温动物。
13.鱼的主要特征：体表覆羽；前肢变成翼；有喙无齿；有气囊辅助肺呼吸。
14.哺乳动物的主要特征：体表被毛；胎生，哺乳；牙齿有门齿、犬齿和臼齿的分化。
15.运动系统主要是由骨、关节和肌肉组成的。
16.骨骼肌受神经传来的刺激收缩时，就会牵动骨绕关节活动，于是躯体的相应部位就会产生运动。
17.运动并不是仅靠运动系统来完成的，还需要其他系统如神经系统和内分泌系统的调节。运动所
需的能量，有赖于消化系统、呼吸系统、循环系统等系统的配合。
18.动物生来就有的，由动物体内的遗传物质所决定的行为，称为先天性行为。
19.在遗传因素的基础上，通过环境因素的作用，由生活经验和学习而获得的行为，成为学习行为。
20.具有社会行为的动物，群体内部往往形成一定的组织，成员之间有明确的分工，有的群体中还
形成等级。
21.由一个细菌或真菌繁殖后形成的肉眼可见的集合体称为菌落。
22.细菌虽有DNA集中的区域，却没有成型的细胞核。
23.细菌是靠分裂进行生殖的。
24.霉菌、蘑菇等真菌的细胞里都有细胞核。
25.真菌可以通过产生大量的孢子来繁殖后代。
26.防止食品腐败所依据的主要原理是把食品内的细菌和真菌杀死或抑制它们的生长和繁殖。
27.病毒不能独立生活，必须寄生在其他生物的细胞内。
28.病毒的结构简单，由蛋白质外壳和内部的遗传物质组成，没有细胞结构。病毒只能寄生在活细
胞里，靠自己的遗传物质中的遗传信息，利用细胞内的物质，制造出新的病毒，这是它的繁殖方式。
29.生物分类从大到小的等级依次是：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。
30.“种”是最基本的分类单位，同种生物的亲缘关系是最密切的。
31.生物种类的多样性实质上是基因的多样性。
32.保护生物的栖息环境，保护生态系统的多样性，是保护生物多样性的根本措施。
33.建立自然保护区是保护生物多样性最为有效的措施。
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