B1U3 新视野大学英语教案

第一篇：B1U3 新视野大学英语教案

新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

课程设计介绍

本课内容所针对的学生是18级电子商务，通信工程，金融数学专业新生。本学期是学生们从高中学习到大学学习的过渡阶段，学生们需要转变学习观念，从学习完全依靠老师课堂讲解到自主安排课余时间，学会自主学习。课堂上老师需要引导学生重新定位大学课堂师生学习关系----课堂上教师引导，检验，讲解难点，帮助学生解决问题；学生们领取下阶段学习任务，学习学习方法，解决遇到的问题，评估自己的学习；课下完成预习，部分学习，复习的过程。

每班学生大约50人，分成6-7人学习小组，每组选出一名学习组长，负责整理学习问题，监督组员学习进程，组织完成学习projects，收发作业等。

本课生词，课后练习部分由学生学习小组课下完成并整理问题，课上老师集中讲解。

Unit 3 Digital Campus

I.Teaching objectives

By the end of this unit, the students are supposed to: Apply the words, phrases and patterns on digital campus;Learn the following word-building patterns: suffixes-ry,-ive and-ize;Understand the text fully;Understand the cause-effect pattern and master the paragraph writing skills;Get help on time management II.Teaching method: task-based approach III.Time allotment：6 hours

The 1st hour: lead-in activities, new words and phrases of section A

The 2nd hour: Text learning of section A

The 3rd hour: review;Exercises of section A

The 4th hour: section B---reading skill: distinguishing facts and opinions

The 5th & 6th hour: review;dictation;comprehensive exercises

IV.Teaching Process:

The 1st hour

1.Lead in(30min)

a.Group discussion(20min)激起兴趣，了解学生，发现问题

Do you think the university should provide internet access anywhere and anytime on campus? If you have to choose between one week without bathing and one week without a smart-phone, which one would you choose, and why? b.Project(p87)(5min)进一步加深学生对话题的理解，巩固学习成果，有意识地科学使用网络

conduct a survey on campus prepare a presentation of the results第三次课交

effects of the internet on college students

suggestions 2.new words(25min)

学会自主学习单词的方法 新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

关注词性：词性告诉我们一个单词的基本使用特征

关注本义：一个单词往往有几个含义，引申义往往来源于本义；构词法

关注特殊搭配

关注近义词：辨析近义词方法：文体，词义范围，语言色彩，语气，搭配

The 2nd hour

Text A

1.Understanding the main idea and structure of Text A

Before this class, students have been required to preview the text.1)main idea(5 minutes)At the beginning of the class, the teacher ask the students to answer the question: What is the main idea of the text? According to the answers given by the students, the teacher guides the students to the correct answer: Text A is an expository essay.It explains and illustrates what college education is like in the 21st century by analyzing the causes and effects of the application of new technologies in college education.2)Structure(8 minutes)This text consists of four parts.The students are given 3 minutes to match the parts with their main idea.Part 1: Paragraph 1 Part 2: Paragraph 2-6 Part 3: Paragraph 7-11 Part 4: Paragraph 12

A : How colleges and universities are being transformed in the new ages

B : colleges have been providing their students most advanced free system and has already yielded amazing benefits in education.C : The college today is being transformed into a new age of electronics because a fleet of laptops, smartphones and internet connections 24 hours a day.D : How this transformation affects students’ campus life 2.Detailed study of Text A(35minutes)

Paragraph 1-12: What is the main idea of this paragraph? A.Key Words B.Phrases and Expressions C.Sentence Structures D.Paraphrases 3.Homework(2 minutes)

a.Finish doing the exercises on p67-70, and submit the questions or problems you encounter to the head of your group.b.Learn to recognize the new words in Text B

The 3rd hour

Exercises, cause-effect structure, translation

1.The head of every student group report the problems;the teacher help students solve them.(10min)Words in use, word building, banked cloze, expressions in use 2.Paragraphs of cause and effect(15min)新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 one of the methods of expository writing Two ways of development: a.Cause-effect

eg.Para9

b.effect-cause

eg.Para.10

Complete the writing exercise on p71&p72 3.translation on p73(25 min)

a.E-C

提问的方式 b.C-E 演板，一人一句话 老师讲解修改 4.homework

Learn the news words and expressions in Text B The 4th hour

Text B

1.New words and expressions(10min)The head of every student group report the problems;the teacher help students solve them.2.Reading skill: distinguishing facts and opinions（10min）

1.What are facts and what are opinions? 2.How can we distinguish facts and opinions? 3.Examples 3.Text learning(30min)a.Are you an internet addict(IAD)? What do you think cause IAD?

b.The students are given 10 minutes to read the text , then do Exercise 2 on p82.c.distinguishing facts and opinions in each paragraph d.Conclusion: In digital age, we should learn to make full use of the Internet and arrange our time on college campus more scientifically.4.Homework a.Exercises4-8 on p83-86 b.Finish doing the survey project The 5th hour& The 6th hour

Project reports and comprehensive exercises

1.Dictation(10min)2.Project(p87)(30min)进一步加深学生对话题的理解，巩固学习成果，有意识地科学使用网络

Each group elect one representative to make a presentation of the results of their projects on effects of the Internet on college students.The presentation should include the following two parts: a.effects of the internet on college students b.suggestions

3.Comprehensive exercises(20+50 min)新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

Vocabulary and structure;grammar study;translation;reading comprehension;writing skills 4

第二篇：B1U4 新视野大学英语教案

新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4

Unit 4 Heroes of our time

I.Teaching objectives

By the end of the class, the students are supposed to: Talk about heroism;Understand the text fully;Apply the phrases and patterns;Understand the question-example-conclusion pattern and master the paragraph writing skill.II.Teaching method: task-based approach III.Time allotment：3 hours IV.Teaching content:

1.Lead in

a.Group discussion To help students to understand the concept of heroism, they are required to answer the question “Who is the greatest hero in your mind? And Why?”, “What makes a hero in your eyes?” The group members are encouraged to present their opinions.Then the teacher will help to summarize the some basic qualities of a hero such as a good heart, the readiness to lend a hand to people in trouble, the courage to risk his own life to help others in danger, and the determination to fight for his own country and people.b.Brain-storming

Interacting with students by asking them to think of words about hero as a way to lead in some important words.c.Pre-reading activities(page 90)2.Understanding the main idea of Text A

a.Skinning and scanning

Task 1: students are required to mark names and words concerning time and place while scanning.This will help them to notice stories that have been used as examples to illustrate the concept of hero.Task 2: students are also required to mark questions put forwarded by the author and try to find answers to these questions while scanning.b.Comprehension Qs(page 98)3.Detailed study of Text A

A.Key Words advocate n.[C] sb.who publicly supports sb.or sth.提倡者；拥护者；鼓吹者

He was regarded as a strong advocate for a variety of educational improvements.他被认为是多种教育改进措施的强烈支持者。vt.publicly say that sth.should be done 主张；拥护；鼓吹

The economic policies the government advocated quickened the decline of the tourist industry.政府主张的经济政策加速了旅游业的衰退。

新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 involve vt.include or affect sb.or sth.涉及；影响

The accident last night involved five cars, causing the death of six people.昨晚那场事故涉及5辆汽车，造成6人死亡。include sth.as a necessary part of an activity, event, or situation 包含；需要

Administrative positions often involve doing a lot of paperwork, such as budget reports and staff evaluations.管理岗位常常需要做许多文书工作，例如做预算报告和进行员工评估。3 encourage or allow sb.to take part in sth.鼓励…参与；允许…参加

Our aim is to involve more parents in their children’s education through online education programs.我们的目的是通过网上教育节目让更多的家长参与孩子的教育。

At our meeting, we should not involve ourselves in arguments;instead we should try to solve our problems.我们在会上不应该陷入争论，而应该试着解决问题。

confine vt.keep sb.in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison 监禁；禁闭

The criminal was caught and confined to prison for two years.那名罪犯被捕了，并在监狱里关了两年。2 if sth.is confined to one area or group of people, it happens only in that area or affect only that group of people 使局限于

The risk of infection is confined to relatively small groups.感染的危险只局限于较小的人群。respond vi.do sth.as a reaction to sth.that has been said or done 作出反应；回应

The fire department responded to the call within minutes.几分钟之内消防部门就对报警电话作出了反应。

subsequent a.(fml.)happening or coming after sth.else 随后的；继…之后的

Fires and floods subsequent to an earthquake often cause greater damage.地震后继发的火灾和洪水往往会造成更大的破坏。

These skills were passed on to subsequent generations.这些技能被一代代传了下去。

distinct a.(usu.before noun)definite and obvious 确实的；显著的

After the principal talked with her, there was a distinct change in her attitude.校长和她谈过话后，她的态度有了明显的转变。separate and different in a way that is clear 有区别的；不同的；单独的

The region’s linguistic and cultural identity is quite distinct from that of the rest of the country.该地区的语言和文化特征与该国的其他地区大不相同。able to be clearly seen, heard, smelt, or tasted 清晰的；清楚的；明显的 The outline of the ship became more distinct.船的轮廓变得更加清晰了。新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 intense a.having a very strong effect or felt very strongly 剧烈的；强烈的

It is not scientific for a normally inactive person to start a program of intense exercise suddenly.一个平时不活动的人突然开始进行高强度的锻炼，这是不科学的。

Every car was stopped and searched, which caused intense annoyance among the drivers.每辆车都被拦下搜查，这引起司机们的强烈不满。

fulfill

vt.(BrE fulfil)do or provide what is necessary or needed 履行；执行；符合

The public did not have confidence that the company would fulfill its promise.公众不相信这家公司会履行其诺言。achieve sth.that you wanted to do, or get sth.you hoped for 实现；达到

After 10 years of hard work, Joey fulfilled his dream as a movie director.经过10年的奋斗，乔伊终于实现了自己的梦想，成为了一名电影导演。

circumstance n.[C, usu.pl.] the conditions that affect a situation, action, event, etc.情况；情形

We have been told that under no circumstances may we use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.我们被告知，无论什么情况下都不得使用办公室的电话办私事。

reconcile vt.find a way to make ideas, beliefs, needs, etc.that are opposed to each other capable of existing together 调和；调解

We suggest that it is possible to reconcile these apparently opposing perspectives.我们认为这些看似对立的观点是可以相互统一的。v.if you reconcile two people or groups or they reconcile, they become friendly again after a disagreement（使）和解；（使）恢复友好关系

The little boy does not readily reconcile with his elder sister.那个小男孩还不愿意和他姐姐讲和。

My elder brother and I were finally reconciled with each other after not speaking for over five years.我和我哥有五年多不说话，最后我们和好了。

victim n.[C] sb.who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered 受害者；牺牲者

The local government is raising money to help the victims of the earthquake.当地政府正在筹资帮助地震受害者。

survivor n.[C] sb.who continues to live after an accident, war, or illness 生还者；幸存者

The police are searching for survivors of the plane crash.警方正在搜寻飞机失事的幸存者。新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 associate n.[C] sb.who you work or do business with 同事；（生意）伙伴

He is not a friend but an associate;we work in the same department.他不是朋友，只是同事，我们在同一部门工作。vt.make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another 联想；联系

Nowadays, most people associate this brand with good quality.如今，大多数人将这一品牌与高品质联系起来。shield vt.protect sb.or sth.from being harmed or damaged 保护；保卫

You need an experienced lawyer to shield your rights and interests.你需要一位经验丰富的律师来保护你的权益。n.[C] a large piece of metal or leather that soldiers used in the past to protect themselves when fighting 盾；盾牌

The soldier’s shield saved him from being killed by his enemy.那个士兵的盾保护他免遭敌人杀害。

B.Phrases and Expressions in the words of sb./in sb.’s words

as sb.says or writes 用某人的话来说

Michael and his sister went to the concert, and in the words of his sister, it was a night to remember.迈克尔和他姐姐一起去了音乐会，用他姐姐的话来说，那是难忘的一夜。

count on

depend on sb.or sth., esp.in a difficult situation 依靠；指望

Martin is a capable person whom you can always count on in a crisis.马丁是个能干的人，在遇到危机时你总能依靠他。

make sense of sth.understand sth., esp.sth.difficult or complicated 理解，弄懂某事（尤指困难或复杂的事）

The teacher had such a strong accent that none of us could make sense of what he was saying.那位老师的口音很重，所以我们谁都不明白他在说些什么。

reserve sth.for sb./sth.keep sth.so that it can be used by a particular person or for a particular purpose 保留；预留 If you get there early, please reserve a seat for me.如果你到得早，请帮我留个位子。

You cannot park here;these parking places are reserved for the disabled.你不能在这里停车。这些停车位是专门留给残疾人士的。

新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 shield sb./sth.from sb./sth.protect sb.or sth.from being harmed or damaged by sb.or sth.使…免受

He tries his best to shield his children from the press.他尽力保护自己的孩子避开媒体的关注。call on formally ask sb.to do sth.呼吁；号召

The trade union called on the workers to go on strike unless the management agreed to give them a raise.工会呼吁工人们罢工，除非管理层同意给他们加薪。

sum up give the main information in a report, speech, etc.in a short statement at the end 概括；总结；概述 I can’ t sum up his whole philosophy in one sentence.我无法用一句话概括他的全部哲理。

relate to sth./sb.be able to understand a situation or the way sb.feels and thinks 理解；认同

Sam gave up his profession as a doctor.I found it really hard to relate to him.山姆放弃了他的医生职业。我觉得很难理解他。

I know he was very disappointed when his application was rejected.I can relate to that.我知道他的申请被拒绝后他很失望。我能理解他的感受。

in need not having enough food, money, clothing, or other things that are necessary for life 在困难时；在贫困之中 A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

The charity aims to provide assistance to people in need.这个慈善机构试图向贫困者提供帮助。be/get caught up in sth.become involved in sth., esp.when you do not want to be 被卷入；陷入

Innocent passersby got caught up in the riot.无辜的路人被卷入了那场**。give one’s life

die in order to save other people or because of a strong belief 捐躯；牺牲

Many people are willing to give their lives for the great cause of their country.很多人愿意为自己祖国的伟大事业献出自己的生命。

ring out produce a loud clear sound 发出响亮的声音

“Crack!”-A gunshot rang out, shocking everyone in the square.“啪！”响起一声响亮的枪声，把广场上的人都惊呆了。

with(good/a good)grace

in a pleasant and willing way 有风度地；情愿地

John failed in the competition, but he accepted he failure with grace.约翰在比赛中输了，但是他心平气和地接受了失败。

C.Sentence Structures 新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 It used to be that …用于表达“过去的某一习惯或情况现在已不存在”，表示与目前习惯或情况有所不同。

Sb./Sth.is ….So is sb./sth.else/So are some other people/some other things用于表达“人或事物之间的相似之处”

Sb.do sth., especially when….用于表达“某人最有可能做某事的一种条件”。

Sb.do sth.by….Perhaps, even more importantly, sb.do sth.by… 用于表达“对某人而言更为重要的行为方式”。

D.Paraphrases 1.In an era of heightened heroism, the word hero has become more common.(Para.1)Meaning: In a time when there is an increasing number of impressive actions of great courage, the word hero has been used more frequently.2.At the memorial service, the priest said: “Dory didn’t die a hero;he lived a hero.”(Para.3)

Meaning beyond words: By saying “Dory didn’t die a hero;he lived a hero”, the priest meant that Dory was a hero all through his life;he became a hero not just because he died in a brave way.memorial service: n.[C] a service done or made in order to remind people of sb.who has died

3.Long known for his remarkable spirit and love of humanity, Dory Stoddard died as he had always lived, assisting others.(Para.3)Meaning: Dory Stoddard had always been known for his noble spirit and his love toward other people.He had always helped others when he was alive, and he died when he was helping others.4.He made the choice not to be bitter, and worked hard as South Africa’s first black president to establish harmony and helped society reconcile its conflicted past.(Para.7)Meaning: he didn’t complain about the past.Instead, he, as South Africa’s first black president, worked hard to build a country in which people could live and work together peacefully.There had been disagreement among different groups of people in South Africa, but he helped to bring them to accept each other.E.Translation 1.It used to be that the word hero was reserved for those who performed acts of distinct courage beyond the call of duty.在过去，“英雄”一词仅限于称呼那些做出超乎职责范围的特别英勇的行为的人们。

2.A soldier who runs through gunfire to rescue other military personnel is seen as a hero.So are larger-than-life leaders such as Nelson Mandela, who emerged after 27 years of jail, confined in a solitary chamber.一位战士冒着枪林弹雨去抢救其他战友，他就被看作英雄。同样，与众不同的伟大领袖人物也是英雄，比如纳尔逊· 曼德拉，他被囚禁于单人牢房中27年，出狱后东山再起。

3.We count on first responders to rush toward danger, especially when it involves us or those we love.我们指望应急人员冲向危险，尤其是当我们自身或我们所爱的人身处险境时。

4.We honor the fireman, the policeman, and the average citizen by recognizing their heroism.Perhaps, even more importantly, we honor them by working to change the circumstances that led to their death.我们向消防队员、警察和普通平民致敬，赞扬其英雄精神。也许，甚至更为重要的是，我们要通过努力改变让他们遭遇不幸的环境，以此来纪念他们。

4.Structure analysis of the text 新视野大学英语读写教程 New Horizon College English

B1U4 Text A is typically an organization pattern of question-example-conclusion.A question is put forward first, and then one or more examples are used to illustrate the viewpoints.Sometimes, based on the example(s), a conclusion is drawn, serving as the answer to the question raised at the beginning.In Text A, in order to make a point clear, the author raises a question first, and then provides one or more examples to illustrate the point.Finally, a conclusion is made as a generalized answer to the question.Part One is Paragraph 1.Part Two consists of Paragraphs 2-4.Part Three includes Paragraphs 5-12.Part Four is the last paragraph—Paragraph 13.5.Summary

Text A is an essay on people’s view about what makes a hero.It is pointed out that in the past the word “hero” was reserved for those who performed acts of courage beyond the call of duty or for great leaders, while today heroes can be ordinary people like us.Besides, first responders, whose duty is to rush toward danger, are also heroes, even when their efforts failed to bring about desirable effects.Hopefully, we will also act heroically when circumstances call on us.V.Homework

All the exercises are to be done by the students after class as homework and answers are to be checked in the next class.

第三篇：Unit_9_新视野大学英语教案

Unit 9 Section A

College Success Made Easy

I.Warm-up Activity 1.Topic Discussion

i.Student’s Discussion

1)What kind of student could be learnt from as an excellent /outstanding/ a successful/model student? ― He/she should be a challenging/hard working/concerning and helping others and being successful in the examinations.2)What is your attitude /reflection to the event when you are slow /behind in your work/studies but your friend succeed in everything he/she does ? ― I’m jealous of him/her.― I’m envious of him/her.― I’m angry with myself/the one who succeeded in his /her work/examinations.― I’m happy with the event and determined to learn from him/her.ii.Teacher’s Summary Alright, that’s all for the discussion.I’m convinced that if you study hard and learn from others you will discover more good methods or means and employ them to improve your studies and you can also become one of the best students in your class.2.Questions on the Topic and the Passage 1)Are you the best student in your class? No I’m not.But who is ? Li Ming/Liu Fang… is.2)Li Ming could you tell us what methods /approach/secret arms do you use to get /gain the crown? ― Hard working ― Having a good planning to manage time and work hard;― He always studies even during the weekend….3)What is the specific meaning of the word “tip”? Can you guess/try? ― The general meaning: a small amount of money given as a gift for a small service performed.― The specific meaning: a helpful piece of advice.eg.Thanks for your tip on how to solve/deal with this problem.4)How many tips/pieces of advice are given to help you to become a top student in the passage? ― 3 tips/3 pieces of advice.5)What are they? ― Handing in homework on time ― Challenging and overcoming the difficulties in your work/studies.― Becoming a good test taker.6)How do you think about the three tips？Are they useful for you or not? ― They are very useful for me.II.Background Information Passage A 1.Education systems Schooling occurs when society or a group or an individual sets up a curriculum to educate people, usually the young.Schooling can become systematic and thorough.Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, and this can lead to abuse of the system.2.Primary education Primary or elementary education consists of the first years of formal, structured education that occur during childhood.In most countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education.Primary education generally begins when children are four to eight years of age.The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age(adolescence);some educational systems have separate middle schools with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen.In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, etc., schools which provide primary education are referred to as primary schools.Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools.3.Secondary education In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence.It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors to the optional, selective tertiary, “post-secondary”, or “higher” education(e.g., university, vocational school)for adults.The exact boundary between primary and secondary education varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of education.Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years.The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for either higher education or vocational education, or to train directly to a profession.4.Higher education

Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage or post secondary education, often known as academia, is the non-compulsory educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium.Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training.Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education.Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level(sometimes referred to as tertiary education)and the graduate(or postgraduate)level(sometimes referred to as graduate school).In most developed countries a high proportion of the population(up to 50%)now enter higher education at some time in their lives.Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.5.Adult education Lifelong, or adult, education has become widespread in many countries.However, education is still seen by many as something aimed at children, and adult education is often branded as adult learning or lifelong learning.Adult education takes on many forms, from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning.Lending libraries provide inexpensive informal access to books and other self-instructional materials.The rise in computer ownership and internet access has given both adults and children greater access to both formal and informal education.Passage B 1.Choose a major at American universities

Students can either select a major or declare themselves undecided at the time when they submit an application for admission into American universities or colleges.In fact, they can remain undecided till the end of their first or at some schools even second year of study.2.Jacqueline Susann

Jacqueline Susann(1918—1974)was an American author known for her mass-appeal novels.Despite a less than spectacular career as an actress, singer, and playwright, she never lost confidence in herself.Blessed with sensual looks and unbounded confidence, Susann went from unknown to the best-selling author of the 1960s.Her most notable book was Valley of the Dolls, a book that broke sales records and spawned a movie and a TV series.Her other novels include The Love Machine and Once Is Not Enough.III.Text Structure Analysis This passage presents some tips on how to make college success.In this passage, we find some paragraphs of similar structure, that is, paragraphs of a topic is supported by details.Take paragraph 6 as an example.The topic sentence is about good test taking.Then the author gives some suggestions about good test taking: read the whole test quickly;focus the attention on the material they know best;answering questions quickly;handle difficult questions.The global structure of the whole passage is different from the paragraph structure.Generally, this passage can be divided into 5 parts.Part 1(Para.1): This paragraph tells us the general situation of the essay: no matter how many students a professor may have, there is always one special student who can answer the professor’s difficult questions and turn in his assignment on time without mistakes.Part 2(Para.2): This paragraph first tells us the angry feelings of other students toward the top student and then leads us to the question: why can’t I be the special one ? This question leads the readers to read on the passage and to find solutions.Part 3(Para.3): This paragraph is a transitional part.It serves as the general introduction of the following paragraphs.The author of the passage has analyzed the difference between the top student and the others and come up with some tips to make college success.Part 4(Para.4-6): These three paragraphs offer three tips for students to improve their performance at school.The first tip is not to get behind in the learning schedule.The second tip is when you have a lot to do, do what’s most difficult first;when what you have to do is equally hard or easy, leave whatever you like best until the end.The third tip is about good test taking.Do what you know first and leave the difficult ones later.Part 5(Para.7): The last paragraph servers as a conclusion.The author just gives us three tips to successful learning.If every student learns from others, employs others’ learning method, he is sure to improve his performance at school and becomes the special one.IV.Structured Writing

Paragraphs of a Topic Supported by Details

In this essay, we find some paragraphs of a topic supported by details.This is one of the most common ways to organize one’s writing.After careful reading of paragraph 6, we can see it has a topic sentence, which is followed by details and then by a conclusion.At first, the author tells us good test takers do not plow through tests without cease.Then detailed suggestions about good test taking are given to support the topic: first, read the whole test quickly;second, focus the attention on the materials they know best;third, handle difficult questions.Finally, a conclusion is offered: this test taking method is likely to profit you.(Turn to P.215 and do the Exercise XI.Now fill in the same kind of chart for paragraph 4, identifying the details and the conclusion.)

Students can finish Exercise XII as an assignment.They can choose a topic and write a paragraph of the topic supported by details.In this way, students can be familiar with the writing skill.V.Detailed Study of the Text Words & Phrases Study 1.fantastic

a.（infml 口）marvelous;excellent极好的；极出色的

She’s a fantastic swimmer.她游泳游的非常棒。

You’ve passed your test? Fantastic!你测验及格了？太棒了！[扩展] fantastically ad.You did fantastically well in the exam.你考得非常好。2.error

n.[C,U] thing done wrongly;mistake

There are spelling errors in the first sentence.第一句话中有拼写错误。

The letter was sent to you in error.此信误送给你了。[同义辨析] error, mistake, fault

这几个词都有把某种东西做错，说错等的含义。error和 mistake 在许多情况下都可以互换。

error n.指“背离了真理，不够准确，不大正确”等,因此在这几个词中它的意义最广泛。

She made an error in her calculations.她计算上出了个差错。

Grievous errors can sometimes be made as a result of ignorance.严重的错误有时会由于无知而造成。

mistake n.指“因疏忽，不注意或误解而造成的过错”。对它的批评口气没有对error 重，因而日常生活中常见的过错多用此词。

It’s a mistake to let a baby eat chocolate.给婴儿吃巧克力是不对的。

There are only a few spelling mistakes in the composition.那篇作文中只有几个拼写错误。注意下列例句：

1)They are in error.他们弄错了。（此处不能用mistake）2)It was an error of judgment.那是个判断上的错误。（此处不能用mistake）3)He took my spectacles by mistake.他错拿了我的眼镜。（此处不能用error）4)It’s going to rain and no mistake.没错，要下雨了。（此处不能用error）fault n.指“过失的责任”，有时有“挑错”的含义。它可表示不完善的效果或性格上的弱点。

She finds fault with everything I do.我干的事她都要吹毛求疵。

Her only fault is being too proud.她唯一的缺点是太骄傲了。3.whatsoever

ad.used to emphasize a negative statement 任何；丝毫

There can be no doubt whatsoever about it.这件事毫无疑问。

Are there any signs of improvement? None whatsoever.有改进的迹象吗？一点都没有。

No rules whatsoever have prescribed that the students cannot smoke on campus.从没有规定学生不能在校园里吸烟。

4.arouse

vt.1）cause an emotion 引起；激起

Her strange behavior aroused our suspicions.她不寻常的举动引起我们的猜疑。He succeeded in arousing the nation’s sympathy.他已经激发了全民的同情。

2）wake sb.up 唤醒（arouse sb.from sth.）

He was aroused from his nap by the doorbell.他午睡时被门铃吵醒。

Sleeping beauty was aroused from her long sleep by the kiss from the brave princess.睡美人被勇敢的王子用吻从沉睡中唤醒。5.magnificent

a.very good or beautiful, and very impressive 出色的；壮丽的；宏伟的

The Louvre Museum is a magnificent Renaissance palace.卢浮宫博物馆是一座文艺复兴时期的宏伟宫殿。

Her magnificent generosity gave me a deep impression.她那豪爽的慷慨给我留下了深刻的印象。6.remarkable

a.worthy of attention;unusual 值得注意的，显著的

Tom is a boy who is remarkable for his stupidity.汤姆是一个笨的出奇的男

孩。

Beijing Olympic is a remarkable event in 2008.北京奥运会是2008年一件

引人瞩目的事件。

What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed

over the centuries but how much they have remained the same.有关玩具的 历史之所以非同寻常，不是因为几个世纪以来它们有多少变化，而是如何 在如此长的时间内保持不变。（CET-4，99.6）[扩展] be remarkable for sth.以„„著称/引人注目

a remarkable change 显著的变化

make oneself too remarkable（使自己）锋芒毕露

remark v.谈起，说 n.谈话，评论

remarkably ad.不同寻常地 7.schoolwork

n.[U] work that students do for school or in classes 作业

Students do not like too much schoolwork in such a short class.学生们不喜欢

在短短的一节课上做太多的作业。8.ease

n.[U] ability to do sth.easily 容易，不费力

The injection brought him immediate ease.他经注射后疼痛顿消。

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他们的帮助使我能够顺

利地完成工作。

vt.make sth.less painful or severe 减轻；缓解

The aspirins eased my headache.阿司匹林使我头疼减轻。

Talking eased his anxiety.那一番谈话打消了他的顾虑。[扩展]

ease sb.of sth.消除某人的痛苦

take one’s ease 不再忧虑

with ease

容易地，无困难地

（be/ feel）at(one’s)ease 感到舒适而无忧虑 9.devil

n.[C]（used for emphasis）a person ,esp.one who is annoying 家伙；人

The poor devil!多可怜的家伙！

Which silly devil left the fire on all day? 是哪个笨蛋没将炉火熄掉，烧了这

一整天？

[扩展] devil n.魔鬼；撒旦，鬼怪

The Devil tempted Adam and Eve.魔鬼诱惑了亚当和夏娃。

He believes in devils and witches.他相信魔鬼、巫婆这类事。10.factor

n.[C] one of the things that help to produce a result 因素

Endurance is an important factor of success in sports.耐力是运动中取得成

功的重要因素。

Biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to

man.文化因素对于人的重要性比生物因素对于有机体的重要性更强。

（CET-4，96.1）11.outstanding

a.extremely good 优秀的；突出的

Einstein was an outstanding scientist.爱因斯坦是位杰出的科学家。

The Cats Musical, which I have seen in London, is an outstanding musical performance.我在伦敦看的音乐剧《猫》是一场优秀的音乐剧演出。12.infinite

a.very great, and seeming to have no limit 极大的；无限的

A teacher must be capable of infinite patience.教师必须具有极强的耐心。

（CET-4，03.6）

Students can get access to an infinite variety of books in the school library.学生们可以在校图书馆借阅到大量各类图书。13.infinitely

ad.very much, used esp.when comparing things 极其；非常

The deep expanse of space spreads infinitely in all directions.深邃的外层

空间向各个方向无限的延伸。

Wives tend to believe that their husbands are infinitely resourceful and versatile.妻子倾向于认为丈夫足智多谋、多才多艺。14.accomplish vt.succeed in doing sth.完成

Should we work together, we shall absolutely accomplish our common goal.倘若通力合作，我们绝对会实现共同的目标。

One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.只能教人使用这种或那种程序，而且这通常很容易做 到。（CET-4, 98.6）

[同义辨析] accomplish, complete, finish 这三个词都有“完成”的意思。

accomplish 通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名词，有时兼有达成（效果）之

意。如： The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks.探险队在五周内完成了航程。

You should accomplish the task within the allowed time.你们必须在规定时间内完成这项任务。complete 比accomplish 具体，可接建筑，工程，书籍等名词，表示经过进一步 的努力按预期目标把未完成的工作完成，主要涵义是补足缺少的部分。如： The building will be completed by the end of this month.这座楼将于本月底竣工。

I only need one volume to complete my set of Dickens’s novels.我那套狄更斯小说只差一卷就能配齐了。

finish 在很多情况下可以和complete 换用但不及complete 正式。

Can he finish the task? 他能完成这项任务吗？ We finish work at 6:00.我们六点下班。15.accomplished a.good or skillful at sth.熟练的；有才艺的

She was an accomplished movie director.她是个成功的电影导演。

Today I accomplished zero.今天我一事无成。16.mission

n.1）[C] an important task that sb.has been given to do 任务，使命

Mr.Long’s briefing was not relevant to the mission.郎先生的指示与此次任务无关。（CET-4，02.1）

Some soldiers were sent to a military mission to Iraq.一些士兵被派往伊拉克执行一项军事任务。

2）[C] sth.that one feels one must do 职责

Her mission in life was to work with homeless.她人生的使命就是和无家可归者一起工作。

He regards it as his mission to help the cause of world peace.他把促进世界和平事业看作自己的天职。

17.investigate

vt.examine a crime, problem, etc.carefully, esp.to discover the truth

调查；审查

Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee be set

up to investigate the incident.他提议成立一个特别委员会来调查该事件，许多代表对此表示赞同。（CET-4, 02.1）

The police are investigating the cause of a terrible traffic accident which killed

over 10 persons.警察正在调查一起造成十余人死亡的恶性交通事故。[扩展]

investigate a crime/ problem/ incident/ the cause of a matter

调查罪案/问题/事件/原因

investigation n.调查；审查

investigator n.调查者 18.mysterious

a.full of mystery;not easy to understand 神秘的；难以理解的

He’s being very mysterious about what his work is.对于他从事的工作，他态

度十分诡秘。

[扩展] mysteriously ad.神秘地，难以理解地

mysteriousness n.神秘，诡秘 19.analysis n.[C, U] a careful examination of sth.分析

Each chapter of the book is an analysis of a well-known painting.书的每一

章就是一幅名画的分析介绍。

The assignment asks them to weave the mass of questionnaire results into a readable and informative analysis.作业要求他们将一大批通过问卷调查所得的结果编成一份读来有趣资料丰富的分析报告。20.peak

n.[C] the highest point or level 最高点；高峰

His career is at its peak now.他的事业现在处于鼎盛时期。

Membership was already near its peak.会员人数已接近最高值。[扩展] be at the peak of one’s life 处于一生之巅峰期 21.excellence n.[U] the quality of being extremely good 优秀；卓越；杰出

He established excellence at the magazine.他在杂志编辑上有杰出成就。

The firm is a byword for excellence.这家商号是优质的保证。22.credit n.1)[C] a successfully completed part of a course at a university or college 学分

Freshman composition is a 3-credit course.大学一年级的作文课是一门三学

分课程。

It takes 124 credits to graduate.毕业须修满124个学分。

2)[U] belief or trust in the truth or rightness of sth.信任

I have full credit in your ability to do the job.我完全相信你有能力做这件工

作。

Do not place too much credit in hearsay.不可过于相信道听途说。[扩展] a man of high credit 极有名望的人

credit account(=[美]charge account)赊账 credit sales 赊购 credit note 信用票据 letter of credit 信用状 credit card 信用卡

23.responsibility

n.1)[U] the state of being responsible for sb.or sth.责任

Terrorists have claimed responsibility for yesterday’s bomb attack.恐怖主义

者宣称对昨天的炸弹袭击事件负责。

The captain is absolved from all blame and responsibility for the shipwreck.那

位船长被免除了因船只失事而遭致的非难和罪责。

2)[C] a job or duty that one must do 职责；义务

It’s her responsibility to ensure the project finished on time.她的职责是确保

项目按时完成。

I have increasing personal responsibilities.我的个人负担越来越重了。[扩展] on one’s own responsibility 自作主张地, 自负全责地

shift the responsibility onto sb.把责任推到某人身上, 嫁祸于人

take full responsibility for 对...负完全责任

take [assume] the responsibility of [for] 负起...的责任

take the responsibility upon oneself 自己承担起责任来 24.amount

n.[C,U] quantity 数；数量

What affects the amount of carbon-14 on the earth? 什么因素影响碳14在地

球上的量？(CET-4, 02.6)

A large amount of money is spent on advertisements every year.每年都要花

费大量金钱在广告上。

vi.(to)equal to;add up to 等于；总计达

Building costs amount to six million dollars.建筑费用总计达600万元。

It all amounts to a lot of hard work.那一切意味着大量的艰苦工作。[同义辨析] the amount of , the number of

the amount of 与不可数名词搭配，强调量的概念。

The driver was alarmed by the large amount of people swarming onto the bus.公交司机为蜂拥而上的乘客大吃一惊。

The amount of unemployed capital is very large.未被利用的资金数量很大。the number of 与可数名词搭配，强调数的概念。

They put the number of deaths at 300.他们估计死亡人数有300。

The number of tourists to that place is limited.去那地方旅游的人数有限制。

[扩展] in amount 总之, 结局;总计

in large(small)amount 大(少)量地, 大(小)批地, 大宗地(小额地)never amount to anything 一事无成not amount to anything 一事无成no amount of 怎么(再多)也...不

a large amount of 大量

25.entertain vt.1)be ready and willing to think about sth.考虑；怀着

I will never entertain the idea of that poorly paid post.我再也不会考虑那个待遇低的职位。

The minister entertained a new solution to the serious problem.部长考虑了一个新方案解决这个严重的问题。

2)do sth.to amuse or interest people 使快乐；给......娱乐

Most children’s television programs aim to educate and entertain at the same time.大多数儿童电视节目旨在教育和娱乐并重。

The child was entertaining himself with his building blocks.孩子在搭积木玩。

[扩展] entertain friends at [to] dinner 招待[请]朋友们吃饭

entertain a proposal 愿意考虑这一建议 entertain an idea 抱着一种想法

entertaining a.使人得到娱乐的；有趣的 entertainer n.表演者

entertainment n.娱乐；娱乐节目 26.alternative

a.different from sth.else and able to be used instead of it 供选择的

We prepared an alternative plan, in case it rained.我们另准备了一套计划，以防下雨。

Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background.竞争而获得成功被看作是美国人取代 通过家庭背景而获得社会地位的另一条出路。（CET-4, 99.1）

You have no alternative/ choice but to follow my instruction.除了听我指

挥，你别无选择。

n.[C] sth.that can be chosen instead of sth.else 供选择的东西

Her father gave her the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.她父亲让她在上大学继续求学和开始工作之间做出抉择。

To children on vacation from cities, the rugged environment presents exciting alternatives.对于从大城市来度假的儿童说来，这种艰苦的环境提供了令人兴奋的调剂。

[扩展] have no alternative but to do sth.除做……之外别无选择

I had no alternative but to accept the offer.我除了接受该项目提议之外，别无选择。

alternate v.(使)轮流，交替 alternation n.轮流

27.irregular

a.not following the usual pattern of grammar 不规则的

She tested the whole class on irregular verbs.她对全班学生进行不规则动词测验。

It is a bit irregular to promote a man so soon.如此匆匆提升下属有些不正常。

[扩展]

an irregular physician 无照开业的内科医生

irregular troops 非正规军 irregular conduct 不正当行为

an irregular coast line 曲折的海岸线 an irregular verb 不规则(变化的)动词

irregularity n.不规则；不平坦；不合常规

irregularly ad.不规则地

regular ⇒ irregular

28.grant

vt.give sb.sth.给予

Our teacher granted request to every student.我们的老师对学生有求必应。

Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure, promotion, or substantial salary increases.那些专注于教学的大学教师，不久后发现他们不能得到终身制资格，不能获得提升，也不能享受实实在在的加薪待遇。（CET-6, 99,1）

n.[C] an amount of money given to sb.for a particular purpose 资助；拨款

The government gave us a grant to build another classroom.政府给了我们

一笔拨款，用来再盖一件教室。

You can get a grant to improve your house.你可以得到一笔拨款来修缮住

房。

[扩展] grant/ granting/ granted that 假定…… 即使……..Granting that what you say is true, it is no excuse.纵然你所说的是真话，但那也不是理由。

grant sb.permission to do sth.准许某人做……

grant the truth of what sb.says.假定……所说的事实 take it for granted 认为理所当然

29.cease n.[U] stop;end 停止；终止

It seemed that we had walked for days without cease.我们似乎不停地走了好几天。

They worked on without cease.他们不停地干下去。v.stop doing sth.or stop happening 停止

At last they ceased working for lack of capital.最后，他们由于缺乏资金而停工了。

The dying man soon ceased to breathe.那个垂死的人不久停止了呼吸。

[扩展]

cease fire

停火

without cease 继续不断地，不停地

ceaseless a.不停的 ceaselessly ad.不停地 30.concentration

n.[U] the process of giving all one’s attention to sth.集中精力；专心；专注

The tennis players need total concentration during play.网球运动员在比赛中需要全神贯注。

The drug affects one’s power of concentration.这种药使人精神不能集

[扩展] concentrate v.精神集中，专心致志

concentrate(sth.)(on sth./doing sth)专心致志于某事物 31.adapt

v.change one’s behavior or attitude to deal with a new situation(使)适应

You will soon adapt yourself to this new environment.你很快就会适应这里的新环境。

She adapted herself quickly to the new climate.她很快就适应了这种新气候。

vt.change sth.for a different purpose 改编；改装

The book has been adapted to the needs of children.这本书是为迎合儿童的需要而改写的。

This machine has been specially adapted for underwater use.这机器是为水下使用而特别改装的。

[同义辨析] adapt, adjust, fit, suit, match

都含―适合‖、―适应‖的意思。

adapt 指―修改或改变以适应新条件‖, 如: You should adapt yourself to the new environment.你应该适应新环境。

These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.这些式样均可改动以适应个人不同的爱好。

adjust 指―调整‖、―调节‖使之适应, 如: You can’t see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyes.你把望远镜调节到适合你的眼睛之后, 你才看得见。

The body quickly adjusts itself to changes in temperature.身体迅速自行调节以适应气温的变化。

fit 多指―大小适合‖, 引伸为―吻合‖, 如: The shoes adapt me well.这鞋我穿正好。Her coat fits her exactly.她的大衣很合身。suit 多指―合乎要求、口味、性格、情况‖, 如: No dish suits all tastes.众口难调。

That color doesn’t suit your complexion.那颜色不适合你的肤色。match 指―大小、色调、形状、性质等相配或相称‖, 如: A red jacket doesn’t match green trousers.红上衣与绿裤子不相配。The curtains and the carpets match perfectly.窗帘和地毯十分协调。[扩展] adapt for 使适合于;为...改编[改写]

adapt from 根据...改写[改编]

adapt oneself to 使自己适应或习惯于某事

adapt sth.to 使某事物适应或适合 adaptable a.能适应的

adaptation n.适应；适合；改编 adaptive a.适应的

adaptor n.适配器；改编者

32.weird a.very strange and unusual, and difficult to understand or explain 离奇的，难以理解的

He has some weird ideas.他有一些稀奇古怪的念头。

It’s really weird seeing yourself on television.看到自己上了电视感觉怪怪的。

33.profit

v.be useful or helpful to sb.有益于，有利于

A wise person profits by/from his mistakes.智者从自己的过失中得到教益。

You will gain/get profit from your studies.你将从学习中获益。n.[C,U] money gained by trade or business 利润，盈利

Newspaper makes a profit from/out of the advertisements they carry.报纸从其所刊登的广告中获取利益。

There is very little profit in selling newspapers at present.现在卖报纸利润很少。

[扩展] do sth.to one’s profit [with profit] 做某事而得益于

gross [net] profits 毛[纯]利

paper profits 纸上的利润, 实际不存在的利润 reap profits at the expense of others 损人利已 small profits and quick returns 薄利多销 sell sth.at a profit 出售某物而获利 profitability n.盈利 profitable a.有盈利的，有益的 profiteer n.牟取暴利的人，投机商

34.alter

v.change or make sb.or sth.change（常为细微地）（使）改变

These clothes are too large;they must be altered.这些衣服太大，得改改。

The waiter apologized and altered the figure on the bill.侍者道歉并修改了账单上的数字。

[同义辨析] alter, change, vary

这三个词都含有“改变”之意

alter v.指衣服等表面或局部做部分变动，而没有变成另一种事物。

I’ll have to alter the diagram.I’ve made a mistake.我得修改图表,我出了点儿错。

He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。change v.指位置、性质、外表、形式或是数量、质量等改变，常与into 连用。

指―使改变的与原物完全不同‖或―使发生以新代旧的变化‖,如: The appearance of the town is quite changed.这个城镇的外观变化颇大。Most English women change their names when they marry.英国妇女大多因结婚而改姓。

vary v.所指某事物或其部分的改变常为暂时的或反复的。如: It’s better to vary your diet rather than eat the same things all the time.你最好变换一下饮食，不要总吃同样的东西。

The results of the experiment varied wildly.试验结果差异很大。[扩展]

alter an opinion 改变意见

alter the appearance of 改变……的面貌

alteration n.改变；修改 35.performance n.1)[C,U] how well or badly a person does a particular job 成绩；表现

Some athletes take drugs to improve their performance.一些运动员为了提高成绩而使用违禁药品。

The overall performance of a college student at school is closely related to his future.大学生在校的整体表现与其未来有密切联系。

2)[C] the act of performing a play, dance, etc.表演

The theater gives two performances a day.这个剧院一天演出两场。

A music performance may take place indoors in a concert hall or outdoors in a field.音乐表演可以在室内的音乐厅也可以在户外的场地上进行。

36.stand out

be much better than others 突出；出色

The real talented is sure to find his day of standing out among the rest.真正有才华的人定会脱颖而出。

If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered.如果你洗澡的时候电话果然响了，那么这件事将浮出水面，并被记住。（CET-4,95.1）

[扩展] stand aside 不做事；退出（竞争）

stand by

袖手旁观

37.no matter how/where/what,etc.used to say that sth.is the same whatever happens 不管怎样（哪里，什么等）

Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.研究结果表明，不论我们白天可能做过什么事情，每天晚上都有大约两小时在做梦。（CET-4, 99.1）

No matter where the children may travel, they are the concern of their parents.不论游子身在何方，都让父母牵肠挂肚。

38.turn in

give sth..to the person who is in charge 上交

Turn in everything captured.一切缴获要归公。

Turn in your homework, please.请把作业交上来。39.with ease without any difficulty 容易地，不费力地

He passed the examination with ease.他轻松地通过了考试。

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他们帮助我，使我能够顺利地完成工作。

40.sit back

make no effort to do sth.闲坐着，不做努力

Are you going to sit back and let me do everything? 你打算闲坐着，把所有事都让我干？

They won’t sit back and let you do it alone.他们决不会袖手旁观让你一个人干的。

41.get behind

not do as much as one should have done 拖延

If you don’t keep up with the times, you’ll get left behind.如果你跟不上时代，就会被时代甩在后面。

I’m getting behind(with my work).我（工作）落后了。

42.get sth.out of the way

finish or deal with sth., esp.sth.difficult or unpleasant

完成或处理某事

Let me get these letters out of the way before dinner.让我在晚饭前把这

些信件处理完毕。

Get the boy out of the way for a few minutes while I wrap his present.我在给男孩包礼物时，把他引开几分钟。

43.strike sb.as sth.give sb.a particular opinion or feeling 给某人某种感觉或印

象

He has always struck me as an honest worker.他给我的印象是个老实的

工人。

The idea at first struck me as stupid, but now I think it is a good one.开始 我觉得这想法很愚蠢，可现在认为还不错。

44.have to do with

be connected with sb.or sth.与……有关

Do you have something to do with this group? 你和这个集团有关系吗？

You do not have to worry, since you have nothing to do with this affair.既然你与这件事没关系，你就不必担心。

45.plow through

finish sth.that is difficult or boring 艰难地完成 He plowed his way through the crowd.他费力地穿过人群。

He plowed through his exam.他费力地通过了考试。

46.adapt to

change one’s behavior or attitude so as to be used to sth.new(使适

应)

You will soon adapt yourself to this new environment.你很快就会适应这里的新环境。

She adapted herself quickly to the new climate.她很快就适应了这种新气

候。

Language Points 1.Whatever the number, there’s usually one student from the group that stands out as being special, fantastic even.(Para.1)

Meaning: It doesn’t matter what the number of the students will be;there is usually one student who is much better than other students as being special and even extremely good.2.No matter how difficult a professor’s question, that one special student seems to know the answer.(Para.1)No matter how/whether/what/when, etc.: used to say that something is the same whatever happens 无论……

No matter how hard he tried, he simply could not work the problem out.不管怎么努力，他就是解答不出这道题。

No matter what your age, you can lose weight by following this program.无论你多大年龄，只要按照这个计划行事，体重就能减下去。

3．…that one special student is able to turn in his assignment on time and without a single error whatsoever.(Para.1)

Meaning: …the excellent student is always able to finish and hand in his homework on time without any mistake.4.Surely, you know a student like this.Possibly he arouses in you feelings of anger.(Para.2)

Meaning: Of course, you must know a student like this.He might make you feel angry.5.Surely, it’d be magnificent to be like this person, but since it’s not you who is doing so well, posting remarkable grades and completing schoolwork with such ease, feelings of anger build and build.(Para.2)

Meaning: Of course, it would be wonderful to become a person like this one.But because you are not the person doing so well, and you are not getting good grades, and you are unable to finish your homework easily, then your angry feelings increase gradually.6.As a university student, I’m very interested in what factors separate outstanding students from ones infinitely less accomplished.(Para.3)

Meaning: As a university student, I’m very interested in what makes the difference between excellent students and hopeless students.7.Instead of sitting back and hating successful students, I made it my mission to investigate the mysterious causes of their greatness.(Para.3)

Meaning: I did not sit back and hate successful students;I went to find out the secrets of their success as my important task.8.And the fruit of my analysis, after speaking to many top students and their professors, is a group of tips that anyone can use to awaken greatness up within himself and reach new peaks of excellence.(Para.3)

Meaning: After talking with many top students and their teachers, the result of my analysis gives us some suggestions that anyone can use to become great and achieve much.9.The first tip is: don’t get behind.The problem of studying, hard enough to start with, becomes almost impossible when you are trying to do three weeks’ work in one weekend.(Para.4)

Meaning: The first suggestion is not to get behind of the learning schedule.Studying is difficult enough, but it is even harder if you have to do the work of three weeks in a single weekend.10.And if you are behind in written work that must be turned in, the teacher who accepts it late will probably not give you full credit.(Para.4)

Meaning: If you are behind the time schedule in handing in your written work, the teacher who accepts your work late would probably not give you full score.11.Little room is given to students that are not able to manage their work and time.(Para.4)

Meaning: There will be no chance for those who are unable to manage their time and work appropriately.12.Entertain an alternative plan!(Para.5)

Meaning: Just consider another choice!13.There will be more desire at half past eleven to read a political science article that sounded really interesting that to begin trying to study French irregular verbs, a necessary talk that strikes you as pretty dull.(Para.5)

Meaning: It is very likely that at half past eleven people prefer to read an interesting political science article rather than study French irregular verbs, a compulsory task that seems dull to you.14.Doing fun work may feel like you’re granting yourself a present after doing hard work.(Para.5)

Meaning: You may feel that doing fun work is just like you are rewarding yourself with a present after completing hard work.15.The best test takers don’t plow through their tests without cease, answering one question after the next as it comes.(Para.6)

Meaning: The best test takers take efforts to go through the tests from beginning to end with necessary stops.16.Second, they focus their attention, keeping their concentration on the material they know best, answering quickly because they are confident.(Para.6)

Meaning: Then, they gave a lot of attention to and concentrated their efforts on what they know best and answered questions quickly as they are full of confidence.17.Adapting yourself to this method of test taking might seem weird to you, but it’s likely to profit you.(Para.6)

Meaning: To make yourself become accustomed to this method of taking a test might appear strange and unusual to you, but it is likely you can benefit from it.18.Here are but three tips to greater success at school.(Para.7)

Meaning: These are only three tips that will help you succeed in school learning.19.Should you ask successful students around you, you will discover more tips.(Para.7)

Meaning: If you ask successful students around you, you will find out more pieces of advice.20.Learn from others, and employ their methods to alter your own studying, and you are sure to improve your performance at school.(Para.7)

Meaning: You should learn from others and use their methods to change the way you are studying.In this way you will be able to better yourself in your learning.VI.Text Summary 1.Student’s Presentation

（T asks 2-3 students to make presentation.）

2.Teacher’s Summary Usually there is one student from the group that stands out as being special in a class.The author investigates what factors separating outstanding students from others and finds a group of tips that anyone can use to awaken greatness up within himself and reach new peaks of excellence.Learning from others and employing their methods can surely improve one’s performance at school.VII．After-text A Exercises 1.Vocabulary: Students are asked to master the key words and phrases.2.Sentence Structure: T summaries the usage of ―as‖ and ―while‖ and S practices rewriting sentences after the models.3.Translation 4.Cloze

Section B

A major Question of Majors

I.Reading Skills

Previewing The particular reading skills introduced for this unit is previewing.Previewing a text before you read can make your reading more efficient in many ways.It can get you acquainted with the author’s style and aims;it can give you an idea of how the text is organized and where to look for ideas and information.Here is how to preview a reading selection:

Look at the title.Does it tell you what you will be reading about? If so, you can then set a purpose for your reading.Very likely titles give the main idea of the selection.Notice the visual clues automatically.Visual clues – things like numbers and dates;list, sections and subtitles;dialogues, quotations and recurring phrases – are easy to see in a passage, and can often give you a good picture of its organization and content before we start reading.Read the first paragraph carefully.The first paragraph usually tells just what the passage will be about.Read it and keep your mind active about it before going on.Either looking at the passage title or the first paragraph, you might have some prediction for what the passage is about.Although you may not be able to predict every detail and although a writer may surprise you with unexpected ideas, you can often anticipate the general direction the author is going to.For example, when you see the title ―A Major Question of Majors‖, think about it and predict what the passage is about.You might ask yourself the following question and at the same time have some predictable choices for answers: what is the passage mainly about?

A.A major problem with many different majors.B.A big difficulty with choosing majors.C.An important question concerning majors.D.A great confusion concerning majors.You might think of more possibilities, such as confusion, problem or difficulty, etc.When you read on, you will find that ―B‖ is the correct prediction.(Turn to P.218 and let’s do Exercise I)

II.Warming Up Activity 1.Topic Discussion

i.Student’s Discussion

1)What major do you like ? ― Business and computer.2)What kind of questions did you meet when you were faced with choosing a major? ― The major-choice was limited by the score got in the entrance exam;you have to choose your major before you know your exact scores…

ii.Teacher’s Summary Because of different background, the students are faced with different questions in choosing a major when studying in the university.For the students out of China, it is difficult for them to choose their majors just because they have to do many jobs in their life and change work places or even living places very frequently and so on.In China it was easier before.You pick up a major, and then do the job in your major for comparatively long time or even someone for a life time.But now things are changing.It is increasingly difficult as time goes by.There is much competition after graduation, so you have to get better prepared than before.2.Questions on the Topic and the Passage

1)Why wouldn’t the writer choose business as his major?

― Because he thought he was an artist.2)Why did the writer take his parents’ friends coming for dinner as a rest? ― Because he would be able to have a break from the question of majors.3)What were his parents’ friends talking about all the dinner time? ― The best way for choosing majors.III.Text Structure Analysis This author of this passage discusses the problem of deciding one’s major in university according to his own experience.The passage can be roughly divided into 4 parts.Part 1(Para.1)This paragraph puts forward an important question for college students: what major will you choose? It leads the readers to read on the passage to find the answer.Part 2(Para.2-10)These 9 paragraphs describe the author’s own experience of deciding his major in university 15 years ago.In this part, the paragraphs are arranged according to time sequence.The first time is ―tomorrow‖, namely the last day to declare a major;the second time is ―dinner time‖ at the last day in which the author’s parents talked about majors;the third time is ―after the dinner‖ until when the author still had not decided his major;the 10 a.m.the following day in which the author missed his first class;the next time is ―as I rushed to school‖, when he finally decided his major ―filmmaking‖;and the last time is ―15 years later‖, when the author found that very few students work in their chosen jobs years later.He himself did not become a filmmaker at the end.Part 3(Para.11)This paragraph servers as a conclusion.The author presents his point: what one majors in does not matter.What matters is to involve yourself in those things you are interested in and enjoy learning the world.After that, there is plenty of time for one to decide what he will do with the rest of his life.V.Detailed Study of the Text

Words & Phrases Study

1.echo

n.1)[C] a sound which is caused when a loud, sharp noise, for example a scream, is reflected off a surface such as a cliff or the walls of a building.回声；回音 Judy found herself listening to the last echo of her shoes clicking on the marble floors.朱迪发觉自己在倾听她鞋后跟踏击大理石地板发出咔哒声的回音余响。

They were the only seats not affected by the echo.这些是唯一不受回音影响的座位。

v.1)A sound that echoes is reflected off a surface, such as a cliff or the walls of a building, so that it can be heard again after the original sound has stopped.发出回声;The noise of our footsteps seemed to go echoing around the walls.脚步声似乎在墙壁周围不停地回响。The great rumble from the explosion echoed away into the hills and sea.隆隆的爆炸声渐渐远去，萦绕在群山和大海之中。

The room echoed with/to the sound of their happy laughter.房间里回荡着他们的欢笑声。

[扩展] arouse/evoke an echo 激起共鸣

to the echo 大声地

echo chamber 回声室

Echo Boom（1987年美国的）生育高峰（因1 946-1964年间美国的生育高峰后再次出现的出生率激增现象）

2.hallway

n.[C] a passage in a building or house that leads to many rooms 走廊；通道

Jack’s office is at the far end of the hallway.杰克的办公室在走廊的尽头。An imposing staircase led out of the hallway.一座气势不凡的楼梯由厅内通向厅外。

3.await

v.wait or be ready for 等待；等候

I shall await your answer to my letter with eagerness.急盼复信。

He awaited the newcomer with mingled feelings.他百感交集地等候着那位新来者。

a long-awaited holiday 期盼已久的假期 4.abortion

n.1)[U;C] If a woman has an abortion, she ends her pregnancy and loses the baby.人工流产

She had an abortion.她做了人工流产。

Is abortion legal in your country? 在你们国家人工流产合法吗？

2)[C] a plan or arrangement which goes wrong before it can develop properly 中止；夭折

The project proved an abortion.这项工程中途夭折了。

If this plan is to be anything more than an abortion, we need to focus on getting the funds to implement it.想要这份计划不失败，我们必须集中全力去实施计划所需的资金。

[扩展] abort

v.流产；夭折

She aborted when she was four month pregnant.她怀孕4个月后流产了。

Without their help all further plans must inevitably abort.没有他们的帮助，所有进一步的计划必然夭折。

abortive

adj.失败的；夭折的

It would be an abortive effort to try to close this wide price gap.试图缩小这样大的价格差额是徒劳的。

All government attempts to prevent the strike were abortive.政府企图阻止罢工，但都未能得逞。

[Cultural note] Abortion has been legal in the US since 1973 and in the UK since 1967, although people in both countries have very strong opinions about it.People disagree about whether it should stay legal, and about whether it is morally right.Some people are pro-choice and believe that a woman has the right to choose whether or not to have an abortion.Other people are anti-abortion and believe that an unborn baby has the right to be born.They believe that abortion is murder.5.database

n.[C] 又作databank a large collection of data stored in a company system that

can be found easily 数据库

[扩展] database management system数据库管理系统

data processing数据处理

data processor数据处理机

data protection数据保护

6.available

adj.1)If something is available, you are able to use it or obtain it.可利用的;可获得的

More information becomes available through the use of computers.由于使用了计算机可以获得更多的信息。

The doctor is available after 3:15.医生3点15分后看病。

2)If something is available, it is not being used and is therefore free for you to use.可使用的

Will your accommodation be available next October? 你们的宿舍到十月份可以住了吗？

The motel has no available rooms.这家汽车旅馆没有空房间了。

[扩展] availability

n.可获得性；可使用性

Laws still controlled the availability of contraceptives and abortion.法律仍旧管制避孕药的使用及堕胎。

a widespread reduction in the world availability of oil 全世界获得石油的可能性普遍下降

[联想] 记忆一些以-able结尾的形容词：

disagreeable 不随和的 deniable 可否认的 noticeable 清楚的 changeable 可变的 reliable 可靠的 reasonable 讲道理的 amiable 温柔的 incapable 无能力的 unable不能的 conceivable想象得出的 tolerable 可容忍的 breakable 易碎的 desirable值得要的 impregnable攻不破的 inflammable 易燃的

[考点]某些以-able /-ible结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词，通常放在所修饰名词的后面。This is the only reference book available here.7.indecision

n.[U] the state of being unable to make a decision 迟疑不决；优柔寡断

She felt ill with anxiety and indecision.她因忧虑和迟疑不决而病倒了。After five minutes of indecision, I put the knife away.我犹豫了5分钟后把刀收了起来。

[扩展] indecisive adj.犹豫不决的；不确定的

It was unlike him to be so indecisive.如此犹豫不决的不像他的秉性。As there is much obscurity in this disease, its medical treatment is indecisive.该病的发病有许多不明之处，所以其治疗也非确定的。8.ban

v.1)To ban something means to state officially that it must not be done, shown, used, etc.禁止

The treaty bans all nuclear tests.该条约禁止一切核试验。

The government banned publication of his books.政府禁止出版他的书。

2)To ban someone from doing something means to state officially that they are not allowed to do it.禁止某人做某事 I am banned from driving.我被禁止驾车。

He was banned from attending the meeting.他被禁止参加会议。

n.[C] A ban is an official statement that something must not be done, shown, used, etc.禁止

This is a movie under a ban imposed by the government.这是被政府禁止上映的影片。

There was no ban on smoking cigarettes.没有不准抽烟的禁令。

[同义辨析] ban prohibit forbid ban 指合法地或因社会压力而禁止，持谴责或不赞成的态度，常用搭配形式为ban…from sth/doing sth, 其后不跟不定式；

forbid 普通用语，用于较小事物，或个人、上级、官方、长辈做出的禁止命令、规定，常用搭配形式为forbid...to do;

Her parents forbid her to see Tim again.她父母不让她再跟蒂姆来往。

Her mother forbade the little girl to leave the house before she had finished her homework.在没有完成作业前，她母亲不让她离开房间。

prohibit指通过法律、法令、警告等做出禁止命令的正式规定或规则，常用搭配形式为 prohibit...from sth/doing sth.We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours.上班时间禁止喝酒。

The recording of speech without the knowledge of the speaker was prohibited by the University.大学禁止在演讲者不知情的情况下对其录音。9.predict

v.If you predict an event or action, you believe that it will happen.预测；预言

It is difficult to predict what the future will hold for his second marriage.很难预测他的第二次婚姻今后会是什么样子。

What I had predicted fortnight ago had happened far sooner than I had anticipated.两星期前我所预测的事情比预期的早早提前发生了。

Given the past history of the Loch Ness monster, it is safe to predict that interest will rise again.如考虑到尼斯湖怪以前的历史，那么可以肯定地预言人们还会感兴趣的。[扩展] prediction

n.预测；

to provide accurate long-term prediction 提供准确的长期预测 to venture a prediction 大胆预测

to make a prediction about sth 做出预测 predictable

adj.可预测的；可预言的

The planets are potentially predictable in their movements.从潜在意义上来讲，星球运动是可预知的。

Most insects have fairly predicable behaviors.大多数昆虫的行为具有相当的可预测性。[同义辨析] predict forecast foretell

predict指从已知事实推断或根据自然规律断定未来的事情，其准确程度不一；

forecast指对将来可能发生的事情或可能出现的情况做出大概的预测，通常主要用于天气预报；

Cooler weather is forecast for tomorrow.预计明天天气凉爽。

The weather forecast said the good weather would last.天气预报说天气将持续晴好。

foretell指凭借自己的经验猜测或感觉到将来发生的事情；

He foretold that the woman would die soon.他预测那个妇女将要死去。There is no way to foretell what inventions or fads will impose upon us.无法预知会出现怎样的发明和潮流。10.breakthrough

n.[C] A breakthrough is a new and successful development or achievement突破；重大发现

This innovation was considered by many to be a breakthrough in government-industry relations.这项改革被许多人视为政府与工业界关系中的一大突破。

Scientists are hovering on the brink of a major breakthrough.科学家们正处 于一项重大突破的边缘。11.fate

n.1)[U]Fate is a power that is believed to control and decide everything

that happens in a way that people cannot prevent or change.命运；天命 It is, perhaps, our fate rather than our merit.也许这与其说是我们的优点，不如说这是天意。

It was fate that brought us together again after thirty years.天意注定我们30年后又重逢。

2)[C]Someone’s fate is what happens to them际遇；时运；下场；结局 Their factory closed down, and several other companies suffered a similar fate.他们的工厂倒闭了，另有几家公司也遭到相似命运。

Rick decided to stay until we knew what Dookie’s fate would be.里克决定留下来，直到我们知道杜基最后结果如何。[扩展] fated

adj.命中注定的；命中决定的

We were fated to dislike one another.我们命中注定彼此合不来。Once it had happened, it seemed fated.一旦事情发生了似乎就得听天由命了。

fateful

adj.对未来有重大影响的；灾难性的

a fateful decision 一项有重大影响的决定

The Prime Minister made his fateful announcement.首相发表了他那篇灾难性的声明。

[同义辨析] fate destiny lot doom fate有浓厚的宿命论色彩，强调不可避免，不可改变，人世间一切努力都是徒然的；通常用于不幸的结局；

destiny为普通用词，强调上帝的意旨，但并不排除个人的意志，可表示伟大崇高的行动过程或个人所追求的目的； The Chinese people are now masters of their destiny.中国人民现在是自己命运的主人。

This young man has to accomplish a destiny.这个年轻人注定要去完成一番伟业。

Lot 多指人们生活的境遇；

He was satisfied with his lot whatever it was.他永远随遇而安。

They are visibly content with their lot.可以看出，他们对自己的境遇很满意。

doom指注定的悲惨下场或毁灭；

In exile and poverty, he met his doom.他在流放和贫困中了结一生。

He awaited his doom on the death row.他在牢房里等待自己末日的到来。12.host

n.1)[C] A host is the person at a party or other social occasion who invites the guests and looks after them while they are there.东道主；主人

There were only three of us to dine---my host, his father, and me.我们就是三个人一起用餐，我的主人，他的父亲和我。

Voster acted the dutiful host, filling up glasses and mixing with his guests.沃斯特表现得像个尽职的东道主，给大家斟酒，周旋在客人中间。

2)[C] A host is the country or organization that provides the facilities for an event or function 东道主国家或组织

Within a week his host country had supplied him with accommodation.他的东道主国家向他提供了一个星期的膳宿。

The attitude of the host to the refugees was at first hostile.东道主国对难民的态度起初是敌对的。

3)[C] A host is someone who is in charge of a radio or television program 主持人

He is a charming, polished and shrewd host.他是位有魅力的、优雅的、机敏的节目主持人。

She was the host for the awards program.她担任颁奖节目的主持人。

v.to provide the place and everything needed for an organized event 主持;主办 Beijing succeeded in her bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京成功地申办了2008年奥运会。

He has been hosting the show for two years.他担任这个节目的主持人已有两年。12.pose

v.1)If someone poses, they stand in a particular place or in a particular manner.摆姿势

She loved to pose in front of the mirrors.她喜欢在镜子前摆姿势。

The bride and groom pose for the photograph.新娘和新郎摆好姿势让人照相。2)If someone poses, they behave in an exaggerated way because they want people to look at them.装模作样；装腔作势

I saw him out posing in his new sports car.我看见他开着他的崭新跑车招摇过市。

I loved trailing my cloak, posing and being emotional.我喜欢拖着披风，装腔作势，情绪激动。

3)If someone poses as another person, they pretend to be that person in order to deceive people.冒充；假装

He posed as a plain uneducated man.他装扮成没有受过教育的平民。

The thief got into the house by posing as a plumber.那盗贼假扮管子工混进了房子。

4)If someone or something poses problems, threats, dangers, etc.they cause those problems, threats, dangers, etc.产生（问题）；造成（威胁、危险等）Its length must pose considerable steering problems.它的长度一定会给驾驶带来相当多的问题。

He posed a serious threat to their authority.他对他们的权威造成威胁。

5)If someone poses a question or idea, they ask or state that question or idea;a fairly formal use.提出，陈述

This brings me back to the question you posed earlier.这使我回到了你早些时候提出的问题。

He was the first to pose an alternative concept of the world.他是第一个提出关于世界的另一种概念的人。

n.1)[C]a particular position or manner in which someone is standing, sitting, etc 姿势；姿态

hundreds of photographs in various poses 成百上千张各种姿势的照片 He tried to keep an alert pose.他想保持一种警觉的态度。

She knew this pose showed her slim fingers to better advantage.她知道这个姿势更能衬托出她那双手。

2)[C] a way of behaving that is intended to give a particular impression, often in order to deceive or impress people装腔作势；摆架势

His photos sometimes showed him in rather typical Hollywood poses.他的相片有时显出一副典型的好莱坞架势。

People hate his pose as the champion of the proletariat.人们讨厌他那副无产阶级斗士的架势。13 instance

n.[C] An instance is a particular example occurrence of an event, situation, person, etc.例子；实例

There are numerous instances of family rifts and angry scenes.家庭裂痕和大吵大闹的事例举不胜举。

Pollock was an extreme instance, but his failure epitomizes that of many.伯克是个极端的事例，但他的失败却是许多事例的缩影。

[考点]for instance例如；譬如

take sth for instance 以„为例

Some minerals, for instance, were not used in pigments in those days.例如，有些矿物在那个时代尚未用作颜料。

Let’s take a man like Tom for instance.譬如说汤姆这样的人。in the first instance 首先；第一步

They have to help themselves at least in the first instance.他们至少得先自己想办法解决。

In the first instance she declined his invitation to dinner, but she seemed to have changed her mind two days later.起初她谢绝了他的邀请，不过两天后她似乎改变主意了。

at someone’s instance 在„的要求下

They switched to this location at the urgent instance of the Commander in Chief.他们在总司令紧急命令下转移到这个地方。

I came here at the instance of Dr.Jekyll.我是应吉基尔博士的邀请来这儿的。14 expert

n.[C] An expert is a person who is very skilled at doing something.专家；行家

What an expert can do in minutes may take you hours.一位行家几分钟能做完的事，你可能得花几小时。

Experts are called in to dismantle the bomb.专家被请来拆除这个炸弹。adj.1)Someone who is expert at doing sth is very skilled at it.技术娴熟的；

Only expert acrobats can master these activities.只有熟练的特技演员才能掌握这些动作。

They have to be expert at dealing with any problems that arise.他们必须熟练地应对发生的任何问题。

2)If you say that someone has expert hands or an expert eye, you mean that they are very skillful or experienced for a particular purpose专家的；内行的 He rubbed his expert hands over the wound.他用行家的巧手按摩伤口。He ran an expert eye over the photographs.他以行家的眼光扫视了一下照片。

3)Expert advice, opinion, or help is advice, opinion or help that is given by someone who has studied a subject thoroughly or is very skilled at a particular job.专家的；专门的

We would like an expert opinion.我们想听听专家的意见。The appliance needs expert attention.该装置需要专门的检修。15.surgery

n.1)[U]Surgery is medical treatment in which the body of a person or animal is cut open so that a surgeon can repair or remove the part which is causing the problem.外科手术

The patient has suffered a heart attack while undergoing surgery.病人在动手术时突然心脏病发作。

Lori went into surgery at New York Medical Center.洛里在纽约医疗中心接受了外科手术。

2)[C] A surgery is the room where a doctor works.诊所

He saw the poster in the doctor’s surgery.他在医生诊所里看到了这张海报。3)[U] a fixed period of time when patients see their doctors.就诊时间

Outside surgery hours, please phone the emergency number.门诊时间之外，请拨急诊电话号码。

Which doctor is taking surgery this morning? 今天上午是哪位医生值班？ [扩展] perform emergency surgery 做紧急手术

undergo routine surgery 接受常规手术

surgeon 外科医生

physician 内科医生

plastic surgery 美容手术

16.naval

adj.used to describe people or things that belong to or involve a country’s navy 海军的

He is a French naval officer.他是一名法国海军军官。

It had been attacked by Norwegian naval and air forces.它曾受到挪威海军和空军的攻击。

[扩展] navy n.海军

navy-blue

adj.深蓝色的 17.aircraft

n.[C] An aircraft is a vehicle which can fly.飞机，飞行器

The president and his wife emerged from their aircraft.总统及夫人从座机中走出。

There was an aircraft accident last month.上个月有一次空难。[扩展] aircraft carrier 航空母舰

aircrew 空勤人员

airfield 飞机场

airhostess 空姐 18.target

n.1)[C] an object or a place at which a weapon is aimed 靶子；袭击目标

The station was an easy target for an air attack.火车站是空袭容易击中的目标。

Bad light and a target at twenty yards make it difficult.光线暗，靶子又有20码远，要击中是困难的。

2)[C]a person or thing that someone is attacking 批评的对象

In their search for a scapegoat, the government found an easy target in the unions.政府在寻找替罪羊时，发现工会是最好的嫁祸对象。

Her proposal has been the target of much criticism.她的建议成了众矢之的。v.If someone targets on something, they aim at it瞄准，把---导向

It is hoped that the common people will not be targeted during any war.人们希望在任何战争中都不要把平民百姓作为攻击目标。

Investments are fewer in number, but better funded and more targeted.投资总数虽有减少，但投资资金却更雄厚、针对性更强。19.spoonful

n.[C](pl.spoonfuls)the amount that a spoon can hold一匙之量

She put a spoonful of milk in each of the two cups.她在两只杯子里各放了一匙牛奶。

He had difficulty targeting his mouth with his food.Every second spoonful was dropped to the ground.他连饭都喂不到嘴里去，总是掉到地上。[联想] handful 一把（a handful of salt 一把盐）

spoonful一勺的量（a spoonful of sugar 一勺糖）mouthful 一口（a mouthful of food 一口食物）boatful 一船（a boatful of coal 一船煤）armful 一抱（an armful of books 一抱书）20.navigation

n.[U] the movement of a ship or an aircraft along a planned path 航海；航空

Moving at such speeds, navigation becomes critically important.以这样的速度航行，非有导航不可。

He demanded that that nation be open to navigation by its allies.他要求那个国家向其盟国开放领空。[扩展] navigate

v.导航；航行

All these ships are large enough to navigate the oceans.所有这些轮船都是巨型的，可以远扬航行。

Early explorers used the stars to navigate.早期的探险家利用星星导航。navigator 领航员

navigation light航行灯 20.numerous

adj.If you refer to numerous things or people, you mean that there are a lot of them.众多的；许多的

We want especially to thank the numerous friends who gave us encouragement.我们特别要感谢许多曾给予我们鼓励的朋友。

The cast is large, though nothing likes as numerous as one might suppose.演员阵容强大，尽管人数不像人们料想的那么多。22． fluent

adj.1)Someone who is fluent in a particular language can speak or write the language easily and correctly with no hesitation or inaccuracy.说话流利的； 文字流畅的

He was fluent in Spanish.他讲西班牙语很流利。

Rage was making him fluent;the words came easily, in a rush.愤怒使他口若悬河；话一句句随意而出。23.mechanic

n.1)[C] someone whose job is to repair machines;机修工

A mechanic had told him the plate was hard to get on.一个机修工告诉他，这块金属板很难安装上去。

There is not a mechanic who hasn’t had this problem.没有哪个技工没碰到过这个问题。

2)The mechanics of something are the way in which it works or the way in which it is done.运作方式；方法；技巧

What are the mechanics of it? 这事的蹊跷之处何在？

The mechanics of the legal system are very complicated.法制体系的操作程序是十分复杂的。

3)Mechanics is also the part of physics that deals with forces acting or moving on stationary objects.力学；机械学 24.advertise

v.1)If you advertise a particular product, you tell people about it in newspapers, on television, etc.in order to persuade them to buy it.做广告

She didn’t advertise it in case she was wrong.她深恐搞错，就没有做广告。Manufactures advertise products that they wish to sell.制造商为要销售的产品做广告。

2)If you advertise a particular event, you announce that it is happening, so that people know about it.公告，公布

When people lose something valuable, they advertise it in the newspaper.人们丢东西时，会在报纸上登一则公告。

This is a leaflet advertising a fishing competition.这是一张宣布钓鱼比赛的传单。

[扩展] advertising n.广告业

an advertising agency 广告代理机构

advertisement

n.广告，启事

25.waken

v.When you waken or when someone wakens you, you wake唤醒

It is frightening to most children to waken and find a stranger.大多数小孩醒来看到陌生人都会感到害怕。

Once she was sleeping nothing wakened her.她一旦入睡就睡得很死。26.enormous

adj.1)extremely large in size or amount.巨大的；庞大的

There was an enormous cat crouching on the counter eating fish.有只硕大的猫蹲在柜台上吃鱼。

There is an enormous amount of hard work in child care.照料儿童需要花费大量心血。

2)to emphasize the great scale or extent of something(范围、程度)极大的 To his enormous delight he was elected MP for Bristol South.使他极大高兴的是他当选为布托斯南区的议员。

Our athletes have won an enormous success in this Olympic Games.在今年的奥运会中我们的运动员取得了巨大的成功。

[扩展] enormously

adv.极大地 It has increased enormously the demand for food in the third world.这极大地增强了第三世界对食品的需求。[同义辨析] enormous colossal immense huge gigantic vast enormous 重点突出数量、程度、体积等超出正常限度；还可指某些严重、紧迫的事情；

colossal指比例上非常大，有宏大、雄伟之意；

Long ago, it wasn’t unusual for colossal countries to establish colonies in distant lands.很久以前，一个庞大的国家在海外建立殖民地是司空见惯的事。Even by modern standards, the 46，000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.即使按现在的标准，重达4万6千吨的泰坦尼克号也是艘宏伟的大船。immense指三维空间上延伸，表示在尺寸、规模上大得无边无际；

Early explorers got lost in the immense, uncharted Atlantic.早期的探险者会在无边无际的大西洋中迷路。

China is a country which has an immense territory.中国是一个有广袤领土的国家。

huge为普通用词，指尺寸、体积或容量等方面极大；

There is a huge vocabulary to be acquired.要掌握的词汇量非常庞大。

America is now suffering the huge trade imbalances.美国正在遭受巨大的贸易逆差。

gigantic强调与同类其他事物在大小、数量上形成强烈对照以显示巨大或庞大；

He has gigantic appetite.他胃口极大。

Building railway in Xi’an is a gigantic project.在西安建地铁是一项庞大的工程。

vast指二维空间的延伸，表示浩瀚无比;

The vast plains stretch for thousands of miles.那广阔的平原绵延几千里。27.oversleep

v.If you oversleep, you sleep longer than you intend to and wake up late.睡过头

Sorry I am late – I overslept.对不起我迟到了—— 我睡过头了。

In fact, as college students are also likely to do, I overslept.实际上，跟其他大学生可能遇到的情形一样，我睡过头了。28.survey

v.1)If you survey something, you look carefully at the whole of it.She surveyed the grouping of furniture.她打量着家具的摆放。

He took the last page out of the typewriter and surveyed the day’s production with satisfaction.他将最后一页从打印机中拿出，满意的看着这一天的成果。2)If you survey a group of people, you find out about their opinions or behaviors, usually by asking them detailed questions.调查

In five of the villages that were surveyed, non-farm work provided one quarter of their income.在所调查的5个村庄中，非农业劳动所得占其总收入的四分之一。

In his book, he surveyed the traditional ways of life of Native Americans.在他的书中，他调查了美洲土著人的传统生活方式。

3)To survey an area of land means to make an examination of it in order to measure it and make a map of it.测量，勘测

He had had the land surveyed from a helicopter.他已叫人从直升机上勘测了这块地。

We stood at the top of the hill and surveyed the countryside.我们站在山顶俯视郊外。

n.1)a detailed investigation of something, for example people’s behavior or their opinions 调查；考察

This chapter includes a brief survey of the more commonly used drugs.本章收录了一份有关常用药物的简略考察报告。

A recent survey of 450 advertising companies found that art schools are providing most of their new recruits.据最近对450家广告公司的调查，发现这些公司的大部分新员工都来自艺术学校。

2)a general description or report about a subject or situation 概况

We had a survey course in English literature last term.上学期我们上了英国文学概论课。

The book presents a critical survey of Irish history.该书颇有见地地综述了爱尔兰历史。

考点 make a survey of

对„进行调查；market survey 市场调查 [同义辨析]

inquiry

investigation

research

survey survey多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。

inquiry普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询；

They demand a public inquiry into the accident.他们要求对事故进行公开调查。

He replied frostily to inquire about Tom’s visit.他冷淡地回答了有关汤姆来访的询问。

investigation一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。It is unsafe to render an opinion without a full investigation.未经充分调查研究便形成意见是不保险的。

research指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。

Students are required to conduct research into international relations.学校要求学生进行国际关系研究。

The prediction about human behavior is the most recent research in philosophical anthropology.对人类行为的预测是哲学人类学最新的研究。29.best-selling

adj.A best-selling product such as a book is very popular and a large quantity of it has been sold.畅销的

The movie is based on Susan’s best-selling novel and is starred by David.这部电影取材于苏珊的畅销小说，大卫主演。

Han han is best known for his best-selling stories.韩寒因他的畅销小说而出名。

[扩展] bestsellers

n.畅销书；畅销商品

This car was a bestseller last year.这种汽车去年很畅销。Dictionaries are perennial bestsellers.词典一年到头畅销。30.filmmaker

n.someone who produces or directs a film 电影制作人

She had followed in the steps of her father, becoming a filmmaker.她承袭了父亲的事业，成了一名制片人。

As a young filmmaker, his works always fillip our ambition.作为一名年轻的制片人，他的作品总能激发我们的雄心壮志。

[扩展] filmgoer 爱看电影的人 filmography 影片集锦

film star 电影明星 31.prosperous

adj.wealthy and successful 富足的；兴旺的

His father was a prosperous farmer and coal merchant.他父亲是位富足的农场主和煤商。

Our citizens individually have been happy and the nation prosperous.人人安居乐业，国泰民安。32.involve

v.1)If a situation or activity involves someone or something, it includes them as a necessary part or it uses them in some way.需要；非包含---不可

The business seemed to involve an enormous amount of sales.这生意需要大量的销售工作。

Caring for a one-year-old involves nappies and making special meals.照顾一岁的婴儿需要不时换尿布和准备特别的饭食。

2)If you involve someone else in something, you get them to take part in it.使参与；使介入

I told her to get in touch with you, but she didn’t want to involve you.我叫她跟你联系，但她不想让你参与。

The function of those actors was to involve the audience.演员的作用就是使观众参与进来。

3）If you involve yourself in something, you take part in it.使陷入；使卷入 I was reluctant to involve myself in this private fight.我不愿卷入这种私人纷争。

They continue to involve themselves deeply in community affairs.他们继续开展社会公益活动。

考点 involve后接名词或动名词做宾语；不接不定式。

involve的-ed分词既可放名词前，也可放名词后，但意义不同。放名词前，表示“复杂的”作后置定语表示“所涉及到的，有关的”。

We had long, involved discussion.我们进行了长时间纷繁复杂的讨论。She had no real understanding of the problems involved.她对所涉及的问题并不真正了解。

33.catch phrase : a short phrase that many people know because a famous person often says it 流行语；口头禅

Catch phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts.流行语经常来源于大众文化和艺术。

Gradually, catch phrases will become the “trademark” of a person or character.慢慢地，流行语也会成为一个人的标志。

34.drop out: to leave an activity, school, etc.before it has finished 中途退出；辍学

The Russian class began with ten students, but several have dropped out.俄语班开始有10名学生，但已有几个中途退出了。

The boys had dropped out of school and gone to work.那些男学生已经退学工作去了。35.figure out:

1)to succeed in solving or understanding sth想出;理解；明白 She was too cool, too hard to figure out.她太冷静，太难以捉摸。

He lay still for a moment, trying to figure out what had happened.他躺着不动了好久，揣摩着刚才到底发生了什么。

2)to work out the answers to sums计算出；演算出

We figured out the time and the materials needed to complete the project.我们计算出完成该工程所需的时间和材料。

They began to figure out an arithmetic problem at the same time.他俩同时开始解答算数题。

36.would rather…than…: prefer to do or have sth 宁愿„不愿

I would rather choose the blue one than the red one.我宁愿选蓝色的也不愿选红色的。

I would rather use familiar English names than scientific Latin ones.我宁愿用熟悉的英文名称也不愿用拉丁学名。

37.care about : If you care about sth, you feel that it is important or interesting, and are concerned about it.关心，对„感兴趣

Wherever you are, whatever you do, you’ve never been closer to the people you care about.无论你在何地，不管你做什么，你与自己牵挂的人总是最贴心的。The average individual knows little and cares less about technology.普通人对于技术既不了解也不关心。38.as to: concerning sb.or sth关于

John had been given no directions as to what to write.关于写什么内容，约翰没有得到任何指示。

I was asked my opinion as to why Charles climbed a tower at the University.关于查尔斯为什么要爬大学里的塔楼，有人问起我的意见。

39.page through: look at a book, magazine, etc.by turning the pages quickly I usually page through newspapers instead of reading them carefully.我通常是翻阅报纸而不细读。

Kathy casually paged through magazines.凯西随意地翻阅着杂志。

40.end up: do something or end up in a particular state,结果，到头来做某事或处于某情况

If we go on in this way, we shall end up with millions and millions of unemployed.如果我们继续这样下去，我们最后将造成千百万人失业。

We ended up taking a taxi there.我们结果还是乘出租车去了那儿。41.as long as: if 只要

We were all right as long as we kept our heads down.只要我们一直低头就没事。Detergent cannot harm a fabric, as long as it has been properly dissolved.只要将净洗剂完全溶解，它就不会损害纺织品。

42.do with : If you do with something, you make use of it in the way indicated.使用；利用

He did as much with the material as he could.他尽量利用这材料。

There is more land in Australia than the government knows what to do with.澳大利亚土地广阔，政府甚至不知道如何利用这些土地。

Language points: 1.It echoed through the hallway and out into every corner of the university.(Para.1)Meaning: The question was repeated and heard throughout the hallways and in every corner of the university.2.It was the new pick-up line, more commonly used than “What’s your sign?”(Para.1)Meaning: The question ―What’s your major?‖ became very popular.It became a frequently-used question, used even more frequently than the question ―What’s your astrological sign?‖

A pick-up line means a sentence used for introduction or opening a conversation, usually spoken when meeting someone with whom one wants to begin a romantic relationship.Look at the example:

I want to meet the woman over there, but I don’t know any pick-up lines that I can greet her with.我想与那边的那个女士认识一下，但是不知道用什么话和她搭讪。

3.I was “undeclared” like some unborn baby in its earliest stages.(Para.1)

Meaning: I had not decided on a major, which made me as immature and unformed as a baby that was not born and in its early stages of formation.4.And, by the way I was going, I was merely awaiting abortion.(Para.1)Meaning: According to the present situation, I could do nothing but wait for failure.5.Looking at the database of available majors, I could not make up my mind.(Para.1)Meaning: I could not make the decision as to which major to choose when I was reading the collection of majors that are offered.6.Would I have to drop out of school because of my indecision? Would I be banned from a happy life if I couldn’t figure this problem out?(Para.1)Meaning: Would I have to leave school because I couldn’t make a choice? Would I be kept from a happy life in future if I couldn’t choose my major? 7.Everyone else was happily moving forward in their lives, choosing topics of study and predicting futures.(Para.2)Meaning: Everyone else was in high spirits, choosing their majors and at the same time thinking about their futures in advance.8.I still hadn’t made my big breakthrough in making this all too significant decision.(Para.2)

Meaning: Choosing a major is such a big decision, but I still had not made any big advance in that.Note that ―all too‖ is usually used for emphasizing that something is too easy, something happens too often, something is more than desirable, etc.Look at the examples:

All too often it’s the parents who get blamed for their children’s behavior.孩子做错了事，受责备的往往是父母。

9.On the night before my fate was to be declared, my parents were hosting a dinner party for two of their friends.(Para.3)Meaning: The night before my future was set and announced, my parents invited two friends for dinner.10.Finally, a rest!What would my parents’ friends care about majors?(Para.4)Meaning: Finally there could be a rest from my worry about choosing my major now.It would be unlikely for my parents’ friends to show concern about choosing majors.11.I could eat dinner in peace and take a break from being posed this question for a couple of hours.(Para.4)Meaning: I could have the dinner with a peaceful mind and could have a break of a couple of hours from my worry about choosing a major.12.They both had to share their majors with me, and both had an opinion as to what I should be.All their advice didn’t put me any closer to a major, though.(Para.4)Meaning: Both my parents’ friends told me about their majors and offered their opinions on my major choosing.In spite of that, their advice did not help me closer to choosing a major.13.And Mr.Albertson, the naval aircraft pilot, had difficulty targeting his mouth with his food.Every second spoonful was dropped to the ground.(Para.5)Meaning: Mr Albertson, who is a naval aircraft pilot, had difficulty in putting food directly into his mouth.Of every two spoonfuls of food, one would fall to the ground because of his failure to eat correctly.14.I couldn’t imagine what his navigation skills were like in a fighter plane.(Para.5)Meaning: It is hard for me to imagine how he directed his way in a fighter plane.15.I got out the list of majors and began paging through the possibilities for the millionth time.(Para.6)Meaning: I took out the list of majors and began looking at and turning the pages quickly to find out possible major for the numerous times.Notice that here ―for the millionth time‖ does not really mean a million times.It simply means the writer has considered the possibilities many times.16.As college students often do, I decided that if I just slept for a while and wakened up really early, I would be able to arrive at an answer to this enormously difficult question.(Para.7)Meaning: Just like other college students, I decided that if I just slept for a while and wakened up really early, I could reach an answer to this extremely difficult question.17.I don’t know exactly what it is in the college student’s brain that thinks some special process occurs between 2 a.m.and 6 a.m.that will suddenly make everything clearer.It had worked for me in the past, but not this time.(Para.7)

Meaning: I don’t know what makes college students think that some special process can occur in their brain between 2 a.m.and 6 a.m.when everything will appear clearer.This really had worked in the past, but this time it didn’t work.18.… and I had three hours to commit the rest of my life to something, anything.There was always business.(Para.8)Meaning: …only three hours were left for me to decide what I was to commit myself to in the future.Anyway, I could always major in business.19.That’s it!I was lost, but now I was found.I was declared!(Para.9)Meaning: That was the major I had been trying to find.Once I was lost in choosing majors, but now I found where I should be for my major.I had a major!20.I didn’t end up a filmmaker.And some days I still feel “undeclared”.(Para.10)Meaning: I did not become a filmmaker in the end.So sometimes I still feel that I have not declared my major.21.It really doesn't matter what you major in, as long as you have a prosperous university experience.(Para.11)

Meaning: If you have a successful and wonderful university experience, it really doesn’t matter what major you choose.22.Involve yourself in those things that interest you and enjoy learning about the world.There is plenty of time to decide what you will do with the rest of your life.(Para.11)Meaning: Participate in activities that you like and have fun discovering more about the world.You have a lot of time to make decision about what you will do with the rest of your life.II．Summary or Main Idea of the Passage.i.Student’s Presentation

（T asks 2-3 students to make presentation.）ii.Teacher’s Summary

In this passage, the author discusses the problem of deciding one’s major in university according to his own experience.This passage is written in the time sequence.Fifteen years ago he had difficulties in deciding his major.He finally decided his major ―filmmaking‖ but he himself did not become a filmmaker at the end.And he found that very few students work in their chosen jobs years later.Therefore, he draw the conclusion that what one majors in does not matter.What matters is to involve yourself in those things you are interested in and enjoy learning the world.There is plenty of time to decide what you will do with the rest of your life.V.New Words Dictation

remarkable factor

accomplish investigate infinite outstanding mysterious as long as as to do with

available ban enormous arouse target

predict fantastic mission instance fate analysis ease fluent mechanic

involve responsibility pose peak alternative concentration expert credit grant profit survey amount cease alter prosperous entertain adapt performance figure out with ease drop out end up stand out adapt to care about turn in

VI.After-text B Exercises

1.Vocabulary: Students are asked to master the key words and phrases.2.Sentence Structure: T summaries the usage of ―as‖ and ―while‖ and S practices rewriting sentences after the models.3.Translation 4.Cloze VII．Supplementary Exercises 1.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)Every day I commit two hours and a half to playing piano.2)You will profit from the experiences.3)The ability to adapt to the environment is important in one’s life.4)She ploughed through the whole text for half an hour.5)The professor struck him as a very knowledgeable man.2.Translate the following sentences into English.1)尽量把精力用在工作上。2)他获得了学校的最高奖学金。

3)老师在课堂上讲一些笑话来取悦学生。4)棒极了，她竟打破了世界纪录。

5)她宁愿放弃到另外一个城市工作的好机会，也不愿与男友分离。

3.Complete the Following Sentences in English.1.She only_____________ the book.(翻阅)2.Emmons _______________in his last shoot.(脱靶)3.Keep on going like this, they will(惹来麻烦)____________________.4.The rising prices will(给很多家庭带来困难)____________________.5.The Olympic in Beijing(取得了巨大成功)____________________.VIII.Assignments

1.Hand in the exercise of …….….2.Finish the other after-text A & B exercises after class.3.Supplementary Exercises i.English-Chinese Translation（5 sentences）

ii.Chinese-English Translation（10 sentences）4.Preview Unit 10

附：

Keys for Supplementary Exercises 1.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)我每天弹两个半小时钢琴。2)你将会由此经历中获益。

3)适应环境的能力对一个人的生活是很重要的。4)她用了半个小时费力地看完了这篇课文。5)他感到那位教授是极有知识之人

2.Complete the following sentences in English.1）Try to focus your mind on your work.2）He acquired the grant of the highest scholarship from the school.3）The teacher told some jokes to entertain the students in class.4）Fantastic!She had broken the world-record.5）She would rather give up the good opportunity to work in another city than part with her boyfriend.3.Complete the Following Sentences in English.1）page through 2）missed his target 3）end up in trouble 4）pose difficulty to many families 5）accomplished enormous success

第四篇：新视野大学英语

Unit6a 4月7日，星期六

我和史蒂夫已拖运垃圾整整四个小时了，中间只停下来说了约五分钟的话。

每次我将满满的一桶垃圾扛上肩，肩膀就痛得厉害，有时候扛着垃圾朝街上走，腿都打颤，可我心里却对自己说：“挺住，垃圾工，要挺住。”

我原本就没有想过这工作会有什么快乐可言。倒、扛、走、扛、走。时间过得飞快。

星期六意味着一路上大多数成年人会呆在家里。上学的孩子也一样。

我心里琢磨，这可能意味着我挨家挨户收垃圾时可以和人们多搭上几句话了。很多人在花园里或花房里干活儿。多数人看上去是可以说说话的。

虽没有工夫聊很久，但问候几句以示礼貌还是有时间的。

但我吃惊地发现并不是这么回事。

直到我在几家院子里问候了几次以后，才意识到这么做是不常见的。

偶尔，有人也会看着我，微笑一下，对我说一声“你好”，或者“今天天气真好”。这时，我还是感到有人情味儿。

可多数情况下，人们的反应要么是不理我，要么是因为我这个垃圾工竟然也和他们说话而惊讶地盯着我看。

一个身着家常便服的妇女见我绕过她家的拐角，脸上露出惊讶之色。

听到我向她打招呼，她就赶紧用衣服把自己严严实实地遮了起来，并匆忙退回屋里。我还听到咔嗒一声门被锁上了。

另一个妇女，院子里养了一只巨大古怪的动物。我问她那是什么动物，她两眼盯着我。

我以为她耳背，所以提高了声音。她好像给吓着了似的，冷冷地转身走了。

这儿离垃圾场有很长一段路，在驾车去垃圾场的路上，史蒂夫气愤地叙说着这些事情。

“从多数人看你的那种眼光，就知道在他们眼里垃圾工是怪物。如果你对他们问声好，他们就惊奇地看着你。他们根本没想到我们也是人。”

“有个女人往垃圾箱里倒烟灰。我说，我们这样没法装运。

她说，‘我倒什么你管得着吗，你算什么东西? 你不过是个垃圾工罢了。’

我说，‘听着，太太，我的智商是137，高中毕业时是班上的尖子生。我干这活是为了挣钱，不是因为我只能干这个。’”

“我真想对他们说，‘你瞧瞧，我跟你们一样干净。’可这没用。我从不对任何人说我是垃圾工。我说我是卡车司机。

我家里人知道，可我妻子的家人不知道。

如果有人正好碰到，问‘你是给垃圾公司开车吗?’我就说是。我相信我们做的事是人们所需要的，就像当警察或者消防队员一样。我并不为此而感到见不得人，可我也不会到处去吹嘘自己的工作。”

“有一天，我妻子的一个朋友见到她孩子从家里跑出来看垃圾车，她就大声叫嚷起来，‘离那些垃圾工远点，他们身上脏’。我很生她的气。

我说，‘那些垃圾工和我们一样干净。’ ‘你好像很同情他们似的，’她说。‘是的，我是很同情他们。’ 可我从没有告诉她这是为什么。”

这活儿我原先只打算干两天，可现在我要干下去。

这可锻炼人呢，虽然肩部肌肉酸痛，可我扛垃圾桶越扛越得心应手了。我越干越快，越干越利索。在室外干活还可以呼吸新鲜空气，而且完全不像人们认为的那样，我干的活儿其实很干净。

我还决定继续在人家的院子里向人们说“你好”。这不会有什么坏处，而且感觉依旧不错。

说实话，我感到骄傲，我在做一项必不可少的工作。每晚工作结束时，我发现这个国家比早上更干净了。并不是许多人每晚都能这样说的。

约翰·加德纳曾写道，一个只赞扬哲学家而蔑视管道工的社会必定会出现麻烦。他警告说：“这个社会的管道和理论都会出问题。”

他也许应该进一步要求人们既尊重经济学家又尊重垃圾工；不然的话，他们都会在身后留下垃圾。Unit6b 星期天凌晨三点整，他终于把自己累死了。

当然，讣告并没有这么说，只说他死于心脏病。但是他的朋友和熟人很快就明白了是怎么回事。

他是个典型的A型人，工作成瘾。相互间他们这么说，摇着头，并且沉思五或十分钟，反思他们的生活方式。

此君叫菲尔，星期天凌晨三点整，把自己累死了。那天是他的休息日，可他却在工作。他把自己生命中的最后18年献给了那项工作。他51岁，是公司的一位副总裁。更确切地说，他是六位副总裁之一，而且，假如公司总裁去世或者很快退休的话，他是有可能升至最高职位的三位副总裁之一。菲尔是休息不起的。

他每周工作六天，其中五天每天工作到晚上八点或九点，而此时他的公司除了当官的，其他人都已开始每周工作四天。

他拨不出时间来做户外活动，除非你把他每月打一次高尔夫球也算在内。对于菲尔来说，那也是工作。他总是在办公桌上吃鸡蛋色拉三明治。当然，他比较胖，患有高血压。

每逢星期六，菲尔就穿运动茄克衫而不是西服去办公室，因为是周末。

他手下有很多人，大约60个，多数时候大多数人都喜欢他，敬慕他。其中三人将被认真考虑来接替他的工作。讣告对此避而不谈。

然而讣告却一一列出了被他“留下的人”。

在他身后有妻子海伦，她48岁，心地善良，但却没有特别的职业技能，结婚生子之前曾做过办公室工作。据她女儿说，多年前孩子们还小时，她就放弃了与他的工作竞争。公司的一位朋友说：“我知道你将多么思念他。” 而她回答道：“我早已这样了。”

“这些年来思念着他，”她已经放弃了自己的一部分，这部分的她太关心这个男人了。从此她将“得到很好的关照”。

他“亲爱的孩子”中“亲爱的长子”在南方的一家制造公司当经理，工作很努力。在安葬父亲的前一天，他走访了邻居，试图多了解他的父亲。邻居们很尴尬，只能装作比事实上更了解他的父亲。

他的第二个孩子是个女儿，今年24岁，刚刚结婚。

她住在她母亲附近，两人关系亲密。但是，以前每当她和父亲单独在一起时，比如开车去什么地方时，两人几乎无话可说。

最小的是个男孩，今年20岁，是个高中毕业生。和他的许多朋友一样，他满足于打零工，以维持吃饭和吸大麻。

他父亲的工作不适合他。

虽然如此，他依然努力理解他父亲，努力表明自己对他很重要，以此将他拴在家里。他是他父亲的最爱。

在过去的两年里，菲尔常为担心这个男孩而睡不着觉。

这男孩有一次说道：“我和我父亲只住在这里。”

在葬礼上，60岁的公司总裁告诉48岁的寡妇，51岁的死者对公司非常重要，公司会思念他，很难找到人来代替他。寡妇不敢正面看他。

她担心他会看出她的不快。毕竟，她需要他来理清他们之间的财务——优先认股权等等之类。

菲尔身体胖，弦总是绷得紧紧的，工作太卖力。如果他不在办公室，他就放心不下。他是容易患心脏病的那种人。

在一大群人中，你一眼就能将他辨认出来。

因此，当他星期天凌晨三点整终于把自己累死时，没有人真正感到吃惊。

安葬的那天下午五点，公司总裁开始（当然非常谨慎地）向他的左右询问接替菲尔的人选（三者之一）的情况。

他问大家：“谁工作最卖力？” Unit7a 和大多数城里人一样，我非常小心谨慎。

在把车开进车库前，我会扫视街道和周围的小路，看看有没有异常的人或物。那天晚上也不例外。

可是当我手里拿着肯德基炸鸡走出车库时，一个身材圆胖、留着短髭、头戴绒线帽、身穿深色尼龙夹克的年轻人从停车处旁的灌木丛中钻出来，把手枪顶在我的双眼之间。

“交出来，他妈的──，”他威胁道，“交出来。”

“嗨，”我说，“拿去吧。”

我一边说，一边把肯德基快餐盒放在小路旁边的花盆上，同时设法把我房子的钥匙扔进灌木丛中。

“你的钱在哪儿? 你的钱在哪儿?”他吼道。

在我们遭遇的全过程中，他会重复自己说的每一句话；出于本能，我也同样重复着自己的话。

“在我钱包里，在我钱包里。”我说。

他走到我的背后，把枪顶在我的脖子上，开始搜我的裤子口袋。

“钱包在哪儿?”他问。

“在后面的口袋里。”

“还有呢?”

“我就这么多钱了。”

“手表在哪儿?”

“在这儿，”我边回答边把左臂伸出去。就在这时，他的同伙出现了。

他很瘦小，手持一支加大的蓝色钢制手枪。

他深色的眼睛里闪着光，好似擦亮了的玻璃；他手臂和双腿毫无预示地移动着，就好像是连着看不见的电线似的。

他厉声说道，“不许看我们，不许看我们。”

他并不蠢。

我看过许多刑事审判，因而知道在那些武装袭击的受害者中，很少有人能够辨认出袭击他们的人，因为他们的注意力全集中在枪上，而没有注意持枪人。我有意识地留意了一下他们的面部细节。

“我没有看你们。”当那个大个子劫匪把手表从我的手腕上扯下来时，我撒了个谎。

“趴下，趴下，”那小个子命令我，并一把摘下了我的眼镜，把它扔到草坪上。

这时，我已面朝下趴在了地上，前额紧贴着地面的泥土。

那个大个子劫匪用枪顶着我的后脑勺，小个子用手枪紧紧顶着我左边的太阳穴。

我当时想，“这下完了。莱斯利会受不了的。主啊，可怜可怜我这个有罪的人吧。”

“这是什么?”大个子问道。

我把头转向右边。

“是肯德基炸鸡，”我说。

“我们要带走，”大个子厉声说道。

于是，突然间，劫匪们手里拿着钱包、手表和炸鸡，脚步声在黑暗的街道上越来越远。

我转过身，看见他们的影子钻进了一辆汽车，急速地开走了。

他们没有杀我，但他们为什么这么做呢? 是仁慈? 是因为时间太紧而顾不上? 还是因为饥饿?

“多奇怪啊，”我心中暗想，“竟然是炸鸡救了我的命。我看到的是死亡，而他们看到的是食物。”

我站起身来，找到了钥匙，进了屋，然后拨通了911。接线员记下了我对劫匪的描述，然后派了辆警车来。

我为自己倒了一杯烈性酒，不一会儿，两个穿制服的洛杉矶警察局的警察就到了。他们对此事作了笔录，说“幸好”没有受伤。

“但是，” 临走时一个警察对我说，“他们拿走了你的炸鸡，这实在太不像话了。”

后来，一个警察打电话来询问其他细节。

他说这两个劫匪的作案手法表明他们可能就是过去几个月里这一地区多起抢劫案的实施者。他让我到警察局去看一下疑犯的照片。

于是，上周一我翻看了相簿大小的几本照片，多数是年轻人的──令人惊讶的是其中有相当一部分实际上还是孩子。

一张张翻看并研读这些照片，仿佛漂流在一条让人伤心的河流上，就像身处英国诗人布莱克笔下的泰晤士河，似乎“看见每一个过往行人都是满脸饥色，一副苦相”。

这些年轻人聚合在一起构成了一条河流──一条已失去控制的河流，这条河流正吞噬着我们所珍视的东西的基础：我们的行动自由，我们的劳动果实，我们的生命，以及那些我们所珍视的人的生命。总有一天，我们将不得不面对这条河流，并探索其对现实不满的深层原因。

而目前，我们所能做的就是看看罪犯的照片，并参与到构筑抑制犯罪的大坝中去。Unit7b 我有一支黑色手枪，手柄是棕色的。

手枪就搁在我的床头，里面装着五颗子弹，并且总是上了膛的。

我一贯主张控制枪支，奇怪的是我现在依然主张控制枪支。

以前我没有枪，并不是因为我对有关犯罪的统计资料不了解，也不是因为我自认为可以不受暴力的袭击。

以前我认为自己不相信暴力，我自己也没暴力倾向，所以我不会受到暴力的侵袭。我还认为我对人性本善的信念会使这一假想成为现实。

我应该把枪从住所带到车上，但是我没有这样做。

这支枪可以做的、被用来做的，比它所能阻止的更让我感到恐惧。

如果我带着枪的时候遭到了袭击，那我就一定会用它来杀人，而不仅仅是伤人。

我曾想象自己遭遇歹徒的袭击，并不是真的遇到这种事： 一个男子正在街上走。

我锁上车，朝公寓走去，拿着钥匙准备开门。

还没有走到门口，我觉得我听到一个声音在说，“把钱给我。”

在我打开门之前我又听到了一个声音，然后我转过身，看到了一个持枪的人。

他很害怕。

我害怕我会吓着他，致使他朝我开枪，我还担心我把钱给他以后，他仍然会朝我开枪。我同样也很生气，因为一个我从未见过、也从未伤害过的人在用枪指着我。

我想象的这起抢劫中有某种令我不安的东西，这是我不愿承认的东西，这是因为羞愧而被我有意略去的东西。

我明白我为什么会想象自己遭到一个男子的抢劫：他们在身体上占有优势，而且我也从没听说有谁遭到过一个女人的抢劫。

但为什么这个人是个黑人呢?

为什么是个穿着破旧T恤, 双眼发亮的黑人男子呢? 为什么不是个白人?

我想象我站在克莱尔本街和杰克逊街拐角处的一个加油站等待付款，这时，一个黑人从我身后走来。我没有回头，而是正眼朝前看，等着付款。

我尽量不表现出自己的焦虑，而这种焦虑的产生仅仅是因为在一个名声不好的街区的加油站有一个黑人从我身后走来，而且他没有汽车。

我又想象另一种可能性。

当我听见那个声音时，我正带着枪在街上走。那人一定没看见我的枪。

我很生气，因为我受到了威胁，因为有人为了得到我口袋里的钱而危及着我的生命。

于是我转过身，既愤怒又恐惧，还未细想就开了枪。我也许只是因为50或100美元就杀了一个人。他曾试图抢劫我，可这一点并不重要。

一个人因为钱而死，不一定是我的钱或者是他的钱，只是钱。是谁给他的生命如此标价的呢?

我记得有一个晚上和朋友一起开着她父母的车，在卡尔顿街和图兰街交叉处遇到红灯，车停了下来。这时有一个黑人从我们车前穿过马路。我的朋友便不由自主地锁上了车门。

我很讨厌她一看到那个黑人就锁上车门的举动。不知他是否注意到了我们这一举动。

不知当别人一看到你就锁上车门，那会是一种什么样的感觉。

我又设想另外一种在我的公寓前遭遇歹徒的情景。当一个人向我要钱时我正带着枪。我很生气又很害怕，但我没有用枪。

我害怕在我不使用枪的情况下可能发生的事情，但我更害怕杀死别人，害怕在因为杀了人而使良心遭受的无尽谴责中活着。

于是我以生命做赌注，希望他拿了我的钱就会离开。但愿我能赢。

现在我走进了我家附近的一家加油站。一个黑人已经在排队等候。

他突然跳起来并转过身，在看见我以后才放松下来，对我说我吓着他了，因为这一带常出事。

“对不起，”我微笑着说。我意识到担惊受怕的并不只是我一个人。Unit8a 奇思妙想是如何形成的，现在还没有令人满意的解释。

你对某一个问题思考了很久，直至感到疲劳，把它忘掉了，也许暂时不去想它了，可后来却忽然来了灵感!当你不去想它的时候，答案却突然从天而降，仿佛上苍赐予你的一份礼物。

当然，并非所有的思想都是这样产生的，但许多思想的产生确实如此，尤其是那些最为重要的思想。它们猛然间跃入人的脑海，闪烁着创造的光芒。

它们是如何出现在人的脑海中的呢?这还是个谜。但这些思想一定来自某个地方。我们姑且假定它们是来自“潜意识”吧。

这是有道理的，心理学家就是用这一术语来描述不为人知的思维过程。创造性思维有赖于未知的东西变成已知的东西。

我们都有过灵机一动、突然有了一个新想法的经历，而这在那些富有创造性的天才人物身上最显而易见。他们中的许多人对这种经历有着强烈的感受，并在回忆录和信函中将其记录了下来。

无论是宗教、哲学、文学，还是艺术、音乐，甚至数学、科学、技术发明，在任何领域的天才人物身上，我们都能找到这样的例子，虽然人们常常认为数学、科学以及技术发明所依赖的仅仅是逻辑和实验。一切真正创造性的活动都在某种程度上依赖于潜意识中的这些信号；一个人洞察力越强，这些信号就越鲜明、越引人注目。

以理查德·瓦格纳创作《莱茵河的黄金》的前奏曲为例。

有关“钟声”的创意瓦格纳已经构思了几年时间，而他竭尽全力着手进行作曲也已经数月。

1853年9月4日他抵达斯佩齐亚，当时他正在生病。他去了一家旅馆。由于旅馆外面噪音太大，而他又在发烧，所以他无法入睡。第二天，他出去散步，走了很长的路，下午，他一头扎进沙发想睡一觉。这时候，他的潜意识长期以来一直在寻找的奇迹发生了。

他进入了似睡非睡的朦胧状态，骤然间感觉到自己仿佛掉进了滔滔洪水之中, 不断地下沉，很快，洪水的冲击声和咆哮声以音乐的形式呈现在他的脑海里。

他意识到，久存于心中、却始终未能谱写成的《莱茵河的黄金》管弦乐前奏曲终于在他脑海里形成了。在这个事例中，意识在创作的时候对发现答案的实际过程一无所知。

作为对照，我们可以举一个有名的事例，即法国伟大的数学家亨利·庞加莱发现被称为富克斯函数的数学新方法的故事。

我们看到，在这位天才人物身上，意识活动事实上一直注视着潜意识所起的作用。一连几个星期，他每天伏案工作，花上一两个小时尝试着大量的组合，但毫无结果。一天夜里，他一反常规，喝了些清咖啡，无法入睡。

许多想法在他脑子里不断涌现；他几乎能感觉到这些想法在相互碰撞，直到其中的两个结合在一起，形成了一个稳定的组合。

到了早晨，他已经确证了一类富克斯函数的存在。他只需去证明其结果，而这只需要几个小时即可以解决。

在这件事中，我们看到意识一直注视着在潜意识中形成的新组合，而瓦格纳的例子则显示了一个新想法在意识中的突然迸发。笛卡尔23岁时所做过的、决定了他的人生道路的一些梦，可以作为第三种创造性经历的例证。在这之前，笛卡尔一直在寻找确定性，先是在书本里，然后是在人群中，但均未成功。

然后，在1619年11月10日的一次睡梦中，他有了一个意义重大的发现，即确定性只存在于自己的思想中，“我思，故我在”。

这场梦使他充满了强烈的宗教热情。

瓦格纳、庞加莱和笛卡尔的经历代表了各个文化领域中无数其他的经历。潜意识无疑是本能活动产生的源泉。

然而，在创造性思维过程中，正是潜意识使得相对无序的成分变成新的有序形式。Unit8b 客人已经到了, 但我又一次忘了把葡萄酒放进冰箱里。“别担心，” 一位朋友说，“我马上就能替你把酒冰好。”

五分钟后，她拿着完全冰镇好的葡萄酒从厨房走出来。

当被问到有什么秘诀时，她说：“我把葡萄酒倒进塑料袋里，再把袋子浸入冰水中。”

客人们鼓掌喝彩。

其中一个说，“要是我们大家都能这么聪明, 该多好啊!”

十年来的研究使我确信, 我们都能变得那样聪明。

普通人与爱迪生、毕加索或者莎士比亚之间的差别不在于是否有创造力, 而在于是否有通过激发创造性灵感并将这种灵感付诸实践来利用创造力的能力。

我们大多数人很少能充分发挥自己的创造潜力，可蕴藏在我们每个人大脑里的思想宝库是能够被开启的。

下面介绍几种提高创造力的具体方法。

捕捉稍纵即逝的想法。

好的想法就像兔子，会飞快地溜走，有时我们只能看到它的耳朵或者尾巴。所以, 要抓住它必须有所准备。

有创造力的人总是随时准备采取行动——这也许是我们与这些人之间的唯一差别。

1821年，路德维希·凡·贝多芬在给朋友的一封信中谈到他在马车上打盹时想到了一首美妙的曲子，“可我一醒来, 那首曲子便无影无踪了，我怎么也记不起来。”

好在当贝多芬第二天乘坐同一辆马车时，那首曲子又回到了他的脑海，于是他把它记录了下来，这对于贝多芬和我们都可谓是一件幸事。

有好主意的时候，把它写下来——必要时就写在手臂上。并非所有的想法都有价值, 但先捉住它, 以后再作评价。

冥思遐想。

画家萨尔瓦多·达利经常手拿着勺子躺在沙发上。当他要入睡时，勺子就会掉到地板上的盘子里。

响声会将他惊醒，他便立刻把在那个似睡非睡时的丰富世界里脑海中所浮现出来的众多形象绘成草图。人人都会经历这种奇特的状态，并可以加以利用。不妨试一试达利的方法或者干脆让自己随心所欲地遐想。

身处“三地”——床、浴室和公共汽车——常常会使你产生奇思妙想。只要你的思维不受干扰，你就会才思如泉涌。

寻找挑战。

试一试邀请你生活中不同领域的朋友和商业伙伴来参加晚会。

把不同年龄、不同社会地位的人组合在一起，会促使你用新的方法来思考问题。

美国最具创造力的发明家之一埃德温·兰德说，使他产生发明宝丽来相机这一想法的是他三岁的女儿。1943年在去圣菲游览时，女儿问他，为什么她无法看到他刚刚拍摄的照片。

在接下来的一小时里，兰德一边在圣菲游览，一边在脑中汇聚着他学过的所有化学知识。“照相机和胶片对于我变得清晰可见。在我的脑海里，它们如此真实，我用了好几个小时琢磨它们。”

拓展你的视野。

许多理工和人文科学方面的发现都融合了不同领域中的思想。以“两绳问题”为例。

两根相距甚远的绳子分别从天花板上垂下来。

尽管你无法同时够到两根绳子，但有没有可能只用一把钳子就把两根绳子系到一起呢?

一位大学生把钳子系到一根绳子上，然后让它像钟摆那样摆动起来。在绳子来回摆动的时候，他迅速走到另一根绳子那儿，将其尽量向前拉。当摆动的绳子靠近他时，他把它抓住，然后将两根绳子系到一起。

当被问到是如何取得成功时，这个大学生解释道，他刚刚上完一堂有关摆动的物理课。他是把课堂上学到的知识应用到了一个完全不同的地方。

这个道理在其他方面也同样有效。要提高创造力，就得学习新的知识。

如果你是银行家，就学一学跳踢踏舞；如果你是护士，就学一学维他命疗法。读一本关于某一门新学科的书，不要总是读同一家日报。

新的东西与旧的东西会以全新的、可能是非常诱人的方式结合起来。

要变得更有创造力意味着你得留心你那些无穷无尽的想法, 学会捕捉你脑子里的新东西，并将之付诸行动。Unit9a 一个大学教授的学生可能多达百人或百人以上，也可能少至三人。不管有多少学生，这当中总有一个学生与众不同，甚至是出类拔萃。不管教授的问题有多艰深，这种学生似乎都知道该如何作答。而且不管要求什么时候交功课，他都能按时交，而且不犯一点错误。

你当然知道有这样的学生，也许他会激起你心中的怨气。

当然了，能成为这样的人会是一件非常美妙的事情，但是因为不是你本人表现得那么优秀，你拿不出高分，也不能游刃有余地完成作业，于是怨气越积越多。你也许会自问：“为什么我就不能像那家伙一样呢？为什么我就成不了出类拔萃的人呢？” 那我现在就告诉你，你能成为那样的人。

作为一个大学生，我对好学生和差学生所体现出的不同之处非常感兴趣。

我并没有坐着不动，也没有嫉恨好学生，相反，我决定以此为己任去调查是什么神秘的原因让他们表现优异。

在访谈了很多优秀学生及其教授后，我通过分析得出了几条建议，任何人都可以采纳这几条建议来激发自己身上的优秀潜质，使自己更上一层楼。

第一条建议是：不要拖欠。

对于学习，开始动手就很难，但如果你想把三周的学习任务在一个周末就搞定，几乎是不可能的。即使阅读速度最快的人也难以完成。

再说了，如果该交的书面作业你拖欠了的话，就是老师后面收了也会扣你的分。或许他根本就不接受迟交的作业。

大多数老师都认为，你应该有合理的学习计划，并且要认真对待。不能处理好学习和时间问题的学生是难以有机会出头的。

学习中的一个大问题就是如何应付大量的学习资料；东西太多了，你简直不知道何从下手。很多人可能想从最容易的做起，然而，这种想法是错误的。得考虑换种方式。

应该总是从最困难的地方入手，先除掉拦路虎。也许这需要你投入更多的精力。

如果你开始就选择从难的部分下手，你就会投入更多的精力。

如果任务个个都看起来一样简单（或困难），那就把最喜欢的留到最后做。

在十一点半的时候你会更愿意去阅读那些听起来都的确有趣的政治学文章，而不太情愿去学习法语不规则动词，那任务让人觉得十分枯燥，但又不能不做。完成困难的后再做有趣的会让人觉得这是对自己的犒劳。这是第二条建议。

第三条建议跟考试有关。

尽管我们在学校里参加过千百次的考试，但我们却很少停下来想想怎样考好试。考试考得好的人并不是马不停蹄做到底，见一个问题就答一个。首先，他们快速通读试题。

接着，他们集中精力完成自己掌握得最好的部分，因为有自信，所以回答得也快。最后他们才处理有一定难度的问题。

对你来说，适应这一套应付考试的做法可能显得怪异，但它确实会对你有好处。

这三条建议会让你学业更加成功。

如果你问一下自己周围表现优异的同学，你会发现更多的好点子。

要向他人学习，采用他们的方法来改善自己的学习状况，这样你肯定会提高自己的学业成绩。过一段时间后，你会发现，你自己就是一个“与众不同”的人。然后你也会注意到其他学生正妒忌你或者想方设法去发现你的秘诀。Unit9b 这个问题无处不在。从走廊到校园的每个角落到处都能听到这个问题。每个人都在问这个问题。它是新的流行词汇，新的搭讪语，比“你是什么星座的？”用得还多。不过我却难以作答。我讨厌这个问题。

我的专业尚未确定，就跟那些尚在腹中刚刚开始孕育的婴儿一样。而且，按照我的态势，我只能等着流产了。看着可供选择的专业目录，我还是拿不定主意。我会因为犹豫不决而不得不退学吗？

如果这个难题解决不了，我的生活会没有了快乐吗？

明天是确定专业的最后一天。最后一天哪！

其他每个人都在快乐地生活着，他们都选定了学习目标，憧憬着未来。这个决定实在是重大之极，我仍然没有取得大的进展。“甭着急，”朋友们会说，“你总还可以学商业”。

商业？ 我不干。我是个艺术家。宁死也不学商业。

实际上，我甚至连大学都可以不上，只要出去闯世界就行了，我出众的技艺和能力很快就会得到认同。就在我命运即将被决定的前夜，我父母设宴款待他们的两个朋友。

终于可以歇口气了！

难道我父母的朋友会关心专业什么的？

我可以心平气和地吃饭，可以暂时摆脱这个问题休息几小时了。不过我错了，他们谈的内容都跟专业有关。

他俩都把自己的专业讲给我听，还对我该选什么专业发表意见。尽管如此，他们的建议根本不能让我在选专业的道路上有任何进展，而是让我更加糊涂。

我们的客人似乎都不太适合他们所选的工作。

就说艾尔肯斯医生吧，他宣称自己是外科手术专家，可连切肉都成问题。而艾伯森先生虽然是个海军飞行员，却连饭都喂不到嘴里去。他老是把饭往地板上掉。

我无法想象他开战斗机的技术会是什么样子。

饭吃完了，客人也离开了，夜更深了，而我的专业还是处于“未定”状态。

我把专业目录拿出来，又开始一页页地翻看起可选的专业来，这都翻得有上百万次了。计算机？ 学计算机的人已经数不胜数了。汉语？

我倒是一直想去中国，但似乎我到中国也用不着学汉语专业，甚至也不需要流利地说汉语。机械？ 不。广告？ 还是不行。真是没指望了。

像其他大学生常常做的一样，我决定只管睡上一阵子，只要早点醒来，我就能给这个巨难的问题找到答案。我也闹不太清楚为什么大学生会认为他们的大脑在凌晨两点到六点之间会发生特殊的处理过程，让他们一下子把事情都弄清楚。

这办法过去对我是管用的，但这次却失效了。

实际上，跟其他大学生也常常可能遇到的情形一样，我睡过头了，早上10点才醒过来, 错过了第一堂课──英语文学概况。我还有三个小时来决定将来致力于哪个工作，或者做随便什么事情。我总还可以学商业。

在冲向学校的时候，我路过了一家电影院，那里正在上映《一次不够》。这部电影取材于杰奎琳·苏珊的畅销小说，大卫·简森主演。等等！电影，我喜欢电影！

我可以学习电影专业。不行，没有电影这个专业。

“但有电影制作专业”，我想起来了。就是它了！

我曾经迷茫，但现在我找回自我了。我有专业了！

十五年后，我想起了我那些朋友，他们当时确定了专业，满怀信心地开始自己的大学生涯。

想起那些到处问“你学什么专业？”的朋友们，现在他们中极少有人从事自己当初所选专业方面的工作。我最后也没有成为电影制作人。有时候我仍然感到自己专业“未定”。

只要你的大学生活是丰富多彩的，你学什么专业真的无关紧要。你要参加自己感兴趣的活动，乐于了解这个世界。你有充足的时间来决定将来做什么工作。Unit10a 我祖父母认为，一个人要么诚实，要么不诚实，两者之间没有折中可言。

在他们起居室的墙上挂着一句朴实无华的格言：“生活如新雪覆盖的大地，走过之处必定留下足迹。” 他们没有必要去用语言作出解释, 因为他们用自己的生活方式印证了这一真理。

他们生来就认为，所谓正直，就是有自己的道德界定标准，既不贪财图利，也不因所处的环境而妥协。正直是判断自身行为的心灵标尺。

遗憾的是，正直这一品格如今已不多见，而且越来越难寻觅了。

但它却是社会各领域的真正基础，也是我们必须要求自己遵循的一条原则。

检验这一价值观的一个好办法就是运用本人所说的“正直三角原则”，即下列三大原则：

在面对个人压力的时候要坚定自己的信念。

有这样一个故事，讲的是一位外科护士第一天到一家知名医院的医疗小组协助手术的故事。她的责任是确保将手术中的每样手术器械和手术材料都如数清点好。

这位护士对主刀医生说：“您只拿出了11块止血纱布，而我们一共用了12块。我们必须找到最后那一块纱布。”

“我全拿出来了，” 外科医生肯定地对她说。“现在开始缝合刀口。”

“您不能这样做，先生，”护士坚决反对，“我们应该为病人着想。”

医生露出了笑容，他抬起脚，让护士看到了第12块纱布。

“你在这家医院或其他任何一家医院都会干得很出色的。”他用肯定的语气对她说。

所以，当你确信自己是正确的，就决不能让步。

总是给予别人他们应得的表扬。

不要害怕那些主意比你妙甚至比你聪明的人。

戴维·奥格尔维是奥美广告公司的创始人，他送给新任命的各部门主管每人一个俄罗斯套娃，每个套娃从大到小依次有五个娃娃，以此来说明这个道理。

最小的那个娃娃里面装着奥格尔维要告诉他们的话：“如果我们每个人都聘用比我们小的人，那么我们的公司就会变成一个矮子公司。但是如果我们每个人都聘用比我们大的人，那么奥美广告公司就会变成一家巨人公司。”

而奥美广告公司后来真的变成了巨人——国际上规模最大、名望最高的广告公司之一。

要诚实坦白地表现真正的自我。

缺乏实实在在内涵的人会去依靠外部因素——如长相或地位——来保持良好的自我感觉。他们必然会不择手段地去维护自己的这种假面具，而不太会去努力提高自己的内涵和素质。

因此，要表现出真正的自我。

别去设法掩盖生活中那些不尽人意的方面。

正如罗伯特·舒勒所说，“艰苦的时光终将过去，坚强的人必将苦尽甘来。” 换言之，要正视现实，要以成熟的心态去迎接生活的挑战。

自尊和问心无愧是正直的两个重要组成部分，也是加深你与他人关系的基础。

为人正直意味着去做你应该做的事，因为那是对的，而不是因为合乎潮流或迎合了政治上的需要。在生活中如果能坚持原则，抵制住放松道德标准的种种诱惑，那你就会永远立于不败之地。这样，你在跨入21世纪的时候，就不必为自己过去的所做所为而抱憾。这就是我祖父祖母教给我的做人的道理。Unit10b 对一代又一代的学生来说，写学期论文即使不是最可怕的作业，也至少一直是让他们头疼和沮丧的主要原因。

但是对于那些可以上网的人来说，借助几次链接就可以窃取到相关的资料。

当代学生若想抄袭学期论文，用不着费劲去查找。

他只要找对网址，就可以在那儿购买、预定或免费下载网上的论文。

例如在“大学关心网助研中心”就能办到。

你想“写”一篇关于“哈姆雷特所面临的不可调和的道德困境”的论文吗? 只要交上29.75美元，文章就归你了。

对于那些觉得这还太贵的人来说，可以另觅他法。

“大学关心网”以每页5.95美元的价格出售收录在档的现成论文，且“论文质优价低”。这样，对于那些在乎价格的学生来说，买上几页就可大功告成了。

“论文精粹”是另一个学生援助网站，它提供“优质” 而“价廉”的学期论文。“让您称心、保您成功”，这是该网站向潜在客户夸下的海口。

如果你实在太懒或实在太忙，没时间写学期论文，那么“论文精粹”时刻恭候着你。只要一次性交费9.95美元，你就能在一整学期看到别人的论文。

有的网址，如“学期论文大卖场”和“绝对免费：网上论文”免费提供课程论文。也就是说，只要你找到了想要的文章，你只需按一下键，然后下载即可。

当然，学生们对这些网上资源了如指掌，于是有人担心，因特网一旦成为广受欢迎的最佳学习工具，也可能会变成作弊的最佳辅助手段。

对于教师来说，他们面对的问题是要分辨学生是否是论文的真正作者。

不过，据简·莫里森助教解释，对于眼光敏锐的老师来说，这件事也许不太难。

“如果文章是来自因特网，学生会不敢正眼看我，他们会表现出不安，只是低头看着自己的双脚。而如果论文是自己一字一句写出来的，这样的学生能就自己的文章侃侃而谈，而且敢正视我。”莫里森说。

抄袭学期论文并不是什么新鲜事，多年来人们一直在用盗来的知识财富做交易。但是因特网的出现提出了这样一个问题：这种新技术是否在使作弊变得更为普遍?

伯克利大学的一位高级管理人员对此表示怀疑。“对想要作弊的学生来说，不管技术水平如何，他都会作弊。认为因特网这种新工具会提高作弊的发生率，我觉得这是一种偏激的观点。”加里·汉德曼说。

这一观点得到了伯克利大学一位名叫阿里亚尼·彻诺克的研究生的支持。他说，学生们最终还是要靠自己来判断怎样做对自己最有利。

“这是个关乎诚实与否的问题。我们来这儿是学知识的，所以我们应该充分利用这个学习机会。”

再则，有创造力的教师可以布置出学生无法作弊的作业来。

“如果你布置的作业新颖独特，比如学生们必须根据给定的内容写一份讲义、写一个剧本，或用第一人称写一篇叙述文，那么你就能制止来路不正的作业。”图书馆媒体教师莱斯利·法默如是说。

有的专家说，这种策略将从根本上迫使学生去更多地学习，而不只是下载网上的资料。

第五篇：大学英语教案

Unit 8 Book 1 Experiencing English I.Teaching objectives

1.Skills:

1)Reading: Reading Between the Lines 2)Writing: how to use punctuations in a sentence 3)Listening: understanding the passages about love and friendship, listening for the main idea and the important details, learning to take notes while listening 4)Speaking: talking about love and friendship 2.Vocabulary development: 1)Words: acquaintance, barely, encounter, incline, intimate, occasional, principle, recall, recognize, replace, summarize, upset, bow, depart, enclose, endure, identical, intense, occupy, provoke, standing, trim, 2)Expressions: compare… to, drift apart, ever after, even if/ though, join hands(with), no matter what/ how, etc., succeed in, try on, go by, in case, pass away, work out 3.Grammar and structure: 1)Adverbial clause 2)Attributive clause 3)modal auxiliaries in subjunctive mood

II.Important points:

Leave nothing to chance, compare to, even if/ though, no matter how/ what, go by, work out, recognize as/ by, compare with/ to

III.Difficult points: 1.distinguishing replace, substitute, take the place of;confront, encounter, meet;bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate;acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize 2.Speaking: talking about love and friendship 3.Listening: understanding the passages, listening for the main idea and the important details, learning to take notes while listening

IV.Teaching arrangements: 1.Total class time for this unit: 8 periods 2.Suggested arrangement: 1)Talking:(duty report, group discussion, free talk etc.)40' 2)Pre-reading activities: 15-20' 3)Understanding the structure of text A: 15-20' 4)Detailed study of the language:100' 5)Writing skills: 15' 6)Text summary 10’ 7)Exercises: 55' 8)Reading skills: 15-25' 9)Detailed study of of text B: 60-70' 10)Comprehensive exercises: 20'

IV.Lecture scripts:(by the teachers)2