第一篇：白皮书-知识产权保护-中英文对照
白皮书-知识产权保护-中英文对照
中国政府白皮书
中国一贯以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作，在坚持遵循知识产权国际保护规则的同时，按照国情确定相应的知识产权保护水平，努力平衡知识产权创造者、应用者与社会公众之间的利益关系，使知识产权的创造与应用形成良性循环。
China has always adopted a responsible attitude to actively promoting IPR protection.While adhering to the international rules on IPR protection, China has decided on a level of IPR protection appropriate for its own national situation, and made great efforts to balance the interests among intellectual property creators, users and the general public, so as to create a benign circle for the creation and use of intellectual property.多年来，在全社会的共同努力下，中国保护知识产权取得重大进展。
Major progress has been made on IPR protection in China over the past years thanks to concerted efforts made by people from all walks of life.——建立健全符合国际通行规则、门类比较齐全的法律法规体系。上世纪80年代以来，国家颁布实施了《中华人民共和国专利法》、《中华人民共和国商标法》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》和《计算机软件保护条例》、《集成电路布图设计保护条例》、《著作权集体管理条例》、《音像制品管理条例》、《植物新品种保护条例》、《知识产权海关保护条例》、《特殊标志管理条例》、《奥林匹克标志保护条例》等涵盖知识产权保护主要内容的法律法规，并颁布一系列相关的实施细则和司法解释，使中国知识产权保护的法律法规体系不断趋于完善。为对知识产权实行切实有效的法律保护，2001年中国加入世界贸易组织前后，对知识产权保护相关法律法规和司法解释进行了全面修改，在立法精神、权利内容、保护标准、法律救济手段等方面更加突出促进科技进步与创新的同时，做到了与世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》以及其他知识产权保护国际规则相一致。
-A relatively complete system of laws and regulations that covers a wide range of subjects and is in line with generally accepted international rules has been established and keeps improving.Since the 1980s, the state has promulgated and put into effect a number of laws and regulations covering the major contents in IPR protection.These include the “Patent Law of the People's Republic of China,” “Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China,” “Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China,” “Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software,” “Regulations on the Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits,” “Regulations on the Collective Management of Copyright,” “Regulations on the Management of Audio-Video Products,” “Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,” “Regulations on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights by the Customs,” “Regulations on the Protection of Special Signs,” and “Regulations on the Protection of Olympic Logos.” China has also promulgated a series of relevant rules for the implementation of these laws and regulations, and their legal interpretation.As a result, the system of laws and regulations on IPR 1 / 6 白皮书-知识产权保护-中英文对照
protection in China has been continuously improved.In 2001, around the time when China was admitted into the WTO, in order to provide effective legal protection to IPR, the country made comprehensive revisions to the laws and regulations regarding IPR protection and their legal interpretation.While more emphasis is given to promoting the progress of science and technology and innovation with regard to legislative intent, content of rights, standards of protection and means of legal remedy, the revisions brought the laws and regulations into conformity with the WTO's “Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights” and other international rules on IPR protection.——建立健全协调、高效的工作体系和执法机制。在知识产权保护实践中，中国形成了行政保护和司法保护“两条途径、并行运作”的知识产权保护模式。在中国，有多个部门分别履行保护知识产权的职能，主要包括国家知识产权局、国家工商行政管理总局、新闻出版总署、国家版权局、文化部、农业部、国家林业局、公安部、海关总署、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等。多年来，这些部门在各自领域开展了卓有成效的工作。为进一步加大知识产权保护力度，2004年中国成立了以国务院副总理为组长的国家保护知识产权工作组，负责统筹协调全国知识产权保护工作。国家保护知识产权工作组办公室设在商务部，承担工作组日常工作。Administrative law enforcement has been strengthened in IPR protection.As gradual improvements are made in the legal system on IPR protection, China has shifted its focus from legislation to law enforcement.Administrative law enforcement has been enhanced through the combination of routine management and supervision with special crackdown campaigns.In August 2004, the Chinese government decided to launch a special one-year campaign to protect IPR across the country from September 2004 to August 2005.It was decided at the national TV and telephone conference on rectification and standardization of the market economic order convened by the State Council on March 31, 2005 that the campaign was extended to the end of 2005.With unified planning, the relevant departments have investigated and dealt with major IPR infringement cases, focusing on major fields in the protection of trademark rights, copyrights and patent rights, on major links in the import and export of goods, all types of exhibitions and wholesale markets of commodities, and on key places where producers and sellers of counterfeit goods were known to be concentrated.Their 3 / 6 白皮书-知识产权保护-中英文对照
quick action and strict law enforcement efforts have dealt a blow on IPR offenders, achieving positive result
——努力提高全社会的知识产权意识。中国政府高度重视知识产权的宣传普及工作。从2004年开始，国家将每年4月20日至26日确定为“保护知识产权宣传周”，利用报刊、电视、广播、互联网等各种媒体，通过举办研讨会、知识竞赛以及制作公益广告等多种形式，在全社会开展知识产权保护宣传教育活动，形成尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的良好社会氛围，提高广大公众的知识产权意识。
-Efforts are being made to heighten the awareness of the general public about IPR.The Chinese government attaches great importance to publicity concerning IPR.Beginning in 2004, the state designated the week from April 20 to 26 every year as the “week for publicizing the importance of IPR protection.” By making wide use of newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the Internet, and through holding seminars and knowledge contests, and making public interest advertisements, the government carries out publicity and education among the general public regarding IPR protection.The aim is to create a social atmosphere in which labor, knowledge, talent and creation are respected, and heighten the awareness of the general public regarding IPR.——积极履行知识产权国际保护义务。中国积极参加国际保护知识产权的主要公约和条约。自1980年加入世界知识产权组织后，中国相继加入《保护工业产权巴黎公约》、《专利合作条约》、《国际承认用于专利程序的微生物菌种保藏布达佩斯条约》、《工业品外观设计国际分类洛迦诺协定》、《商标国际注册马德里协定》、《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》、《商标国际注册马德里协定有关议定书》、《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》、《国际植物新品种保护公约》、《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约》、《世界版权公约》和《保护录音制品制作者防止未经许可复制其录音制品公约》等10多个国际公约、条约、协定或议定书。-Actively fulfilling the international obligations to protect IPR.China has taken an active approach to joining major international conventions and agreements on IPR protection.Following its accession to the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1980, China joined in succession more than ten international conventions, treaties, agreements and protocols, such as the “Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property,” “Patent Cooperation Treaty,” “Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure,” “Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs,” “Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks,” “Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purpose of the Registration of Marks,” “Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks,” “Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,” “International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,” “Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works,” “Universal Copyright Convention,” and “Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication.”
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在严格履行自身所承担的保护知识产权国际义务的同时，中国积极致力于知识产权保护国际规则的调整与完善，使其有利于世界各国共享科技进步带来的成果和利益。近年来，中国与其他国家、国际组织和外商投资企业在知识产权领域广泛开展对话、交流与合作。应美国提议，从2003年起中美双方每年举行一次知识产权圆桌会议，至今已举办两届，就有关知识产权问题达成了广泛共识。2004年，中欧第一次知识产权对话在北京举行，就有关知识产权合作事宜达成初步意向。中国各有关部门与多个国家的相应机构和世界知识产权组织、国际新品种保护联盟等国际组织也建立了良好的合作关系。2003年9月，中国有关部门建立了与外商投资企业定期沟通协调机制，每季度召开一次会议，听取外商投资企业在知识产权保护方面的意见和建议。
While strictly executing its international obligations in IPR protection, China has devoted great efforts to adjusting and improving international rules regarding IPR protection in order to let all countries of the world share the fruits and benefits brought about by the progress of science and technology.In recent years, China has held talks, and engaged in exchanges and cooperation with other countries, international organizations and foreign-invested enterprises in the field of IPR.At the suggestion of the United States, starting in 2003, China and the US have held a round-table conference on IPR every year, and reached agreement on many IPR-related issues at the two round-table conferences.In 2004, China and Europe held their first round of talks on IPR in Beijing.Initial agreement was reached between the two sides on matters of cooperation related to IPR.Relevant Chinese departments have established good cooperative relations with corresponding departments in several countries, and international organizations such as World Intellectual Property Organization and International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.In September 2003, a mechanism was established for regular contact and coordination between relevant Chinese departments and foreign-invested enterprises.Under the mechanism, a meeting is held every three months to solicit comments and suggestions from the foreign-invested enterprises on issues related to IPR protection.在扶贫开发的过程中，中国政府坚持以经济建设为中心，发展贫困地区的生产力，走开发式扶贫的道路，通过多种方式和途径，采取综合配套措施，帮助农村贫困人口脱贫。
In carrying out its aid-the-poor program, the Chinese Government has persistently centered its efforts on economic construction, developing the productive forces of poverty-stricken areas, and combining development with relief.It aims at helping the rural poor to shake off poverty through various ways and channels, and by adopting comprehensive coordinative measures.坚持开发式扶贫的方针 Adhering to the Policy of Development-oriented Poverty Alleviation
开发式扶贫是对过去传统的分散救济式扶贫的改革与调整，是中国政府农村扶贫政策的核心和基础。坚持开发式扶贫的方针，就是以经济建设为中心，支持、鼓励贫困地区干部群众改善生产条件，开发当地资源，发展商品生产，增强自我积累和自我发展能力。
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Providing development-oriented aid to the poor is a reform of and adjustment to the old, traditional way of dispersed relief, forming the core and basis of the Chinese Government's aid-the-rural-poor policy.Adhering to the policy of development-oriented aid means centering efforts on economic construction, supporting and encouraging cadres and ordinary people in poor areas to improve their production conditions, exploit local resources, develop commodity production, and strengthen their ability to accumulate funds and develop by themselves.开发式扶贫方针主要包括五个方面内容：第一，倡导和鼓励自力更生、艰苦奋斗的精神，克服贫困农户中普遍存在的“等、*、要”思想。第二，针对贫困地区基础设施薄弱、抵御自然灾害能力较差的实际情况，国家安排必要的以工代赈资金，鼓励、支持贫困农户投工投劳，开展农田、水利、公路等方面的基础设施建设，改善生产条件。第三，国家安排优惠的扶贫专项贴息贷款，制定相关优惠政策，重点帮助贫困地区、贫困农户发展以市场为导向的种植业、养殖业以及相应的加工业项目，促进增产增收。第四，开展农业先进实用技术培训，提高贫困农户的科技文化素质，增强自我发展能力。第五，扶贫开发与水土保持、环境保护、生态建设相结合，实施可持续发展战略，增强贫困地区和贫困农户的发展后劲。
The policy of development-oriented aid mainly consists of the following five aspects: First, advocating and encouraging the spirit of self-reliance and hard work, and helping poor peasant households overcome the common attitude of “waiting for, relying on and requesting” aid.Second, considering that the poor areas are weak in infrastructure and capability for defense against natural disasters, the state encourages and supports poor peasant households to put labor into the construction of infrastructure, such as farmland, irrigation works and highways, by arranging necessary work-relief funds, so as to improve the conditions for developing production.Third, the state provides concessional loans for special aid items at discounted interest, and formulates preferential policies, centering on helping the poverty-stricken areas and peasant households develop market-oriented crop cultivation, aquiculture and poultry raising and corresponding processing industries, so as to increase production and incomes.Fourth, conducting training in advanced practical agrotechiques, in order to improve poor peasant households' sci-tech and cultural levels, and strengthening their ability to develop by themselves.Fifth, combining development-oriented aid with soil and water conservation, environmental protection and ecological construction, implementing the strategy of sustainable development, and helping poor areas and peasant households enhance their ability to make further progress.6 / 6
第二篇：中国特色社会主义法治体系白皮书中英文对照版本
The Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics Information Office of the State Council The People's Republic of China October 2011, Beijing Contents Foreword
I.Establishment of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics II.Composition of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics III.Features of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics IV.Improvement of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics Concluding Remarks Foreword
Governing the country by law and building a socialist country under the rule of law is a fundamental principle for the Communist Party of China(CPC)to lead the people and effectively govern the country.We need to bring into being a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics so as to ensure there are laws to abide by for the carrying on of state affairs and social life;this is a precondition and foundation for us to implement the fundamental principle of the rule of law in all respects, and an institutional guarantee for China's development and progress.依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，是中国共产党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。形成中国特色社会主义法律体系，保证国家和社会生活各方面有法可依，是全面落实依法治国基本方略的前提和基础，是中国发展进步的制度保障。
In 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded, marking the great transition from the centuries-old dictatorial system of feudalism to the system of people's democracy, putting an end to the period of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China, and enabling the people to become masters of the country, society and their own life.For over 62 years, particularly since the policy of reform and opening up was adopted in 1978, the CPC has led the Chinese people in making the Constitution and laws.With concerted and unremitting efforts, by the end of 2010 we had put in place a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, which is based on the conditions and reality of China, meets the needs of reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive, and reflects the will of the CPC and the Chinese people.This legal system, headed by the Constitution, with laws related to the Constitution, civil and commercial laws and several other branches as the mainstay, and consisting of laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and other tiers of legal provisions, ensures that there are laws to abide by in economic, political, cultural and social development, as well as in ecological civilization building.1949年，中华人民共和国成立，实现了中国从几千年封建专制制度向人民民主制度的伟大跨越，彻底结束了旧中国半殖民地半封建社会的历史，人民成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人。60多年来特别是改革开放30多年来，中国共产党领导中国人民制定宪法和法律，经过各方面坚持不懈的共同努力，到2010年底，一个立足中国国情和实际、适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设需要、集中体现中国共产党和中国人民意志，以宪法为统帅，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成，国家经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设的各个方面实现有法可依。
The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is a legal foundation for socialism with Chinese characteristics to retain its nature, a legal reflection of the innovative practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a legal guarantee for the prosperity of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Its establishment is an important milestone in China's development of socialist democracy and the legal system, and showcases the great achievements of reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive.It is of great realistic and far-reaching historic significance.中国特色社会主义法律体系，是中国特色社会主义永葆本色的法制根基，是中国特色社会主义创新实践的法制体现，是中国特色社会主义兴旺发达的法制保障。它的形成，是中国社会主义民主法制建设的一个重要里程碑，体现了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成果，具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。
I.Establishment of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics
一、中国特色社会主义 法律体系的形成
The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics was formed gradually under the leadership of the CPC in the course of adapting itself to the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.中国特色社会主义法律体系是在中国共产党领导下，适应中国特色社会主义建设事业的历史进程而逐步形成的。
When the People's Republic of China was founded, it was confronted with the difficult tasks of organizing and consolidating the new political power, restoring and developing the national economy, and realizing and guaranteeing the people's right to be masters of the country.To meet the needs of construction of the political power, from 1949 to 1954, before the convening of the First National People's Congress(NPC), China promulgated and implemented the Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, which acted as a temporary constitution, and enacted the Organic Law of the Central People's Government, Trade Union Law, Marriage Law, Land Reform Law, Interim Regulations on the Organization of the People's Courts, Interim Regulations on the Organization of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, Regulations on Punishment of Counter-revolutionaries, Interim Regulations on Punishment for Impairment of the State Currency, Regulations on Punishment for Embezzlement, Electoral Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses, and laws and regulations on the organization of local people's governments and local judicial organs, on regional ethnic autonomy, on the management of public and private enterprises, and on labor protection.With these laws and regulations, New China embarked on its course of development of democracy and the legal system.建国初期，中华人民共和国面临着组建和巩固新生政权、恢复和发展国民经济、实现和保障人民当家作主的艰巨任务。根据政权建设的需要，从1949年到1954年第一届全国人民代表大会召开前，中国颁布实施了具有临时宪法性质的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》，制定了中央人民政府组织法、工会法、婚姻法、土地改革法、人民法院暂行组织条例、最高人民检察署暂行组织条例、惩治反革命条例、妨害国家货币治罪暂行条例、惩治贪污条例、全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法以及有关地方各级人民政府和司法机关的组织、民族区域自治和公私企业管理、劳动保护等一系列法律、法令，开启了新中国民主法制建设的历史进程。
In 1954 the First Session of the First NPC was held.The session adopted the first Constitution of New China, which established the principles for people's democracy and socialism, established the people's congress system as a fundamental political system, and provided for the basic rights and obligations of Chinese citizens.The session also adopted organic laws of the NPC, the State Council, local people's congresses and local people's committees, people's courts, and people's procuratorates, thus establishing the basic principles for state affairs.In 1956 the Eighth National Congress of the CPC proposed that “the state must make a complete legal system gradually and systematically according to its needs.” Before the “cultural revolution” broke out in 1966, China's legislature had enacted over 130 laws and decrees.The building of democracy and the legal system in this period provided valuable experiences for building a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.During the “cultural revolution,” China suffered grave setbacks in its work to improve democracy and the legal system, and its legislation almost came to a standstill.1954年，第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议召开，通过了新中国第一部宪法，确立了人民民主和社会主义原则，确立了人民代表大会的根本政治制度，规定了公民的基本权利和义务，同时制定了全国人民代表大会组织法、国务院组织法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民委员会组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法，确立了国家生活的基本原则。1956年，中国共产党第八次全国代表大会提出，“国家必须根据需要，逐步地系统地制定完备的法律”。此后至1966年“文化大革命”前，中国立法机关共制定法律、法令130多部。这个时期的民主法制建设，为建设中国特色社会主义法律体系提供了宝贵经验。“文化大革命”期间，中国的民主法制建设遭到严重破坏，立法工作几乎陷于停顿。
In 1978 the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC summarized the experience and lessons since the founding of New China, made a historic decision to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state to economic development and to adopt the policy of reform and opening up, and stated, “To ensure people's democracy, we must strengthen our socialist legal system, which will enable democracy to be institutionalized and codified, and ensure that such system and laws are stable, continuous and authoritative.All this will ensure that there are laws to go by, that they are observed and strictly enforced, and that violators are brought to book.” This session ushered in a new chapter in China's history of reform and opening up, and the building of the socialist democracy and legal system.Legislation in this period focused on restoring and re-establishing state order, and carrying out and advancing reform and opening up.In 1979 the Second Session of the Fifth NPC passed a resolution concerning the amendment to several provisions of the Constitution, which provided that local people's congresses at and above the county level established standing committees, and deputies to the people's congresses of counties were to be elected directly by their constituencies.The meeting also enacted the Electoral Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses, Organic Law of the Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments, Organic Law of the People's Courts, Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, and Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, marking the beginning of large-scale legislation work in the new period.1978年，中国共产党十一届三中全会深刻总结建国以来正反两方面的经验教训，作出了把党和国家工作重点转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策，并提出“为了保障人民民主，必须加强社会主义法制，使民主制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律具有稳定性、连续性和极大的权威，做到有法可依、有法必依、执法必严、违法必究”。这次会议开启了中国改革开放和社会主义民主法制建设的历史新时期。这个时期立法工作的重点是，恢复和重建国家秩序，实行和推进改革开放。1979年，第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过了修改宪法若干规定的决议，规定县和县以上的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会，将县级人民代表大会代表改为由选民直接选举等，同时制定了全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法、刑法、刑事诉讼法、中外合资经营企业法等7部法律，拉开了新时期中国大规模立法工作的序幕。
In 1982, to adapt to the great changes in the economic, political, cultural and social life of China, the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC adopted the present Constitution, establishing the fundamental system of the country and fundamental principles for state affairs, and setting basic tasks for the country, providing basic guarantees for reform and opening up, and the socialist modernization drive in the new period and symbolizing that China's efforts to improve democracy and the legal system had entered a new era.As reform and opening up deepened, and profound changes took place in China's economy and society, China made amendments to the Constitution in 1988, 1993, 1999 and 2004, respectively.These amendments affirmed the important status of the non-public sector of the economy, and wrote into the Constitution that the state “practices a socialist market economy,” “exercises the rule of law, building a socialist country governed according to law,” and “respects and protects human rights,” that “citizens' lawful private property is inviolable,” and that “the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop in China for a long time to come.” These amendments contributed to China's economic, political, cultural and social development and progress.During this period, to meet the needs for centering on economic development and promoting reform and opening up, the legislature enacted the General Principles of the Civil Law, Law on Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People, Law on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, Law on Foreign-funded Enterprises, Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law, Economic Contract Law, Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy, and some other laws.To carry out the policy of “one country, two systems,” the legislature enacted the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region.To strengthen ethnic unity, develop socialist democracy and safeguard citizens' legitimate rights and interests, the legislature enacted the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, Organic Law of the Villagers' Committees, Criminal Procedure Law, Civil Procedure Law, Administrative Procedure Law, and some other laws.To protect and improve the living and ecological environment, the legislature enacted the Environmental Protection Law, Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, and some other laws.To promote education and culture, the legislature enacted the Compulsory Education Law, Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and some other laws.These great achievements in legislation laid an important foundation for the establishment of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.1982年，适应国家经济、政治、文化、社会生活等各方面发生的巨大变化，第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过了现行宪法，确立了国家的根本制度、根本任务和国家生活的基本原则，为新时期改革开放和社会主义现代化建设提供了根本保障，标志着中国民主法制建设进入新的历史阶段。随着改革开放的深入推进和经济社会的深刻变化，中国先后于1988年、1993年、1999年和2004年对宪法的部分内容进行修改，确认了非公有制经济在国家经济中的重要地位，将国家“实行社会主义市场经济”、“实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”、“尊重和保障人权”、“公民的合法的私有财产不受侵犯”以及“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展”等内容写入宪法，推动了中国经济、政治、文化和社会等各方面的发展和进步。这个时期，适应以经济建设为中心、推进改革开放的需要，制定了民法通则、全民所有制工业企业法、中外合作经营企业法、外资企业法、专利法、商标法、著作权法、经济合同法、企业破产法等法律；贯彻落实“一国两制”方针，制定了香港特别行政区基本法、澳门特别行政区基本法；加强民族团结，发展社会主义民主，维护公民合法权益，制定了民族区域自治法、村民委员会组织法、刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法、行政诉讼法等法律；保护和改善生活环境与生态环境，制定了环境保护法、水污染防治法、大气污染防治法等法律；促进教育和文化事业发展，制定了义务教育法、文物保护法等法律。这个时期立法工作取得的突出成就，为中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成奠定了重要基础。
In 1992 the 14th National Congress of the CPC made an important strategic decision to establish a socialist market economy.It expressly stated that the establishment and improvement of this socialist market economy must be regulated and guaranteed by a complete legal regime.To meet the requirements for establishing a socialist market economy, the Chinese legislature accelerated the pace of enacting economic laws;to regulate market players, maintain market order, strengthen macro-control and promote opening to the outside world, the legislature enacted the Company Law, Partnership Enterprise Law, Law on Commercial Banks, Law on Township Enterprises, Anti-Unfair Competition Law, Law on the Protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests, Product Quality Law, Auction Law, Guaranty Law, Maritime Code, Insurance Law, Negotiable Instruments Law, Law on Urban Real Estate Administration, Advertising Law, Law on Certified Public Accountants, Arbitration Law, Audit Law, Budget Law, Law on the People's Bank of China, Foreign Trade Law, Labor Law, and some other laws.To improve criminal laws, the legislature revised the Criminal Law, making it unified and complete, and revised the Criminal Procedure Law, improving criminal procedure.To regulate and supervise the use of power, the legislature enacted the Law on Administrative Penalty, Law on State Compensation, Judges Law, Public Procurators Law, Law on Lawyers, and some other laws.To strengthen the protection of the environment and resources, the legislature enacted the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste, and some other laws while revising the Mineral Resources Law and some other laws.1992年，中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会作出了建立社会主义市场经济体制的重大战略决策，明确提出社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善必须有完备的法制来规范和保障。中国立法机关按照建立社会主义市场经济体制的要求，加快经济立法，在规范市场主体、维护市场秩序、加强宏观调控、促进对外开放等方面，制定了公司法、合伙企业法、商业银行法、乡镇企业法、反不正当竞争法、消费者权益保护法、产品质量法、拍卖法、担保法、海商法、保险法、票据法、城市房地产管理法、广告法、注册会计师法、仲裁法、审计法、预算法、中国人民银行法、对外贸易法、劳动法等法律。为完善刑事法律，修订刑法，形成了一部统一的、比较完备的刑法；修改刑事诉讼法，完善了刑事诉讼程序；为规范和监督权力的行使，制定了行政处罚法、国家赔偿法、法官法、检察官法、律师法等法律；为进一步加强对环境和资源的保护，制定了固体废物污染环境防治法等法律，修改了矿产资源法等法律。
In 1997 as the socialist market economy was gradually put in place, the level of opening up was constantly enhanced, the efforts to improve democracy and the legal system were advanced, and all undertakings were developing, to advance the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics in all aspects in the 21st century, the CPC, at its 15th National Congress, set the first ten-year target for the national economic and social development for the new century, established a basic strategy of “governing the country according to law and building a socialist country ruled by law” and set the goal of completing the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics by the year 2010.To achieve this goal, to guarantee and promote the socialist market economy, and to meet the requirements of joining the World Trade Organization(WTO), the Chinese legislature kept on making new economic laws.It enacted the Securities Law, Contract Law, Law on Bid Invitation and Bidding, Trust Law, Law on Individual Proprietorship Enterprises, Law on the Contracting of Rural Land, Government Procurement Law, and some other laws, while revising the Foreign Trade Law, Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, Law on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, Law on Foreign-funded Enterprises, Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law, and some other laws.To regulate legislative activities and improve the legislation system, the NPC enacted the Law on Legislation, systematizing and codifying the principles, mechanism, extent of power and procedure of legislation, and the systems of legal interpretation, application of law, and registration and other systems.To develop socialist democracy, foster socialist culture, protect the ecological environment, and develop social undertakings, the legislature enacted the Administrative Reconsideration Law, Higher Education Law, Law on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, and some other laws;revised the Trade Union Law, Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Marine Environmental Protection Law, Pharmaceuticals Administration Law, and some other laws.And to ensure that the laws are effectively carried out, the NPC Standing Committee made legal interpretations of articles in the Criminal Law, Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and some other laws.These efforts enabled a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics to take shape.1997年，随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立、对外开放水平的不断提高、民主法制建设的深入推进和各项事业的全面发展，为把中国特色社会主义事业全面推向21世纪，中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会提出了21世纪第一个十年国民经济和社会发展的远景目标，确立了“依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”的基本方略，明确提出到2010年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系。按照这一目标要求，为保障和促进社会主义市场经济的发展，适应加入世界贸易组织的需要，中国继续抓紧开展经济领域立法，制定了证券法、合同法、招标投标法、信托法、个人独资企业法、农村土地承包法、政府采购法等法律，修改了对外贸易法、中外合资经营企业法、中外合作经营企业法、外资企业法、专利法、商标法、著作权法等法律；为规范国家立法活动，健全立法制度，制定了立法法，把实践证明行之有效的立法原则、立法体制、立法权限、立法程序以及法律解释、法律适用和备案等制度系统化、法律化；为发展社会主义民主、繁荣社会主义文化、保护生态环境、发展社会事业，制定了行政复议法、高等教育法、职业病防治法等法律，修改了工会法、文物保护法、海洋环境保护法、药品管理法等法律；为保证法律有效实施，全国人大常委会还对刑法、香港特别行政区基本法等法律的有关规定作出法律解释。经过这个阶段的努力，中国特色社会主义法律体系初步形成。
Entering the new century, the CPC set the goal of building a moderately prosperous society of a higher level in all aspects for the benefit of over one billion people by 2020 at its 16th and 17th national congresses.To meet this goal, and to improve socialist democracy and the socialist legal system, fully carry out the basic strategy of governing the country by law, better safeguard the people's rights and interests, social fairness and justice, and promote social harmony, the Chinese legislature strengthened legislation work and constantly improved the quality of legislation.To safeguard China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and promote the peaceful reunification of the country, the legislature enacted the Anti-Secession Law.To develop socialist democracy, it enacted the Law on the Supervision of Standing Committees of People's Congresses at All Levels, Administrative Licensing Law, Administrative Coercion Law, and some other laws.To protect the lawful rights and interests of the citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and guarantee and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy, the legislature enacted the Property Law, Tort Law, Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy, Anti-monopoly Law, Law on Anti-money Laundering, Enterprise Income Tax Law, Law on Vehicle and Vessel Taxation, Law on the State-owned Assets of Enterprises, Banking Supervision Law, and some other laws.To improve the social security system, and ensure and improve the people's livelihood, the legislature enacted the Social Insurance Law, Labor Contract Law, Employment Promotion Law, People's Mediation Law, Law on Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration, Food Safety Law, and some other laws.To conserve resources, protect the environment and build a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society, the legislature enacted the Law on Renewable Energy, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, and some other laws.In addition, the Chinese legislature also promulgated and revised a group of laws to strengthen social management and safeguard social order.进入新世纪，根据中国共产党第十六次、第十七次全国代表大会确定的在本世纪头二十年全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会这一目标，为了使社会主义民主更加完善，社会主义法制更加完备，依法治国基本方略得到全面落实，更好保障人民权益和社会公平正义，促进社会和谐，中国立法机关进一步加强立法工作，不断提高立法质量。为维护国家主权和领土完整，促进国家和平统一，制定了反分裂国家法；为发展社会主义民主政治，制定了各级人民代表大会常务委员会监督法、行政许可法、行政强制法等法律；为保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，保障和促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，制定了物权法、侵权责任法、企业破产法、反垄断法、反洗钱法、企业所得税法、车船税法、企业国有资产法、银行业监督管理法等法律；为完善社会保障制度，保障和改善民生，制定了社会保险法、劳动合同法、就业促进法、人民调解法、劳动争议调解仲裁法、食品安全法等法律；为节约资源，保护环境，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，制定了可再生能源法、循环经济促进法、环境影响评价法等法律。此外，还制定和修改了一批加强社会管理、维护社会秩序等方面的法律。
As the NPC and its Standing Committee enact laws, the State Council and local people's congresses and their standing committees, based on their scope of legislative power as prescribed in the Constitution and related laws, have adopted many administrative regulations and local regulations, which play an important role in improving China's socialist democracy and legal system, and promoting the establishment of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.与全国人大及其常委会制定各项法律相适应，根据宪法和法律规定的立法权限，国务院、地方人大及其常委会还制定了大量行政法规和地方性法规，为促进中国社会主义民主法制建设，推动中国特色社会主义法律体系形成，发挥了重要作用。
To ensure a unified legal system and make it more scientific and consistent, legislative bodies at different levels sorted out laws and regulations on several occasions.From 2009, the NPC Standing Committee, the State Council, and local people's congresses and their standing committees started to sort out laws and regulations in an all-round way.The NPC Standing Committee annulled eight laws and decisions about legal issues, and revised 59 laws.The State Council annulled seven administrative regulations and revised 107 administrative regulations.Local people's congresses and their standing committees annulled 455 local regulations, and revised 1,417 local regulations.Such work has helped to solve the problem of incompatibility among laws and regulations.为了维护国家法制统一，促进法律体系科学和谐统一，中国各级立法机关先后多次开展法律法规清理工作。2009年以来，全国人大常委会、国务院、地方人大及其常委会集中开展了对法律法规的全面清理工作。全国人大常委会废止了8部法律和有关法律问题的决定，对59部法律作出修改；国务院废止了7部行政法规，对107部行政法规作出修改；地方人大及其常委会共废止地方性法规455部，修改地方性法规1417部，基本解决了法律法规中存在的明显不适应、不一致、不协调等问题。
Since New China was founded, and particularly since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, China has made remarkable achievements in its legislation work.By the end of August 2011, the Chinese legislature had enacted 240 effective laws including the current Constitution, 706 administrative regulations, and over 8,600 local regulations.As a result, all legal branches have been set up, covering all aspects of social relations;basic and major laws of each branch have been made;related administrative regulations and local regulations are fairly complete;and the whole legal system is scientific and consistent.A socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics has been solidly put into place.新中国成立以来特别是改革开放30多年来，中国的立法工作取得了举世瞩目的成就。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定现行宪法和有效法律共240部、行政法规706部、地方性法规8600多部，涵盖社会关系各个方面的法律部门已经齐全，各个法律部门中基本的、主要的法律已经制定，相应的行政法规和地方性法规比较完备，法律体系内部总体做到科学和谐统一，中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成。
II.Composition of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics
二、中国特色社会主义 法律体系的构成
The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is an organic integration of the related laws of the Constitution, civil and commercial laws, administrative laws, economic laws, social laws, criminal laws, litigation and non-litigation procedural laws, and other legal branches, with the Constitution in the supreme place, the laws as the main body, and administrative and local regulations as the major components.中国特色社会主义法律体系，是以宪法为统帅，以法律为主干，以行政法规、地方性法规为重要组成部分，由宪法相关法、民法商法、行政法、经济法、社会法、刑法、诉讼与非诉讼程序法等多个法律部门组成的有机统一整体。
1.Tiers of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics(一)中国特色社会主义法律体系的层次
The Constitution is the paramount law of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.As China's fundamental law, the Constitution assumes the commanding position in the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics and is the fundamental guarantee of lasting stability and security, unity of ethnic groups, economic development and social progress.In China, people of all ethnic groups, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations, and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.宪法是中国特色社会主义法律体系的统帅。宪法是国家的根本法，在中国特色社会主义法律体系中居于统帅地位，是国家长治久安、民族团结、经济发展、社会进步的根本保障。在中国，各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则，并负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。China's present Constitution is one with Chinese characteristics and geared to the needs of socialist modernization, and is the general charter for governance of the country and good order of the nation.It was passed by the NPC in 1982 after nationwide discussion.Later, in accordance with the national economic and social development, the NPC passed four Amendments to the Constitution.China's Constitution defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state, affirms the leadership of the CPC, establishes the guiding role of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of the Three Represents, determines the state system as a people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, and takes the system of people's congresses as the form of administration.It rules that all state power belongs to the people and that the citizens enjoy extensive rights and freedom in accordance with the law, establishes the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the CPC, the system of regional ethnic autonomy and the system of primary-level self-governance, and specifies the basic economic system in which public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop side by side and the distribution system in which distribution according to work is dominant and diverse modes of distribution coexist.While maintaining its stability, China's Constitution is constantly improving and advancing with the times, along with the reform and opening up and the progress of the cause of socialist modernization.Promptly written into the Constitution are important experience, principles and systems that have been proven mature by practice, which fully reflects the outstanding achievements of China's reform and opening up, the great achievements of the cause of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics and the self-improvement and constant development of the socialist system, providing a fundamental guarantee for the progress of the reform and opening up, and socialist modernization.中国现行宪法是一部具有中国特色、符合社会主义现代化建设需要的宪法，是治国安邦的总章程。它是经过全民讨论，于1982年由全国人民代表大会通过的。根据国家经济社会的发展，全国人民代表大会先后通过了4个宪法修正案，对宪法的部分内容作了修改。中国宪法确立了国家的根本制度和根本任务，确立了中国共产党的领导地位，确立了马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想的指导地位，确立了工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的国体，确立了人民代表大会制度的政体，规定国家的一切权力属于人民、公民依法享有广泛的权利和自由，确立了中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度以及基层群众自治制度，确立了公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度和按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。The Constitution has supreme legal authority in the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.All laws, administrative and local regulations must be made in accordance with the Constitution and follow its basic principles, and must not contravene the Constitution.中国宪法在中国特色社会主义法律体系中具有最高的法律效力，一切法律、行政法规、地方性法规的制定都必须以宪法为依据，遵循宪法的基本原则，不得与宪法相抵触。
The laws are the main body of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.The Constitution stipulates that the NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.The laws formulated by the NPC and its Standing Committee are the main body of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, and deal with matters of fundamental and overall importance to national development and those which affect the country's stability and long-term development.The laws are the basis of the nation's legal system, and must not be contravened by administrative or local regulations.法律是中国特色社会主义法律体系的主干。中国宪法规定，全国人大及其常委会行使国家立法权。全国人大及其常委会制定的法律，是中国特色社会主义法律体系的主干，解决的是国家发展中带有根本性、全局性、稳定性和长期性的问题，是国家法制的基础，行政法规和地方性法规不得与法律相抵触。
The Law on Legislation ensures exclusive legislative power to the NPC and its Standing Committee.The NPC enacts and amends basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs, state organs and other matters;the Standing Committee of the NPC enacts and amends laws other than the ones to be enacted by the NPC.When the NPC is not in session, it may supplement and amend laws enacted by the NPC, but must not contradict the basic principles of such laws.The Law on Legislation also stipulates that the following must be governed by law: affairs concerning state sovereignty;formation, organization, and functions and powers of state organs;the system of regional ethnic autonomy;the system of special administrative regions;the system of primary-level self-governance;criminal offences and their punishment;mandatory measures and penalties involving deprivation of citizens' political rights or restriction of the freedom of the person;requisition of non-state-owned property;basic civil system;basic economic system;basic systems of fiscal administration, taxation, customs, finance and foreign trade;systems of litigation and arbitration;and other affairs.立法法规定了全国人大及其常委会的专属立法权。全国人民代表大会制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律；全国人民代表大会常务委员会制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律，在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，可以对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充和修改，但不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触。立法法还规定，对国家主权的事项，国家机构的产生、组织和职权，民族区域自治制度、特别行政区制度、基层群众自治制度，犯罪和刑罚，对公民政治权利的剥夺、限制人身自由的强制措施和处罚，对非国有财产的征收，民事基本制度，基本经济制度以及财政、税收、海关、金融和外贸的基本制度，诉讼和仲裁制度等事项，只能制定法律。
The laws enacted by the NPC and its Standing Committee establish the important and basic legal systems in the nation's economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction, are the main body of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics and provide an important basis for the formulation of administrative and local regulations.全国人大及其常委会制定的法律，确立了国家经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设各个方面重要的基本的法律制度，构成了中国特色社会主义法律体系的主干，也为行政法规、地方性法规的制定提供了重要依据。
Administrative regulations are an important component of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.The State Council formulates administrative regulations in accordance with the Constitution and laws, which is an important form of the State Council's implementation of its responsibility endowed by the Constitution and laws.The administrative regulations may regulate matters concerning the implementation of the provisions of the laws and performance of the administrative functions and powers of the State Council.For matters that shall be governed by laws to be formulated by the NPC and its Standing Committee, the State Council may enact administrative regulations first in its place with authorization from the NPC and its Standing Committee.The administrative regulations occupy an important position in the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics by detailing the related systems stipulated by laws, elaborating and supplementing the laws.行政法规是中国特色社会主义法律体系的重要组成部分。国务院根据宪法和法律，制定行政法规。这是国务院履行宪法和法律赋予的职责的重要形式。行政法规可以就执行法律的规定和履行国务院行政管理职权的事项作出规定，同时对应当由全国人大及其常委会制定法律的事项，国务院可以根据全国人大及其常委会的授权决定先制定行政法规。行政法规在中国特色社会主义法律体系中具有重要地位，是将法律规定的相关制度具体化，是对法律的细化和补充。
The State Council, in accordance with the actual needs of socioeconomic development and administrative work, has enacteda large number of administrative regulations which cover all areas of administration, concerning the nation's economic, political, cultural and social matters.They play an important role in the implementation of the Constitution and laws, the guaranteeing of the reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the promotion of comprehensive, balanced and sustainable economic and social development and the advancement of administration in accordance with law of the people's governments at all levels.国务院适应经济社会发展和行政管理的实际需要，按照法定权限和法定程序制定了大量行政法规，包括行政管理的各个领域，涉及国家经济、政治、文化、社会事务等各个方面，对于实施宪法和法律，保障改革开放和社会主义现代化建设，促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展，推进各级人民政府依法行政，发挥了重要作用。
Local regulations are another important component of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.The people's congresses and their standing committees of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, and the larger cities may, in accordance with the Constitution and laws, formulate local regulations, which is an important channel and form of the people's participation in the administration of state affairs and promotion of local economic and social development by law.The people's congresses and their standing committees of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government may, in the light of the specific local conditions and actual needs, formulate local regulations, provided that they do not contradict the Constitution, the laws and the administrative regulations.The people's congresses and their standing committees of the larger cities may, in the light of the specific local conditions and actual needs, formulate local regulations, provided that they do not contradict the Constitution, laws, administrative regulations and local regulations of their respective provinces or autonomous regions.Moreover, they shall submit such regulations to the standing committees of the people's congresses of the provinces or autonomous regions for approval before implementation.The people's congresses of the ethnic autonomous areas have the power to formulate autonomous regulations and separate regulations on the basis of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic group(s).Where certain provisions of the laws and administrative regulations are concerned, adaptation may be made in autonomous regulations and separate regulations, but such adaptation may not contradict the basic principles of the laws and administrative regulations.However, no adaptation may be made to the provisions of the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, or the provisions in other laws and administrative regulations that are specially formulated to govern the ethnic autonomous areas.The autonomous regulations and separate regulations of the autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the NPC for approval before they go into effect.The autonomous regulations and separate regulations of the autonomous prefectures or counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government for approval before they go into effect.The people's congresses and their standing committees of the provinces and cities where special economic zones are located may, upon authorization by the NPC and its Standing Committee and in the light of specific local conditions and actual needs, formulate regulations in accordance with provisions of the Constitution and basic principles of the laws and administrative regulations, and enforce them within the limits of the special economic zones.Local regulations may be formulated to govern matters requiring the formulation of rules to implement the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, and matters pertaining to local affairs.Except for matters governed by laws exclusively formulated by the NPC and its Standing Committee, local regulations can also be made on other matters which are not yet covered by existing laws and administrative regulations.The local regulations also occupy an important position in the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.They elaborate and supplement the laws and administrative regulations, extend and improve national legislation and accumulate useful experience for national legislation.地方性法规是中国特色社会主义法律体系的又一重要组成部分。根据宪法和法律，省、自治区、直辖市和较大的市的人大及其常委会可以制定地方性法规。这是人民依法参与国家事务管理、促进地方经济社会发展的重要途径和形式。省、自治区、直辖市的人大及其常委会根据本行政区域的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规。较大的市的人大及其常委会根据本市的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报省、自治区的人大常委会批准后施行。民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化特点，制定自治条例和单行条例；自治条例和单行条例可以对法律和行政法规的规定作出变通规定，但不得违背法律和行政法规的基本原则，不得对宪法和民族区域自治法的规定以及其他法律、行政法规专门就民族自治地方所作的规定作出变通规定；自治区的自治条例和单行条例报全国人大常委会批准后生效，自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例报省、自治区、直辖市的人大常委会批准后生效。经济特区所在地的省、市的人大及其常委会根据全国人大及其常委会的授权决定，可以根据经济特区的具体情况和实际需要，遵循宪法的规定以及法律、行政法规的基本原则，制定法规，在经济特区范围内实施。地方性法规可以就执行法律、行政法规的规定和属于地方性事务的事项作出规定，同时除只能由全国人大及其常委会制定法律的事项外，对其他事项国家尚未制定法律或者行政法规的，可以先制定地方性法规。地方性法规在中国特色社会主义法律体系中同样具有重要地位，是对法律、行政法规的细化和补充，是国家立法的延伸和完善，为国家立法积累了有益经验。
Local people's congresses and their standing committees, which actively exercise local legislative functions and powers, have enacted a large number of local regulations in the light of the actual conditions of local economic and social development, playing an important role in guaranteeing the effective implementation of the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations within their respective administrative regions, and promoting the reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive.地方人大及其常委会积极行使地方立法职权，从地方经济社会发展实际出发，制定了大量地方性法规，对保证宪法、法律和行政法规在本行政区域内的有效实施，促进改革开放和社会主义现代化建设，发挥了重要作用。
2.Branches of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics(二)中国特色社会主义法律体系的部门
Laws related to the Constitution.The laws related to the Constitution are the collection of legal norms supporting the Constitution and directly guaranteeing its enforcement and the operation of state power.They regulate the political relationships of the state and mainly consist of laws in relation to the establishment, organization, functions, powers and basic working principles of state organs;laws on the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the system of special administrative regions and the primary-level self-governance;laws in relation to maintaining state sovereignty, territorial integrity, national security and national symbols;and laws in relation to guaranteeing the basic political rights of citizens.By the end of August 2011 China had enacted 38 laws related to the Constitution, as well as a number of administrative and local regulations.宪法相关法。宪法相关法是与宪法相配套、直接保障宪法实施和国家政权运作等方面的法律规范，调整国家政治关系，主要包括国家机构的产生、组织、职权和基本工作原则方面的法律，民族区域自治制度、特别行政区制度、基层群众自治制度方面的法律，维护国家主权、领土完整、国家安全、国家标志象征方面的法律，保障公民基本政治权利方面的法律。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定宪法相关法方面的法律38部和一批行政法规、地方性法规。
China has formulated electoral laws related to the NPC and local people's congresses at all levels, organic laws of local people's congresses and people's governments at all levels, and developed mechanisms for the election of deputies of the people's congresses and the leadership of state organs, providing an institutional guarantee for the people's exercise of state power and a legal basis for the formation of state organs.It has enacted organic laws of the NPC, the State Council, the People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates, and established systems concerning the organization, function and power and limits of related state organs.To implement the “one country, two systems” policy and realize national reunification, it has promulgated the basic laws of the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and established the system of special administrative region which has ensured the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and Macao.It has formulated organic laws governing urban residents' committees and villagers' committees for the establishment of urban and rural primary-level self-governance.In this way, citizens directly exercise the rights of democratic election, decision, administration and supervision by law, and implement democratic self-government of public and welfare affairs at the grassroots level, which have become the most direct and extensive democratic practices in the country.China has promulgated the Law on the Procedure for the Conclusion of Treaties, Law on Territorial Waters and the Contiguous Zones, Law on Exclusive Economic Zones and the Continental Shelf, Anti-Secession Law, Law on the National Flag, Law on the National Emblem, and other laws, and established a legal system which maintains state sovereignty and territorial integrity while safeguarding the fundamental interests of the country.It has enacted the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, Law on State Compensation, and other laws, as well as administrative regulations concerning ethnic group, religion, petition, and publication and registration of mass organizations, which guarantee the basic political rights of the citizens.中国制定了全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法等法律，建立了人民代表大会代表和国家机构领导人员选举制度，为保证人民当家作主提供了制度保障，为国家机构的产生提供了合法基础；制定了全国人民代表大会组织法、国务院组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法等法律，建立了有关国家机构的组织、职权和权限等方面的制度；为贯彻落实“一国两制”方针，实现国家统一，制定了香港特别行政区基本法、澳门特别行政区基本法，建立了特别行政区制度，保持了香港、澳门的长期繁荣和稳定；制定了居民委员会组织法和村民委员会组织法，建立了城乡基层群众自治制度。公民依法直接行使民主选举、民主决策、民主管理和民主监督的权利，对基层组织的公共事务和公益事业实行民主自治，这成为中国最直接、最广泛的民主实践。制定了缔结条约程序法、领海及毗连区法、专属经济区和大陆架法、反分裂国家法和国旗法、国徽法等法律，建立了维护国家主权和领土完整的法律制度，捍卫了国家的根本利益；制定了集会游行示威法、国家赔偿法等法律以及民族、宗教、信访、出版、社团登记方面的行政法规，保障了公民基本政治权利。
China fully protects its citizens' right to vote and stand for election.Elections follow the principles of universal suffrage and equality, and are carried out in the forms of direct, indirect and competitive elections.The Constitution stipulates that all citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18, except persons who have been deprived of their political rights in accordance with the law, shall have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence.To guarantee its citizens' right to vote and stand for election, China is constantly modifying and improving the electoral system in accordance with the country's actual conditions, and has gradually realized the election of deputies to the people's congresses consonant with the proportion of the populations in urban and rural areas, and ensured that an appropriate number of representatives can appear at the NPC from all regions, ethnic groups and walks of life, realizing complete equality of the voting right of urban and rural residents.中国充分保障公民的选举权和被选举权。选举实行普遍、平等、直接选举和间接选举相结合以及差额选举的原则。中国宪法规定，年满18周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，除依法被剥夺政治权利的人外，都有选举权和被选举权。为保障公民的选举权和被选举权，根据国情和实际，中国不断修改完善选举制度，逐步实现了城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，并保证各地区、各民族、各方面都有适当数量的代表，实现了城乡居民选举权的完全平等。
China has enacted the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, which ensures the implementation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy, fully respects and guarantees the right of ethnic minorities to administer their own affairs, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of the ethnic minorities by law.According to the Constitution and laws, China has currently 155 ethnic autonomous areas, i.e.five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties(banners).In addition, there are over 1,100 villages where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities.According to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, ethnic autonomous areas have extensive autonomous power.First, they have the exclusive right to govern the local affairs of their ethnic groups and other affairs within their respective administrative regions.The chairman or vice-chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an ethnic autonomous area must be a member of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy in the area, and the head of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county must be a citizen of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.Secondly, the people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or groups in the areas concerned, and by law may also make adaptations to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations in the light of the characteristics of the ethnic group(s)in the areas concerned.By the end of August 2011, the ethnic autonomous areas had enacted more than 780 regulations on the exercise of autonomy, as well as separate regulations, which are currently in force.Thirdly, ethnic autonomous areas use and develop their own spoken and written languages.Fifty-three of the 55 minority groups have their own languages, and there are altogether 72 languages;29 minority groups have their own scripts.The system of regional ethnic autonomy established by the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy is consistent with the common interests and development needs of all China's ethnic groups.It guarantees the minority groups' self-government of their own affairs by law, their democratic participation in the administration of state and social affairs, and their equal entitlement to economic, political, social and cultural rights, and maintains relations of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony among ethnic groups.中国制定了民族区域自治法，实行民族区域自治制度，充分尊重和保障各少数民族管理本民族内部事务的权利，依法保障各少数民族的合法权益。目前，依据宪法和法律，中国共建立了155个民族自治地方，包括5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县(旗)。此外，还建立了1100多个民族乡。根据宪法和民族区域自治法的规定，民族自治地方拥有广泛的自治权。一是自主管理本民族、本地区的内部事务。民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中，都有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任；自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长全部由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。二是民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例，并可以依照当地民族的特点，依法对法律和行政法规的规定作出变通规定。截至2011年8月底，民族自治地方共制定现行有效的自治条例和单行条例780多部。三是使用和发展本民族语言文字。中国55个少数民族中，53个民族有自己的语言，共使用72种语言；29个少数民族有本民族的文字。中国宪法和民族区域自治法确立的民族区域自治制度，符合中国各民族人民的共同利益和发展要求，保障各少数民族依法自主管理本民族事务，民主参与国家和社会事务管理，平等享有经济、政治、社会和文化权利，维护了平等、团结、互助、和谐的民族关系。China respects and upholds human rights.The Constitution has comprehensive stipulations on the fundamental rights and freedoms of the citizens.The state has promulgated a series of laws and regulations and has developed a comparatively complete legal system to protect human rights, and ensures the citizens' right to subsistence and development, personal rights and property rights, freedom of religious belief, of speech, of the press, of the assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration, the right to social security and education, as well as other economic, political, social and cultural rights.The Constitution stipulates that citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy the freedom of religious belief.No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion;nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.The State Council has also promulgated the Regulations on Religious Affairs.Currently China has a total of more than 100 million believers in various religions, and the state fully protects its citizens' freedom of religious belief.The Constitution also provides that citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their civic rights by any state organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with the provisions of the law.The state has enacted the Law on State Compensation and established the system of state compensation to effectively guarantee the right to state compensation of all citizens, legal persons and other organizations in accordance with the law.中国尊重和保障人权。中国宪法全面规定了公民的基本权利和自由，制定了一系列保障人权的法律法规，建立了较为完备的保障人权的法律制度，依法保障公民的生存权和发展权，公民的人身权、财产权和宗教信仰自由、言论出版自由、集会结社自由、游行示威自由以及社会保障权、受教育权等经济、政治、社会、文化权利得到切实维护。中国宪法规定，公民有信仰宗教的自由，任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。国务院还颁布了宗教事务条例。目前，中国共有各种宗教信徒一亿多人，公民的宗教信仰自由得到充分保障。中国宪法还规定，由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人，有依照法律规定取得赔偿的权利。中国制定了国家赔偿法，建立国家赔偿制度，有效保障公民、法人和其他组织依法取得国家赔偿的权利。
Civil and commercial laws.Civil laws adjust property and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons, and follow the principles of equal status between civil subjects, autonomy of will, fairness, honesty and credibility, and other basic principles.Commercial laws adjust commercial relationships between business subjects, and follow the basic principles of Civil Law and the principles of the freedom of commercial transaction, compensation of equal value and convenience and safety, among other principles.By the end of August 2011 China had promulgated 33 civil and commercial laws, as well as a large number of administrative and local regulations concerning commercial activities.民法商法。民法是调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民和法人之间的财产关系和人身关系的法律规范，遵循民事主体地位平等、意思自治、公平、诚实信用等基本原则。商法调整商事主体之间的商事关系，遵循民法的基本原则，同时秉承保障商事交易自由、等价有偿、便捷安全等原则。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定民法商法方面的法律33部和一大批规范商事活动的行政法规、地方性法规。
The state enacted the General Principles of the Civil Law, which establishes the basic principles that shall be followed in civil and commercial activities, and defines the target of regulation and basic principles of civil laws, as well as the systems concerning civil subjects, civil activities, civil rights and civil liability.With the development of the market economy, China gradually formulated the Contract Law, Property Law, Law on the Contracting of Rural Land and other laws, and established and improved the system of creditors' rights and the system of property rights including the proprietary rights, usufructuary rights and collateral rights;enacted the Tort Law and improved the tort responsibility system;promulgated the Marriage Law, Adoption Law, Succession Law and other laws and established and improved the marriage and family system;formulated the Law of the Application of Law in Foreign-related Civil Relations and improved the legal system of civil relations with foreigners;made the Company Law, Partnership Enterprise Law, Law on Individual Proprietorship Enterprises, Law on Commercial Banks, Law on Securities Investment Fund, Law on Specialized Farmers' Cooperatives, and other laws, and established and improved the system of business subjects.It also promulgated Securities Law, Maritime Code, Negotiable Instruments Law, Insurance Law and other laws, and established and improved the system of commercial activities.The systems of maritime trade, negotiable instruments, insurance, securities and other market economic activities gradually took form and quickly developed.中国制定了民法通则，对民事商事活动应当遵循的基本规则作出规定，明确了民法的调整对象、基本原则以及民事主体、民事行为、民事权利和民事责任制度。随着市场经济的发展，中国陆续制定了合同法、物权法、农村土地承包法等法律，建立健全了债权制度和包括所有权、用益物权、担保物权的物权制度；制定了侵权责任法，完善了侵权责任制度；制定了婚姻法、收养法、继承法等法律，建立和完善了婚姻家庭制度；制定了涉外民事关系法律适用法，健全了涉外民事关系法律适用制度；制定了公司法、合伙企业法、个人独资企业法、商业银行法、证券投资基金法、农民专业合作社法等法律，建立健全了商事主体制度；制定了证券法、海商法、票据法、保险法等法律，建立健全了商事行为制度，中国的海上贸易、票据、保险、证券等市场经济活动制度逐步建立并迅速发展。
China attaches great importance to the protection of intellectual property rights, and has promulgated a large number of laws and regulations, including the Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law, Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software, Regulations on the Protection of Integrated Circuit Layout Design, Regulations on the Collective Administration of Copyright, Regulations on the Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information, Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Regulations on the Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Regulations on the Administration of Special Signs, Regulations on the Protection of Olympic Symbols, and other laws and regulations, centered on the protection of intellectual property rights.The promulgation of the Trademark Law in 1982 marked the beginning of China's systematic development of a modern legal system covering intellectual property rights.To further enhance the protection of intellectual property rights in China and meet the requirements for joining the WTO, China has been constantly improving the legal system of intellectual property rights, and has made a number of amendments to the Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law and other laws to highlight legal protection of the promotion of scientific and technological advancement and innovation from the perspectives of the principles of legislation, the contents of rights, the standard of protection and the means of legal remedy, among others.By the end of 2010, the state had approved over 3,890,000 patents of various types, and effectively registered over 4,600,000 trademarks, including 670,000 trademarks from 177 countries and regions.According to incomplete statistics, during the period 2001-2010 copyright administration organs at various levels confiscated 707 million pirated copies, delivered 93,000 administrative penalties and transferred 2,500 cases to judicial organs.中国高度重视保护知识产权，颁布实施了专利法、商标法、著作权法和计算机软件保护条例、集成电路布图设计保护条例、著作权集体管理条例、信息网络传播权保护条例、植物新品种保护条例、知识产权海关保护条例、特殊标志管理条例、奥林匹克标志保护条例等以保护知识产权为主要内容的一大批法律法规。1982年制定的商标法是中国开始系统建立现代知识产权法律制度的重要标志，为进一步提高中国的知识产权保护水平，并适应加入世界贸易组织的需要，中国不断健全知识产权法律制度，先后多次对专利法、商标法、著作权法等法律法规进行修改，在立法原则、权利内容、保护标准、法律救济手段等方面，更加突出对促进科技进步与创新的法律保护。截至2010年底，中国累计授予各类专利389万多件；有效注册商标达460万多件，其中来自177个国家和地区的注册商标有67万多件。据不完全统计，2001年至2010年，各级版权行政管理部门共收缴侵权盗版复制品7.07亿件，行政处罚案件93000多起，移送司法机关的案件2500多件。
To promote the reform and opening up, and expand international economic cooperation and technical exchanges, China enacted Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, Law on Foreign-funded Enterprises and Law on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, with provisions on the investment conditions, procedures, operation, supervision, administration, and the protection of legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors in China.The state has established the principle that foreign investors should respect China's sovereignty when investing in China and other principles, including the protection of investors' legitimate rights and interests, equality and mutual benefit, extending of preferential policies and conforming to international prevailing norms, creating a favorable environment for foreign investors in China.To better implement the principles of equality and mutual benefit and conforming to international prevailing norms, China has made several amendments to the above three laws, and fully guarantees the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors in their investment and commercial activities in China.By the end of 2010 China had approved the establishment of 710,747 foreign-funded enterprises with an actual investment of US$1.107858 trillion, which fully demonstrates the constant improvement of China's legal system regarding the protection of foreign investors.为推进改革开放，扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，中国制定了中外合资经营企业法、外资企业法、中外合作经营企业法，对外国投资者在中国的投资条件、程序、经营、监督、管理和合法权益的保障等作出规定，确定了外国投资者在中国投资应当尊重中国国家主权的原则，以及中国保护投资者合法权益、平等互利、给予优惠、遵循国际通行规则等原则，为外国投资者在中国进行投资创造了良好的环境。为更好地体现平等互利和遵循国际通行规则，中国多次对这三部法律进行修改完善，充分保障了外国投资者在中国投资、开展经贸活动的合法权益。截至2010年底，中国共批准设立外商投资企业710747家，实际使用外资金额11078.58亿美元，充分表明中国保护外国投资者的法律制度日益完善。
Administrative laws.Administrative laws are the collection of legal norms on the granting, execution and supervision of administrative power.They regulate the relationships between administrative authorities and subjects of administration because of administrative activities, follow the principles of statutory remit, statutory procedure, fairness and openness, and effective supervision, and guarantee the discharge of the functions and powers of administrative organs, as well as the rights of citizens, legal persons and other organizations.By the end of August 2011 China had enacted 79 administrative laws and a large number of administrative and local regulations regulating administrative power.行政法。行政法是关于行政权的授予、行政权的行使以及对行政权的监督的法律规范，调整的是行政机关与行政管理相对人之间因行政管理活动发生的关系，遵循职权法定、程序法定、公正公开、有效监督等原则，既保障行政机关依法行使职权，又注重保障公民、法人和其他组织的权利。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定行政法方面的法律79部和一大批规范行政权力的行政法规、地方性法规。
China attaches great importance to the regulation of the administrative organs' execution of their power, strengthens the supervision of the execution of administrative power in accordance with the law, and ensures the correct execution of administrative power by administrative organs.China has formulated the Law on Administrative Penalties, established the basic principles of penalty by law, fairness and openness, corresponding penalty for offence and combination of penalty and education, standardized the enactment rights of administrative penalties, developed fairly complete procedures of the decision and execution of administrative penalties, and established the hearing system of administrative penalties, by which an administrative organ, before making a decision on administrative penalty that may have a significance influence on the production and life of the party concerned, shall notify the party the right to request a hearing.The state has promulgated the Administrative Reconsideration Law, established the self-correction mechanism within administrative organs, and provided remedies to citizens, legal persons and other organizations for the protection of their legitimate rights and interests.Under this law, about 80,000 cases of administrative dispute are handled each year.The state has enacted the Administrative Licensing Law, which regulates the institution, executive organs and procedures of administrative licensing, standardizes the system of administrative licensing, and, in order to reduce the number of administrative licensing, defines the matters involved in the application for administrative licensing.It also stipulates that administrative licensing will not be used for matters in which citizens, legal persons and other organizations can make decisions themselves, matters which can be effectively regulated by the competitive mechanism of the market, matters which the organizations of trades or intermediary bodies can manage through self-discipline, and matters which administrative departments can solve by other administrative means such as subsequent supervision.In order to thoroughly implement the Administrative Licensing Law, the 11th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 10th NPC passed nine amendments, removing 11 types of administrative licensing.The State Council canceled 1,749 matters of administrative licensing at the central level, changed the administrative method for 121 matters and transferred 46 matters to lower administrative levels.The state has promulgated the Administrative Coercion Law, which clearly defines the principles of the institution and execution of administrative enforcement, standardizes the types, statutory limits, executive bodies and procedures of administrative enforcement, providing a legal basis for the guarantee and supervision of the administrative organs' performance of administrative functions and powers in accordance with the law, and the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations.中国十分重视对行政机关行使权力的规范，依法加强对行政权力行使的监督，确保行政机关依法正确行使权力。中国制定了行政处罚法，确立了处罚法定、公正公开、过罚相当、处罚与教育相结合等基本原则，规范了行政处罚的设定权，规定了较为完备的行政处罚决定和执行程序，建立了行政处罚听证制度，行政机关在作出对当事人的生产生活可能产生重大影响的行政处罚决定前，赋予当事人要求听证的权利。制定了行政复议法，规定了行政机关内部自我纠正错误的机制，为公民、法人和其他组织合法权益提供救济。依据这部法律，平均每年通过行政复议处理行政争议8万多件。制定了行政许可法，规定了行政许可的设定、实施机关和实施程序，规范了行政许可制度，并为减少行政许可，明确了可以设定行政许可的事项，同时规定，在公民、法人或者其他组织能够自主决定、市场竞争机制能够有效调节、行业组织和中介机构能够自律管理、行政机关采用事后监督等其他行政管理方式能够解决的情形下，不设行政许可。为了贯彻落实行政许可法，十届全国人大常委会第十一次会议一次通过9个法律修正案，取消11项行政许可；国务院先后撤销了中央一级的许可事项1749项、改变管理方式121项、下放管理层级46项。制定了行政强制法，明确了设定和实施行政强制的原则，规范了行政强制的种类、设定权限、实施主体和实施程序，为保证和监督行政机关依法行政，保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，提供了法律依据。
China attaches great importance to the protection of the ecological environment for mankind's survival and sustainable development.The state has promulgated the Environmental Protection Law, which lays down the basic principle of coordinated development of economic construction, social development and environmental protection, and dictates that governments at all levels, all organizations and individuals have the right and duty to protect the environment.To prevent negative impact on the environment in the course of project construction, the state has enacted the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment.The state has enacted laws for specific targets in environmental protection, such as those on prevention and control of water pollution, marine environment, atmospheric pollution, environmental noise pollution, environmental pollution by solid waste, radioactive pollution, and other laws.The State Council has formulated the Regulations on the Administration of Environmental Protection of Project Construction, Regulations on the Safe Management of Hazardous Chemicals, Regulations on the Collection and Use of Pollutant Discharge Fees, Measures on the Administration of Permits for Operations Involving Hazardous Waste, and other administrative regulations.The local people's congresses, in the light of the specific local conditions in their respective areas, have drawn up a large number of local regulations on environmental protection.China has established a system of national environmental protection standards, and had implemented over 1,300 national environmental protection standards by the end of 2010.China is also constantly strengthening the administrative enforcement of environmental protection laws.Over the past five years the state has investigated over 80,000 cases of violation of environmental protection laws, and has closed down 7,293 offending operations in accordance with the law.中国重视保护人类赖以生存和持续发展的生态环境，制定了环境保护法，确立了经济建设、社会发展与环境保护协调发展的基本方针，规定了各级政府、一切单位和个人保护环境的权利和义务。为预防建设项目对环境产生不利影响，制定了环境影响评价法。针对特定环境保护对象，制定了水污染防治、海洋环境保护、大气污染防治、环境噪声污染防治、固体废物污染环境防治、放射性污染防治等法律。国务院制定了建设项目环境保护管理条例、危险化学品安全管理条例、排污费征收使用管理条例、危险废物经营许可证管理办法等行政法规。地方人大结合本地区的具体情况，制定了一大批环境保护方面的地方性法规。中国已经建立了国家环境保护标准体系，截至2010年底，共颁布1300余项国家环境保护标准。中国还不断加强环境领域行政执法，近5年来，共依法查处环境违法企业8万多家(次)，取缔关闭违法排污企业7293家。
China has also enacted the Education Law, Compulsory Education Law, Higher Education Law, Vocational Education Law, Teachers Law, Regulations on the Administration of Kindergartens, Regulations on the Qualifications of Teachers, and Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools to establish and improve its national education system.It has enacted the Drug Administration Law, Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, Blood Donation Law, Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Law on Physical Culture and Sport, Frontier Health and Quarantine Law, Food Safety Law, Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices, Regulations on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Anti-Doping Regulations to establish and improve the medical health system to ensure the people's health and safety.It has enacted the Law on Residents' Identity Cards, Law on the Control of Frontier Exit and Entry of Citizens, Law on the Control of Guns, Fire Prevention Law, Law on the Control of Narcotics, Law on Public Security Penalties, Emergency Response Law, Regulations on Detention Centers, Regulations on Safety Management of Large-Scale Mass Activities, and Regulations on the Safety Administration of Fireworks and Firecrackers to establish and improve systems aimed at maintaining social order and stability, promoting social harmony and ensuring public security.China has enacted the Civil Servants Law, People's Police Law, Law on Diplomatic Personnel, and Punishment Ordinance for Civil Servants Working in Administrative Organs to set up and improve the system of public service.China has enacted the National Defense Mobilization Law, Law on the Protection of Military Installations, Civil Air Defense Law, Military Service Law, Law on National Defense Education, Regulations on the Recruitment of Soldiers, and Militia Work Regulations to establish and improve the system of national defense and armed forces building.It has formulated the Law on Science and Technology Progress, Law on Popularization of Science and Technology, Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Law on the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Regulations on the Protection of Fossils, Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, and Regulations on the Administration of Films to establish and improve the system to promote scientific and technological progress, and protect and nourish culture.中国还制定了教育法、义务教育法、高等教育法、职业教育法、教师法和幼儿园管理条例、教师资格条例、中外合作办学条例等法律法规，建立健全了国民教育制度；制定了药品管理法、母婴保健法、献血法、传染病防治法、体育法、国境卫生检疫法、食品安全法和医疗器械监督管理条例、中医药条例、反兴奋剂条例等法律法规，建立健全了保障公民身体健康、生命安全的医药卫生制度；制定了居民身份证法、公民出境入境管理法、枪支管理法、消防法、禁毒法、治安管理处罚法、突发事件应对法和看守所条例、大型群众性活动安全管理条例、烟花爆竹安全管理条例等法律法规，建立健全了维护社会秩序和稳定、促进社会和谐、保障公共安全的制度；制定了公务员法、人民警察法、驻外外交人员法和行政机关公务员处分条例等法律法规，建立健全了国家公务员制度；制定了国防动员法、军事设施保护法、人民防空法、兵役法、国防教育法和征兵工作条例、民兵工作条例等法律法规，建立健全了国防和军队建设制度；制定了科学技术进步法、科学技术普及法、文物保护法、非物质文化遗产法和古生物化石保护条例、长城保护条例、电影管理条例等法律法规，建立健全了促进科技进步、保护和繁荣文化的制度。
Economic laws.Economic laws are a collection of laws and regulations which adjust social and economic relations arising from the state's intervening in, managing and regulating economic activities for the society's overall interests.They provide legal devices and an institutional framework for the state to conduct appropriate intervention in, and macro control of the market economy, thereby preventing malpractices resulting from spontaneous and blind operation of the market economy.By the end of August 2011 China had formulated 60 economic laws and a large number of related administrative and local regulations.经济法。经济法是调整国家从社会整体利益出发，对经济活动实行干预、管理或者调控所产生的社会经济关系的法律规范。经济法为国家对市场经济进行适度干预和宏观调控提供法律手段和制度框架，防止市场经济的自发性和盲目性所导致的弊端。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定经济法方面的法律60部和一大批相关行政法规、地方性法规。
China has enacted the Budget Law, Price Law, and Law on the People's Bank of China to exercise macro-control and management over economic activities.It has formulated the Law on Corporate Income Tax, Individual Income Tax Law, Law on Vehicle and Vessel Taxation, Law on the Administration of Tax Collection, Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax, Provisional Regulations on Business Tax, and Provisional Regulations on City Maintenance and Construction Tax to improve the taxation system.It has enacted the Law on Regulation and Supervision of the Banking Industry, and Law on Anti-Money Laundering to supervise and regulate the banking industry to ensure its safe operation.It has enacted the Agriculture Law, Seed Law, and Law on Agricultural Product Quality and Safety to guarantee agricultural development and food safety of the country.It has formulated the Railway Law, Highway Law, Civil Aviation Law, and Electric Power Law to supervise and administer key industries and promote their development.It has formulated the Land Administration Law, Forest Law, Water Law, and Mineral Resources Law to regulate the rational exploitation and utilization of important natural resources.It has enacted the Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, and Law on the Promotion of Clean Production to promote the effective utilization of energy and development of renewable energy.中国制定了预算法、价格法、中国人民银行法等法律，对经济活动实施宏观调控和管理；制定了企业所得税法、个人所得税法、车船税法、税收征收管理法等法律，以及增值税暂行条例、营业税暂行条例、城市维护建设税暂行条例等行政法规，不断健全税收制度；制定了银行业监督管理法、反洗钱法等法律，对金融行业的安全运行实施监督管理；制定了农业法、种子法、农产品质量安全法等法律，保障农业发展和国家粮食安全；制定了铁路法、公路法、民用航空法、电力法等法律，对重要行业实施监督管理和产业促进；制定了土地管理法、森林法、水法、矿产资源法等法律，规范重要自然资源的合理开发和利用；制定了节约能源法、可再生能源法、循环经济促进法、清洁生产促进法等法律，促进能源的有效利用和可再生能源开发。
China stresses the use of laws to safeguard fair and orderly competition among market players.The Anti-Unfair Competition Law is an important law formulated by China during its transition from the planned economy to the market economy.By drawing lessons from other countries, it makes provisions to forbid counterfeiting, commercial bribery, false publicity, infringement on trade secrets, unfair lottery-attached sales and vilifying competitors to safeguard the rights and interests of commercial operators and enable them to compete fairly and justly.The Price Law stipulates that the state institutes and gradually improves a mechanism under which prices are formed mainly by the market under the state's macro-economic control.The prices of most commodities and services shall be regulated by the market while the prices of a very small number of commodities and services shall be guided or fixed by the government.The Anti-Monopoly Law has prohibitive provisions on monopolistic agreements, abuse of dominant market positions, and concentration of business operators that eliminates or restricts competition.China has carried out reforms to its fiscal, taxation, banking, foreign exchange and investment systems, establishing a macro-management system suited to the market economy.Remarkable achievements have been made in the deregulation of markets within the Chinese economy.中国重视通过法律保障市场主体之间的公平、有序竞争。反不正当竞争法是中国由计划经济向市场经济转轨时期制定的一部重要法律，借鉴国际经验，规定禁止仿冒、商业贿赂、虚假宣传、侵犯商业秘密、不正当有奖销售、诋毁竞争对手等不正当竞争行为，维护经营者公平竞争的权益。价格法规定国家实行并逐步完善宏观调控下主要由市场形成价格的机制，大多数商品和服务实行市场调节价，极少数商品和服务实行政府指导价或者政府定价。反垄断法对垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位、排除、限制竞争的经营者集中等垄断行为作了禁止性规定。中国依法对财税、金融、外汇、投资等体制进行改革，建立了与市场经济相适应的宏观管理体系。中国经济的市场化进程取得了举世瞩目的成就。
China actively discharges its obligations within the framework of the WTO, constantly improves its legal system regarding foreign trade, and has established a foreign trade system suited to the socialist market economy.It has clearly defined the rights and obligations of those engaged in foreign trade, and has improved the system of managing import and export of goods, technologies and the international service trade.It has established a foreign trade survey and promotion system with Chinese characteristics.In the light of WTO rules, China has improved its trade remedy system, customs supervision, and import and export commodity inspection and quarantine system, and established a unified and transparent foreign trade system.China's foreign trade has been expanding rapidly, and the ratio of its total export-import volume to the international trade volumes keeps rising.In 2010 the ratio of China's exports in the world's total was 10.4 percent.中国积极履行在世界贸易组织框架内承担的义务，不断完善对外贸易法律制度，确立了社会主义市场经济条件下的对外贸易体制，规范了对外贸易经营者的权利和义务，健全了货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易管理制度，建立了具有中国特色的对外贸易调查制度和对外贸易促进体制，并根据世界贸易组织规则完善了贸易救济制度以及海关监管和进出口商品检验检疫制度，确立了统一、透明的对外贸易制度。中国对外贸易快速增长，进出口总额在世界贸易中的地位不断提升。2010年中国出口占世界出口的比重达10.4%。
Social laws.China's social laws are the collection of laws and regulations with respect to the adjustment of labor relations, social security, social welfare and protection of the rights and interests of special groups.It follows the principle of justice, harmony and appropriate state intervention.By performing their duties, the state and society provide necessary protection for the rights and interests of laborers, the unemployed, the incapacitated for work, as well as other special groups in need of help so as to safeguard social equity and promote social harmony.By the end of August 2011, China had enacted 18 laws in this particular field and a large number of administrative and local regulations to regulate labor relations and social security.社会法。社会法是调整劳动关系、社会保障、社会福利和特殊群体权益保障等方面的法律规范，遵循公平和谐和国家适度干预原则，通过国家和社会积极履行责任，对劳动者、失业者、丧失劳动能力的人以及其他需要扶助的特殊人群的权益提供必要的保障，维护社会公平，促进社会和谐。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定社会法方面的法律18件和一大批规范劳动关系和社会保障的行政法规、地方性法规。
China's Labor Law deals with labor relations and other relationships closely related to them, such as labor protection, labor safety and hygiene, occupational training, labor disputes and labor supervision, thus establishing China's basic labor system.China has enacted the Law on Mine Safety, Law on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, and Production Safety Law and some other laws, making provisions for safe production and prevention of occupational diseases, and strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of laborers.It has enacted the Labor Contract Law, Employment Promotion Law, and Law on Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration, thus establishing and improving the system, which is suited to the socialist market economy, of labor contract, employment promotion and labor dispute settlement.It has enacted the Red Cross Society Law, Law on Donation for Public Welfare Undertakings and Regulations on Foundation Administration, thereby establishing and improving the system that promotes the development and administration of public welfare undertakings.It has formulated the Trade Union Law and revised it twice, defining the status of trade unions in the country's political, economic and social life, clarifying the rights and obligations of trade unions, and playing an active role in safeguarding laborers' legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law.中国制定了劳动法，将劳动关系以及与劳动关系密切联系的劳动保护、劳动安全卫生、职业培训以及劳动争议、劳动监察等关系纳入调整范围，确立了中国的基本劳动制度；制定了矿山安全法、职业病防治法、安全生产法等法律，对安全生产、职业病预防等事项作了规定，加强了对劳动者权益的保护；制定了劳动合同法、就业促进法和劳动争议调解仲裁法，建立健全了适应社会主义市场经济的劳动合同、促进就业和解决劳动争议的制度；制定了红十字会法、公益事业捐赠法和基金会管理条例等法律法规，建立健全了促进社会公益事业发展和管理的制度；制定了工会法，并先后两次进行修订，确定了工会在国家政治、经济和社会生活中的地位，明确了工会的权利和义务，对工会依法维护劳动者的合法权益发挥了积极作用。
China attaches importance to the building of its social security system.It has enacted the Social Insurance Law, established a social insurance system which covers both rural and urban residents, basic endowment insurance, basic health insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance, guaranteeing that all citizens can get necessary material aid and living allowances when they get old, sick, injured or unemployed, or give birth.It stipulates that the basic endowment funds should be managed at the national level, and other social insurance funds managed at the provincial level.It has set up a system for the inter-regional transfer of laborers' social security.The State Council has enacted the Regulations on Unemployment Insurance, Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance, Provisional Regulations on Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums, and Regulations on the Work Regarding the Rural Five Guarantees.It has decided to establish a new rural endowment insurance and new rural cooperative health care system.They all play an important role in promoting the building of a social security system.The gradual establishment of the social security system provides legal guarantee for the Chinese government to accelerate the building of the social security network in accordance with the law, safeguard social equality and build a harmonious society.At present, the coverage of China's social security is expanding from state-owned enterprises to various social and economic organizations, from workers and staff members of organizations to self-employed people and other residents, and from the urban areas to the rural areas.By the end of 2010 the endowment insurance system of urban workers covered 257 million people, an increase of 1.7 times compared with 2002, and the new rural endowment insurance system covered 103 million people.The basic health insurance for rural and urban residents covered 1.26 billion people, 13 times the number in 2002.Work-related injury insurance covered 161 million people.The coverage of unemployment insurance and maternity insurance is also expanding rapidly.The State Council has also formulated the Measures for Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with No Means of Support in Cities, Regulations on Legal Aid, Regulations on Natural Disaster Relief, and Regulations on Minimum Subsistence Allowance for Urban Residents, and has decided to set up a minimum subsistence allowance program for rural residents, thus basically establishing a social relief system covering both urban and rural areas.By the end of 2010 some 77 million residents with financial difficulties in China received minimum subsistence allowance.The level of China's social security is constantly improving, and people are sharing the fruits of development.中国重视社会保障制度建设，制定了社会保险法，确立了覆盖城乡全体居民的社会保险体系，建立了基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、工伤保险、失业保险和生育保险五项保险制度，保障公民在年老、患病、工伤、失业、生育等情况下，能够获得必要的物质帮助和生活保障；明确基本养老保险基金逐步实行全国统筹，其他社会保险基金逐步实行省级统筹；规定了劳动者在不同统筹地区就业社会保险关系转移接续制度。国务院还制定了失业保险条例、工伤保险条例和社会保险费征缴暂行条例、农村五保供养工作条例等行政法规，并决定建立新型农村养老保险和新型农村合作医疗制度，对推动社会保障制度建设，发挥了重要作用。社会保障制度的逐步确立，为中国政府依法加快社会保障体系建设，维护社会公平，构建和谐社会，提供了法制保障。目前，中国的社会保障覆盖面越来越大，逐步从国有企业扩大到各类社会经济组织，从单位职工扩大到灵活就业人员和居民，从城镇扩大到农村。截至2010年底，城镇职工养老保险制度覆盖2.57亿人，比2002年增加了约1.7倍；新型农村养老保险制度覆盖了1.03亿人；城乡基本医疗保险覆盖12.6亿人，是2002年的13倍；工伤保险参保1.61亿人；失业保险、生育保险覆盖面也迅速扩大。国务院还制定了城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法、法律援助条例、自然灾害救助条例、城市居民最低生活保障条例等行政法规，并决定建立农村最低生活保障制度，中国覆盖城乡的社会救助体系已基本建立。截至2010年底，中国共有7700万困难群众享受最低生活保障待遇。中国社会保障的水平不断提高，人民群众切实共享发展成果。China pays great attention to the protection of the rights and interests of special groups.It has enacted the Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons, Law on the Protection of Minors, Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women, Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, and Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency.It has developed a comparatively complete legal system to protect the rights and interests of special groups, which plays an important role in protecting the legitimate rights and interests of special groups, and in safeguarding social equity and justice.中国重视保障特殊群体的权益，制定了残疾人保障法、未成年人保护法、妇女权益保障法、老年人权益保障法、预防未成年人犯罪法等法律，在保护特殊群体权益方面形成了较为完备的法律制度，对于保护特殊群体合法权益，维护社会公平正义，发挥了重要作用。
Criminal Law.This is the law that defines crimes and penalties.It aims to punish crime and protect the people, maintain social order and public security, and safeguard national security through regulating the state's power of punishment.By the end of August 2011 China had enacted the Criminal Law and eight amendments to it, as well as decisions on punishing fraudulent purchase of foreign exchange, evading foreign exchange control, and illegal trade in foreign exchange, plus nine legal interpretations on the Criminal Law.刑法。刑法是规定犯罪与刑罚的法律规范。它通过规范国家的刑罚权，惩罚犯罪，保护人民，维护社会秩序和公共安全，保障国家安全。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定一部统一的刑法、8个刑法修正案以及关于惩治骗购外汇、逃汇和非法买卖外汇犯罪的决定，并通过了9个有关刑法规定的法律解释。
The Criminal Law defines clearly these basic principles: punishment of crimes is defined by law, everyone is equal before the law, and punishment should match the severity of the crime.It expressly stipulates that any act deemed by explicit stipulations of the law as a crime is to be convicted and given punishment by law, and that any act that is not deemed a crime by the explicit stipulations of the law is not to be convicted or given punishment.The law shall be equally applied to anyone who commits a crime.No one shall have the privilege of transcending the law.The degree of punishment shall be commensurate with the crime committed and the criminal responsibility to be borne by the offender.The Criminal Law of China defines various types of crime and types of punishment, including public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment and the death penalty.It also includes three accessory penalties-fine, deprivation of political rights and confiscation of property.In addition, it states the concrete application of punishments.It identifies ten criminal acts and corresponding criminal liability, namely the crimes of endangering national security, endangering public security, undermining the order of the socialist market economy, infringing upon the rights of the person and the democratic rights of citizens, encroaching on property, disrupting the order of social administration, endangering the interests of national defense, embezzlement and bribery, dereliction of duty, and servicemen's transgression of duties.中国刑法确立了罪刑法定、法律面前人人平等、罪刑相适应等基本原则。中国刑法明确规定：法律明文规定为犯罪行为的，依照法律定罪处刑；法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的，不得定罪处刑；对任何人犯罪，在适用法律上一律平等。不允许任何人有超越法律的特权；刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应。中国刑法规定了犯罪的概念；规定了刑罚的种类，包括管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑五种主刑以及罚金、剥夺政治权利、没收财产三种附加刑，并对刑罚的具体运用作出了规定；规定了危害国家安全罪，危害公共安全罪，破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪，侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪，侵犯财产罪，妨害社会管理秩序罪，危害国防利益罪，贪污贿赂罪，渎职罪，军人违反职责罪等十类犯罪行为及其刑事责任。
In the light of the actual situation brought about by economic and social development, China promptly revises and interprets its Criminal Law in an effort to improve the criminal legal system.Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law, passed in February 2011, made major revisions of the previous Criminal Law.It eliminates capital punishment for 13 non-violent economic-related offences, thus reducing the number of crimes subject to the death penalty by 19.1 percent;it improves legal provisions that give more lenient punishment and non-custodial penalties to minors and elderly people who have reached the age of 75;it stipulates that refusing to pay wages, seriously infringing upon the legal rights and interests of laborers, and drunk driving are criminal offences;it gives harsher punishment for criminal offences in violation of citizens' personal freedom, life and health.All this has improved China's criminal justice system, strengthened the protection of human rights, reflecting the development of China's social civilization and progress in the spheres of democracy and rule of law.中国根据经济社会发展变化的实际，适时对刑法进行修改和解释，不断完善刑事法律制度。2011年2月通过的刑法修正案(八)对刑法作了比较重大的修改，取消了13个经济性非暴力犯罪的死刑，占中国刑法死刑罪名的19.1%；完善了对未成年人和年满75周岁的老年人从宽处理以及非监禁刑执行方式的法律规定；把不支付劳动报酬严重侵犯劳动者合法权益的行为、醉酒驾驶机动车等危险驾驶行为，规定为犯罪；加大了对一些侵犯公民人身自由、生命健康等犯罪行为的惩处力度，进一步完善了中国刑事法律制度，加强了对人权的保护，体现了中国社会文明的发展和国家民主法治的进步。
Litigation and Non-litigation Procedure Laws.These are laws giving standard solutions to various litigation and non-litigation activities arising from social disputes.The litigation system aims to regulate the state's judicial activities in settling social disputes, and the non-litigation system aims to regulate arbitration agencies and people's mediation organizations in settling social disputes.By the end of August 2011 China had enacted ten laws in the fields of litigation and non-litigation procedure.诉讼与非诉讼程序法。诉讼与非诉讼程序法是规范解决社会纠纷的诉讼活动与非诉讼活动的法律规范。诉讼法律制度是规范国家司法活动解决社会纠纷的法律规范，非诉讼程序法律制度是规范仲裁机构或者人民调解组织解决社会纠纷的法律规范。截至2011年8月底，中国已制定了诉讼与非诉讼程序法方面的法律10部。
China's Criminal Procedure Law stipulates the basic system and principles of criminal procedures.For instance, the law applies equally to all citizens;the people's courts and people's procuratorates exercise judicial authority and procuratorial powers independently;the people's courts, people's procuratorates and public security organs divide their responsibilities, coordinate their efforts and check each other;ensure that criminal suspects and defendants obtain defense;and no one shall be convicted without a court decision.It also specifies the procedures such as jurisdiction, withdrawal, defense, evidence, enforcement measures, investigation, prosecution, trial and execution, which effectively guarantee the correct application of the Criminal Law, protect the personal, property, democratic and other rights of citizens so as to ensure the smooth progress of the cause of socialism.中国制定了刑事诉讼法，规定一切公民在适用法律上一律平等，人民法院、人民检察院分别独立行使审判权、检察权，人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关分工负责、互相配合、互相制约，保证犯罪嫌疑人、被告人获得辩护，未经人民法院依法判决，对任何人不得确定有罪等刑事诉讼的基本原则和制度，并规定了管辖、回避、辩护、证据、强制措施、侦查、起诉、审判、执行等制度和程序，有效保证了刑法的正确实施，保护了公民的人身权利、财产权利、民主权利和其他权利，保障了社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。
China's Civil Procedure Law stipulates the following basic principles and system: the parties to civil litigation shall have equal litigation rights;mediation shall be conducted for the parties on a voluntary and lawful basis;the court shall follow the system of public trial and the court of second instance being that of last instance.It makes clear the litigation rights and obligations of the parties concerned, the use of evidence, the civil trial procedures such as ordinary procedure of first instance, procedure of second instance, summary procedure, special procedure, procedure for trial supervision, and procedure of execution and enforcement execution measures.中国制定了民事诉讼法，确立当事人有平等的诉讼权利、根据自愿和合法的原则进行调解、公开审判、两审终审等民事诉讼的基本原则和制度，明确了诉讼当事人的诉讼权利和诉讼义务，规范了证据制度，规定了第一审普通程序、第二审程序、简易程序、特别程序、审判监督程序等民事审判程序，还对执行程序、强制执行措施作了明确规定。
China's Administrative Procedure Law defines the legal remedy system in administrative lawsuits.It explicitly stipulates that a citizen, a legal person or other organization has the right to initiate an administrative lawsuit at a people's court in accordance with this law if they believe their lawful rights and interests are infringed upon by an administrative organ or staff working in it, and the people's court exercises judicial power independently with respect to administrative cases to protect the legal rights and interests of the citizens.Since the promulgation and implementation of the Administrative Procedure Law, the people's courts have accepted over 100,000 cases annually on average, protecting the lawful rights and interests of the citizens and making the administrative organs exercise their administrative powers according to law.中国制定了行政诉讼法，确立了“民告官”的法律救济制度。行政诉讼法明确规定，公民、法人和其他组织认为自己的合法权益被行政机关及其工作人员侵犯，有权依法向人民法院提起行政诉讼，人民法院依法对行政案件独立行使审判权，保障公民的合法权益。行政诉讼法颁布实施以来，平均每年受理行政案件10万余件，保障了公民的合法权益，促进了行政机关依法行使行政职权。
China's Arbitration Law has provisions for the establishment of domestic arbitration and foreign-related arbitration agencies, stipulates that an arbitration commission shall be independent of any administrative organ, which guarantees its independence.It also specifies that arbitration should be conducted upon a voluntary and independent basis, and that a system of a single and final award shall be practiced for arbitration.It also contains details about arbitration procedures.Since the promulgation of this law over 500,000 cases of economic disputes have been handled, involving a total sum of 700 billion yuan.It has played an important role in settling civil and economic disputes fairly, promptly and effectively, protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties concerned, maintaining social and economic stability and promoting social harmony.中国制定了仲裁法，规范了国内仲裁与涉外仲裁机构的设立，明确规定仲裁委员会独立于行政机关，从机构设置上保证了仲裁委员会的独立性，明确将自愿、仲裁独立、一裁终局等原则作为仲裁的基本原则，系统规定了仲裁程序。仲裁法颁布实施以来，共仲裁各类经济纠纷50多万件，案件标的额达到人民币7000多亿元，对于公正、及时、有效地解决民事经济纠纷，保护当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序稳定与促进社会和谐，发挥了积极作用。
People's mediation is a Chinese way of resolving contradictions and settling disputes without resorting to legal proceedings.The Constitution and Civil Procedure Law specify the nature and fundamental principles of people's mediation, and the State Council has promulgated the Organic Regulations on the People's Mediation Commissions.In 2009 people's mediation organizations mediated over 7.67 million civil disputes, with a success rate of over 96 percent.In order to further promote people's mediation work and improve the system, China has formulated the People's Mediation Law, making the good experience and practices accumulated in this field into law.At present, there are more than 820,000 people's mediation organizations in China, and 4.67 million people's mediators, forming a mediation network covering both rural and urban areas.They are playing an important role in preventing and reducing civil disputes, resolving social conflicts, and maintaining social harmony and stability.人民调解是一项具有中国特色的化解矛盾、消除纷争的非诉讼纠纷解决方式。中国宪法、民事诉讼法对人民调解的性质和基本原则作了规定，国务院颁布了人民调解委员会组织条例，人民调解工作不断发展。2009年，人民调解组织调解民间纠纷767万多件，调解成功率在96%以上。为进一步推动人民调解工作，完善人民调解制度，中国制定了人民调解法，将人民调解工作长期积累的好经验、好做法制定为法律。目前，中国共有人民调解组织82万多个，人民调解员467万多人，形成了覆盖广大城乡的人民调解工作网络，为预防和减少民间纠纷、化解社会矛盾、维护社会和谐稳定发挥了重要作用。
In addition, China has formulated the Extradition Law, Special Maritime Procedure Law, Law on Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration, and Law on the Mediation and Arbitration of Rural Land Contracting Disputes, thereby establishing and improving the system of litigation and non-litigation procedure laws.此外，中国还制定了引渡法、海事诉讼特别程序法、劳动争议调解仲裁法、农村土地承包经营纠纷调解仲裁法等法律，建立健全了诉讼与非诉讼程序法律制度。
The above-mentioned laws and regulations made by legislative bodies cover all aspects of society, bring all the work of the state and all aspects of social life under the rule of law, laying a solid foundation for the rule of law and construction of a socialist country under the rule of law.Law has become an important means for Chinese citizens, legal persons and other organizations to resolve disputes and conflicts.It also provides an important basis for the people's courts at all levels to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations.上述法律部门确立的各项法律制度，涵盖了社会关系的各个方面，把国家各项工作、社会各个方面纳入了法治化轨道，为依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家提供了坚实的基础。法律已经成为中国公民、法人和其他组织解决各种矛盾和纠纷的重要手段，也为中国各级人民法院维护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益提供了重要依据。
III.Features of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics
三、中国特色社会主义法律体系的特征
The differences between countries in their historical and cultural traditions, actual situations and paths of development, their social, political and economic systems determine that their systems of laws have different features.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is the concentrated reflection of the institutionalization and codification of China's practice in its economic and social development since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, and especially in the past 30-odd years since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy.As an important component of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, it has distinct features.各国的历史文化传统、具体国情和发展道路不同，社会制度、政治制度和经济制度不同，决定了各国的法律体系必然具有不同特征。中国特色社会主义法律体系，是新中国成立以来特别是改革开放30多年来经济社会发展实践经验制度化、法律化的集中体现，是中国特色社会主义制度的重要组成部分，具有十分鲜明的特征。
1.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics embodies the essential requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics(一)中国特色社会主义法律体系体现了中国特色社会主义的本质要求
The nature of a country's legal system depends on the nature of its social system established in law.China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship, led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.In the primary stage of socialism, China practices a basic economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and the joint development of diverse forms of ownership, which determines that China's legal institutions are bound to be socialist ones and that China's legal system is bound to be a socialist one with Chinese characteristics.All legal norms covered in and all legal institutions established by the socialist legal system contribute to consolidating and developing socialism, reflect the people's common aspirations, safeguard their fundamental interests and make sure that the people are the masters of their own country.China proceeds from the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the will and long-term interests of the people in making its laws and determining the relevant provisions.The aim and outcome of all the work of the state are to realize, safeguard and expand the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.一个国家法律体系的本质，由这个国家的法律确立的社会制度的本质所决定。中国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。在社会主义初级阶段，中国实行公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，这就决定了中国的法律制度必然是社会主义的法律制度，所构建的法律体系必然是中国特色社会主义性质的法律体系。中国特色社会主义法律体系所包括的全部法律规范、所确立的各项法律制度，有利于巩固和发展社会主义制度，充分体现了人民的共同意志，维护了人民的根本利益，保障了人民当家作主。中国制定哪些法律，具体法律制度的内容如何规定，都坚持从中国特色社会主义的本质要求出发，从人民群众的根本意志和长远利益出发，将实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益作为根本出发点和落脚点。
2.Socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics meets the demand of the reform, opening up and socialist modernization of the current times(二)中国特色社会主义法律体系体现了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的时代要求
The most salient characteristic of this new period in China is reform and opening up.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics comes into existence and develops along with reform and opening up, and they complement each other.The establishment of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is the inherent requirement for the progress of reform, opening up and socialist modernization.It is carried out on the basis of in-depth analysis of those practices.At the same time, the establishment of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics provides a favorable legal environment for reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and serves as a good regulator, guide, guarantee and impetus for the latter.Meanwhile, by appropriately handling the relationship between the stability of law and the mobility of reform, the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics reflects the successful practice of reform, opening up and modernization, and leaves enough space for their future development.中国新时期最鲜明的特点是改革开放。中国特色社会主义法律体系与改革开放相伴而生、相伴而行、相互促进。一方面，形成中国特色社会主义法律体系，是改革开放和现代化建设顺利进行的内在要求，是在深入总结改革开放和现代化建设丰富实践经验基础上进行的。另一方面，中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，为改革开放和社会主义现代化建设提供了良好的法制环境，发挥了积极的规范、引导、保障和促进作用。同时，中国特色社会主义法律体系妥善处理了法律稳定性和改革变动性的关系，既反映和肯定了改革开放和现代化建设的成功做法，又为改革开放和现代化建设进一步发展预留了空间。
3.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics reflects the requirements of an inherently unified and structurally multilevel legal system(三)中国特色社会主义法律体系体现了结构内在统一而又多层次的国情要求
The constitution of a country's legal system is determined by its legal traditions, political and legislative systems, and other factors.China is a united multi-ethnic country as well as a state with a unified governmental system.Due to historical reasons, economic and social development is unbalanced among different regions.To accommodate the requirements of this national condition, the Constitution and laws define the unified and multilevel structure of China's legislative system with Chinese characteristics, which further determines the inherently unified and structurally multilevel feature of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.It reflects the inner logic of the legal system itself, and conforms to China's national conditions and practices.Therefore, the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is headed by the Constitution, composed of multilevel legal norms, including laws, administrative and local regulations.The legal norms are laid down by various legislative bodies according to their respective legislative competence prescribed by the Constitution and laws.They have different legal effect, but together constitute the scientific, harmonious and unified whole of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics as its organic parts.一个国家的法律体系如何构成，一般取决于这个国家的法律传统、政治制度和立法体制等因素。中国是统一的多民族的单一制国家，由于历史的原因，各地经济社会发展很不平衡。与这一基本国情相适应，中国宪法和法律确立了具有中国特色的统一而又多层次的立法体制，这就决定了中国特色社会主义法律体系内在统一而又多层次的结构特征，这既反映了法律体系自身的内在逻辑，也符合中国国情和实际。与其相适应，中国特色社会主义法律体系以宪法为统帅，由法律、行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成。这些法律规范由不同立法主体按照宪法和法律规定的立法权限制定，具有不同法律效力，都是中国特色社会主义法律体系的有机组成部分，共同构成一个科学和谐的统一整体。
4.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics meets the cultural demand of carrying forward the fine traditions of Chinese legal culture and drawing on the achievements of human legal civilizations(四)中国特色社会主义法律体系体现了继承中国法制文化优秀传统和借鉴人类法制文明成果的文化要求
All countries base and develop their legal systems on their historical and cultural traditions, and actual social conditions, and their legal systems' communication and exchange with and learning from each other as economic globalization deepens.The constitution of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is always based on China's national conditions, combining the inheritance of historical traditions, the introduction of the fruits of other civilizations with system innovations.It attaches great importance to the inheritance of fine traditional legal culture, carries out system innovations according to the requirements of reform, opening up and socialist modernization, thus realizing the integration of traditional culture and modern civilization;at the same time, it studies and draws on the good legislative experience of other countries and learns from their legislative achievements, but never slavishly imitates their models, which makes the current legal system conform to China's national conditions and practices as well as the trend of contemporary world legal civilization.China's legal system, featuring both inclusiveness and openness, has fully demonstrated its unique cultural characteristics.各国的法律制度基于本国历史文化传统和社会现实情况不断发展，也随着经济全球化趋势的增强而相互沟通、交流、借鉴。中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，始终立足于中国国情，坚持将传承历史传统、借鉴人类文明成果和进行制度创新有机结合起来。一方面，注重继承中国传统法制文化优秀成分，适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设需要进行制度创新，实现了传统文化与现代文明的融合；另一方面，注意研究借鉴国外立法有益经验，吸收国外法制文明先进成果，但又不简单照搬照抄，使法律制度既符合中国国情和实际，又顺应当代世界法制文明时代潮流。这个法律体系具有很强的包容性和开放性，充分体现了它的独特文化特征。
5.The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics reflects the development demand of being dynamic and open, and of advancing with the times(五)中国特色社会主义法律体系体现了动态、开放、与时俱进的发展要求 A country's legal system is normally the reflection of its conditions at a specific historical stage.With the country's economic and social development, its legal system needs to be enriched and improved, and innovations introduced.Currently China is in the primary stage of socialism, and will remain so for a long time to come.The country is still in the stage of structural reforms and social transformation, and its socialist system calls for constant self-improvement and development, which determines that the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is bound to have the features of both stability and mobility, both periodical variations and continuity, and both actuality and foresightedness.China's legal system is dynamic, open, developing, not static, closed or fixed;it will constantly improve with China's economic and social development and the practice of building a socialist country under the rule of law.一个国家的法律体系通常是对这个国家一定历史发展阶段现状的反映。随着经济社会的发展，法律体系需要不断丰富、完善、创新。中国处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，整个国家还处于体制改革和社会转型时期，社会主义制度还需要不断自我完善和发展，这就决定了中国特色社会主义法律体系必然具有稳定性与变动性、阶段性与连续性、现实性与前瞻性相统一的特点，决定了中国特色社会主义法律体系必然是动态的、开放的、发展的，而不是静止的、封闭的、固定的，必将伴随中国经济社会发展和法治国家建设的实践而不断发展完善。
In the course of formulation of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, China's legislative bodies have integrated the leadership of the CPC, the people's status as masters of their country and the rule of law, actively exercised their legislative power, and carried out legislative work in a planned, focused and step-by-step manner, with attention always fixed on the priorities of the country.We have thereby accumulated some precious experience and successfully blazed a new path of legislation with Chinese characteristics.构建中国特色社会主义法律体系过程中，中国立法机关坚持中国共产党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，始终围绕国家的工作重心，积极行使立法职权，有计划、有重点、有步骤地开展立法工作，积累了一些宝贵经验，成功走出了一条具有中国特色的立法路子。
Persisting in promoting legislation in a planned and phase-by-phase manner with clear objectives.In the practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics under the leadership of the CPC over the past 30-odd years since the adoption of the reform and opening up policies, China's legislative bodies have, on the basis of their central tasks at different stages, proceeded from reality, focused on key issues, carried out careful organization work, established priorities, and formulated scientific, rational and practical five-year legislation plans and annual legislation work plans.They have enacted laws and regulations urgently needed for economic and social development, promoted legislation actively and steadily, and gradually formulated methods of building a socialist legal system in a planned, focused and phase-by-phase manner with clear objectives.We should pool legislative resources, focus on key legislation work and promptly meet the requirements of the fast-developing reform and opening up, thereby providing an effective path for building a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.坚持有目标、按计划、分阶段积极推进。改革开放30多年来，在中国共产党领导中国人民建设中国特色社会主义事业进程中，中国立法机关根据各阶段中心工作，立足现实、突出重点、精心组织，区别轻重缓急，制定科学合理、切实可行的五年立法规划和立法工作计划，抓紧制定经济社会发展急需的法律法规，积极稳妥地推进立法工作，逐渐形成了有目标、按计划、有重点、分阶段推进法律体系建设的方法，集中立法资源，突出立法重点，及时满足了改革开放快速推进的需要，为形成中国特色社会主义法律体系提供了有效路径。
Persisting in promoting the side-by-side advancement of legislation at various levels.China is a united multi-ethnic country as well as a state with a unified government system, and economic and social development is unbalanced among different regions.In accordance with the national conditions, it is stipulated in the Constitution that under the guidance of the principle of giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities, on the condition of maintenance of a unified legal system, the NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state, the State Council formulates administrative regulations in accordance with the Constitution and the law, the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, comparatively larger cities and their standing committees may adopt local regulations, the people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations, and the people's congresses or their standing committees of the provinces and cities where special economic zones are located may, upon authorization by the NPC, formulate regulations and enforce them within the limits of the special economic zones.A legislation work pattern of side-by-side advancement of legislation at various levels has gradually taken shape, which greatly accelerates the building of our legal system and at the same time takes into consideration the actual needs of economic and social development in various regions.This is a practical working model for the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.坚持多层次立法齐头并进。适应中国的基本国情，根据宪法确定的在中央统一领导下充分发挥地方积极性、主动性的原则，在维护国家法制统一前提下，全国人大及其常委会行使国家立法权，国务院根据宪法和法律制定行政法规，省、自治区、直辖市以及较大的市的人大及其常委会制定地方性法规，民族自治地方制定自治条例和单行条例，经济特区所在地的省、市的人大及其常委会根据全国人大的授权决定制定在经济特区范围内实施的法规，逐渐形成了多层次立法共同推进的立法工作格局，既大大加快了法律体系建设的步伐，又充分照顾到了各地经济社会发展的实际需要，为形成中国特色社会主义法律体系提供了可行的工作模式。
Persisting in the combination of various legislative forms.The building of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is a scientific and systematic project.Since the reform and opening up started, in accordance with the demands of economic and social development, China's legislative bodies have lost no time in enacting laws and regulations urgently needed for the development of all social undertakings, attached importance to their amendment or abolition, and explained and checked them in a timely manner.They have adopted various legislative forms, such as formulation, amendment, abolition and interpretation, and promoted legislation in an all-round way.In this way, we have improved the quality of legislation and guaranteed the scientific nature and harmony of the legal system while laying a solid foundation for the effective implementation of legal norms.坚持综合运用多种立法形式。构建中国特色社会主义法律体系，是一项科学的系统工程。改革开放以来，中国立法机关根据经济社会发展需要，抓紧制定各方面迫切需要的法律规范，同时注重对法律规范的修改和废止，及时对法律规范进行解释和清理，综合运用制定、修改、废止、解释等多种立法形式，全方位推进立法工作。既促进了立法质量的不断提高，保证了法律体系的科学和谐统一，又为保障法律规范的有效实施奠定了基础。
IV.Improvement of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics
四、中国特色社会主义法律体系的完善
The task remains arduous to improve the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics which we have successfully built.To improve that system from a new starting point is an inherent requirement of promotion of the development and improvement of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.This will also be the primary task for our legislation work in future.形成中国特色社会主义法律体系成就辉煌，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系任重道远。在新的起点上完善中国特色社会主义法律体系，是推进中国特色社会主义制度发展完善的内在要求，也是今后立法工作面临的重要任务。
China is now at a critical stage in deepening reform and opening up, and building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, as it has established the development goal for the first 20 years of the 21st century.The need for legal system improvement is urgent in order to meet the challenges of new domestic and international situations, and new demands and expectations of the people, as well as new issues and problems facing China's reform, development and stability.To realize scientific development, accelerate transformation of the economic development mode, and further guarantee and improve the people's livelihood, all need a legal system to promote and give guidance.There is a rising demand for more scientific and democratic legislation, as increasingly diversified stakeholders and complicated interest patterns make it harder to regulate social interests through legislation.中国已经确定了本世纪头二十年发展的奋斗目标，进入改革发展和全面建设小康社会的关键时期。国内外形势的新情况新变化，广大人民群众的新要求新期待，改革发展稳定面临的新课题新矛盾，迫切需要法律制度建设予以回应和调整。实现科学发展，加快转变经济发展方式，进一步保障和改善民生，迫切需要法律制度建设予以推动和引导。利益主体多元化、利益格局复杂化的客观现实，对科学立法、民主立法的要求愈来愈高，通过立法调整社会利益关系的难度愈来愈大。
China will endeavor to meet the requirements of its basic strategies of promoting scientific development, improving social harmony and ruling the country by law.At present and for some time to come, and in accordance with the requirements of economic and social development, as well as scientific development, China will accelerate the transformation of the economic development mode, guarantee and improve the people's livelihood, improve social harmony, and continuously improve the laws and regulations, so as to build a better socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.适应推动科学发展、促进社会和谐、全面落实依法治国基本方略的要求，当前和今后一个时期，中国将根据经济社会发展的客观需要，紧紧围绕实现科学发展、加快转变经济发展方式、着力保障和改善民生、推动和谐社会建设，不断健全各项法律制度，推动中国特色社会主义法律体系不断完善。China will continuously improve legislation in the economic field.In order to meet the requirements of the development of socialist market economy, we will improve the legal institutions for civil and commercial affairs.To meet the requirements of deepening the reforms of the fiscal, taxation and financial systems, we will improve legal institutions concerned with budget management, fiscal transfer payment, financial risk control and taxation.We will, in particular, attach importance to taxation legislation, and turn taxation regulations made by the State Council on authorization into laws.We will also improve laws regarding the state's management and control of economic activities in order to safeguard the country's economic security, and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.继续加强经济领域立法。适应社会主义市场经济发展要求，完善民事商事法律制度；适应深化财税、金融等体制改革要求，完善预算管理、财政转移支付、金融风险控制、税收等方面的法律制度，特别是加强税收立法，适时将国务院根据授权制定的税收方面的行政法规制定为法律；完善规范国家管理和调控经济活动、维护国家经济安全的法律制度，促进社会主义市场经济健康发展。
China will take active measures to strengthen legislation on socialist democracy.In order to meet the requirements of actively yet steadily advancing political reform, we will improve legal institutions concerning election, self-governance among people at the grassroots level and organization of state organs;we will improve legislation regarding administrative procedures to regulate administrative actions, and improve laws concerning audit supervision and administrative reconsideration.In order to meet the requirements of reforming the judicial system, we will revise the Criminal Procedure Law, the Civil Procedure Law and the Administrative Procedure Law, so as to improve the procedure law system.We will also improve the legal system concerning the exercise of power by state organs and the punishment and prevention of corruption, in order to expand socialist democracy, standardize and supervise the exercise of power, and continuously develop socialist democracy.积极加强发展社会主义民主政治的立法。适应积极稳妥推进政治体制改革的要求，完善选举、基层群众自治、国家机构组织等方面的法律制度；加强规范行政行为的程序立法，完善审计监督和行政复议等方面的法律制度；适应司法体制改革要求，修改刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法、行政诉讼法，完善诉讼法律制度；完善国家机关权力行使、惩治和预防腐败等方面的法律制度，扩大社会主义民主，加强对权力行使的规范和监督，不断推进社会主义民主政治制度的完善和发展。China will strengthen legislation in the social field.We will always put people first, guarantee and improve the people's livelihood, advance social undertakings, improve the social security system, encourage innovation in social management, gradually improve the legal institutions concerning employment, labor protection, social security, social assistance, social welfare, income distribution, education, medical care, housing and social organizations, constantly explore an innovative social management mechanism, and push forward the development of social undertakings.突出加强社会领域立法。坚持以人为本，围绕保障和改善民生，在促进社会事业、健全社会保障、创新社会管理等方面，逐步完善劳动就业、劳动保护、社会保险、社会救助、社会福利、收入分配、教育、医疗、住房以及社会组织等法律制度，不断创新社会管理体制机制，深入推进社会事业建设。
China will attach more importance to legislation in the cultural, scientific and technological fields.In order to meet the requirements of promoting reform in the cultural system and advancing science and technology, we will improve the legal institutions which support public cultural undertakings, develop the culture industry, encourage cultural and scientific innovation, and protect intellectual property rights, so as to realize cultural prosperity and build an innovation-oriented country.更加注重文化科技领域立法。适应推进文化体制改革、促进科技进步的要求，完善扶持公益性文化事业、发展文化产业、鼓励文化科技创新、保护知识产权等方面的法律制度，推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣，建设创新型国家。
China will attach importance to legislation in the field of the environment.In order to meet the requirements of building an energy-saving and environmentally-friendly society, we will strengthen laws on energy saving and eco-environmental protection, and improve our institutions so as to accelerate the transformation of the economic development mode, solve the contradictions between socioeconomic development and environmental protection, and promote harmony between man and nature.高度重视生态文明领域立法。适应资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设的要求，完善节约能源资源、保护生态环境等方面的法律制度，从制度上积极促进经济发展方式转变，努力解决经济社会发展与环境资源保护的矛盾，实现人与自然和谐相处。While improving various laws, we will attach importance to their implementation, working mechanism and supporting regulations.We will improve the channels and methods for the interpretation of laws, and make it our regular work.We will give timely legal interpretations when the specific meaning of certain provisions needs further clarification, or the application of laws in certain new circumstances needs further explanation.We need to improve the organization, mechanism and method for reviewing and filing regulations, rules, and legal interpretations.Meanwhile, we will improve the revision mechanism as applied to laws and regulations, and make it work on a regular basis in order to make our legal system more scientific and consistent.在完善各项法律制度的同时，更加注重保障法律制度的有效实施。建立健全工作机制，做好法律法规配套规定制定工作；完善法律解释机制的途径和方法，建立法律解释常态化机制，对需要进一步明确法律规定的具体含义或者法律制定后出现新情况需要明确法律适用依据的，及时作出法律解释；健全备案审查机构，完善备案审查机制，改进备案审查方式，加强对法规、规章、司法解释等规范性文件的备案审查；健全法律法规清理工作机制，逐步实现法律法规清理工作常态化，确保法律体系内在科学和谐统一。
We will work to promote scientific and democratic legislation, and improve legislation quality.We will improve the mechanism whereby NPC deputies are involved in legislation, and bring their role to the full.We will improve motion deliberation system and establish a scientific and democratic examination and voting mechanism.We will explore channels and forms for the public to participate in legislation activities in an orderly manner, improve panel discussions, feasibility study meetings, hearings on legislation and the gathering of public opinion through the publication of draft laws and regulations, and establish and improve the mechanism through which public opinion can be heard and feedback can be given, so as to let legislation reflect the will of the public.We will establish and improve a mechanism featuring feasibility studies before making legislation and evaluation after making legislation, constantly endeavor to make legislation more scientific and reasonable, and further improve the practicality of laws and regulations.深入推进科学立法、民主立法，着力提高立法质量。完善人大代表参与立法工作机制，充分发挥人大代表在立法工作中的作用；完善法律案审议制度，建立健全科学民主的审议和表决机制；探索公众有序参与立法活动的途径和形式，完善立法座谈会、听证会、论证会和公布法律法规草案征求意见等制度，建立健全公众意见表达机制和采纳公众意见的反馈机制，使立法更加充分体现广大人民群众的意愿；建立健全立法前论证和立法后评估机制，不断提高立法的科学性、合理性，进一步增强法律法规的可操作性。Concluding Remarks
Social practice is the foundation of laws, and laws encapsulate practical experience.Social practice is endless, and legislative work should also constantly move forward with the times.Building socialism with Chinese characteristics is a long-term historic task.Improving the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is also a long-term and arduous historic task, and it must advance in tandem with the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.The vitality of laws lies in their enforcement.The formation of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics has generally solved the basic problem of having laws for people to follow.Now, the problem of ensuring that laws are observed and strictly enforced and that lawbreakers are prosecuted has become more pronounced and pressing.Therefore, China will take active and effective steps to guarantee the effective enforcement of the Constitution and laws, and accelerate the advance of the rule of law and the building of a socialist country under the rule of law.结束语
社会实践是法律的基础，法律是实践经验的总结、提炼。社会实践永无止境，法律体系也要与时俱进。建设中国特色社会主义是一项长期的历史任务，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系同样是一项长期而又艰巨的任务，必须随着中国特色社会主义实践的发展不断向前推进。
法律的生命力在于实施。中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，总体上解决了有法可依的问题，对有法必依、执法必严、违法必究提出了更为突出、更加紧迫的要求。中国将积极采取有效措施，切实保障宪法和法律的有效实施，加快推进依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家的进程。
第三篇：最高法发布2011知识产权司法保护状况白皮书
最高法发布2011知识产权司法保护状况白皮书
起诉外国公司外资企业案件开始增多
最高人民法院4月18日发布的《中国法院知识产权司法保护状况（2011年）》白皮书显示，去年，涉及自主知识产权的专利纠纷增多，起诉外国公司和外资企业的案件开始增多。
白皮书总结了2011年知识产权案件六大特点，即新收案件增幅较大，全国地方法院新收知识产权民事一审案件和刑事一审案件同比分别增长38.86%、42.96%；重大疑难复杂和新类型案件增多；专利案件数量持续上升；涉及商业标志的争议越来越多；版权保护已经超出传统的文化意义而更多地向经济意义拓展，网络成为版权保护的主战场；越来越多的市场竞争行为需要依法予以界定和规范。
为做好知识产权司法保护工作，法院积极推动知识产权审判庭集中审理知识产权民事、行政和刑事案件的试点工作。截至2011年底，全国已有5个高级法院、50个中级法院和52个基层法院开展了相关试点。
法院还从方便知识产权权利人诉讼、确保权利人更好地行使自己的合法权益、节约案件当事人诉讼成本的角度出发，进一步完善知识产权案件管辖布局，到去年底，全国具有专利、植物新品种、集成电路布图设计案件和涉及驰名商标认定案件管辖权的中级法院分别达82个、45个、46个和43个，具有一般知识产权案件管辖权的基层法院达119个，有3个基层法院试点审理实用新型和外观设计专利纠纷案件。
白皮书指出，2012年，法院将积极应对好知识产权保护工作面临的新情况新问题新挑战，完成好知识产权审判工作为保护知识产权承担的繁重任务。同时，进一步加强与有关执法部门的配合，切实加大对侵犯知识产权犯罪的打击力度，维护公平竞争的良好市场经济秩序。（法制网 记者 周斌）
第四篇：2006年上海知识产权发展与保护状况白皮书
2006年上海知识产权发展与保护状况白皮书
上海市知识产权联席会议办公室
前言
上海市政府高度重视知识产权发展与保护。完善的知识产权制度和有效的执法机制是促进上海经济发展、社会进步、科技创新、文化繁荣的重要支撑。2006年, 上海市政府按照国务院的统一部署，组织实施《上海知识产权战略纲要(2004-2010年)》,在激励知识产权创造、加强知识产权的保护、推进知识产权宣传，促进知识产权国际合作与交流等方面，取得明显实效。
为有助于社会各界了解上海知识产权发展与保护状况，现就2006年上海知识产权发展与保护工作情况作简要介绍:
一、政策与措施并举, 促进知识产权创造
知识产权的保护与知识产权的发展是相辅相成的。没有知识产权发展，保护就难以实现；没有知识产权保护，发展就没有后劲。上海政府相关部门通过政策的导向作用和激励作用，不断推进企事业单位技术创新，取得自主知识产权。
市发改委、市科委、市知识产权局等部门制订了《实施<上海中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006-2020年）>的若干配套政策》，已由市政府正式发布，其中规定了与知识产权的创造、运用和保护相关的内容。市发改委、市知识产权局会同相关部门制订了《关于加强科教兴市重大产业科技攻关项目知识产权工作的意见》，把知识产权战略作为项目实施的核心内容和关键环节，建立从项目知识产权审查、评估、跟踪服务、考核评价和协调等五大机制，推进重点行业领域形成一批自主知识产权，加快自主知识产权成果的产业化步伐。
市科委发布了《增强市区创新活力的指导性意见》，明确了知识产权的创造、运用、管理、保护的导向；修改了科研项目合同和计划任务书等管理文本，并将专利项目统计纳入项目合同立项审批流程。
市建委研究制定了《上海建设交通“十一五”科技发展规划纲要》及其《若干意见》，确定加强重大项目建设和建筑业管理知识产权保护的主要任务；支持企业将技术创新成果中的关键技术申请专利。
市农委与市财政局制定了《关于推进科技兴农项目的实施意见》，规定凡是选育新品种项目，在项目完成考核指标中必须“申请植物新品种保护，并取得初审合格”。
市卫生局与市知识产权局联合出台《关于推进上海市卫生系统知识产权工作的若干意见》，通过开展调研和试点，着力推动本市医疗卫生系统的知识产权工作。
市知识产权局根据本市专利工作的进展，不断完善《专利申请资助办法》，向发明专利申请加大政策倾斜；并着手拟定《发明创造权利归属与职务报酬实施办法》。
市版权局制订了《上海市著作权合同备案办法》，这标志着本市将率先在全国建立起著作权合同备案制度。这项制度的有效落实将帮助著作权被许可人和受让人证明其使用或者受让权利的善意，预防和减少版权许可、转让中的纠纷，这对于进一步促进本市版权贸易和版权相关产业的健康、快速发展将发挥积极的作用。
市经委在组织推进科教兴市重大专项和其它重点项目的过程中，将知识产权的数量和质量作为立项要求和评估指标，将知识产权工作贯穿于项目实施的全过程,并推进建设企业自主创新体系,认定了20家“上海市知识产权示范企业”和105项“上海市专利新产品”。
市教委把知识产权管理纳入学校科技管理工作的全过程，在重视知识产权拥有量的基础上不断提升其含金量和专利的实施效益。
市科委继续开展“专利技术再创新专项”活动，通过有效的途径和方法引导企业引进、消化、吸收、再创新，在实践中提高知识产权管理和专利战略的运用水平，以专利手段促进企业形成具有自主知识产权的核心竞争力。
市外经贸委积极扶持出口名牌做大做强，评定2005－2006上海市出口名牌38个、上海市培育出口品牌21个。
市工商局积极组织开展房地产商标、振兴老商标、农产品商标、服务商标的培育活动。在推进商标无形资产作价投资入股试点工作中，会同有关部门、资产评估机构等进行研讨并制订具有可操作性的方案，使知识产权通过法定程序转化为资本。
2006年，上海市专利申请量36042件，创历史新高，同比增长10.1％，全国排名第5位。其中发明专利12050件，同比增长15.4％，排名全国第三。专利授权量为16602件，同比增长31.7％，其中发明专利授权2644件。上海市52个科教兴市重大产业科技攻关项目共完成专利申请747项。上海市企业专利申请量24835件，同比增长8.5％；占总申请量68.9％。高校专利申请量为3066件，同比增长3.8％；持续排名全国第一。
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图1 上海近4年专利申请量比较
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图2 上海近4年专利授权量比较
1411139.15%1205033.43%发明实用新型外观设计988127.42%
图3 2006年上海专利申请结构图
264415.93%721943.48%673940.59%发明实用新型外观设计
图4 2006年上海专利授权结构图
2006年，上海市共申请注册商标32681件，比去年同期增长12.3%，核准注册商标12059件，比去年同期增长0.7%。截止2006年底，上海累计有效注册商标数超过11万件。经认定累计获得驰名商标48件，其数量和质量在全国保持领先地位；著名商标440件。
2006年，上海市企业和个人登记计算机软件著作权2477件，同比增长15%。上海市版权局共审核登记1072份涉外图书、音像制品、计算机软件和电子出版物版权授权合同，同比增长42%。全年共有1232种作品进行了作品登记，同比增长4%。
二、行政部门加强执法，切实保护知识产权
上海市知识产权有关执法部门在开展知识产权行政执法工作中，将日常监管与专项治理紧密结合，以各司其职和相关部门联合行动为主要执法工作机制，加大知识产权保护的行政执法力度。2006年初，上海市政府公布了关闭销售假冒注册商标商品闻名的襄阳服饰市场的决定。全市工商部门针对襄阳市场关闭前可能出现严重售假现象，认真履行职责，调配大量执法力量，积极开展各项商标专项整治工作。一是对市场内售假摊位进行高频率、全天候的执法整治；二是深挖市场周边售假窝点；三是会同通信管理部门多次关闭以“襄阳市场”为名的售假网站。
2006年6月30日，襄阳市场关闭后，全市工商部门继续加大对本市服饰和小商品市场的整治力度。一是重点做好对亚太盛会、七浦路、凤翔服饰市场（又称淘宝城）等市场的日常巡查和监管，坚决制止襄阳市场售假摊户的转移和渗透；二是建立襄阳市场关闭后有效开展后续监管工作的协调、通报、督查机制；三是进一步指导、督促市场主办单位建立健全商标管理制度。期间，闸北、虹口分局组成联合执法队，开展对市场的“百日专项整治行动”；静安分局组织开展对市场为期三个月的地毯式检查；黄浦分局启动对南京东路步行街和周边地区的定时巡查工作机制；浦东分局采取“严防死守、露头就打”的积极措施，对市场售假行为开展“大规模（每次不少于20个执法人员，重大行动近百人）、高频率、全天候集中整治。
襄阳市场已成历史
2006年7月，上海市政府贯彻国务院办公厅印发的《保护知识产权行动纲要》文件精神，结合上海实际，制定了《上海市保护知识产权行动工作方案（2006年－2007年）》，明确了五大主要任务和10项具体措施，有效地巩固保护知识产权专项行动的成果。特别是对经销假冒注册商标商品和盗版音像制品等违法行为予以专项打 击。
五大任务：
◆ 严厉打击盗版行为
◆ 继续打击商品交易市场的商标侵权行为 ◆ 对侵犯专利权的重点问题加大整治力度 ◆ 加强进出口环节知识产权保护 ◆ 加强会展知识产权管理 十项措施：
● 设立举报投诉服务中心 ● 完善跨地区协作执法机制
● 编制《2010年上海世博会知识产权保护行动纲要》 ● 稳步推进企业使用正版软件 ● 建立保护知识产权状况评价机制 ● 完善保护知识产权状况通报制度 ● 建立定期报告制度
● 加强对重点市场和路段随机抽查 ● 落实工作责任制 ● 开展专项整治行动
上海市各级公安部门按照《上海市保护知识产权行动工作方案》，继续开展“山鹰行动” 在“打击制售假冒伪劣商品专项行动”中，缴获假冒驰名、著名商标的香烟近20余万条，钢材450余吨，服装、手表等商品近5万件，涉案总值达人民币5000万元。
公安部门执法人员查获一售假窝点
2006年7月起，上海市公安、工商、城管、版权、文化行政执法等部门联合展开了“反盗版百日行动”，对非法出版物问题突出的区域和市场进行反复清查整治。此次行动查处一批涉及非法出版物案件，取缔无证经营摊点353处，收缴各类盗版出版物60余万件。
相关部门联合销毁盗版出版物
上海市知识产权局在2006年受理专利侵权案件28件，其中涉及发明专利8件，实用新型专利9件，外观设计专利11件。结案24件。对涉嫌冒充专利行为 立案16件，结案18件,移送省际间专利违法案件9件。入驻了16个大型展览会(其中14个为国际展),在现场共解决了80多件侵权纠纷投诉案件.4035302520***8200420052006
图5 上海市知识产权局近三年专利侵权案件受理量比较
2006年全市工商部门查处商标违法案件2217件，创历史之最。案值总额近1.6亿元；收缴和消除侵权商标标识160万件（只）；收缴专门用于制造商标侵权商品和标识的模具印版等工具26件，没收、销毁侵权商品150万件（只），移送涉嫌商标犯罪案件9件。
工商部门执法人员加强市场检查
在所查处的商标侵权案件中，涉外商标侵权案件有1569件，占商标侵权案件总数的75.6%, 案值3072万元，处罚款758万元。查处侵犯美国、法国、日本、德国商标注册人权益案件分别为476件、248件、216件、142件。
外企感谢工商部门执法如山
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图6 上海工商部门近三年查处商标违法案件数统计比较
图7 上海工商部门2006年查处商标侵权案件分布图
图8 上海工商部门查处涉外商标侵权案件分布图
市版权局组织开展“打击非法预装计算机软件专项行动”和“打击网络侵权盗版专项行动”，及时调查处理高校侵权复制教材案件，检查各类单位和经营场所500余家（次），收缴盗版出版物13万册（张），行政处罚26件，没收违法所得和罚款26万元，调解赔偿30多万元。处理了38起网络侵权盗版投诉案件，对一批存在侵权问题的网站责令改正，关闭了一批“三无”网站。
知识产权宣传进入数码广场
市文化行政执法总队集中部署开展了音像市场专制整治的“阳光1号”、“阳光2号”、“阳光3号”行动，并结合“春秋行动”、“集中执法季”和“反盗版百日行动”开展了专项整治执法活动。查处侵犯知识产权侵权案件2232件，收缴非法音像制品（电子出版物）848万余张、违法盗版图书报刊17.7余万册，移送司法机关案件3起。
市文广局开展了违法音像制品统一销毁活动，全年集中销毁盗版等违法音像制品677万张，数量之多排名全国前三位。
上海海关查获侵犯知识产权案件284起，同比增长160％，案值达 4000余万元人民币，涉案货物共计 3500余万件,同比增长14.6%。案值和货物件数均居全国海关首位。同时，上海海关重点加强了对出口邮政快件、高风险收寄点和寄达地区邮件、转口邮件的查验率，有效打击涉及侵权商品邮件的进出境。
300250200***4248***2006
图9 上海海关近三年查获侵权案件数统计比较
市城管局在“畅通行动”、“绿色行动”、“安全行动和“春秋行动”等专项整治、市场监管中，教育、纠正贩卖盗版图书、盗版光盘、软件等各类无证占道设摊行为2.7万多起，查处行政案件600多件。
城管执法人员收缴盗版音像制品
“蓝天会展行动”中，市外经贸委会同有关部门开展联合检查行动，进驻会展现场协调处理会展中知识产权保护的工作，受到了商务部等国家部门的高度肯定。市外经贸委还推选了18家展览公司和展览场馆参加“蓝天会展行动”，推动相关企业采取制定展前说明、展中提示，现场设立知识产权投诉机构和本市知识产权投诉咨询电话 12 等多项措施，以保护会展中的知识产权。
展览会现场知识产权行政执法检查
2006年9月至10月，全市开展保护知识产权的集中执法“春秋行动”。期间，市知识产权联席会议办公室组织市城管局、市公安局、市工商局、市文化行政执法总队等行政执法部门，联合对本市占道设摊销售盗版音像制品和假冒注册商标商品的侵权违法行为相对集中地区进行重点检查，收缴盗版音像制品3万多盘、本；盗版书籍1000多本。
春秋行动期间,行政执法人员查获盗版音像制品
根据国务院的统一部署和市政府的统一安排，上海市保护知识产权举报投诉服务中心于2006年7月至27月成立，开通了12312举报投诉服务热线，建设了中国保护 知识产权网上海子站。上海市保护知识产权举报投诉服务中心采取“x＋182”（x指知识产权权利人或利害关系人，1指市工商局主管的举报投诉服务中心，8指八个知识产权行政执法部门核查举报投诉服务中心接收并转交的举报投诉信息并依法处理，2指市整规办和知联办分别负责对中心给予工作指导和对举报投诉情况核查处理的协调工作、前期组织宣传和培训）的协调运作模式开展工作，获得商务部领导的肯定和全国整规办的通报表扬。至2006年底，市知识产权举报投诉服务中心共呼入电话9305个，接受举报投诉58件，均及时转交相关部门进行处理。已有49件反馈了处理结果，办结率达84%。网站发布信息650篇。
2007年7月27日，上海市保护知识产权举报投诉服务中心成立
商务部姜增伟副部长视察上海市保护知识产权举报投诉服务中心
中国保护知识产权网上海子站首页
三、突出公正有效，保障权利人合法权益
2006年，上海法院认真开展知识产权审判工作，努力加强知识产权司法保护，有效维护了权利人的合法权益和社会公共利益，为促进经济、科技与文化的健康发展，为构建社会主义和谐社会作出了积极的贡献。全市法院受理的一、二审知识产权民事案件总数创历史新高，受理和审结的一、二审知识产权民事、刑事案件总数均超过1100件。
******921100法院案件受理量20052006
图10 上海法院近三年知识产权民事案件受理量比较
(一)2006年上海法院知识产权案件审判工作的主要成效：
第一，结案数再创新高。2006年，全市法院知识产权审判业务部门在人员没有增加而收案数继续上升的情况下，克服了审判任务重、审理难度大等困难，审结了大量案件，结案数再创历史新高。
第二，调撤率高，上诉率及上诉改判率低。2006年，全市法院一审知识产权民事案件的调撤率为65.0％，同比上升3.2个百分点，比同期全市法院一审民商事案件的调撤率高3.1个百分点。同期，一审知识产权民事裁判（包括判决、不予受理与驳回起诉裁定）的上诉率为46.0％，同比下降6.1个百分点；上诉改判率为7.6％。
第三，审结一批新类型案件和典型案件，为同类案件提供了审判思路和审判经验。如，通过对北京精雕科技有限公司诉上海某公司侵犯计算机软件著作权纠纷一案的审判，认定：通过计算机软件输出的数据文件所包含的数据和文件格式不属于计算机软件，不享有计算机软件著作权；对计算机软件输出的数据文件所采取的加密格式不属于为保护该计算机软件所采取的技术保护措施，对该加密格式的破解不构成对该计算机软件著作权的侵犯。又如，通过对梁锦水诉上海某公司等侵犯专利权纠纷一案的审判，明确了实用新型专利独立权利要求中的功能性特征的解释方法，即：权利要求中的功能性特征应当解释为说明书中记载的实 现该功能的具体方式及其等同方式，不能解释为覆盖了能够实现该功能的所有具体实施方式。
第四，审结一批具有较大社会影响的案件，取得良好的社会效果。如，通过审结“星巴克”商标侵权及不正当竞争纠纷案，（法国）路易威登马蒂利公司诉上海联家超市有限公司侵犯LV商标专用权纠纷案，（美国）新思公司诉钰硕科技（上海）有限公司计算机软件著作权侵权纠纷案等一批有较大社会影响的案件，树立了上海法院依法及时有效保护知识产权的良好形象，促进了全社会知识产权保护意识的提高。
(二)采取有效措施，努力提高审判质量和效率
1、积极推进诉讼指导、释明与调解工作。主要标志：一是积极开展判后答疑。通过承办人、审判长或者合议庭的判后答疑，促使当事人正确理解判决内容，从而实现“案结事了”。二是注重体现诉讼指导、释明的公正性、中立性。以当事人及其诉讼代理人诉讼能力的强弱为依据调整诉讼指导、释明的范围和深度。三是注重体现诉讼指导、释明的合法性。诉讼指导、释明一般由承办法官进行，对涉及当事人实体权利的问题进行指导、释明，还要经合议庭讨论决定。四是重视在立案阶段开展调解，力争提高审判效率。五是重视发挥审判人员在调解工作中的整体合力。除充分发挥承办法官的积极性以外，还重视发挥审判长、合议庭、庭长以及分管院长的作用，形成搞好调解工作的整体合力，提升调解工作的 效果。六是注重运用案例调解法。通过向当事人介绍在先案例的审判情况，促使当事人达成调解协议。七是重视发挥社会力量参与调解工作。如邀请当事人所属协会、所在单位参与调解。
2、积极、慎重地适用诉前禁令、诉前证据保全临时性司法措施。主要标志：一是积极受理，凡是申请人提出采取临时性司法措施申请，都依法及时受理。二是严格审查，严格审查有关临时性司法措施的申请是否符合法定条件。三是及时处理，不符合采取临时性司法措施的法定条件的，依法及时驳回，符合法定条件的，在48小时内裁定采取临时性司法措施并立即执行。如：在（美国）新思公司诉钰硕科技（上海）有限公司计算机软件著作权侵权纠纷案的诉前证据保全中，一中院民五庭与执行庭、办公室、法警支队等部门通力合作，在20小时内成功完成了诉前证据保全从立案到保全完毕的所有工作。
3、进一步提高裁判文书质量。主要标志：一是进一步尝试在裁判文书后附注册商标标识与被控侵权标识、外观设计专利与被控侵权产品。二是在裁判文书后附审理本案所适用的法律、法规及司法解释的具体规定。三是强化裁判文书的论理说法性，提高裁判文书的说服力。2006年，上海法院在第二届全国法院知识产权优秀裁判文书评选活动中共有6篇裁判文书获奖，获奖比例名列前茅，二中院一篇文书获一等奖，上海高院获优秀裁判文书评选活动组织奖。
4、加强审判流程管理。主要做法：一是积极推行繁简分流，简案快审，提高审判效率。对新类型案件、重大疑难案件，组织精干人员进行精心审理。对于事实简单、法律关系不复杂的案件，尽量缩短庭前准备时间、庭后评议的准备期限，简要撰写这类案件的裁判文书。二是认真落实归档报结制度。对合议庭评议、文书制作及签发、打印、送达、归档等时间节点严格管理，进一步提高归档质量和效率。
5、积极发出司法建议。一中院、二中院对典型案件，注重通过向相关部门发出司法建议书的方式，延伸审判职能，提高审判工作的社会效果。如：一中院在审理侵犯著作权纠纷等案件中，发现公证机构在进行证据保全公证时存在一定瑕疵，遂在案件审结后向市公证员协会发出司法建议，得到市公证员协会、市司法局公证工作管理处的高度重视和积极回复。二中院在（法国）路易威登马蒂利公司诉上海联家超市有限公司“LV”商标侵权纠纷案中，当庭向被告提出三点司法建议，要求被告吸取教训，提高知识产权保护意识；严格规范商品进货渠道审查等手续；完善管理制度，避免类似侵权事件再度发生。被告对司法建议书提出的问题积极进行整改并将有关情况反馈至法院。
四、宣传和培训结合，营造尊重知识产权文化氛围
为了提高全社会尊重知识、崇尚科学和保护知识产权的意识，营造鼓励知识创新和保护知识产权的法治环境,上海市政府切实加强知识产权理念的宣传,开展了一系列各种形式的宣传和培训活动，形成了知识产权宣传活动四个特色：
一是政府部门整体行动开展宣传。4.26保护知识产权宣传周活动期间，上海市 和区县两级政府有关部门联合组织开展了多项具有较大声势、较强影响的大型活动。上海市知识产权联席会议办公室组织了知识产权宣传周启动仪式，组建了第一支高校知识产权志愿者队伍；设计和组织展版参加了在北京举行的“中国保护知识产权成果展览会”，全面生动地反映了近年来上海保护知识产权所取得的丰硕成果；并联合上海市人民政府对外办公室召开了有驻沪领馆、商会和外资企业代表参加的“知识产权状况通报会”，介绍过去的一年内上海在加强知识产权保护方面所做的工作和取得的成果。有关知识产权的管理和执法部门在全年开展了多层次、多形式的知识产权培训、演讲、座谈会、研讨会，通过广泛的宣传以提高领导干部、企事业单位负责人、科研人员、学生和民众的知识产权意识。
2006年4月20日,杨晓渡副市长宣布上海市保护知识产权宣传周活动正式启动
全国人大副委员长路甬祥在京参观中国保护知识产权成果展上海展区
上海高校知识产权志愿者向市民宣传使用正版理念
“拒绝盗版 从我做起”-学生代表发出倡议
二是推动企业、行业积极参与。在市知识产权联席会议成员单位支持下，上海市企业联合会于2006年4月26日召开了“企业自主创新与知识产权保护大会”。会上，20家首批“上海市知识产权示范企业”向全市发出了“上海企业自主创新与知识产权保护倡议”，政府有关部门发布了支持函。卢湾区田子坊成立了创意产业知识产权保护联盟，以自律的形式加强知识产权的创造、保护、宣传、尊重和维护。市知识产权局支持上海汽车集团股份有限公司等与上海大学知识产权学院、上海中环线建设发展有限公司与华东政法学院分别结对开展知识产权主题活动。商标协会、版权协会等行业协会积极组织形式多样的知识产权宣传培训和演讲活动，共同营造知识产权氛围。上海市知识产权服务中心举办的“专利检索高级培训”，不仅受到国有企业、民营企业的欢迎，还受到外资企业的关注。
2006年4月26日,上海召开企业自主创新与知识产权保护大会
三是知识产权宣传进学校。为了培养青少年的知识产权意识，上海各学校开展了生动活泼的宣传活动。在2006年的宣传周活动中，志愿者上街分发宣传品，提供知识产权法律咨询等服务，结合本市知识产权保护中的难题组织讨论、提出对策和建议。杨浦区少科站举办了“青少年创新作品展示观摩”、“杨浦区青少年知识产权现场知识竞赛”等系列活动，吸引了全区三十所中小学的近五百名师生参与。徐汇区知识产权局组织了“我创意、我设计、我发明”――徐汇区“世界知识产权日”宣传活动，集中展示了近年来徐汇区青少年创造发明的成果。4.26期间在松江大学城七所高校举办了系列知识产权辩论赛，让大学生在辩论中对知识产权制度有了更深刻的理解。
市知识产权局陈志兴局长与获奖者的合影
五、开展交流与合作 互相学习共同发展
为进一步学习国外在知识产权创造、运用、管理和保护等方面的成功经验，宣传介绍上海在发展与保护知识产权方面取得的成绩，上海在知识产权领域同国外相关机构开展了多种交流与合作。
市知识产权局、市工商局、市版权局、上海海关、上海法院系统等通过接待来访和出访加强知识产权领域内的沟通交流。2006，上海市有关部门接待来自美国、加拿大、德国、法国、意大利、澳大利亚、日本、香港等国家和地区的代表团来访和出访美国、欧洲、亚洲等国家上百余批。在接待中，市有关知识产权管理部门 介绍了上海加强知识产权保护的法规、政策、举措、行动和成果，同时也了解国外在知识产权保护方面的成功经验。使外国政府、企业和有关知识产权保护组织对本市知识产权工作进展有了进一步的了解。
上海知识产权局领导向欧盟代表团介绍上海知识产权保护状况
市工商局陈学军副局长与国外代表团成员交流
市知识产权局与美国教育基金会合作，从本市国有大中型企业、专利试点企业、上海市知识产权联席会议成员单位、列席单位中选派了18名学员赴美参加为期20 25 天的培训。学员们系统学习了美国知识产权法律体系和规则，实地考察美国企业知识产权管理和技术转移运营模式，与美国企业开展深入交流。
学员在美国学习时合影
上海海关加强与国外海关的关际合作。2006年，上海海关分别与韩国釜山海关和荷兰鹿特丹海关建立关际合作项目，知识产权保护作为重要内容被纳入合作之中，双方拟定在法律体系、执法技术、情报信息交换、执法合作以及推动本国企业有效保护知识产权等方面进一步加强合作，以期有效打击跨国境假冒、盗版产品的流通。
上海市有关知识产权部门还与荷兰经济部等共同举办了“企业知识产权运用与管理”论坛；与日本知识产权协会共同举办了“加强商业秘密保护”研讨会；与美国名牌律师事务所共同主办“中美知识产权法律与实务”研讨会。
严隽琪副市长在上海与荷兰联合举办的企业知识产权运用与管理论坛上致辞
交流和互访活动，不仅有益于上海与国外涉及知识产权工作的执法部门、企业、行业协会、中介服务机构等同行信息的沟通、动态的了解、经验的学习，意见的交流，并且有助于提升本市企业的知识产权管理能力和政府部门的知识产权执法水平。
结束语
事实表明，在过去的2006年里，上海市政府为知识产权的发展与保护作出了极大的努力，上海的知识产权工作取得了有目共睹的重大进展。但是，上海市政府也看到，上海的知识产权保护形势依然比较严峻，经济的发展和技术的创新也使知识产权保护面临新的挑战，企事业单位和全社会尊重知识产权的意识有待进一步加强、创造和运用知识产权的能力有待进一步提高，尊重和保护知识产权的氛围有待进一步优化。为此，上海市政府将按照科学发展观的要求，遵照中央政府统一部署，在推进实现“四个率先”的过程中，充分发挥知识产权在促进创新、构建社会主义和谐社会的服务、保障、支撑作用，采取更为有效的政策措施和执法行动，努力把上海的知识产权发展与保护推进到更高的水平。
第五篇：中英文对照A
《美国口语惯用法例句集粹》Ａ
A(Page 1-4)
1.about
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7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道这到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 来一块鱼肉三明治怎么样？What about me? 我怎么样？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不会进那幢旧房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我记得那个晚上，那又怎样？What's this all about? 这到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你该露面的时候了。
2.above
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2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.汤姆认为自己没必要努力工作。
3.act
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6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把发生的事演示一下吗？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜欢在课堂上捣蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那个爱说粗言秽语的喜剧演员应该净化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我们需要统一意见后来见你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.报纸上称那次地震为天灾。Masa is a class act.玛莎是位杰出的女性。
4.action
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4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我们打算控告我们的债务人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比赛中你看到有什么有趣的精彩场面吗？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地区要采取行动反对那项垃圾处理场的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。
5.advantage
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2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我们的对手在身高上比我们占有优势。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.没有人喜欢被捉弄（或：被欺骗、利用）
6.after
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4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起来事情终会解决的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.这软饮料有种让人难受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不觉
得这已是“事后诸葛亮”了吗？
7.again
1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不会感到
厌倦）
8.age
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2)Would you please act your age!请你做事要有一个与自己年龄相称的样子。This is a “coming of age” movie.这是一部成人影片。
9.air
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9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸点新鲜空气。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.虽然我不知道到底是出了什么差错，但我能隐隐约约感觉到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.当迈克喜欢的节目被取消时，他感到很伤心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我们的房子出勤率售一事还没有最后定下来。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.获得冠军后，我飘飘欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是来个没有头脑的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克逊的新歌到处都在不断地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飞机时晕机了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我们之间的关系不要很别扭。
10.all
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11)
12)
13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起来最后我们还是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我们已几乎完成了那个项目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.总的来说，我认为这一天过得很充实。Let's go all-out and win this game!让我们尽全力来打赢这场比赛。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.当我们看见那座建筑突然起火时，我们知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我们大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果这对你都是一回事的话，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他们以极快的速度逃脱警察的追赶。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高没有发现他们的进来。Let's settle this matter once and for all.让我们来把这个问题一次性地彻底解决掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.马克是一个全能运动员。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入选全明星队的比赛了吗？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的学校
100米跑的历史最高记录。
11.alley
1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽车不是我拿手的活儿。
12.alone
1)
2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一个人呆会儿。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些闲事吗？
13.along
1)
2)You knew all along what was going on.你从一开始就知道所发生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相处得不好。
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生来到这儿寻求他的“美国梦”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外国人在美国居住时被美国化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.没有选择职业的自由是完全违背美国精神传统的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比尔是全美（橄榄球）明星赛的四分卫队员。I just can't go on the American way.我无法适应美国方式。
15.animal
1)
2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水运动真正激发出了汤姆的活力与激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那个年轻演员在荧幕
上充分显示出他的性魅力。
16.answer
1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我给埃米打了电话，但是没人接。
17.apple
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去过纽约吗？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你问我有没有感觉出你们两人之间的不和，是吗？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.丽塔喜欢把一切都弄得井井有条。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一个马屁精。
18.arm
1)
2)
3)
4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不着你强迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一个没救了的纸上谈兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯带有武器，十分危险。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公园里到处都是
手挽手散步的恋人。
19.around
1)
2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.约翰逊教练已有三十年的经验了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在这里昼夜值班。
20.as
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起来在人来过这里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我准备回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.马蒂表现得像什么也没发生过一样。I want this room left as is.我希望这间房子保持原样。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.变动从明天开始实施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜寻绑架者的工作受
挫。
1)
2)
3)
4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我们每个月的煤气费平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我们平均每周吃一次鸡肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特视自己为一名普通的美国人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美国平常日
子里，有100,000个孩子带手枪去上学。
22.away
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你认为你可以免受处罚？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他们能费除掉这些复杂的税务表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我们正在为庆祝我们的纪念日而安排一次周末的外出活动。Tom wants to run away from home.汤姆想从家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凯茜计划在假期里偷偷跑出
去。
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