第一篇：语言学概论感悟 英语
语言学概论感悟
Why do we study linguistics? When we study a particular language, we just study it and actually we are limited by this language.While linguistics can help us study languages in general.In other words, linguistics is a systematic subject for students who want to learn any kind of language better.Just as my teacher said, linguistics is not only useful but also helpful.After I learned the second language-French, I found between English and French, there had something in common.However, language learning is still more difficult than we get our mother tongue.It must because speech is earlier than writing, for example little children hear sound or human voice first, then they learn written language because words are just symbols.There are things, and then there are the names of things.Just as Shakespeare said a rose by any other name would sell as sweet.If we want to have a good command of other language, we should not only focus on one or two point such as grammar or vocabulary.We should keep in mind learn a language is to learn the whole thoughts.That’s why we should study linguistics.Students always have rare interests in language learning for they don’t find a effective way to study it.When we recite words and try to understand the complicated grammar, we may be bored and tired, that’s because we do not know language’s similarities and generalizations.If we study linguistics, we can have a systematic recognition.During a period of time of learning, I find that linguistics has a widely use in language learning.Just like we read a sentence, we should consider the logical meaning of it because we shall know a word by the company it keeps, or we will make mistakes.If we learn linguistic, we can benefit a lot in language learning and find the beauty of the language.
第二篇：英语语言学概论--整理
1.Design feature(识别特征)refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2.Productivity(能产性)refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language.3.arbitrariness(任意性)Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.4.symbol(符号)Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5.discreteness(离散性)Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6.displacement(不受时空限制的特性)Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users.7.duality of structure(结构二重性)The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure.8.culture transmission(文化传播)Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9.interchangeability(互换性)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1)Productivity.2)Discreteness.3)Displacement 4)Arbitrariness.5)Cultural transmission 6)Duality of structure.7)Interchangeability.3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules.By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates.And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4.★(Function of language.)According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1)Instrumental function.工具功能 2)Regulatory function.调节功能
3)Representational function.表现功能 4)Interactional function.互动功能 5)Personal function.自指性功能
6)Heuristic function.启发功能 [osbQtq`kf`h] 7)Imaginative function.想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1)Interpersonal components.人际 2)Ideational components.概念 3)Textual components.语篇
Chapter 1 Language语言
1.general linguistics and descriptive linguistics(普通语言学与描写语言学)The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.2.synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics(共时语言学与历时语言学)Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time.And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3.theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics(理论语言学与应用语言学)The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4.microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学)The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.5.langue and parole(语言与言语)The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6.competence and performance(语言能力与语言运用)The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.7.speech and writing(口头语与书面语)Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8.linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior(语言行为潜势与实际语言行为)People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior.And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9.syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系)The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10.verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言语交际与非言语交际)Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication.The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1.★How does John Lyons classify linguistics? According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following: 1)General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2)Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3)Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4)Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2.Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1)Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2)Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3)Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3.★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system? Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following: 1)Phonetics.语音学 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2)Phonology.音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3)Morphology.形态学 studies about how a word is formed.4)Syntax.句法学 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5)Semantics.语义学 studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6)Pragmatics.语用学
★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学
1.articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2.acoustic phonetics(声学语音学)The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3.auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.consonant(辅音)Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5.vowel(元音)is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6.bilabials(双唇音)Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips.[p] [b] [m] [w] 7.affricates(塞擦音)The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates.[tX] [dY] [tr] [dr] 8.glottis(声门)Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9.rounded vowel(圆唇元音)Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening.[u:] [u] [OB] [O] 10.diphthongs(双元音)Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][Oi] [Qu][au] 11.triphthongs(三合元音)Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ] [QuQ][auQ] 12.lax vowels(松元音)According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels.All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1.★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria? The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1)The position of the soft palate.2)The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3)The place of articulation.4)The manner of articulation.2.★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria? Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1)The state of the velum 2)The position of the tongue.3)The openness of the mouth.4)The shape of the lips.5)The length of the vowels.6)The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3.★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other? Phonetics has three sub-branches as following: 1)Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2)Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3)Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively? I.The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following: 1)Voiced.2)Nasal.3)Consonantal.4)Vocalic.5)Continuant.6)Anterior.Chapter 3 Phonetics语音学 7)Coronal.8)Aspirated.II.The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following: 1)High.2)Low.3)Front.4)Back.5)Rounded.6)Tense.5 1.2.3.4.5.Chapter 4 Phonology 音位学
phonemes(音位)Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.allophones(音位变体)Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.phones(单音)The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.minimal pair(最小对立体)Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.contrastive distribution(对比分布)If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.6.complementary distribution(互补分布)If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be in complementary distribution.7.free variation(自由变异)When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause any change in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8.distinctive features(区别性特征)A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9.suprasegmental features(超切分特征)The distinctive(phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.10.tone languages(声调语言)Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11.intonation languages(语调语言)Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12.juncture(连音)Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1.★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology? 1)Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2)Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns.2.Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/.And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3.How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set? A minimal pair should meet three conditions: 1)The two forms are different in meaning.2)The two forms are different in one sound segment.3)The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4.★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1)Contrastive distribution.Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in a change of meaning.2)Complementary distribution.The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because the former occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3)Free variation.In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/ can be said to be in free variation.5.What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English? I.1)Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred to as segmental features.2)The distinctive(phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3)Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment.They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6.What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?
Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level
7.★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?
The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.7
1.morphemes(语素)Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs(语素变体)Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs(形素)Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2.roots(词根)Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes(词缀)Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes(自由语素)Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes(粘着语素)Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3.inflectional affixes(屈折词缀)refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes(派生词缀)refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4.empty morph(空语子)Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph(零语子)Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5.IC Analysis(直接成分分析)IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression(both a word and a sentence)into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.6.immediate constituents(直接成分)A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents(最后成分)Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7.morphological rules(形态学规则)The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.8.word-formation process(构词法)Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.1.★What is IC Analysis?
IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression(both a word and a sentence)into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2.How are morphemes classified? 1)Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2)Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3.★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a)All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b)All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4.What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? a)Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b)Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5.Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a)Functionally: i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b)In term of position: i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present.And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6.What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example: a)un-+ adj.->adj.b)Adj./n.+-ify->v.c)V.+-able-> adj.d)Adj.+-ly-> adv.Chapter 5 Morphology 形态学
Chapter 6 Syntax 句法学
1.syntagmatic relations(横组关系)refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations(纵聚合关系)refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations(等级关系)refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2.IC Analysis(直接成分分析)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers(短语标记法)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing(方括号标记法)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3.constituency(成分关系)
dependency(依存关系)
4.surface structures(表层结构)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformational rules.deep structures(深层结构)deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures.5.phrase structure rules(短语结构规则)are a way to describe a given language's syntax.They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts.6.transformational rules(转换规则)7.structural ambiguity(结构歧义)
1.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? They are different from each other in four aspects: 1)Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful grouping of sentences.2)Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3)Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4)Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2.Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1)PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2)T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3.What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we start with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are they generated? To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules(PS rules)while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules(T-rules).4.What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?
Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1)Syntagmatic relations 2)Paradigmatic relations.3)Hierarchical relations.10 1.2.3.4.5.Chapter 7 Semantics 语义学
Lexical semantics(词汇语义学)is defined as the study of word meaning in language.Sense(意义)refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.Reference(所指)means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.Concept(概念)is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Denotation(外延)is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6.Connotation(内涵)refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.7.Componential analysis(成分分析法)is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8.Semantic field(语义场)The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways.The areas are semantic fields.9.Hyponymy(上下义关系)refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10.Synonymy(同义关系)refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11.Antonymy(反义关系)refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12.Lexical ambiguity(词汇歧义)
13.Polysemy(多义性)refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14.Homonymy(同音(同形)异义关系)refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.15.Sentence semantics(句子语义学)refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1.What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics? In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics;it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? 1)Object, 2)concept, 3)symbol, 4)user, 5)context.3.What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?
第三篇：《英语语言学概论》精选试题
《英语语言学概论》精选试题
1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? C A.Language is a system B.Language is symbolic C.Animals also have language D.Language is arbitrary
2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A A.Symbolic B.Dual C.Productive D.Arbitrary
3.What is the most important function of language? C A.Interpersonal B.Phatic C.Informative D.Metalingual
4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A
A.Saussure B.Chomsky C.Halliday D.Anonymous
5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A A.competence B.parole C.performance D.langue
6.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is
B
.A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies
D
.A.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B.the perception of sounds C.the combination of sounds D.the production of sounds
8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in
B
.A.the place of articulation B.the obstruction of airstream C.the position of the tongue D.the shape of the lips
9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? A A.Phonetics B.Phonology C.Semantics D.Pragmatics 10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language? B A.Phonetics B.Phonology C.Semantics D.Pragmatics 11.Minimal pairs are used to
B
.A.find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C.compare two words
D.find the allophones of language
12.Usually, suprasegmental features include
D
,length and pitch.A.phoneme B.speech sounds C.syllables D.stress 13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable? D A.Coda B.Onset C.Stem D.Peak
14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content? B A.Word B.Morpheme C.Allomorph D.Root
15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed? A A.Morphology B.Syntax C.Phonology D.Semantics
16.Lexeme is
B
A.a physically definable unit B.the common factor underlying a set of forms C.a grammatical unit D.an indefinable unit
17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ? C A.[s] B.[iz] C.[ai] D.[is]
18.All words contain a
A
A.root morpheme B.bound morpheme C.prefix D.suffix
19.The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is
B A.homonymy B.hyponymy C.polysemy D.synonymy
20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called
C
A.lexicon B.morphology C.syntax D.semantics
21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? D A.gender B.number C.case D.voice
22.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are
B
.A.gradable opposites B.converse opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 23.“Big” and “Small” are a pair of
B
opposites.A.complementary B.gradable C.complete D.converse
24.According to C.Morris and R.Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters? C A.syntax B.semantics C.pragmatics D.sociolinguistics
25.There are
B
diesis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.A.3 B.4 C.5 D.6 26.In the following conversation:-Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?
-And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the
C
A.Quantity Maxim B.Quality Maxim C.Relation Maxim D.Manner Maxim 27.The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.D A.quantity B.quality C.manner D.relation
三、判断：Mistake is unintentionally deriant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner, which suggests failure in competence.答案是：F
四、简答题共30分，3题，要求字数不得超过100。1 画出树形图：The president thinks that he will win.这个题型年年考，07年的句子和06年的几乎是换汤不换药： 3 分析reference, sense 之间的联系和区别。
三、判断
1.Simplification of grammar occurs, so does elaboration or complication.2.Five general types of speech acts share the same illocutionary point, but differ in strength.3.Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.4.Phonology is concerned with the abstract set if sounds in a language which allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hear.5.The analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used.This is called the prescriptive approach.6.The term “learning”, when used of language, refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situation.The term “acquisition”, however, applied to a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of voca 7.Broad transcription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.8.Sense means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.9.The notion of context is essential to the semantic study of language.10.Language is both arbitrary and non-arbitrary.四、1.Specify the cognitive factors in child language development.2.Draw the tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure.The boy who was sleeping was dreaming.3.Specify the five types of synonyms.4.What are the possible causes of language change?
五、评论
Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, pr of the dictionary-makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground.Walt Whiteman Do you share your opinions with Walt Whiteman or not? What’s your understanding of language?
第四篇：英语语言学概论大纲
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求
（一）课程性质和特点
《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读
（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。
（二）本课程的基本要求
本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支 — 语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用 — 话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求：
1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念；
2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论；
3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用；
4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。
（三）本课程与相关课程的联系
英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。
在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读
（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。
二、课程内容与考核目标
第一章
语言
（一）课程内容
本章简要介绍了语言的定义、性质和功能。
（二）学习要求
了解语言的定义、性质和功能。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：语言的功能；
2、掌握：语言的定义和性质。
第二章
语言学
（一）课程内容
本章介绍了语言学的研究范围、语言学研究的科学程序、语言学的分支和几组重要的区别性概念。
（二）学习要求 通过本章的学习，要求了解语言学的研究范围和语言学研究的科学程序，深刻理解并掌握语言学的分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学）的研究对象，掌握语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、掌握：语言学的研究范围，语言学研究的科学程序，语言学的分支（语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学）的研究对象。
2、熟练掌握：语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。
第三章
语音学
（一）课程内容
本章介绍了语音学及其分支的定义、发音器官的名称和位置、英语辅音和元音的描述与分类、协同发音与国际语音表以及语音特征。
（二）学习要求
理解并掌握语音学及其分支的定义、发音器官的名称和位置、英语辅音和元音的描述与分类、协同发音与国际语音表以及语音特征。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：发音器官的名称和位置、协同发音与国际语音表。
2、掌握：语音学及其分支的定义。
3、熟练掌握：英语辅音和元音的描述与分类以及语音特征。
第四章
音位学
（一）课程内容
本章介绍了语音学和音位学的区别、音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）、鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
（二）学习要求 通过本章的学习，了解并掌握语音学和音位学的区别、音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）、鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：语音学和音位学的区别。
2、掌握：鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。
3、熟练掌握：音位学的重要概念（音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等）。
第五章
形态学
（一）课程内容
本章介绍了形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
（二）学习要求
通过本章的学习，了解并掌握形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：形态学的研究范围。
2、掌握：语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）。
3、熟练掌握：直接成分分析方法以及构词法。
第六章
句法学
（一）课程内容
本章介绍了句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。
（二）学习要求 通过本章的学习，了解并掌握句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：句法学的定义、成分关系与依存关系的区别、以及结构歧义现象。
2、熟练掌握：语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系（横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系）、分析句法关系的几种方法（直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法）、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、以及将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则。
第七章
语义学
（一）课程内容
本章介绍了语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）、意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素、句子之间的意义关系以及述位结构理论。
（二）学习要求
通过本章的学习，了解并掌握语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）、意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素、句子之间的意义关系以及述位结构理论。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）以及述位结构理论。
2、掌握：意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素。
（第八章 —— 第十二章内容不做考核要求）
第十三章
现代语言学流派
（一）课程内容
本章重点介绍了索绪尔与现代语言学的关系、欧洲结构主义（布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派）、美国结构主义、乔姆斯基与转换生成语法、伦敦学派、韩礼德与系统功能语法等。
（二）学习要求 了解并掌握现代语言学影响较大的重要流派：索绪尔与现代语言学的关系、欧洲结构主义（布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派）、美国结构主义、乔姆斯基与转换生成语法、伦敦学派、韩礼德与系统功能语法等。
（三）考核知识点和考核要求
1、领会：各个语言学流派的特点。
2、掌握：每个流派的代表人物。
三、有关说明和实施要求
（一）关于“课程内容与考核目标”中的有关说明
在大纲的考核要求中，提出了“领会”、“掌握”、“熟练掌握”等三个能力层次的要求，它们的含义是：
1、领会：要求应考者能够记忆规定的有关知识点的主要内容，并能够林归和理解规定的有关知识点的内涵与外延，熟悉其内容要点和它们之间的区别与联系，并能根据考核的不同要求，作出正确的解释、说明和阐述。
2、掌握：要求应考者掌握有关的知识点，正确理解和记忆相关内容的原理、方法步骤等。
3、重点掌握：要求应考者必须掌握的课程中的核心内容和重要知识点。
（二）自学教材
本课程使用教材为：《英语语言学概论》，王永祥、支永碧主编，南京师范大学出版社，2007年版。
（三）自学方法的指导
本课程作为一门的专业理论课程，综合性强、专业术语和概念多、内容丰富而抽象、理解难度大，应考者在自学过程中应该注意以下几点：
1、学习前，应仔细阅读课程大纲的第一部分，了解课程的性质、地位和任务，熟悉课程的基本要求以及本课程与有关课程的联系，使以后的学习紧紧围绕课程的基本要求。
2、在阅读某一章教材内容前，应先认真阅读大纲中该章的考核知识点、自学要求和考核要求，注意对各知识点的能力层次要求，以便在阅读教材时做到心中有数。
3、阅读教材时，应根据大纲要求，要逐段细读，逐句推敲，集中精力，吃透每个知识点。对基本概念必须深刻理解，基本原理必须牢固掌握，在阅读中遇到个别细节问题不清楚，在不影响继续学习的前提下，可暂时搁置。
4、学完教材的每一章节内容后，应认真完成教材中的习题和思考题，这一过程可有效地帮助自学者理解、消化和巩固所学的知识，增加分析问题、解决问题的能力。
（四）对社会助学的要求
1、应熟知考试大纲对课程所提出的总的要求和各章的知识点。
2、应掌握各知识点要求达到的层次，并深刻理解各知识点的考核要求。
3、对应考者进行辅导时，应以指定的教材为基础，以考试大纲为依据，不要随意增删内容，以免与考试大纲脱节。
4、辅导时应对应考者进行学习方法的指导，提倡应考者“认真阅读教材，刻苦钻研教材，主动提出问题，依靠自己学懂”的学习方法。
5、辅导时要注意基础、突出重点，要帮助应考者对课程内容建立一个整体的概念，对应考者提出的问题，应以启发引导为主。
6、注意对应考者能力的培养，特别是自学能力的培养，要引导应考者逐步学会独立学习，在自学过程中善于提出问题、分析问题、作出判断和解决问题。
7、要使应考者了解试题难易与能力层次高低两者不完全是一回事，在各个能力层次中都存在着不同难度的试题。
（五）关于命题和考试的若干规定
1、本大纲各章所提到的考核要求中，各条细目都是考试的内容，试题覆盖到章，适当突出重点章节，加大重点内容的覆盖密度。
2、试卷对不同能力层次要求的试题所占的比例大致是：“领会”20%，“掌握”40%，“熟练掌握”为40%。
3、试题难易程度要合理，可分为四档：易、较易、较难、难，这四档在各份试卷中所占的比例约为2：3：3：2。
4、本课程考试试卷可能采用的题型有：填空题、单项选择题、问答题、应用题等类型（见附录题型示例）。
5、考试方式为闭卷笔试，考试时间为150分钟。评分采用百分制，60分为及格。
附录
题型举例
I.Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions.For example: Deep structures are generated by ______ rules, and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by ______ rules.答案：phrase structure … transformational
II.Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given.Write the letter marking the answer in the brackets.For example: The sound [h] is ________.()A.a voiceless glottal fricative B.a voiceless dental plosive C.a voiced alveolar plosive
D.a voiced velar fricative 答案：A
III.Answer the following questions.For example: How does a surface structure differ from a deep structure? 答案：A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are pronounced;a deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words.A surface structure is relatively concrete, but a deep structure is abstract.A surface structure gives the form of a sentence as it is used in communication, but a deep structure gives the meaning of a sentence.A surface structure is pronounceable, but a deep structure is not pronounceable.IV.Practical work.For example: Draw the deep structure phrase marker for the following sentence and then apply necessary transformational rules to transform the deep structure into the surface structure:
Has the car been repaired?
参考网页：http://
第五篇：语言学概论
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浙江省2008年10月自学考试语言学概论试题
课程代码：10044
一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.按“四呼”来给汉语音节中的韵母归类，uan属于（）A.开口呼 C.合口呼 B.齐齿 D.撮口呼
2.音素［h］和［f］和的差别是由__________的差别形成的。（）A.音高 B.音重 C.音长 D.音质 3.辅音［f］是（）A.塞音 B.擦音 C.塞擦音 D.边音
4．元音［u］具有下列发音特征中（）A.不圆唇元音 C.低元音 B.圆唇高元音
D.前元音
5．汉语普通话系统中没有下列发音部位（）A.双唇 B.小舌 C.唇齿 D.舌面前
6．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个（）A.量词 B.数词 C.名词 D.代词
7.下列各组词中全部属于复合词的一组是（）www.xiexiebang.com 各类考试历年试题免费免注册下载 超过2万套word文档试题和答案
A.大学、阿姨 B.学习、老虎 C.劳动、孟子 D.道路、盖儿
8.下列各组词中，全部属于单纯词的一组是（）A.花儿、妯娌 B.逶迤、菩萨 C.袈裟、老虎 D.茉莉、木头
9.下列各组复合词中属于偏正式的一组是（）A.汉语、雪白、害虫 B.司机、丢脸、缺德 C.抓紧、改善、纠正 D.胆怯、性急、口吃
10.“优良”和“优秀”这对近义词的差别主要体现在词义的__________不同。（A.范围大小 B.强调重点 C.程度 D.感情色彩
11.下列反义词中属于绝对反义词的一组是（）A.有限——无限 B.复杂——简单 C.困难——容易 D.亏本——赢利
12.英语动词walk后面加上ed，这种变化属于语法范畴中的__________变化。（A.体 B.时 C.格 D.态
13.与“组织策划”结构相同的组合是（）A.阳光充足 B.调查研究 C.已经开始 D.在家休息 14.下列句子没多义的是（）A.我喜欢打蛋 B.我倒了一杯水 C.炮架在山上 D.在火车上写字
15.句子的__________是根据句子的用途和语气分出来的句子类型。（）A.句型类 B.句式类 C.功能类 D.简繁类))
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16.__________的进一步分化就会发展为亲属语言。（）A.共同语 B.地域方言
C.社会方言 D.行业语
17.下列词语全部属于汉语借词的一组是（）A.雷达、拷贝、芭蕾舞 C.篮球、吉他、比萨饼
B.卡车、朋友、哈巴狗 D.沙龙、足球、爱滋病
18.“银行、电话、青霉素”这三个词属于（）A.借词 B.音译词 C.音译加意译词 D.意译词
19.汉字“河”属于下列哪一种结构方式?（）A.象形 B.指事 C.会意 D.形声
20.下列关于文字起源的说法正确的一项是（）A.结绳记事 B.刻漏记事 C.数珠记事 D.图画和契刻
21.汉语普通话两个上声相连前面上声发生的变调现象是下列语流音变中的哪一类?（）A.同化 B.异化 C.弱化 D.脱落
22.英语walks中的［-s］是（）A.虚词语素 B.词根语素 C.构形语素 D.构词语素
23.按语言亲属关系分类，德语属于__________语系。（）A.印欧 B.汉藏 C.高加索 D.乌拉尔
24.语言的统一只能通过以下哪种方式来实现?（）www.xiexiebang.com 各类考试历年试题免费免注册下载 超过2万套word文档试题和答案
A.消灭现有方言 B.推广方言，使之取代共同语
C.方言和民族共同语并存 D.推广民族共同语，逐步用它来取代方言 25.下列词组中不属于体词性词组的一项是（）A方位词组 B.动宾词组 C.定中偏正词组 D.“的”字词组
26.关于文字和语言的关系，下列说法正确的一项是（）A.语言是在文字的基础上产生的
B.语言的特点不会影响文字的特点
C.文字等同于书面语 D.文字是语言的书写符号系统
二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。
27.除开词的意义关系类，词汇学上词的分类标准主要包括（）A.根据词的音节数量分类 B.根据词的语素数量分类 C.根据词的音形关系分类 D.根据词的使用地域分类 E.根据词的地位用途分类
28.语音中可以起区别意义作用的是（）A.音质 B.音强 C.音长 D.音高 E.音位变体
29.下列各项中属于语流音变的是（）A.同化 B.扩大 C.缩小 D.异化 E.弱化
30.下列属于“自源文字”的有（）A.希腊文字 B.古汉字
C.玛雅文字 D.古埃及的圣书字 www.xiexiebang.com 各类考试历年试题免费免注册下载 超过2万套word文档试题和答案
E.苏美尔文字
31.下列关于语言与思维关系的说法中正确的是（）A.语言的产生一定先于思维，语言决定思维 B.语言在抽象思维活动中起重要作用 C.语言在非抽象思维活动中同样起作用
D.思维在很大程度上决定语言，但语言反过来也对思维起作用 E.语言与思维之间没有任何联系
三、名词解释(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)每一名词解释都须举例。32.音位变体 33.社会方言 34.聚合关系 35.形态
四、简答题(本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分)36.文字改革的主要类型有哪些？ 37.谈谈口语和书面语的关系。38.语言规划的内容主要有哪些？
五、分析题(本大题共2小题，每小题6分，共12分)39.分析下列词的本义和派生义。皮毛 细软 首饰
40.分析下列多义句是什么原因引起多义的，通过变换句式或者加上一定的语言环境可以表示哪几种不同意义：开刀的是我父亲。
六、论述题（本大题共2小题，第41小题8分，第42小题10分，共18分）41.汉语方言间的差别表现在哪些方面?举例说明。www.xiexiebang.com 各类考试历年试题免费免注册下载 超过2万套word文档试题和答案
42.语法规则的性质和特点有哪些？举例说明。
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