liable与responsible在合同中的用法小结

第一篇：liable与responsible在合同中的用法小结

liable与responsible在合同中的用法小结

liable和responsible的意思都是“有责任的”，前者常见的用法为be liable for sth和be liable to sb，意思是“对......负有责任”；虽然后者也有与之相同的用法，含义也相同，但是二者使用的语境却各有区别，以下通过两组例句加以说明：

1be liable/responsible（to sb）for sth

例句一：

Party A will not be liable to Party B for the damages due to such expiration or termination of this Contract.对此类合同到期或终止而造成的损失，甲方不向乙方负任何责任。例句二：

He is responsible for the management of the company.他负责管理公司。

分析：从例句可以看出，liable侧重的是法律上的义务，而responsible侧重的是权力，而非义务

2此外，responsible可以作定语，如a responsible person一个有责任心的人，而liable不可以。

The seller shall deliver to the Purchaser a certificate of a responsible officer or director in the form set forth in Schedule A.卖方应在交割时，向买方递交由一名负责的管理人员或董事按附件A的格式出具的一份证明。

以上仅代表旗渡观点，欢迎批评指正或讨论交流。

第二篇：英文中标点符号用法-小结

英语中的标点符号的用法

句号的用法

句号在英语中的使用频率仅次于逗号，通常用来表示一个句子的结束。常见的用法如下： 1)用于陈述句，以表示一个句子的结束，也可用于语气温和的祈使句或客气的问句之后。

2)用于某些缩略词之后。3)用作小数点

逗号的用法 分隔句首状语

常用于分隔用作独立成分状语等的下列词语。分隔日期、数学、地点。

分隔人名与职称头衔或倒置的姓名。分隔呼语

用于信件的称呼和浩特语之后或结束敬语之后。

分号的用法

分号是名副其实的分隔号，它不能用于完结一个句子，它通常用于并列的分句之间。一般来说，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。分号一般有以下的用法：

1)用于并列分句之间，以分隔（通常）没有连词连接的主要从句，这些从句被认为是关系密切而属于一个句子。

2)用于for example, for instance, namely, that is(to say), in fact, i.e., e.g.等词语引出的分句之前。

冒号的用法

冒号是一个补充、连贯的符号，被用来引起读者注意下文。冒号多用于正式而庄重的问题中，具体用法如下：

1)列出表示列举、解释、或说明性的词语。2)引出较长的正式引语或大段引语。

3)用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后（英国用法中多用逗号）。

4)用于时与分之间（英国用法中多用句号）、比率数之间、《圣经》的章与节之间。5)分隔书名的标题与副标题。

问号的用法

问号，就是用在问句之后的符号，多用于对话中，书面表达中相对较少。问号的一般用法如下：

1)用于疑问句或语气婉转的祈使句之后。2)用在括孤内表示存疑或无把握。

叹号的用法 感叹号，用于抒发强烈的情感，如惊叹，赞赏，呼吁，决心，或用来表示强调，命令等。通常感叹号有以下用法：

1)用于加强命令语气或引起注意。2)表示感叹、赞美、嘲讽或玩笑。

连字符的用法

在英语中，连字符的作用是多方面的，其用法灵活多变。通常连字符有下列用法： 1)用于复合词。

2)用于词缀（或组合语素）与词根（或词）之间。3)用以避免单词在语义或在语音上发生混淆或用于分离。4)用于两地名、两数字或两个时间之间，意为“至”。5)用于单词移行。

但移行时要注意以下几种情况：

※单间节词不能分开移行，例如strength 不宜分成steng-和th ※屈折变化形式不宜分开移行，例如working不宜分成work-和ing.※数字、缩略词不宜分开移行，例如25759和UNESCO 不宜分成257-和59，UNES-和CO。

※易引起岐义的词不宜分开移行，例如legend和earnest不宜分成leg-和end , ear-和nest 移行。

※移行后行尾不宜只剩一个字母，例如alike 和alone不宜分成a-和like，a-和lone.※有词缀的词应在词缀与词根处移处，例如unimportant 和disappear应在uni和important, dis-和appear

处分开移行。

※复合词应在复合成分之间移行（原有连字符号的，可在行尾用双连字号或在下一行行首加一连字号），注意：连字符不可与破折号相混，破折号起分隔句中的若干部分的作用，连字符的长度为破折号的一半。

破折号的用法

破折号是用来加强语气的符号，表示意思突然转折，往往起到冒号，分号或逗号的作用。其用法如下：

1)表示话语突然中断、意思突然转折或犹豫不决。2)引出被强调的词语。

3)分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加成分的词语。4)引出概括性词语。5)表示引文出处。

6)用于两地名或两个时间之间，意为“至”，引号的用法

引号有双引号和单引号之分，事实上，双引号较单引号常用，单引号多见于报刊的新闻标题中。引号有下列几种用法： 1)用于直接引语。注意句子中其他标点符号与引号的相对位置：

逗号、句号位于引号内（这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外），在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号（这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内）。引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处。

2)用于引述文章、文艺作品、歌曲、广播及电视节目、绘画等。

撇号的用法

撇号主要有以下用法：

1)表示名词或不定代词的所有格。构成规则：

不以s结尾单复数名词加's，如John's bike 约翰的自行车 以s结尾的单复数名词加'，如student' room 学生房间

以s结尾的单数名语加's或' , 如Charles' brother / Charles's brother 查尔斯的弟弟 2)表示数学、符号、字母或词形本身的复数。3)表示省略了字母、数字或单词。

圆括号的用法

圆括号主要用于句子内容的补充说明。其功能相当于英语的插入语，具体用法如下： 1)括出例证、引文出处、参见、补充说明等解释性文字。2)括出表示列举的数字或字母。3)括出可省略的词语。

4)括出注释中刊物的出版地、出版商及出版年代等内容，5)括出可供选择的内容

方括号的用法

方括号通常是写作中用来表达意见，评论，或用于进行内容更正的专用符号。其用法如下： 1)引述他人文字中插入自己解释性或评述性的词语。2)对原文加以修正。3)括出剧本中的舞台提示。4)作圆括号内的括号。

删节号的用法

删节号又称省略号，通常用来表示引文中的省略部分或话语中未能说完的部分，也可表示话语中断断续续的停顿。星号（Asterisk）有时也用来表示省略，但此用法在现代英语中已渐渐消失，删节号的用法为： 1)表示词语省略

2)表示语句中的断续、停顿、犹豫。3)表示整行诗文的省略

斜线号的用法

斜线号的主要功能是分隔作用，其具体用法有： 1)用于分隔替换词。/or students.可以是老师和/或学生。2)用于分隔并列词语。3)用于某些缩略词中。4)用于速度、度量衡等单位中。5)用于某些数字组合中 6)用于诗歌分行。

第三篇：as的用法小结与练习

单词as词形简单，但用法复杂，可作副词、替代词、关系代词、从属连词和介词。还可与其他词汇结合构成诸多搭配，故as一直是高考热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。现结合考题，剖析难点，以飨读者。

一、用作介词，as与like用法区别

[例1] Let’s learn to use the problem we are facing ______ a stepping-stone to future success.(NMET 2008全国卷)A.to B.for C.as D.by [解析] C。as作介词表“作为”，常接在treat/regard/recognize/use等动词之后；而like表“像„„一样”。试比较：

(1)He is a child, and must be treated as such.他年幼，应该当孩子对待。(2)He acted like a child, while he had grown up.他虽已成人，但做事却像孩子一样。

二、用作从属连词

1．表时间，as/when/while用法区别

[例2] Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially ______ Father was away in France.(NMET 1994全国卷)A.as B.that C.during D.if [解析] A。主从句动作先后发生常用when；两个较长动作同时发生用while；特别强调主从句动作同时发生用as，译作“一边„„一边”，as还可表“随着”。另when, while还可用作并列连词。when表at that time，而while表“两相对照”。

2．表原因，as/because/since/for用法区别

[例3] Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, ______ this was a memory she especially treasured.(NMET 2006广东卷)A.as B.if C.when D.where [解析]A。as 作从属连词引导原因状语从句。as和because, since, for的区别是：because语势最强，用来说明人所未知的原因，回答why提出的问题，可置于强调句中且其前可加修饰语； since是双方都知晓原因或经过分析而得之的原因，语气次之；for是并列连词，前用逗号隔开，表逻辑推理或补充说明；as语气最弱，原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，即已知原因，所引导的分句可置于句首。

3．表转折，引导让步状语从句[来源:学科网ZXXK]

[例4] ______, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.(NMET 2005重庆卷）

A.A quiet student as he may be B.Quiet student as he may be C.Be a quiet student as he may D.Quiet as he may be a student [解析] B。as 引导让步状语从句时，形容词、副词、动词等常置前；若表语为名词，前置时使用零冠词；从句谓语动词常和助动词或情态动词may, might, will, would等连用。

4．表正如，引导方式状语从句

[例5] —Who should be responsible for the accident? —The boss, not the workers.They just carried out the order ______.(NMET 2008福建卷)A.as told B.as are told C.as telling D.as they told [解析]A。as引导方式状语从句，表按照、正如；非限定分句“从属连词+-ed/-ing形式” 可以看作是一种省略，即省略了主语和be动词。究竟使用何种非谓语动词形式取决于主被动关系。又如：

(1)As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.（NMET 2005浙江卷）

(2)Doctors have said that as many as 40 percent of patients don’t take medicine as directed.三、用作关系代词，指代整个句子，as/which/it用法区别

[例6] The Beatles, ______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.(NMET 2006天津卷)A.what B.that C.how D.as [解析] D。as作关系代词，在非限制性定语从句中，可指代整个句子内容，置于句首，而which不可；it为代词，用作句子成分，但不用来连接句子，故常和并列连词连用；在限制性定语从句中常与such, the same连用，试比较：[来源:Zxxk.Com]

(1)I haven’t many toys but I will send you such as I have.我的玩具并不多。不过，我会把我仅有的一点玩具送给你。

(2)The book is not such that I can advise you to read it.这本书并不怎么样，我没法向你推介。

四、用作从句性替代词，等同于so

[例7] —My room gets very cold at night.—______.(NMET 2007江苏卷)A.So is mine B.So mine is C.So does mine D.So mine does [解析]C。从题干中动词gets得知，助动词应选择do的适当形式，故排除选项A和B；从语序上考虑，排除选项D。as用作从句性替代词，等同于so，只是用于正式语体中。如：Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life.五、as„as结构

1．构成倍数比较句型：n times+as„as

[例8] What a table!I’ ve never seen such a thing before.It is ______ it is long.（NMET 2005湖北卷）

A.half not as wide as B.wide not as half as C.not half as wide as D.as wide as not half [解析]答案C。not与谓语动词连用构成否定。as 作从属连词引导比较状语从句，常见结构为as...as，第一个as为副词，后接形容词或副词，第二个as为连词。程度修饰语应放在第一个as之前。

2.as/so long as

[例9] —Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?[来源:学&科&网] —I don’t mind where we go ______ there’s sun, sea and beach.(NMET 2008全国卷)A.as if B.as long as C.now that D.in order that [解析] B。as long as最基本词义表示主从句动作延续时间一样长，可引导时间状语从句；若引导条件状语从句，表“只要”，同only if，为唯一条件。又如：

As long as I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.（NMET 2003北京卷）

3.as far as

[例10] ______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.（NMET 2004北京春季卷）

A.As long as B.As far as C.Just as D.Even if [解析] B。as far as I knowcan seeam concerned表据我所知（我看、我所关心的）；as far as还表“远至”。

4.as much as

[例11] The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him ______ I did.（NMET 2005湖南卷）

A.as much as B.as long as C.as soon as D.as far as [解析]A。as much as表程度或数量；as long as表长度或条件；as soon as尽快；as far as远至，根据。若用于否定句中，第一个as换为so。例：Young people in the US don’t care so much about fashion as those in China.5.as well as

[例12] John plays football ______, David.(NMET 1994全国卷)A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as [解析]B。if not better than为插入语，对考生答题具有一定干扰。as well as在功能上相当于并列连词，用来连接两个平行成分，但不能用作并列连词。注意在连接两个并列谓语动词时，其后的动词使用动词-ing形式；除此之外，所连接的成分前后应保持平行、对等。试比较：

⑴ Computers have been put into robots and _____to make mobile phones as well as _______with medical operations.(原创模拟)A.used;to help B.used;help C.using;helping D.using;helped ⑵ Computers have been put into robots as well as _____to make mobile phones and _______with medical operations.(原创模拟)[来源:Zxxk.Com]

A.used;to help B.having been used;help C.being used;helping D.using;helped 答案与解析：⑴B；⑵B。⑴中and为并列连词，used与谓语动词put保持一致。as well as用来连接两个并列状语，作不定式的宾语，故make与help保持一致；⑵中as well as用来连接两个并列动词，故紧随其后的动词使用-ing形式，并与谓语动词照应，使用having been used形式。其后and为并列连词，连接并列状语，作不定式的宾语，保持一致。

6.as good as

[例13] He said he would do whatever he could to help me, and he was ______ his word.A.as good as B.as well as C.as much as D.as many as [解析]A。as good as最基本词义是“和„„一样好”；还可表示“几乎，简直是”，其后接名词、动词或形容词均可，在功能上相当于副词very nearly。如：

⑴The work is as good as finished.工作基本完成。

⑵If he finds out, I’m as good as dead.要是他发现了，我就完了。

六、as其他常见搭配 1．so as to

[例14] All these gifts must be mailed immediately ______ in time for Christmas.（NMET 2005辽宁卷）

A.in order to have received B.in order to receive C.so as to be received D.so as to be receiving [解析] C。so+(adj./adv.)as to do既表目的又可表结果，在表目的时可以和in order to换用但不可置于句首。so后接形容词或副词时只表结果。此题结合时态和语态对考生进行综合考查。试比较：

[例15] My English teacher’s humor was ______ make every student burst into laughter.(NMET 2008江西卷)A.so as to B.such as to C.such that D.so that [解析]B。从题干动词make可以看出，选项C和D应排除，sosuch that为从属连词，后接从句；此处such 为代词，表这样的人或物，作表语，后续不定式表

结果，其前加as to以示强调。试比较：My English teacher’s humor was such that makes every student burst into laughter.[来源:学科网ZXXK][来源:Z_xx_k.Com] 2．as against/for/to/with

[例16] ______ pandas, golden monkeys are in danger of dying out in our country.A.As against B.As for C.As to D.As with [解析] D。此题考查as的常见搭配。as against与„„相对；as for somebodysomething就„„而言；as to(依照一定的标准或原则)根据、依照；as with和„„一样。

3.as if/though

[例17] Elize remembers everything exactly as if it ______ yesterday.(NMET 2006全国卷)A.was happening B.happens C.has happened D.happened [解析]D。as if 引导方式状语从句，同时涉及虚拟语气的用法。主从句动作同时发生，对现在假设，从句用一般过去时；若对过去假设则用过去完成时。as if后还可接to dodoing等。如：He opens his mouth as if to speak.他张开嘴好像要说话。

4.as还有以下常见搭配：

(1)Leave the book as it was.把书原样放好。

(2)Just as exercise is to the body, so is reading to the mind.正如锻炼对身体很重要，读书对大脑也一样重要。

(3)My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever;as a result, he could neither eat nor sleep.我的朋友马丁患了一种奇怪的感冒。结果，病折腾得他既不能吃又不能睡。

(4)Steve, as usual, was the last to arrive.史蒂夫照例来得最晚。(5)Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.兰花、报春花等野花越来越稀少。[来源:Zxxk.Com] 巩固性练习：

1.There at the door stood a girl about the same height ______.A.as me B.as mine C.with mine D.with me 2.______ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through 3.______ the day went on, the weather got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As 4.I do every single bit of house work ______ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.A.since B.while C.when D.as5 5.We had better hurry ______ it is getting dark.A.and B.but C.as D.unless 6.We cannot figure out ______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.A.that B.as C.why D.when 7.Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ______ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.A.because B.though C.unless D.if 8.______ everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more.A.For B.Even C.Since D.However 9.______, he doesn’t study well.A.As he is clever B.He is as clever C.Clever as he is D.As clever he is 10.Famous as he is, ______.A.his works are not widely read B.but his works are not widely read C.however his works are not widely read D.still his works are not widely read 11.______, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.A.As long as I have traveled B.Now that I have traveled so much C.Much as I have traveled D.As I have traveled so much 12.______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A.It B.As C.That D.What 13.______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A.Which B.When C.What D.As[来源:学科网ZXXK] 14.—It’s burning hot today, isn’t it? —Yes.______ yesterday.A.As was it B.So it was C.As it is D.So is it 15.It is reported that the United States uses ______ energy as the whole of Europe.A.as twice B.twice much C.twice much as D.twice as much 16.Our neighbor has ______ours.A.as a big house as B.as big a house as C.the same big house as D.a house the same big as[来源:学,科,网Z,X,X,K] 17.Americans eat ______ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.A.more than twice B.as twice as many

C.twice as many as D.more than twice as many 18.The WTO cannot live up to its name ______ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though 19.After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for ______ an hour, thinking of her young and happy days.A.as long as B.as soon as C.as much as D.as many as 20.—How far apart do they live? —______ I know, they live in the same neighborhood.A.As long as B.As far as C.As well as D.As often as 21.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 22.John shut everybody out of the kitchen ______ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.[来源:学科网] A.which B.when C.so that D.as if 23.The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ______ whether he was going in the right direction.A.seeing B.having seen C.to have seen D.to see 24.Tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job.A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to 25.A typhoon swept across tiffs area with heavy rains and winds ______ strong as 113 miles per hour.A.too B.very C.so D.as

26.The organization encourages members to meet on a regular basis, ______ them with financial support.A.as well as providing B.as much as provide C.as good as providing D.as far as provide 27.We’re going to the cinema tonight, why don’t you come along _____? A.though B.yet C.however D.as well 28.They own a house in the city ________a villa in the countryside.A.as many as B.as much as C.as good as D.as well as 29.____is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.A.As B.That C.This D.Such 30.Pop music is such an important part of society _____ has even influenced our language.A.as B.that C.which D.where 参考答案：1~5 BCDBC 6~10 CACCA 11~15 CBDAD 16~20 BDCAB 21~25 CCDBD 部分难题答案与解析：

1.B 搭配the same „as„，mine同my height。

16.B as„as结构中第一个as为副词，后续形容词或副词。选项C应变为the same house as big as；选项D应改为a house as big as。

29.D such表这样的人或物，构成“Such is+主语”结构，our belief后续从句为同位语从句。

30.A 后一分句缺少主语，故选择既起连接作用又担任句子成分的关系代词as。

第四篇：初中英语中both的用法小结

初中英语中both用法小结

初中英语中，both为重要考点之一，要反复加强总结，本文特收集各类知识点，希望对大家有所帮助

My father and my mother are both from England（both放在系动词后,“都…”）=Both of my father and my mother/my parents are from England both的用法总结

both的用法有两种，它可以和名词、代词连用，也可以和动词连用，在句中作主语、宾语及同位语，也可作定语。现将其用法归结如下：

1)both与名词、代词连用

(1)both＋(of)＋the/ 物主代词/指示代词+名词，如：

①Both of the cats are asleep.两只猫都睡着了。

②I bought both of these bottles in China two years ago.两年前我在中国买了这一对瓶子。

③Both of his daughters are doctors.他的两个女儿都是医生。

(2)both直接修饰名词时，不加of。如：

①Both children won prizes.两个孩子都得了奖。

【注意】不能说both of children，但可以说 both of the children.②I've got oil on both hands.我两手都是油。

【注意】不能说both of hands，可说both of my hands。

(3)在人称代词前一定要用both of，不能说 both we或 both us，但可以说us both, them both等。如：

①Both of us like skating.我们俩都喜欢滑冰。

= We both like skating.②I want both of them.两个我都要。

= I want them both.2)both与动词连用

当both在句中作主语的同位语时，也可与动词连用，both在句中的位置有以下三种情况：

(1)放在是动词be之后。如：

①The children are both lovely.这两个孩子都很可爱。

= Both of the children / Both children

are lovely.②They are both from Australia.他们两个都是澳大利亚人。

= Both of them are from Australia.【注意】在感叹句或简略答语中，both应置于be之前。如：

③How beautiful they both are!他们俩多漂亮啊！

④----Are you both from Japan?----Yes, we both are.“你们俩都是日本人吗？”“是的，我们是。”

(2)放在行为动词前。如：

①We both like watching TV.我们俩都喜欢看电视。

②The men both looked French.那两个人看起来都像是法国人。

(3)当谓语动词是由几部分组成时，both要放在第一个助动词后面。①We have both studied acting.我们俩都学过演戏。

②The rooms have both been cleaned.这两间屋子都已打扫过了。

如：

3)both作代词时，可单独使用，其后不接名词。如：

①The brothers are good at playing basketball.Both will take part in the game.这弟兄俩人篮球打得好，他们俩都将参加比赛。

②----Which one do you want?

----I'll take both please.“你要哪一个？”“两个我都要。”

【注意】both与not连用，是部分否定。如：

①Both the doors are not open.两扇门并不都开着。Both of us are not students.我们并不都是学生。○========

both 表示“两者都… ”是个副词,也可以做代词,例:

副词:We are both students.代词:Both of us are students.它的否定形式是neither 词性和both一样,例: 副词:We are neither STUDENT, 注意是单数名词.代词:Neither of us IS a student 同样注意也是单数

=========== Both的用法及注意事项

一、形容词both作“两”、“双”解：

1.Both(of the)instruments are valuable to this process.（定语）这两个仪器对这个过程都是很有价值的。

2.Both(the)students have made a good few experiments on electricity.（定语）这两个学生都做了不少电学实验。

二、代词both作“两人”、“两者”解：

1.Both(of them)have been to Beijing.（主语）他们两人都去过北京。

2.There are two English books on the table.He wants to read them both in a short time.（同位语）桌上有两本英语书，他想在短时期内阅读这两本书。

3.Steel and petroleum both play an important part in the development of industry and agriculture.（同位语）钢和石油这两样东西在工农业发展中起着重要作用。

4.He and I are both from Tianjin.（both作同位语。注意both在本句中的词序和上两句不同。）他和我都是天津人。

三、“both…and…”起连接词作用，作“两者都”、“又……又”、“不但……而且”解：

注意：“both…and…”能连接各种并列成分，甚至两个句子。

1.Both copper and silver are good conductors of electricity.（连接两个主语）铜和银都是良好的电导体。

2.The molecules of common salt all contain atoms of both the gas and the metal which compose the salt.（连接of的两个宾语）食盐分子都具有构成食盐的气体和金属这两种物质的原子。

3.Alloys are both useful and important.（连接两个表语）合金既有用又重要。

4.To do work, you must both exert force and move something.（连接两个动词短语）为了作功，你必须既施加力又推动某个东西。

5.Copper is an important conductor, both because of its high conductivity and because of its abundance and low cost.（连接两个状语）铜是一种重要的导体，因为它的导电率高，而且资源丰富，价格又低。

6.It is necessary to build a lot of petrochemical works, both because China is rich in petroleum and because there is a great demand for petrochemicals.（连接两个状语从句）由于中国石油丰富，而对石油化学产品需要量又大，所以有必要建立许多石油化工厂。

四、注意“both+否定式谓语+…”构成部分否定：

1.Both(the)instruments are not precision ones.并非这两个仪器都是精密仪器。

2.Both of the books are not helpful.这两本书并非都是有益的。

如果要将上述两句改成全部否定，则就应写成：

1.Neither instrument is precision one.(=Either instrument is not precision one.=Either of the instruments is not precision one.)这两个仪器都不是精密仪器。

2.Neither of the books is helpful.(=Either of the books is not helpful.=Either book is not helpful.)这两本书都不是好书。

both当形容词的时候，有

both of the boys=both boys =both the boys（两个男孩都...）接代词的时候是:both of us=we both（我们都...）

当both做副词的时候，放在Be动词，助动词，情态动词之后，行为动词之前,比如说: We both like English.We can both sing.另外，both 也构成短语both...and...（两者都...）,比如: Both Tom and Tina like English.（Tom和Tina都喜欢英语）这里的“like”必须用复数形式

both...and...的反义短语是neither...nor...我们都有黑头发是“We both have black hair.”=Both of us have black hair.我们都很外向是“We are both outgoing.”=Both of us are outgoing.

第五篇：初中课本中use用法小结

初中课本中use用法小结

一、作及物动词，发音为/ ju:z /。

1.译为“用，使用”。例如：

We can use the lift to go up and down.2． 译为“发挥，行使”。例如：

He promised to use his influence.3． 译为“消耗，用尽”。例如：

They have used money up.4． 译为“利用”。例如：

He was used by a stranger.5． 译为“对待，相当于treat”。例如：

He used his friends worse than ever.二、作名词，常与of 连用，发音为/ ju:s /。

1． 译为“用法，应用，使用，用途”。例如：

He makes good use of his time.2． 译为“使用权，使用能力”。例如：

He gave me the use of his bike.3． 译为“效用，益处，价值”。例如：

What’s the use of worrying?

4． in use译为“使用之中，使用着”。例如：

The lab is in use.三、几种变化。

1． use（名词）→ use（动词）

2． use（动词）→ used（形容词）used cars 二手车

3． use（动词）→ useful（形容词）有用的

4． useful（形容词）→ usefulness（名词）有用，用处

5． use（名词）→ useless（形容词）无用的6． use（名词）→ user（名词）使用者，用户

四、构成的短语词组。

1． used to do sth.过去常常做某事。（现在不做了）例如：

My father used to be a teacher.He used to have long hair.其否定形式常用didn’t use to 或 used not to。例如：

She didn’t use to / used not to wear a skirt.2． be used to sth / doing sth.习惯于某事或者习惯做某事，其中to为介词，其后跟名词，代词或形容词。例如：

I am used to getting up early.I wasn’t used to city life, but now I have got used to living in this city.3． be used to do sth = be used for sth / doing sth.被用来做……，是被动语态，其中to 为不定式符号。例如：

A knife can be used to cut things.Seal’s fur can be used for coats.4． make use of sth.利用，使用某物。其中use也是名词，可用 good、full、more、little等形容词修饰。例如：

We must make good use of time to study.5． use one’s head 动脑筋，仔细考虑。例如：

Use your head and you’ll find a way.