第一篇:((人教版))[[高三英语教案]]高考英语复习阅读理解答题技巧归纳总结
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com 高考英语阅读理解答题技巧归纳总结
高三英语组组长:李家岑
策略
一、紧扣主旨大意
高考英语阅读理解的主旨大意题主要是考查考生在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法对文章进行高度的概括或总结的能力。常见的设问方式有:
●标题类:What's the best title/headline for the passage?
●大意类:The text is mainly about__.The topic/subject discussed in the passage is _.From the passage,we can conclude that _.●作者意图类:What's the writer's purpose in writing the passage?
针对主旨大意类型的题,考生可以掌握以下解题策略:把握文章逻辑结构,快速找出主题;寻找主题句,确定文章中心思想;将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体,得出文章主题;逆向思维法解标题类问题。
一、把握文章逻辑结构,快速找出主题
高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构:
1、时间顺序。按时间先后顺序说明某一事件、某一理论的发展过程,属于这种结构的文章主题通常在首段或末段。
2、“总说-分述”结构。首段做总的说明,其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点,属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。最典型的是新闻报道类文章,此类体裁的文章在近年高考阅读中逐渐增多。一般这类文章都有固定格式:城市名称(新闻社)———新闻内容。掌握一些国际知名新闻社的英文名称是必要的,路透社Reuters,美联社Associated Press,法新社Agence France Presse。
3、“分述-总说”结构。前面几段分别说明,末段总结。属于这种结构的文章主题在末段。
二、寻找主题句,确定文章中心思想
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
不是所有的文章都有主题句,对于大部分有主题句的文章来说,主题句表达了文章的中心思想,找到了主题句,也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。主题句呈现的形式有:
1、在文首。文章开门见山,提出主题,随后摆事实、讲道理来解释、支撑和发展主题句所表达的主题思想。
2、在文中。通常前面只提出问题,随之陈述细节引出主题,而后做进一步的解释、支撑或发展。
3、在文尾。在表述细节后,归纳要点,得出结论,以概括主题。
三、将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体,得出文章主题
通常有些文章会在首段提出一个重要论点,随后在各段分别进一步从不同角度继续阐述,这样我们可以找出首段的中心句,再将其和各段第一句串联在一起,就可以得出文章的中心思想。如:(2006北京卷D篇71题)
Which is the best title for the passage?
A.Societal Conditions in Premodern Times
B.Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment
C.Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate
D.Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents
第一段:Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused,a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.第二段:One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.…
第三段:A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.…
从第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不难看出,这篇文章的标题应该是Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment.四、逆向思维法解标题类问题
针对这类题型,考生不妨思考一下,“如果我是作者,遇到这样的标题,文章应该怎样写?”如:
(2005全国I卷B篇62题)What would be the best title for the text?
A.A Cross-country Trip
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
B.A Special Border Pass
C.An Unguarded Border
D.An Expensive Church Visit
如果标题是A Cross-country Trip,那么文章应该讲述一次出境旅行;如果标题是A Special Border Pass,那么文章应该着重讲一个特殊的边境通行证;如果标题是An Unguarded Border,那么文章应该侧重讲边境如何不设防;如果标题是An Expensive Church Visit,那么文章应该讲一次礼拜如何花费昂贵了。经过这样的逆向思维,我们不难发现文章的内容恰好与标题An Expensive Church Visit一致,因此应该选D。
■策略
二、把握作者意图
每一篇文章都有其写作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中体现自己的思想呢?他通过哪些语言向读者传达了自己的感受呢?我们在阅读的同时怎样收集、综合各种信息,体会作者的情感呢?了解这些有助于我们在做阅读理解题时把握作者思路,领会文章内涵,做出正确的选择。要做到这一点,我们需要从两个方面入手:一是把握作者的写作意图,二是把握出题的角度。下面我们就分别分析一下。
一、对于写作意图的把握
有的文章只是客观地介绍一件事或物,或各方观点,作者不发表自己个人的意见,如一些科技文,新闻事件报道等。这样的文章属于“广而告知型”。要根据客观事实答题,一是一,二是二,凡与事实不符的选项,或文中没有提到的事实,当然都是不能选的。这样的题目难度一般都不会很大。最难于驾驭的是一些故事性、情感经历性的文章。因为作者在行文时会用到一些写作手法,如倒叙、插叙等。往往还会有一些思想、情感的波动。这就需要我们在阅读时认真把握,细心体会。
1.注意连接词的使用:Near the end of the last year in middle school,my dad took me to the wildlife refuge.He needed to get some aligator blood to do the experiment.At first,I thought fishing for alligators was a bad idea.What if one tried to eat me?But we had a lot of help,and my dad knew a lot about alligators,so it was OK.资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
通过第一句可知这是倒叙。我们知道了结果:作者去了野生动物保护区。接下来是作者当初由反感、害怕到最后打消顾虑同意去。都是通过连接词at first,but,so等展开的。所设题目是:
Why did the writer think that fishing for aligators was a bad idea at first?
A.Because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligators
B.Because we should protect alligators
C.Because the writer was not as brave as his father
D.Because the writer knew little about alligators
弄清了作者的思想波动就不难选出正确答案A了。
2.注意一些形容词及某些特定句式的使用:透过一些形容词可以看出作者的倾向,如:Isn't that wonderful if we get there by air?(作者希望坐飞机去那里。)
某些句型表面看上去是比较级,而实际上是最高级含义。My mother decided to take me on the trip.It couldn't be better.(It couldn't be better=It's great.意为“太好了”)
某些否定形式的句子实际上是肯定含义:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much.(再怎么强调保护环境的重要性也不过分。)作者以这样的句子体现自己的观点:必须加大力度保护环境。
注意虚拟语气的使用。How I wish I had passed the driving test.(我多么希望已通过了驾照考试呀!)此句暗含的事实是:并没通过考试。
3.将自己想象为故事中的主人公,体会其心理感受
有一篇文章,写一个老太太刚刚在海边买了一座别墅,打算在那里度过余生。因为那里的气候湿润温暖,更适合她的健康。此时她站在曾经生活了25年的房子里,最后环顾这曾经装载了她的大半生的房子。所给的问题是:How does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house?正确答案是:Her feeling is complex.其他的选项如She is happy/She is sad等都片面。只要我们设身处地站在老太太的位置上想一想,就不难找到正确答案。
4.把握全篇文脉,仔细揣摩事情发生的背景
我们不仅要掌握一定的语言知识,还需要平时储备一定的逻辑推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知识,才能完全领会文章的主旨或者其所渗透出
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com 的幽默感。请看下面这篇介绍父子关系的文章。第一句话就开门见山:My father and I were very close.He was always proud of my success.然后用一个事例说明:If I won a spelling contest at school,he was on top of the world.如果知道be on top of the world是“高兴至极”的意思,也只是理解了语言的表层含义。接下来:When I was named President of the Ford Motor Company,I didn't know which of us was more excited.正确理解了上文的铺垫,才会真正领会此句暗含的意味及幽默:实际上父亲比我还高兴。如果对西方人的生活方式及习惯比较了解的话,也不难接受下面的句子:I hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunity———nothing could have felt more natural.我们再来继续欣赏一下父亲鲜明的个性:My father was a curious man who was always trying new things.He was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle.Unfortunately,my father and his motorcycle didn't get along too well.He fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after buying it.As a result,he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.读懂了这些,就不难理解下文中为什么父亲不让“我”拥有一辆自行车,反而当“我”刚满16岁就让我开车了。正确理解了文章的来龙去脉及内涵,对于文后题目的处理也就会轻而易举了。
二、对于出题意图的把握
1.正确理解一个事物的两个方面
有些题目不是直接照搬原文的话,而是用一些另外的语言表达出同样的意思,因此我们必须掌握用英文解释英文的技能。如一篇介绍辍学学生的文章,文章先后两次谈到学生辍学后的感想。第一次:Most students who dropped out of school in the United States admit they made a mistake by giving up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more chalenging.第二次:three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay.文后的题目是Which of the folowing is right according to the passage?正确答案是:Most dropout students hope to go back to school if possible.虽然
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
原文没有像题目这样明确说明,但其实这是一个事物的两个方面;对于辍学的后悔其实就是希望继续上学。通过正确推断这些文句的含义,即可找出正确答案。
2.以文章内容为基础进行判断
有些题目要根据短文的内容来判断正误,这就需要按作者的思路去考虑,站在作者或文章内容中出现的人物的立场上予以辨析,不能依据自己的喜好或认知判断。
■策略
三、合理推理判断
推理判断题在高考中占很大的比重,学生在此类题型中也失分最多。推理判断题要求考生考虑文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意,弦外之音做出合理的推理和判断。
一、理解定义。判断是对已知的事实仔细评价之后做出的合理决定。推理是对事实的内涵所做的陈述或以事实为依据对未知所做的陈述。注意无论是判断还是推理都是以已知事实为依据。
二、推理题常见的提问形式。常以infer,imply,indicate,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词提问。
或含有表推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的动词,如probably,mostlikely等。
三、具体策略
1.通过辨认细节的技巧,找到相关的事实或证据,对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价,在此基础上再作决定。切记:推断是以文章提供的事实为依据,而不是凭空想象,更不是读者自己的意愿。
2.借助常识。在推理判断题中,我们平时积累的一些常识通常会派上用场。2006年陕西高考英语试卷中一篇关于通信发展史的阅读最为典型。A.The postal service has over the years become faster.B.The postal service has over the years become slower.大家都应知道交通越来越发达,邮电业当然是faster.此篇还涉及到有关发邮件的常识,如果同学们有这个common sense,就如鱼得水了。
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
3.务必要用排除法。排除法在此类题型中发挥着不可磨灭的作用。根据在文章中找到的事实依据和常识排除错误信息,再排除和文章中一词不差的信息(文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果,但通过同义词或句型转换过的选项有可能是正确答案),最后再排除无关或偏离信息,正确答案就不言而喻了。
4.词句段篇,相互交融。词的理解要放在句子里,句子的理解要靠段,段的理解也离不开篇。单独说floor谁都知道是什么意思,但…she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover,in her own handwriting…这个语境里是surprised的意思。因此不能独立地看某个词或某句话。此外,学生对一词多义或一些习语的积累也是很有必要的,这就要靠同学们课下多下工夫了。
5.平时扩大词汇量的同时也要注意学习词的深刻内涵。从措辞去寻找文章的感情色彩,猜测作者的态度或写作意图。现仅举一简单的例子。When the phone finally rang,he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it.从这几个词我们能形象地看出他等电话之久,紧张迫不及待的心情,同时也说明电话之重要,这正是作者的真正意图。
例He is an old cobbler(修鞋匠)with a shop in the Marais,a historic area in Paris.When I took him my shoes,he at first told me:“I have no time.Take them to the other fellow on the main street;he'll fix them right away.”
But I'd had my eye on his shop for a long time.Just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather,I knew he was a skilled craftsman(手艺人).“No,”I replied,“the other fellow can't do it well.”
“The other fellow”was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys “while-u-wait”-without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys.They work carelessly,and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋带)you might as well just throw away the pair.My man saw I wouldn't give in,and he smiled.He wiped his hands on his blue apron(围裙),looked at my shoes,had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said,“Come back in a week.”I was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
“See what I can do?”he said with a pride.“Only three of us in Paris can do this kind of work.”
When I got back out into the street,the world seemed brand-new to me.He was something out of an ancient legend(传说),this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly,his very strange,dusty felt hat,his funny accent from who-knows-where and,above all,his pride in his craft.These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line,when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”,when,in short,people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消费)rather than a way to realize their own abilities.In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.1.Which of the following is true about the old cobbler?
A.He was equipped with the best repairing tools.B.He was the only cobbler in the Marais.C.He was proud of his skils.D.He was a native Parisian.2.The sentence“he was something out of an ancient legend.”implied that___
A.nowadays you can hardly find anyone like him
B.it was difficult to communicate with this man
C.the man was very strange
D.the man was too old
解析:1.C文中多处提到关于自豪的字眼a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.And he said with a pride.这正是C项的涵义。A,D是无关信息文中没有提及排除B是错误选项。依据:The other fellow还有Only three of us in Paris can do…
2.A说他像古代传奇中的人物。言行,打扮尤其对自己手艺的自豪,现代社会罕见。In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.B,D在文章中没有任何依据,排除。C项的strange很有迷惑性但文中说到的是strange hat not the man.资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
■【试试看吧】
All through my boyhood and youth,I was known as an idler;and yet I was always busy on my own private end,which was to learn to write.I kept always two books in my pocket,one to read,one to write in.As I walked,my mind was busy fitting what I saw with appropriate words;when I sat by the roadside,I would either read,or a pencil and a note-book would be in my hand,to note down the features of the scene or write some poor lines of verse.Thus I lived with words.And what I thus wrote was for no future use;it was written consciously for practice.It was not much that I wished to be an author(though I wished that,too)as that I had vowed that I would learn to write.That was a proficiency that tempted me;and I practised to acquire it.Description was the principal field of my exercise;for to anyone with senses there is always something worth describing and town and country are but one continuous subject.But I worked in other ways also;I often accompanied my walks with dramatic dialogues,in which I played many parts;and often exercised myself in writing down conversations from memory.This was all excellent,no doubt.And yet this was not the most efficient part of my training.Good as it was,it only taught me the choice of the essential note and the right word.And regarded as training,it had one grave defect;for it set me no standard of achievement.So there was perhaps more profit,as there was certainly more effort,in my secret labours at home.Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me,in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety,in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction(巧妙特色)in the style,I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality.I was unsuccessful and I knew it;and tried again,and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful;but at least in these vain bouts I got some practice in rhythm,in harmony,in construction and the coordination of parts.I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hzlitte,to Lamb,to Wordsworth,to Defoe,to Hawthorne.That,like it or not,is the way to learn to write;whether I have profited or not,that is the way.It was so,if we could trace it out,that all men have learned.1.In this passage______.资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
A.an expert tells about how writers become successful
B.a writer tells about the techniques of writing
C.a student tells about how he learned to write
D.a writer tells about his experience of learning to write
2.Fromt his passage we can infer that____.A.it is a good habit for everyone to take books in his pocket while idling in the street.B.practice and imitation are important in learning to write
C.one had better start to learn to write from one's younger days
D.failure is the mother of success
参考答案:DB
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
第二篇:试论高考英语阅读理解答题技巧归纳总结
HR Planning System Integration and Upgrading Research of
A Suzhou Institution
高考英语阅读理解答题技巧归纳总结
高三英语组组长:李家岑
策略
一、紧扣主旨大意
高考英语阅读理解的主旨大意题主要是考查考生在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法对文章进行高度的概括或总结的能力。常见的设问方式有:
●标题类:What's the best title/headline for the passage?
●大意类:The text is mainly about__.The topic/subject discussed in the passage is _.From the passage,we can conclude that _.●作者意图类:What's the writer's purpose in writing the passage?
针对主旨大意类型的题,考生可以掌握以下解题策略:把握文章逻辑结构,快速找出主题;寻找主题句,确定文章中心思想;将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体,得出文章主题;逆向思维法解标题类问题。
一、把握文章逻辑结构,快速找出主题
高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构:
1、时间顺序。按时间先后顺序说明某一事件、某一理论的发展过程,属于这种结构的文章主题通常在首段或末段。
2、“总说-分述”结构。首段做总的说明,其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点,属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。最典型的是新闻报道类文章,此类体裁的文章在近年高考阅读中逐渐增多。一般这类文章都有固定格式:
城市名称(新闻社)———新闻内容。掌握一些国际知名新闻社的英文名称是必要的,路透社Reuters,美联社Associated Press,法新社Agence France Presse。
3、“分述-总说”结构。前面几段分别说明,末段总结。属于这种结构的文章主题在末段。
二、寻找主题句,确定文章中心思想
不是所有的文章都有主题句,对于大部分有主题句的文章来说,主题句表达了文章的中心思想,找到了主题句,也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。主题句呈现的形式有:
1、在文首。文章开门见山,提出主题,随后摆事实、讲道理来解释、支撑和发展主题句所表达的主题思想。
2、在文中。通常前面只提出问题,随之陈述细节引出主题,而后做进一步的解释、支撑或发展。
3、在文尾。在表述细节后,归纳要点,得出结论,以概括主题。
三、将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体,得出文章主题
通常有些文章会在首段提出一个重要论点,随后在各段分别进一步从不同角度继续阐述,这样我们可以找出首段的中心句,再将其和各段第一句串联在一起,就可以得出文章的中心思想。如:(2006北京卷D篇71题)
Which is the best title for the passage?
A.Societal Conditions in Premodern Times
B.Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment
C.Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate
D.Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents
第一段:Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused,a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.第二段:One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.…
第三段:A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.…
从第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不难看出,这篇文章的标题应该是Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment.四、逆向思维法解标题类问题
针对这类题型,考生不妨思考一下,“如果我是作者,遇到这样的标题,文章应该怎样写?”如:
(2005全国I卷B篇62题)What would be the best title for the text?
A.A Cross-country Trip
B.A Special Border Pass
C.An Unguarded Border
D.An Expensive Church Visit
如果标题是A Cross-country Trip,那么文章应该讲述一次出境旅行;如果标题是A Special Border Pass,那么文章应该着重讲一个特殊的边境通行证;如果标题是An Unguarded Border,那么文章应该侧重讲边境如何不设防;如果标题是An Expensive Church Visit,那么文章应该讲一次礼拜如何花费昂贵了。经过这样的逆向思维,我们不难发现文章的内容恰好与标题An Expensive Church Visit一致,因此应该选D。
■策略
二、把握作者意图
每一篇文章都有其写作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中体现自己的思想呢?他通过哪些语言向读者传达了自己的感受呢?我们在阅读的同时怎样收集、综合各种信息,体会作者的情感呢?了解这些有助于我们在做阅读理解题时把握作者思路,领会文章内涵,做出正确的选择。要做到这一点,我们需要从两个方面入手:一是把握作者的写作意图,二是把握出题的角度。下面我们就分别分析一下。
一、对于写作意图的把握
有的文章只是客观地介绍一件事或物,或各方观点,作者不发表自己个人的意见,如一些科技文,新闻事件报道等。这样的文章属于“广而告知型”。要根据客观事实答题,一是一,二是二,凡与事实不符的选项,或文中没有提到的事实,当然都是不能选的。这样的题目难度一般都不会很大。最难于驾驭的是一些故事性、情感经历性的文章。因为作者在行文时会用到一些写作手法,如倒叙、插叙等。往往还会有一些思想、情感的波动。这就需要我们在阅读时认真把握,细心体会。
1.注意连接词的使用:Near the end of the last year in middle school,my dad took me to the wildlife refuge.He needed to get some aligator blood to do the experiment.At first,I thought fishing for alligators was a bad idea.What if one tried to eat me?But we had a lot of help,and my dad knew a lot about alligators,so it was OK.通过第一句可知这是倒叙。我们知道了结果:作者去了野生动物保护区。接下来是作者当初由反感、害怕到最后打消顾虑同意去。都是通过连接词at first,but,so等展开的。所设题目是:
Why did the writer think that fishing for aligators was a bad idea at first?
A.Because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligators
B.Because we should protect alligators
C.Because the writer was not as brave as his father
D.Because the writer knew little about alligators
弄清了作者的思想波动就不难选出正确答案A了。
2.注意一些形容词及某些特定句式的使用:透过一些形容词可以看出作者的倾向,如:Isn't that wonderful if we get there by air?(作者希望坐飞机去那里。)
某些句型表面看上去是比较级,而实际上是最高级含义。My mother decided to take me on the trip.It couldn't be better.(It couldn't be better=It's great.意为“太好了”)
某些否定形式的句子实际上是肯定含义:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much.(再怎么强调保护环境的重要性也不过分。)作者以这样的句子体现自己的观点:必须加大力度保护环境。
注意虚拟语气的使用。How I wish I had passed the driving test.(我多么希望已通过了驾照考试呀!)此句暗含的事实是:并没通过考试。
3.将自己想象为故事中的主人公,体会其心理感受
有一篇文章,写一个老太太刚刚在海边买了一座别墅,打算在那里度过余生。因为那里的气候湿润温暖,更适合她的健康。此时她站在曾经生活了25年的房子里,最后环顾这曾经装载了她的大半生的房子。所给的问题是:How does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house?正确答案是:Her
feeling is complex.其他的选项如She is happy/She is sad等都片面。只要我们设身处地站在老太太的位置上想一想,就不难找到正确答案。
4.把握全篇文脉,仔细揣摩事情发生的背景
我们不仅要掌握一定的语言知识,还需要平时储备一定的逻辑推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知识,才能完全领会文章的主旨或者其所渗透出的幽默感。请看下面这篇介绍父子关系的文章。第一句话就开门见山:My father and I were very close.He was always proud of my success.然后用一个事例说明:If I won a spelling contest at school,he was on top of the world.如果知道be on top of the world是“高兴至极”的意思,也只是理解了语言的表层含义。接下来:When I was named President of the Ford Motor Company,I didn't know which of us was more excited.正确理解了上文的铺垫,才会真正领会此句暗含的意味及幽默:实际上父亲比我还高兴。如果对西方人的生活方式及习惯比较了解的话,也不难接受下面的句子:I hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunity———nothing could have felt more natural.我们再来继续欣赏一下父亲鲜明的个性:My father was a curious man who was always trying new things.He was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle.Unfortunately,my father and his motorcycle didn't get along too well.He fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after buying it.As a result,he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.读懂了这些,就不难理解下文中为什么父亲不让“我”拥有一辆自行车,反而当“我”刚满16岁就让我开车了。正确理解了文章的来龙去脉及内涵,对于文后题目的处理也就会轻而易举了。
二、对于出题意图的把握
1.正确理解一个事物的两个方面
有些题目不是直接照搬原文的话,而是用一些另外的语言表达出同样的意思,因此我们必须掌握用英文解释英文的技能。如一篇介绍辍学学生的文章,文章先后两次谈到学生辍学后的感想。第一次:Most students who dropped out of school in the United States admit they made a mistake by giving up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more chalenging.第二次:three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay.文后的题目是Which of the folowing is right according to the passage?正确答案是:Most dropout students hope to go back to school if possible.虽然
资料由大小学习网收集 www.xiexiebang.com
原文没有像题目这样明确说明,但其实这是一个事物的两个方面;对于辍学的后悔其实就是希望继续上学。通过正确推断这些文句的含义,即可找出正确答案。
2.以文章内容为基础进行判断
有些题目要根据短文的内容来判断正误,这就需要按作者的思路去考虑,站在作者或文章内容中出现的人物的立场上予以辨析,不能依据自己的喜好或认知判断。
■策略
三、合理推理判断
推理判断题在高考中占很大的比重,学生在此类题型中也失分最多。推理判断题要求考生考虑文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意,弦外之音做出合理的推理和判断。
一、理解定义。判断是对已知的事实仔细评价之后做出的合理决定。推理是对事实的内涵所做的陈述或以事实为依据对未知所做的陈述。注意无论是判断还是推理都是以已知事实为依据。
二、推理题常见的提问形式。常以infer,imply,indicate,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词提问。
或含有表推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的动词,如probably,mostlikely等。
三、具体策略
1.通过辨认细节的技巧,找到相关的事实或证据,对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价,在此基础上再作决定。切记:推断是以文章提供的事实为依据,而不是凭空想象,更不是读者自己的意愿。
2.借助常识。在推理判断题中,我们平时积累的一些常识通常会派上用场。2006年陕西高考英语试卷中一篇关于通信发展史的阅读最为典型。A.The postal service has over the years become faster.B.The postal service has over the years become slower.大家都应知道交通越来越发达,邮电业当然是faster.此篇还涉及到有关发邮件的常识,如果同学们有这个common sense,就如鱼得水了。
3.务必要用排除法。排除法在此类题型中发挥着不可磨灭的作用。根据在文章中找到的事实依据和常识排除错误信息,再排除和文章中一词不差的信息(文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果,但通过同义词或句型转换过的选项有可能是正确答案),最后再排除无关或偏离信息,正确答案就不言而喻了。
4.词句段篇,相互交融。词的理解要放在句子里,句子的理解要靠段,段的理解也离不开篇。单独说floor谁都知道是什么意思,但…she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover,in her own handwriting…这个语境里是surprised的意思。因此不能独立地看某个词或某句话。此外,学生对一词多义或一些习语的积累也是很有必要的,这就要靠同学们课下多下工夫了。
5.平时扩大词汇量的同时也要注意学习词的深刻内涵。从措辞去寻找文章的感情色彩,猜测作者的态度或写作意图。现仅举一简单的例子。When the phone finally rang,he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it.从这几个词我们能形象地看出他等电话之久,紧张迫不及待的心情,同时也说明电话之重要,这正是作者的真正意图。
例He is an old cobbler(修鞋匠)with a shop in the Marais,a historic area in Paris.When I took him my shoes,he at first told me:“I have no time.Take them to the other fellow on the main street;he'll fix them right away.”
But I'd had my eye on his shop for a long time.Just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather,I knew he was a skilled craftsman(手艺人).“No,”I replied,“the other fellow can't do it well.”
“The other fellow”was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys “while-u-wait”-without knowing much about mending shoes or making
keys.They work carelessly,and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋带)you might as well just throw away the pair.My man saw I wouldn't give in,and he smiled.He wiped his hands on his blue apron(围裙),looked at my shoes,had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said,“Come back in a week.”I was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.“See what I can do?”he said with a pride.“Only three of us in Paris can do this kind of work.”
When I got back out into the street,the world seemed brand-new to me.He was something out of an ancient legend(传说),this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly,his very strange,dusty felt hat,his funny accent from who-knows-where and,above all,his pride in his craft.These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line,when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”,when,in short,people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消费)rather than a way to realize their own abilities.In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.1.Which of the following is true about the old cobbler?
A.He was equipped with the best repairing tools.B.He was the only cobbler in the Marais.C.He was proud of his skils.D.He was a native Parisian.2.The sentence“he was something out of an ancient legend.”implied that___
A.nowadays you can hardly find anyone like him
B.it was difficult to communicate with this man
C.the man was very strange
D.the man was too old
解析:1.C文中多处提到关于自豪的字眼a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.And he said with a pride.这正是C项的涵义。A,D是无关信息文中没有提及排除B是错误选项。依据:The other fellow还有Only three of us in Paris can do…
2.A说他像古代传奇中的人物。言行,打扮尤其对自己手艺的自豪,现代社会罕见。In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.B,D在文章中没有任何依据,排除。C项的strange很有迷惑性但文中说到的是strange hat not the man.■【试试看吧】
All through my boyhood and youth,I was known as an idler;and yet I was always busy on my own private end,which was to learn to write.I kept always two books in my pocket,one to read,one to write in.As I walked,my mind was busy fitting what I saw with appropriate words;when I sat by the roadside,I would either read,or a pencil and a note-book would be in my hand,to note down the features of the scene or write some poor lines of verse.Thus I lived with words.And what I thus wrote was for no future use;it was written consciously for practice.It was not much that I wished to be an author(though I wished that,too)as that I had vowed that I would learn to write.That was a proficiency that tempted me;and I practised to acquire it.Description was the principal field of my exercise;for to anyone with senses there is always something worth describing and town and country are but one continuous subject.But I worked in other ways also;I often accompanied my walks with dramatic dialogues,in which I played many parts;and often exercised myself in writing down conversations from memory.This was all excellent,no doubt.And yet this was not the most efficient part of my training.Good as it was,it only taught me the choice of the essential note and the right word.And regarded as training,it had one grave defect;for it set me no standard of achievement.So there was perhaps more profit,as there was certainly more effort,in my secret labours at home.Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me,in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety,in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction(巧妙特色)in the style,I must sit down at once and set myself to ape
that quality.I was unsuccessful and I knew it;and tried again,and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful;but at least in these vain bouts I got some practice in rhythm,in harmony,in construction and the coordination of parts.I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hzlitte,to Lamb,to Wordsworth,to Defoe,to Hawthorne.That,like it or not,is the way to learn to write;whether I have profited or not,that is the way.It was so,if we could trace it out,that all men have learned.1.In this passage______.A.an expert tells about how writers become successful
B.a writer tells about the techniques of writing
C.a student tells about how he learned to write
D.a writer tells about his experience of learning to write
2.Fromt his passage we can infer that____.A.it is a good habit for everyone to take books in his pocket while idling in the street.B.practice and imitation are important in learning to write
C.one had better start to learn to write from one's younger days
D.failure is the mother of success
参考答案:DB
第三篇:高考英语阅读文体类型及阅读理解答题技巧
高考英语阅读文体类型及阅读理解答题技巧
湖北省荆门市屈家岭管理区五三高中
杨卫红
谌金洲
一、英语阅读文体类型简析
阅读是一种理解、吸收、鉴赏、评价文章的思维过错。完成这个思维过程,则需要经过认知、分析、综合、理解、记忆、感受、判断等程序。文体类别不同,决定着叙述风格的差异。掌握文体风格,识别文章叙述结构,对正确领悟文章主旨有极大的帮助。高考英语阅读常见的文体类型有:记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文。记叙文体又可细分为小说、时文报道、人物传记及轶闻趣事。阅读时如能弄清文体类型,能了解把握文体结构和写作特征,对我们更快、更准地把脉作者的写作思路、理解作者的写作意图有极大的帮助。[1]、记叙文。
英语记叙文以描写叙述为主,主要描写人物、事件、地点、或过程。特点是,其主题往往潜伏在字里行间,没有直接地表白出来;文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼。描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。阅读记叙文体应采取掠读和扫读的方法,快速抓住文中描写的主要内容,从整体上去把握文章的连贯性,进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。[2]、议论文。
英语议论文通常为三段式,即“论点、论据、结论”三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点,然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证,最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此,遇到议论文体时,应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨,弄清作者的观点。一般来说,作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出,接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证,最后为结论。还应注意的是:在对论点论证的过程中,每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。
就议论文而言,其论证的常见结构方式有: 1,总分式 总---分;分----总;总----分---总; 2,并列式 几个论据之间属于平等关系; 3,递进式 几个论据之间属于递进关系 4,对照式 把两种事物加以对比,以彰显其中一种; [3]、说明文。
英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份,说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法:
1,定义与诠释说明; 2,举例与引用说明; 3,分类与图表说明;、4,比较与比喻说明; 5,分析与综合说明;
就高考英语说明文的阅读而言,首先要抓住文章说明的要点,也就是要抓住被说明对象的实质性特征;弄清作者从哪个角度、哪个层面开始说明;并明白文章最后的说明结论。高考说明文阅读材料通常介绍最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法,理清短文结构及段落中心思想是答题关键。[4]、应用文。
英语应用文属于实用型文体,如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解,弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取速读与精读相结合的方法,力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。
在英语阅读训练中,应充分了解文章的不同类型及不同的写作手段,以便更有效地提升对文章内涵的把握程度不同,从而在有限的时间内抓住文章的脉搏,获取准确信息,以此提高阅读答题的准确率;如果对文体风格和结构层次具有深度了解,就能跳出文章来看问题,就能站在一个较高的平台上审视文章内容,就能在一片丛林里找寻到真正的“果子”。
二、英语阅读理解答题技巧
高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有:词义猜测题、主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理题和推断题。题型不同,答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。
1、词义猜测技巧。
这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行悟意猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法,而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词意猜测时,应注意划线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外,还要应注意生词后的标点符号,如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时,词意隐藏在全文或某一段中,这就需要把握文段的意境来加以透知该词的含义。
2、抓主旨大意的技巧。
一般来说,议论文的主旨大意要么在首段,要么在尾段。文章主旨位于首段时,其后的段落通常是演绎论证的过程;在段尾时,其前的段落通常是在摆事实、讲道理,最后归纳出全文主旨。说明文的主旨也通常位于首段;记叙文的主旨有的位于开首段(如新闻报道、时事经纬等文章的主旨均置于开场白的位置,达到开门见山、直奔主题的效果),但大多数记叙文的主旨隐藏在文章之中,需理清文章脉络,挖掘文章内涵,把握作者意图。
3、推理题型答题技巧。
推理就是根据文章所提供的实际信息推出文中没有明确表明的寓意或没有直接表白的事实,也就是说,要基于事实依据通过正确分析来推理出包孕在文中所潜伏的内在思想及内在事实。解答推理题时,要弄清并把握文章的基本事实,在此基础上根据题目所问作出准确有效的推理。
4、推断题型答题技巧。
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义,即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行间,要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析,推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否,很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。
5、细节题型的答题技巧。
细节题型的解答通常是借助对文中的具体信息的查寻来解决。答题时要采取掠读、扫读、析读和精读的办法从文中找出问题答案。细节题型多问及时间、地点、人物、数量和特征等。
高考英语阅读理解是高考英语试卷的一个重要板块,比重大,分值高。要想在这一板块获取理想的分数,就必须能清楚识别高考英语阅读材料的基本文体类型、写作风格、段落层次及表达方式,便于快捷准确地获取信息,提高阅读速度。掌握基本的阅读题型答题技巧,则有利于提高主旨归纳的概括水平,有利于增强推理推断的逻辑辩析能力,有利于文中细节的把握,也有利于词义猜测的准确。
第四篇:XX高考二轮复习英语教案阅读理解
XX高考二轮复习英语教案阅读理解
XX高考二轮复习英语教案专题十九阅读理解【专题要点】阅读理解题考查的不仅是考生对整篇的把握能力,还考查了他们快速扑捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力;考生不仅要理解表层意义,更重要的是要通过的表层去合理判断、挖掘的隐含意义、延伸意义。这是对考生能力、智力、心理的一个综合检验。具体要点如下:1主旨大意类;2细节理解类;3推理判断类;4词义猜测类;观点态度类等五大要点。【考纲要求】考纲对考生阅读能力的要求:1.要求考生能读懂一般性话题,且生词率不超过2%的简短文字材料,如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短。2.要求考生能够做到以下几点:理解主旨大意;寻读具体信息;识别不同文体特征;根据上下文提供的语境推测生词词义;作出简单的判断和推理;理解文段的基本逻辑结构;理解作者的意图和态度;理解文段的文化信息。新标对对高中英语阅读技能的要求:1能识别不同文体特征;2能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句;3能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度;4能根据学习任务的需要从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理;除教材外,外阅读量累计达到30万词以上。【教法指引】教师在引导学生突破阅读理解题时可以从高考命题方向和该题选材特点对学生进行训练,在训练中点拨技巧,在训练中提高考生的综合运用能力。具体说:1阅读理解作为高考英语中最重要的一种题型,题量最大,所占分值也最多。此类题型是全面检测考生接受书面信息和反馈能力的重要标尺。高考阅读理解要求考生在3分钟左右的时间内,完成对4~篇短文的阅读理解并作出解答。用来考查考生的以下几种能力:1)考查考生综合运用语言的能力;2)考查考生的英语思维能力和社会文化意识;3)考查考生辨认、捕捉和归纳细节信息,并通过字面意思对中心思想、作者的写作目的、意图、态度以及的行文特点进行合理推断的能力;4)考查考生的阅读速度与词汇量。近些年来,高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中,涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性的考题虽仍是考查重点,但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题也占很大比重。2.高考阅读理解中的选材特点:1)所选材料均于实际生活,其内容与社会现实保持较高的一致性,强调了语篇选材的真实性,具有鲜明的时代感。行文表达常使用比较正式的书面语言;2)语篇题材分布比较均匀,题材丰富多样。阅读语篇包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等文体。内容涵盖日常生活、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、政治、环保、经济等诸多领域的热点、焦点问题。3)高考阅读理解持续保持较大的阅读量,要求考生在特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。另外试题材料含有较高的词汇量,增加了试题的信息含量,体现了新标的理念。一般4-篇阅读题阅读词汇量控制在1000词左右;4)阅读材料的原汁原味越来越浓厚,体现了现代英语的特点,阅读材料的文化含量加大,的行文风格更具英语语言的特点,的遣词造句也更加地道,许多考生通常要反复阅读才能读懂。3点拨阅读技巧,在练中领悟,领悟中训练,技巧能力并进。
第五篇:高三英语复习战术_高三英语教案
每次测验和考试后应该做些什么?依我看,我们要做的事情很多:要仔细看卷子,要用心分析自己的问题,要积极地寻找补救的办法,还要保存一份良好的档案。
如果听力很糟糕 听力“听四遍”
马上到外文书店去买一本适合你使用的听力书,天天听。每个unit应该听四遍,每遍要求都不同:
听第一遍后,马上对答案,你会发现在20个题目中,可能错了5个。
听第二遍后,你会发现刚才的5个中有2个在第二遍后能做出,只是在听第一遍时没有注意到句子的重点或关键词。这时我们知道,其他的3个是随便怎样听也听不出的。
把书翻到听力答案部分,对着答案部分的材料,听第三遍,边听边看,把刚才的3题弄懂。总结一下,是什么原因没听懂?是有生词,还是不习惯英文的连读和失爆,或是不明白习惯用法?
听第四遍时,不看书,也不看题目,集中思想把录音带中的每一个词都听清楚。
听了第四遍后,才算听完第一单元。用同样的方法听第二单元。来劲时一口气听三四个单元的效果不会好。一天最多听两个单元。练听力时要求思想集中,这样,有时会觉得很疲劳,这是正常的。所以,在精力充沛时,练听力的效果会好一些。
如果词汇错很多 词汇“天天背”
你的任务是:单词要天天背,课文要天天读。选择词汇练习,大有学问:题目不能超大纲,避免偏题、难题。超大纲的题目会消耗你很多的精力;偏题、难题会使你丧失信心。生词表中的词组是应该花大力气的地方,如发现有些意思模糊的词组,应通过查词典和例词、例句把它们彻底弄懂。
如果语法选择题有些问题 语法“对症下药”
不要紧张,要分析。看看你的哪些语法有问题?只有对症下药,才能药到病除。现在适应中学生的语法书和语法练习册很多,挑选一些难易适当的、针对性强的练习进行弥补,一般说来会有很好的效果。
如果阅读有5个以上的错误 阅读“两种技巧”
可采用阅读的两种技巧:阅读技巧和解题技巧。
解题技巧:题目大致有三类:main idea(大意),fact(事实),inference(推论)。通过阅读技巧训练,前两类题目应该全部做对。做题目时应该“对题寻源”,这样就能减少盲目性。至于第三类题目,答题技巧要求高一些,能做多少则做多少。华东理工大学的颜静兰教授说得好:阅读的关键是平时的阅读量。考试时的阅读成绩是建立在平时大量阅读基础之上的。平时读得多了,考试时就会得心应手。
如果翻译做起来不顺手 翻译“三步法”
请使用翻译三步法:
a.击破词汇。这个道理很简单,翻译句子中的任何一个单词都要看得懂,讲得出,拼得对。任何单词的拼错都会造成直接失分。万一有不知道的词,用间接的办法来表达。
b.看出句型。翻译时一定要知道这是一个it is„„的句型,还是there be的句型;是正装句,还是倒装句;是虚拟语气,还是主语从句;是定语从句,还是状语从句;是倍数问题,还是特殊句型。“看出句型”要靠平时的训练。
c.单复数、时语态。我们中国学生典型的语法错误是单复数和时语态。在决定句型后就要断定用什么时态,是用被动语态,还是用虚拟语气。特别是被动语态,往往因为考虑了词汇、句型等其它方面而忽略了被动语态。同时大小写和标点符号也应该注意,这类错误也会造成直接失分。
如果英语作文老是得低分 作文“看三遍”
平时要养成“做好作文看三遍”的习惯:第一遍,只看单复数;第二遍,只看时态、语态;第三遍,再看拼写、用词、大小写和标点。根据我多年教高三的经验,同学们平时错得最多的就是单复数和时语态。做一篇英语作文要20分钟,而看一遍只要一分钟,三遍看过后是不会有很大的毛病的。英语作文的提高可不是一朝一夕的事,它要靠平时的积累。英语作文第一步先要做到内容完整,表词达意,没有语法错误,句子流畅;第二步才是句子漂亮和增添文采。[1][2]下一页