中英双语美文集锦

第一篇：中英双语美文集锦

圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

双语美文集锦

Passage 1 Learn to Live at the Present Moment

To a large degree, the measure of our peace of mind is determined by how much we are able to live at the present moment.Irrespective of what happened yesterday or last year, and what may or may not happen tomorrow, the present moment is where you are—always.Without question, many of us have mastered the neurotic art of spending much of our lives worrying about a variety of things—all at once.We allow past problems and future concerns dominate our present moments, so much so that we end up anxious, frustrated, depressed and hopeless.On the flip side, we also postpone our gratification, our stated priorities, and our happiness, often convincing that “someday” will be much better than today.Unfortunately, the same mental dynamics that tell us to look toward the future will only repeat themselves so that “someday” never actually arrives.John Lennon once said, “Life is what is happening while we are busy making other plans.” When we are busy making „other plans‟, our children are busy growing up, the people we love are moving away and dying, our bodies are getting out of shape, and our dreams are slipping away.In short, we miss out on life.Many people live as if life is a dress rehearsal for some later date.It isn‟t.In fact, no one has a guarantee that he or she will be here tomorrow.Now is the only time we have, and the only time that we have any control over.When we put our attention on the present moment, we push fear from our minds.Fear is the concern over events 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

that might happen in the future—we won‟t have enough money, our children will get into trouble, we will get old and die, whatever.学会活在此刻

我们内心是否平和在很大程度上是由我们是否能生活在此刻所决定的。不管昨天或去年发生了什么，不管明天可能发生或不发生什么，现实才是你时时刻刻所在之处。

毫无疑问，我们很多人掌握了一种神经兮兮的艺术，即把生活中的大部分时间花在为种种事情担心忧虑上——而且常常是同时忧虑许多事情。我们听凭过去的麻烦和未来的担心控制我们此时此刻的生活，以致我们整日焦虑不安，萎靡不振，甚至沮丧绝望。而另一方面我们又推迟我们的满足感，推迟我们应优先考虑的事情，推迟我们的幸福感，常常说服自己“有朝一日”会比今天更好。不幸的是，如此告诫我们朝前看的大脑动力只能重复来重复去，以致“有朝一日”不会真的来临。约翰·列侬曾经说过：“生活就是当我们忙于制订别的计划时发生的事。” 当我们忙于制订种种 “别的计划” 时，我们的孩子在忙于长大，我们挚爱的人离去了甚至快去世了，我们的体型变样了，而我们的梦想也在消然溜走。一句话，我们错过了生活。

许多人的生活好像是某个未来日子的彩排。并非如此。事实上，没人能保证他或她明天肯定还活着。现在是我们所拥有的唯一时间，现在也是我们能控制的唯一的时间。当我们将注意力放在此时此刻时，我们就将恐惧置于脑后。恐惧就是我们担忧某些事情会在未来发生——我们不会有足够的钱，我们的孩子会惹上麻烦，我们会变老，会死去，诸如此类。

圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Passage 2 What will matter?

Ready or not, some day it will all come to an end.There will be no more sunrises, no days, no hours or minutes.All the things you collected, whether treasured or forgotten, will pass to someone else.Your wealth, fame and temporal power will shrivel to irrelevance.It will not matter what you owned or what you were owed.Your grudges, resentments, frustrations, and jealousies will finally disappear.So, too, your hopes, ambitions, plans, and to-do lists will all expire.The wins and losses that once seemed so important will fade away.It won‟t matter where you came from, or on what side of the tracks you lived.It won‟t matter whether you were beautiful or brilliant.Your gender, skin color, ethnicity will be irrelevant.So what will matter? How will the value of your days be measured? What will matter is not what you bought, but what you built;not what you got, but what you gave.What will matter is not your success, but your significance.What will matter is not what you learned, but what you taught.What will matter is every act of integrity, compassion, courage and sacrifice that enriched, empowered or encouraged others to emulate your example.What will matter is not your competence, but your character.What will matter is not how many people you knew, but how many will feel a lasting loss when you‟re gone.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

What will matter is not your memories, but the memories of those who loved you.What will matter is how long you will be remembered, by whom and for what.Living a life that matters doesn‟ t happen by accident.It‟s not a matter of circumstance but of choice.Choose to live a life that matters.什么才重要？

无论你是否准备好，总有一天它都会走到尽头。那里没有日出，没有白天，没有小时和分钟。你收集的所有东西，不管你珍惜或已忘记，它们都将流入他人手中。

不管是你已得到的或是别人欠你的，你的财富、名誉和权势都会变成和你毫不相干的东西。

你的怨恨、愤慨、沮丧和妒忌最终也将消失。

同样，你的希望、抱负、计划以及行动日程表也将全部结束。当初看得比较重的成功和失败也会消失。

你来自何方，住在穷人区还是富人区也都不重要了。

你昔日的漂亮与辉煌也都不重要了，你的性别、肤色、种族地位也将变得无关紧要。

因此，什么重要呢？ 怎么衡量你有生之年的价值呢？

重要的不是你买了什么，而是你创造了什么；不是你得到了什么，而是你给予了什么。

重要的不是你成功了，而是你生命的意义。重要的不是你学到了什么，而是你传授了什么。

重要的是每个行动之中都充满正直、怜悯、勇气以及奉献精神，并且鼓励他圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

人效仿榜样。

重要的不是你的能力，而是你的性格。

重要的不是你认识多少人，而是在你离开后，多少人会认为是个永远的损失。重要的不是你想念谁，而是爱你的人想念你。

重要的是别人会记着你多长时间，谁记着你，为什么记着你。过一种有意义的生活不是一件偶然的事情。那不是环境的问题，而是选择的问题。选择有意义的人生吧！

Passage 3 The expectation of grandfather

We made every effort to assure a better life for our kids but our attempt proved to be an abortion.For my grandchildren, would know better.I hope you follow your priest‟s suggestion to read the Bible in your spare time, though you have no religious belief.I hope you consult with the veterans(stagers)frequently.When you disagree others, you should not only dare to argue, but also be patient to hear your opponents‟ arguments and remember that weapon can‟t be the terminal solution，I hope you learn to drive a crane or mend the semiconductor radio.A craft will ensure that you won‟t be starved forever.I hope you know there is not only applause, medals and crowns , but also failure, defeat and dilemma in the world;there are not only peace, equality and cooperation but also controversy collision and contradiction , or even traps , cruelty and deception 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

in the world , I hope you show charity to the cripples, I hope you could help others sincerely at your convenience by doing some minor things, such as vacuuming the house for your mom, shifting the tire for Mister Smith or stopping in highway when somebody thumbs a ride.I hope you have ever mounted a high mountain equipped with a compass and torch.I also hope nobody would send you a brand-new auto before you‟re 20.My cherished grandson, I hope you compute the sending of your allowance and make a timetable or an agenda lest time click away without your consciousness.My dear grandson, I want you to put down your briefcase, leave your urban life with air-condition, internet and vehicles, and take a break at hometown when you are tired , I surely hop you could accompany grandpa to have a haircut or see the dentist or have a chat with your grandma.爷爷的期望

我们竭尽全力想让我们的儿女们过得更好，而结果却无济于事。对我的孙辈们，我就明智得多了。

我希望你听众神父的建议。闲时读读《圣经》，虽然你自己并没有宗教信仰。我希望你多向经验丰富的人请教。

我希望你在跟别人起冲突时，勇于为自己辩护，但是，也要有耐心倾听对手的声音，切记武力并不能解决所有问题。

我希望你能学一门手艺，比方说开起重机或修半导体收音机等。一技在身，吃穿不愁。

我希望你知道这个世界上不仅有掌声、勋章和皇冠，也会有失败、挫折和困圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

境；不仅有和平、平等和合作，也会有争论、冲突和矛盾，甚至会有陷阱、残忍和欺骗。

我希望你对伤残人士表现出同情。我希望你能真诚地帮助别人，做些力所能及的小事。比如，帮妈妈用吸尘器清扫房间，帮史密斯先生换汽车轮胎或是在路上让别人搭车等等。

我真的希望你曾带着指南针和手电筒，爬上过高山。我也希望没有人在你20岁之前送你一辆轿车。

我的宝贝孙子，我希望你们学会做计划，不要花光所有的零花钱，不要让时间在不经意间流逝。

我亲爱的孙子，最后希望你，工作累了，就放下公文包，离开那有着网络、空调和车辆的都市生活，回家乡休息一下。我当然也希望你有时间陪爷爷理个发，看看牙医或是陪奶奶聊聊天。

Passage

4The Two Roads

It was Christmas Eve，an aged man was standing on the balcony，with uneasy，alarmed and pessimistic expression； He sighed for his miserable fate, and raised his sad eyes, gazed at the sparking stars in the deep blue sky.A falling star depicted a curve in the sky and disappeared, which seemed like the symbol of his life.Then he cast them below his floor, where a few more desperate people than him were moving towards their inevitable destination-the grave.He had already expended sixty years on the way leading to it, and he had acquired nothing but agony and regret.Now his health was poor, his mind was vacant, his heart was sorrowful, and his life 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

was short of comforts.The days of his youth appeared like dreams floating in his brain, and he recalled the strategic moment when he stood at the access to two roads-At the end of the first road, it was a peaceful and sunny place.It was covered with delicate flowers, fascinating bamboo forest, bunches of attractive grapes.There lived cute deer, tame lambs, and flying butterflies and echoed with the merry, sweet laughter.There were also winding tracks and honey peach trees dotted the graceful landscape.At the end of the second road, it was a damp and dull cave, which was an absolute hell of great bulk.It was covered with moist ponds and marshes, nasty, ditches and jungles, chilling and thrilling jails, all around was emitting the stale acid flavor.There lived evil devils, giant monsters, poisonous snakes, and echoed with the horrible barking of wolves.It was full of spiders, bats, frogs, damn rats, offensive bugs and other crawling insects.He looked up to the sky and shouted aloud,“O youth, return!Return!”

And his youth did return, for all this was only a nightmare which he had on Christmas Eve.He was still young though his faults were real;he had not yet entered the damp and dull cave, and he was still free to walk on the road which led to the peaceful and sunny land.Those youngsters, who are still wandering at the entrance of life and hesitating to choose the bright road, remember that when years have passed and your feet are limping in the dark cave, you will cry bitterly, but in vain;“O youth, return!Oh give me back my early days!”

圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

两条路

圣诞节前夜，一位老人伫立在阳台上，面带不安、忧虑和悲伤的表情。他哀叹着自己悲惨的命运，抬起黯然失神的双眼凝视着深蓝色的天空中闪烁的星星。一颗陨落的星星划出一道弧线后消失了，那似乎是他生命的象征。

他将目光投向地面，几个比他更加绝望的人正在走向人生必然的终点—坟墓。在通往人生终点的道路上，他已经过了60多个年头，除了痛苦和悔恨，他一无所获。现在，他身体虚弱，精神空虚，心情忧郁，缺少晚年应有的舒适。青春的岁月如梦幻般浮现在他的脑海里，他回想起当他站在人生岔口上的关键时刻。当时，他面前有两条路—

第一条路的尽头，是一个和平、阳光普照的地方。那里有娇嫩的鲜花、迷人的竹林、一串串诱人的葡萄、可爱的小鹿、温顺的羊羔、翩飞的蝴蝶，到处回荡着愉快甜美的笑声，还有弯弯曲曲的小路和小蜜桃树点缀着那里优美的风景。第二条路的尽头，是一个犹如地狱般潮湿阴暗的巨大山洞。那里遍布着潮湿的池塘和沼泽、肮脏的水沟和丛林、阴冷而恐怖的牢狱，四周散发着陈腐的酸味，那里有恶魔、巨兽和毒蛇，回荡着令人毛骨悚然的狼嚎声。随处可见的是蜘蛛、蝙蝠、青蛙、老鼠、令人讨厌的臭虫和其他昆虫。他仰望天空，大声地哭喊：“哦，青春，你回来吧！回来吧！”

他的青春真的回来了，因为以上所发生的一切只是他在平安夜做的一场噩梦。他仍旧年轻，虽然的确犯过一些错误，但还未坠入深渊；他仍然可以自由地走上通往和平与光明的道路。

在人生的十字路口徘徊，不知该不该选择光明大道的年轻人啊，你们千万要记住：当你青春已逝，双足在黑暗的山洞举步维艰，跌跌撞撞之时，你才痛疾首地呼唤：“哦，回来吧，青春！哦，把我的美好年华还给我！”这将毫无意义。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Passage 5 What I learned in kindergarten

Most of what I really need to know about how to live, what to do and how to be, I learned in kindergarten.Most of my wisdom was also gained in the nursery school.These are the things learned;

Don‟t fight.Don‟t quarrel with my cousins.Don‟t veil my mistake.Don‟t imitate the criminal behaviors of fraud and thief in the television series.Don‟t steal coins in the closet, cartoon in the grocery bacon, toast or jam in the cupboard(cabinet).Clean up my own garbage(trash).Don‟t talk about disappointing topics.Share candy with my partners.Distinguish the goodness from the vice.Hold to traditional virtues such as honesty and integrity justice and kindness, mercy and patience.Promote social morality.Accept the criticism or proposal of others modestly.Eat more carrot, cereal, salad and garlic, and control yourself to eat less dessert, fried chips, sausage, and stale diet.Classify the clothing of each season.在幼儿园里学到的

绝大部分我所学到的知识，例如如何生活，该做些什么事，怎样行事方面，圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

早在幼儿园里就已经学到了。我大部分的人生智慧也是在幼儿园里学到的。以下这些都是我在幼儿园里学到的： 不打架： 不跟兄妹争吵： 不掩饰自己的过失：

不效仿电视剧中骗子和小偷的罪恶行为：

不偷壁厨里的硬币，杂货店里的漫画和食橱里的咸肉、烤面包或果酱； 清理自己的垃圾； 不讲令人扫兴的话题； 与伙伴们分享糖果； 区别善与恶；

保持诚实正直、公平友好、宽容忍让的传统美德； 发扬社会公德； 虚心地接受别人的建议；

多吃胡萝卜、谷物、色拉和大蒜，少吃甜食、炸薯片、香肠和不新鲜的食物等；

分开四季的衣物。

Passage 6 Life

You wake up in the morning, feeling groggy and disoriented.You look at yourself in the mirror, fearful to look him straight in the eye.You back zero tolerance on boredom, stuffing every vacant 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

moment with talks, malls and laptops!You are silent in their eyes, yet the noisiest in yours, for that inner voice you can hardly hear.You hang on the rim of the wheel of fortune, going up and down, tasting highs and lows.Life goes on but it is out of control!Not so soon, nor too late.You open your eyes, stretching your muscles and seeing the whole world beckons to you.You cheat him no more, smile to him , stare at him, knowing he is with you clear up to the end.You celebrate every moment, busy or free;strive not to become a human-doing, be and consider like a human-being!You talk gently, speak forcefully, and argue eloquently, because a mind in peace functions with effortless ease.You break free, make it to the hub, center your life on the bliss.Let it go!Let it flow!Life still is, but you got a big role!

生活

清晨初醒，你只觉昏昏沉沉，糊里糊涂。对着镜中的他，你已不敢直视那双眼。

你对无聊的零容忍，让你的生活被塞满闲聊，购物，笔记本！他们眼中安静的你，在你心中却嘈杂不堪，只因心声早已杳不可闻。你攀上命运之轮的边缘，从此生活跌宕起伏，阴晴不定。生活依然继续，却已脱离掌控。光阴不长不短，会有一天：

你睁开双眼，舒展筋骨，世界已然向你呼唤。

不再欺骗镜中的他，朝他微笑，死死盯着他，你明白他将伴你走过一生的旅程 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

不论闲暇忙碌，珍惜每个当下。你不再被生活俘虏忙个不停，思考并实现人之为人！你言辞温婉，演说铿锵，雄辩滔滔，一切运行自如，却宁静而无为。你挣脱轮缘，爬上轮轴中心，专注万物的美好。放开拳头！让幸福在掌心流动！生活依旧如是，你不作主，孰作主！

Passage 7 The Last Wish in a Winter Night Kent was a manger of a cement agency.His establishment nearly had gone bankrupt because one of his inferiors betrayed him.Just now Kent had made a presentation to the board in the chamber, conceding the failure of his administration.He had temporarily stopped the provision of cement in all projects.It was a cold winter midnight.In corridor, the thermometer suspended showed the temperature was minus 9 degrees centigrade.The tragedy blurred Kent‟s mind, so he steered to a bar alone.He wanted nothing but to drink liquor tonight.There were few people in the street.Suddenly, a figure of an old madam exposed within his eyesight.She was standing sideways nearby a platform, dressed in a plain gown, hauling a portable suitcase, and holding with a plastic bag in the other hand.The slight old lady was seemingly more than 80.She was trembling in cutting wind with red nose.Now she kept motioning Kent for a ride.Although Kent was somewhat angry about the old madam‟s disturbing and he wasn‟t induced at all to inquire any occurrence concerning her, he wouldn‟t like to leave her in the cold night.He thought that she presumable needed help.So he braked near her.The madam said, “Would you please take me a ride? I can offer double fare…” 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Kent interrupted her, “I will charge you nothing!Come on!”

The madam pointed her luggage(baggage)and said, “Could you put them into the car?”

Kent stooped, heaved and put them in the car.They proceeded to drive.Kent halted at a petroleum station where he wanted to purchase gallons of gasoline.During the interval they waited in a queue, the madam began with her narratives,“ could you please send me to the charity house in suburb;I want to give them the luggage.I had been rendered help as a refugee there 50 years ago.” Kent was confused about the identity and behavior of the madam, so he asked, “Why do you do this at midnight?” The madam replied, “I retired on a pension.They prohibit(forbid)me from coming out during the day.In the case are the surplus jackets, jeans and pants of my nephews and nieces.”

After 2 hours‟ bump, Kent went out the entry of the charity house.They continued.“Please wait a moment, Sit!” the madam said suddenly, fixed her eyesight on an old building.“You know the first house in the uppermost floor was the first home my husband and I leased(rented)where I dialed the up-to-date videophone the first time in my life.The landlord was a good guy.” She burst into tears, “Now they‟ve all gone to the heaven.” Kent realized the madam was recalling a section(segment)of the good missing days.A penetrating feeling overwhelmed him, and he decided to cancel his plan and stay with the old madam.As the old madam dictated, they went to a golf playground.The region, she said, was a dairy dozens of years ago.Everyday she went to the farm with sleeve covers, 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

cushion, jar, towel and other auxiliary appliances.Her main work was to squeeze, transport and distribute milk.She also bred the cow sometimes.Then the old madam instructed, “Please send me to the rest home in the town, sir.” Hearing this, Kent pulsed quickly.He knew the rest home was prescribed for the cancer patients who were diagnosed without any remedy.”

“Ｉwill soon die of liver cancer.I come out to say goodbye to my life.Now I will have no regrets before death.Thanks for your help!” the madam made an explanation with smile, walking into a timber room.Kent was dumb for a while.He was chewing what the madam said, happily thinking of her life without any regrets.冬夜里的最后心愿

肯特是一位水泥经销部的经理。由于下属的背叛，他的公司已经濒临破产。刚才在会议室里，肯特已经向公司董事会作了报告，承认自己的失误，并且暂时停止了所有工程的水泥供应。

当时正值寒冷冬季的深夜。走廊里的温度计显示为零下9度。想着生意惨败，肯特情绪低落，独自驱车驶往一家酒吧。他打算今晚一醉方休。

大街上空无一人。突然，在车子前方出现了一个老妇人侧身站在站台旁，拖着一个便携式的行李箱，提着一个塑料袋。老人看上去已有80多岁，她穿着长袍，瘦弱的身躯，鼻子通红，站在寒风中瑟瑟发抖。此时，她不停地向肯特的车子招手。尽管肯特有些懊恼，也无心理会老人身上发生了什么，但不忍把她丢在这寒夜中。肯特想老人可能需要帮助。于是，他刹车停在了老人的面前。

老人说：“先生，您可不可以载我一程？我给你双倍的车费……”

肯特赶忙打断老人的话，说：“不用车费。快上车吧！”

老人又指了指地上的行李：“你可不可以帮我把它们放到车里？” 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

肯特忙弯腰用力提起箱子和塑料袋，放进了车里。

他们上路继续向前行驶。肯特路过一家加油站，在加油站排队等候的时候，老人打开了话匣子，“你可不可以先送我到市郊的济贫院的救济呢！”肯特对老人的身份和行为充满迷惑，说“您为什么要选择半夜送过去呢？”老人缓缓地说：“我现在退休了，白天他们不允许我出来，箱子里是我侄子和侄女们穿剩下的夹克、牛仔裤和裤子。”

两个小时的颠簸后，肯特他们走出了济贫院的大门。他继续按照老人指的路线前进。

“先生，请停一停。”老人突然说。这时，她的视线透过车窗久久地停留在了街边一幢破旧的大楼上。“您知道吗，这幢楼顶层的第一间，那是我和丈夫曾经租住的第一间房啊！房东是个好人。那里是我终生第一次使用可视电话的地方！”这时，老人久久凝视的目光中有泪光闪烁。“但是现在，他们都先后离开了我，去了天堂。”肯特这才明白，老人是在追忆昔日的美好时光。他被震撼了，决定放下一切，陪着老人。

接着，他按照老人的要求到了一个高尔夫球场旁边。老人说这里几十年前曾是一个牛奶场。她每天带着袖套、坐垫、罐子、毛巾和其他辅助用具去牛奶场。她的主要工作是挤牛奶、运送并分发牛奶，有时也去饲养奶牛。

“先生，我有些累了，您还是送我去市区的疗养院吧。”老人说。肯特心头一阵惊悸。他知道市中心疗养院是专门收留无法救治的绝症病人的地方。

“我得了肝癌，我的时间已经不多了。这次，我是偷偷地从疗养院溜出来的。因为，我很想亲自向过去的一切告别。这样，在我人生结束的时候就没有遗憾了。非常感谢你的帮助！”老人微笑着解释，走进木房子里。肯特一时无语，他想着老人的话，感到欣慰，因为老人的内心真的没有遗憾了。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Passage 8 Ambition

It is not difficult to imagine a world short of ambition.It would probably be a kinder world: without demands, without abrasions, without disappointments.People would have time for reflection.Such work as they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity.Competition would never enter in;conflict would be eliminated.Tension becomes a thing of the past.The stress of creation would be at an end.Art would no longer be troubling, but purely celebratory in its functions.Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of a heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor.Anxiety would be extinct.Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart.Ah, how unrelieved boring life would be!There is a strong view that holds that success is a myth, and ambition therefore a sham.Does this mean that success does not really exist? That achievement is at bottom empty? That the efforts of men and women are of no significance alongside the force of movements and events now.Not all success, obviously, is worth esteeming, nor all ambition worth cultivating.Which are and which are not is something one soon learns enough on one‟s own.But even the most cynical secretly admits that success exists;that achievement counts for a great deal;and that the true myth is that the actions of men and women are useless.To believe otherwise is to take on a point of view that is likely to be deranging.It is, in its implications, to remove all motives for competence, interest in attainment, and regard for posterity.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

We do not choose to be born.We do not choose our parents.We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing.We do not, most of us, choose to die;nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death.But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live: courageously or in cowardice, honorably or dishonorably, with purpose or in drift.We decide what is important and what is trivial in life.We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do.But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make.We decide.We choose.And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.抱

负

一个缺乏抱负的世界将会怎样，这不难想像。或许，这将是一个更为友善的世界：没有渴求，没有磨擦，没有失望。人们将有时间进行反思。他们所从事的工作将不是为了他们自身，而是为了整个集体。竞争将永远不会介入；冲突将被消除。人们的紧张关系将成为过往云烟。创造的重压将得以终结。艺术将不再惹人费神，其功能将纯粹为了庆典。人的寿命将会更长，因为由激烈拼争引起的心脏病和中风所导致的死亡将越来越少。焦虑将会消失。时光流逝，抱负却早已远离人心。

啊，长此以往人生将变得多么乏味无聊！

有一种盛行的观点认为，成功是一种神话，因此抱负亦属虚幻。这是不是说实际上并不存在成功？成就本身就是一场空？与诸多运动和事件的力量相比，男男女女的努力显得微不足道？显然，并非所有的成功都值得景仰，也并圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

非所有的抱负都值得追求。对值得和不值得的选择，一个人自然而然很快就能学会。但即使是最为愤世嫉俗的人暗地里也承认，成功确实存在，成就的意义举足轻重，而把世上男男女女的所作所为说成是徒劳无功才是真正的无稽之谈。认为成功不存在的观点很可能造成混乱。这种观点的本意是一笔勾销所有提高能力的动机，求取业绩的兴趣和对子孙后代的关注。

我们无法选择出生，无法选择父母，无法选择出生的历史时期与国家或是成长的周遭环境。我们大多数人都无法选择死亡，无法选择死亡的时间或条件。但是在这些无法选择之中，我们的确可以选择自己的生活方式：是勇敢无畏还是胆小怯懦，是光明磊落还是厚颜无耻，是目标坚定还是随波逐流。我们决定生活中哪些至关重要，哪些微不足道。我们决定，用以显示我们自身重要性的，不是我们做了什么，就是我们拒绝做些什么。但是不论世界对我们所作的选择和决定有多么漠不关心，这些选择和决定终究是我们自己作出的。我们决定。我们选择。而当我们决定和选择时，我们的生活便得以形成。最终构筑我们命运的就是抱负之所在。

Passage 9 True love, no expectations

I once had a friend who grew to be very close to me.Once when we were sitting at the edge of a swimming pool, she filled the palm of her hand with a little water and held it before me, and said this: You see this water carefully contained on my hand? It symbolizes love.As long as you keep your hand caringly open and allow it to remain there, it will always be there.However, if you attempt to close your fingers around it and try to possess it, it will spill through the first cracks it finds.This is the greatest mistake that people do when 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

they meet love… They try to possess it, they demand, they expect… and just like the water spilling out of your hand, love will retrieve from you.For love is meant to be free, you cannot change its nature.If you have people you love, allow them to be free beings.Give and don‟t expect.Advise, but don‟t order.Ask, but never demand.It might sound simple, but it is a lesson that may take a lifetime to truly practice.It is the secret to true love.To truly practice it, you must sincerely feel no expectations from those who you love, and yet an unconditional caring.真爱，零期待

我曾有个朋友，我们的关系很亲密。有一次我们坐在游泳池边上，她在手掌里盛了点儿水，捧在我面前，说:你仔细看我手上这水了吗？那代表爱。只要你充满关爱地使你的手平展伸开，并允许它保持在那儿，它会永远在那儿。但是，如果你试图把你的手指在它周围合起并试图占有它，它会通过它找到的缝溢出去。这是人们遇到爱时所犯的最大的错误„„他们会试图占有它，他们会要求，他们会期待„„那就会像溢出你的手掌的水一样，爱也会从你身边撤退。因为爱意味着自由,你不能改变它的本性。

如果你有爱的人，请允许他们自由地存在。要给予而不期待；建议而不命令；请求而不要求。这可能听起来简单，但它需要一辈子去实践。这就是真爱的秘诀。要真正去实践它，你必须对那些你爱的人没有期望，并给予无条件的关爱。

Passage 10 Variety is the source of creativity Variety is the source of creativity.Variety injects the fluid of creativity into the most hollow minds.To ensure a triumphant career, variety combined with flexibility to fit in diverse circumstances is the major truth nowadays.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

No housing can be constructed in one single day.The more one explores, the more different dimensions one will observe which can help to complete a job.It is logical to choose the best way of doing a thing among various available options.Innovation is your own discovering an unusual way to fulfil your aim, which might be an elaborate and perfect scheme, and would yield superb results.Innovation is not something that cannot be realized by us.Belief in yourself and the unique ability of giving concrete shape to your values and ideas are what separate boys from men.It takes a lot of courage to venture into the execution of your ideas.The initial phase is the toughest, for you may not be recognized or comprehended mentally.But survival in tough times is a test of your perseverance, endurance and determination.For undergraduates, they can spice up their lives with variety by focusing on extra activities apart from academic curriculum.It is evident that academics are the golden key to a good career and a secure job, but the books don‟t guide you to become smart in practice.No matter how long you have spent reading on skating, all the reading is useless, unless and until you put it into practice.Extra curricular activities help one to deal with people, and tell one the areas where theoretical theories can‟t be applied in real life and also change the individual‟s perspective and outlook to various problems.Also, time management would become easy by involving one in various activities, because only a busy man can find time.Variety is the spice of life.Variety could activate the mind to open its creative 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

reserves.变化是创造力的源泉

变化是创造力的源泉。变化为众多荒芜的心田注入了创造的汁液。变化和适应变化环境的灵活性是当今开创事业成功的必要条件。

罗马并不是一日建成的。你挖掘的越多，就越能够发现完成任务的各种各样的方法和方式。在各种现有的选项中挑选最好的方式才是符合逻辑的。创新是由你自己发现一种可以实现自己目标的独特的做事方式，它可能是事与一套精细完美的方案，并且会产生极好的效果。

创新并不是遥不可及的。相信自己，加上具有将价值观和想法赋予具体形式的独特能力会使我们脱颖而出。实施心中的想法需要很大的勇气去冒险。初期是最艰苦的，你可能会得不到真正的认可和理解。但是在不顺利的时候能否坚持下去，正是对你意志、忍耐力和决心的考验。

大学生可以通过课外活动把生活变得多姿多彩。很明显，学校所学的是通向一个好的职业和稳定工作的金钥匙，但是书本知识并不能让你在实践中变得聪慧。不管花多长时间阅读关于滑冰的书，你若不实践，阅读是毫无用处的。课外活动是帮助人们学习与人打交道的，只了解理论，在生活中的某些领域是行不通的，实践可以改变一个人看待不同问题的视角和观点。同时，通过参与各种不同的也使人更善于管理时间，因为只有忙碌着的人才会努力挤时间。变化是生活的调味品。变化可以激活思维，开启创造的潜能。

Passage 11 Let Us Smile The thing that goes the farthest toward making life worthwhile, that costs the least and does the most, is just a pleasant smile.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

The smile that bubbles from the heart that loves its fellow men, will drive away the clouds of gloom and coax the sun again.It‟s full of worth and goodness, too, with manly kindness blent.It‟s worth a million dollars, and it doesn‟t cost a cent.There is no room for sadness when we see a cheery smile.It always has the same good look;it‟s never out of style.It nerves us to try again when failure makes us blue.The dimples of encouragement are good for me and you.It pays the highest interest—for it is merely lent.It‟s worth a million dollars, and it doesn‟t cost a cent.A smile comes very easy—you can wrinkle up with cheer, a hundred times before you can squeeze out a salty tear.It ripples out, moreover, to the heart strings that will tug, and always leaves an echo that is very like a hug.So, smile away!Folks understand what by a smile is meant.It‟s worth a million dollars, and it doesn‟t cost a cent.让我们微笑吧

那最能赋予生命价值、代价最廉而回报最多的东西，不过是一个令人愉悦的微笑而已。

由衷地热爱同胞的微笑，会驱走心头阴郁的乌云，心底收获一轮夕阳。

它充满价值和美好，混合着坚毅的仁爱之心。它价值连城却不花一文。

当我们看到喜悦的微笑，忧伤就会一扫而光。它始终面容姣好，永不落伍；失败令我们沮丧之时，它鼓励我们再次尝试。鼓励的笑靥于你我大有裨益。它支付的利息高昂无比——只因它是种借贷形式。它价值连城却不花一文。来一个微笑很容易——嘴角欢快地翘起来，你能百次微笑，可难得挤出一圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

滴泪；它的涟漪深深波及心弦，总会留下回响，宛若拥抱。继续微笑吧！谁都懂得它意味着什么。它价值连城却不花一文。

Passage 12 If the Dream is Big Enough I used to watch her from my kitchen window.She seemed so small as she muscled her way through the crowd of boys on the playground.The school was across the street from our home and I would often watch the kids as they played during recess.A sea of children, and yet to me, she stood out from them all.I remember the first day I saw her playing basketball.I watched in wonder as she ran circles around the other kids.She managed to shoot jump shots just over their heads and into the net.The boys always tried to stop her but no one could.I began to notice her at other times, basketball in hand, playing alone.She would practice dribbling and shooting over and over again, sometimes until dark.One day I asked her why she practiced so much.She looked directly in my eyes and without a moment of hesitation she said, “I want to go to college.The only way I can go is if I get a scholarship.I like basketball.I decided that if I were good enough, I would get a scholarship.I am going to play college basketball.I want to be the best.My Daddy told me if the dream is big enough, the facts don‟t count.” Then she smiled and ran towards the court to recap the routine I had seen over and over again.Well, I had to give up to her—she was determined.I watched her through those junior years and into high school.Every week, she led her varsity team to victory.One day in her senior year, I saw her sitting in the grass, head cradled in her arms.I walked across the street and sat down in the cool grass beside her.Quietly I asked 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

what was wrong.“Oh, nothing, ” came a soft reply.“I am just too short.” The coach told her that at 5′5〞she would probably never get to play for a top ranked team— much less offered a scholarship—so she should stop dreaming about college.She was heartbroken and I felt my own throat tighten as I sensed her disappointment.I asked her if she had talked to her dad about it yet.She lifted her head from her hands and told me that her father said those coaches were wrong.They just did not understand the power of a dream.He told her that if she really wanted to play for a good college, if she truly wanted a scholarship, that nothing could stop her except one thing—her own attitude.He told her again, “If the dream is big enough, the facts don‟t count.” The next year, as she and her team went to the Northern California Championship game, she was seen by a college recruiter.She was indeed offered a scholarship, a full ride, to a Division 1, NCAA women‟s basketball team.She was going to get the college education that she had dreamed of and worked toward for all those years.为了心中的梦想

我以前常常从厨房的窗户看到她穿梭于操场上的一群男孩子中间，她显得那么矮小。学校在我家的街对面，我可以经常看到孩子们在下课时间玩耍。尽管有一大群孩子，但我觉得她跟其他的孩子截然不同。我记得第一天看到她打篮球的情景。看着她在其他孩子旁边兜来转去，我感到十分惊奇。她总是尽力地跳起投篮，球恰好越过那些孩子的头顶飞入篮筐。那些男孩总是拼命地阻止她，但没有人可以做得到。我开始注意到她有时候一个人打球。她一遍遍地练习运球和投篮，有时直到天黑。有一天我问她为什么这么刻苦地练习。她直视着我的眼睛，不假思索地说: “我想上大学。只有获得奖学金我才能上大学。我喜欢打篮球，我想只要我打得好，我就能获得奖学金。我要到大学去打篮球。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

我想成为最棒的球员。我爸爸告诉我说，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。”说完她笑了笑，跑向篮球场，又开始我之前见过的一遍又一遍的练习。嘿，我服了她了——她是下定决心了。这些年我看着她从初中升到高中。每个星期，她带领的学校篮球队都能够获胜。

高中那会儿的某一天，我看见她坐在草地上，头埋在臂弯里。我穿过街道，坐到她旁边的清凉的草地上。我轻轻地问出什么事了。“哦，没什么，”她轻声回答，“只是我太矮了。”原来篮球教练告诉她，以五英尺五英寸的身材，她几乎是没有机会到一流球队去打球——更不用说会获得奖学金了——所以她应该放弃上大学的梦想。她很伤心，我也觉得自己的喉咙发紧，因为我感觉到了她的失望。我问她是否与她的爸爸谈过这件事。她从臂弯里抬起头，告诉我，她爸爸说那些教练错了。他们根本不懂得梦想的力量。他告诉她，如果她真的想到一个好的大学去打篮球，如果她真的想获得奖学金，任何东西也不能阻止她，除非她自己不愿意。他又一次跟她说：“心中有目标，风雨不折腰。”第二年，当她和她的球队去参加北加利福尼亚州冠军赛时，她被一位大学的招生人员看中了。她真的获得了奖学金，一个全面资助的奖学金，并且进入美国全国大学体育协会一级联赛的一支女子篮球队。她将接受她曾梦想并为之奋斗多年的大学教育。

Passage 13

Just for today Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once.I can do something for twelve hours that would appall me if I had to keep it up for a life time.Just for today I will be happy.This assumes to be true what Abraham Lincoln said, that “Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.” 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Just for today I will adjust myself to what is, and not try to adjust everything to my own desires.I will take my “luck” as it comes.Just for today I will try to strengthen my mind.I will study.I will learn something useful.I will not be a mental loafer.I will read something that requires effort, thought and concentration.Just for today I will exercise my soul in three ways.I will do somebody a good turn and not get found out.If anybody knows of it, it will not count.I will do at least two things I don‟t want to do—just for exercise.I will not show anyone that my feelings are hurt: they may be hurt, but today I will not show it.Just for today I will be agreeable.I will look as well as I can, dress becomingly, talk low, act courteously, criticize not one bit, and try not to improve or regulate anybody but myself.Just for today I will have a program.I may not follow it exactly, but I will have it.I will save myself from two pests: hurry and indecision.Just for today I will have a quiet half hour all by myself and relax.During this half hour, sometime, I will try to get a better perspective of my life.Just for today I will be unafraid.Especially I will not be afraid to enjoy what is beautiful, and to believe that as I give to the world, so the world will give to me.就为今天

就为了今天，我将尽力只度过今天而不立刻去解决终身的问题。对一件令我恐慌而又必须坚持一辈子的事，我能坚持十二个小时。就为了今天，我会很快乐。亚伯拉罕·林肯说过，“对于大多数人而言，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。”这已经被认为是真理。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

就为了今天，我会做自我调整适应事物本来的面目，而不是想方设法使每一件事满足自己的欲望。当“幸运”来临时我会抓住它。就为了今天，我会尽力心强志坚。我会学习，学一些有用的东西。我不会做一个精神上的流浪汉。我会读一些需要努力、思考和专注的东西。

就为了今天，我会用三种方法来磨炼我的灵魂。我会做对某人有利的事但不能被发现，若有人发现了就不算数。我将会做至少两件我不愿做的事情 ——只为了磨炼。我不会让任何人感到我的感情受到了伤害：它们可能受到了伤害，但今天我不会表现出来。就为了今天，我会过得很惬意。我会尽力达到最佳状态，穿着得体、讲话谦虚、行为礼貌、一点不吹毛求疵，尽量改进和调节自己而不是别人。就为了今天，我会制定一个计划，我也许不会严格地遵守它，但我一定要有计划。我会避免两种错误：仓促行事和优柔寡断。就为了今天，我将会独自静静地呆上半小时放松。在这半小时里，某个时刻，我会对我日后的生活有个更好的看法。就为了今天，我将不再害怕。尤其我不会再害怕享受美丽的事物，并且相信我给予世界的，世界也会给予我。

Passage 14 Making Sandcastles A little boy is on his knees scooping and packing the sand with plastic shovels into a bright blue bucket.Then he upends the bucket on the surface and lifts it.And, to the delight of the little architect, a castle tower is created.All afternoon he will work，scooping out the moat and packing the walls.Bottle tops will be sentries.Sticks will be bridges.A sandcastle will be 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

built.Big city, busy streets, rumbling traffic.A man is in his office.At his desk he puts papers into stacks and assigns tasks.The phone is on his shoulder and he is knocking the keyboard with his fingers.Contracts are signed and much to the delight of the man, a profit is made.All his life he will work，formulating the plans, forecasting the future.Profits will be sentries.Capital gains will be bridges.An empire will be built.Two builders of two castles.They have much in common.They shape little pebbles into grand buildings.They are diligent and determined.And for both the tide will rise and the end will come.Yet that is where the similarities stop.For the boy sees the end while the man ignores it.As the waves near, the wise child jumps to his feet and begins to clap.There is no sorrow.No fear.No regret.He knew this would happen.He is not surprised.And when the great breaker crashes into his castle and his masterpiece is sucked into the sea, he smiles, picks up his tools, takes his father‟s hand, and goes home.The grownup, however, is not so wise.As the wave of years collapses on his castle he is terrified.He tries to protect the sandy monument.He blocks the waves from the walls he has made.Salt-water soaked and shivering he snarls at the incoming tide.“It‟s my castle, ” he protests.The ocean need not respond.Both know to whom the sand belongs...I don‟t know much about sandcastles.But children do.Watch them and learn.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Go ahead and build, but build with a child‟s heart.When the sun sets and the tides take——applaud.Salute the process of life and go home.堆沙堡的小男孩

一个小男孩跪在那儿用塑料铲挖沙子，并把沙子装在一个鲜艳的蓝桶里。然后他把蓝桶倒扣在地上，把它提起。让这小建筑师高兴的是：一座城堡的塔楼就这样诞生了。他会干一下午：挖护城河，建城墙，用瓶盖做岗哨，用木棍做桥，就这样，一座城堡建成了。

某个大城市，喧嚣的街道，川流不息的交通。

办公室里有一位男士。坐在办公桌前，他把文件堆叠在一起，布置任务。他将电话夹在肩头，手指敲击键盘。合同签字生效，让这位男士高兴的是，一笔利润就这样到手了。他一生都会工作：构想计划，预测未来。利润就是岗哨，资本收益就是桥梁。一个帝国就这样建成了。这两座城堡的建筑者有许多共同之处。他们会把细小的沙石变成宏伟的建筑。他们很用心也很有决心，而对于他们两个而言，涨潮都会发生，一切都会结束。然而，共同点到此为止。因为，男孩看得到终点，而这位成年人却忽视它。巨浪来临时，聪明的男孩欢呼，跳跃。没有痛苦，没有恐惧，没有遗憾。他知道这一切都会发生，他并不感到惊讶。当这巨大的破坏者击碎他的城堡，将他的杰作卷入大海，男孩笑了，收拾好他的工具，拉着父亲的手，回家。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

然而，这位成年人却并不如此明智，当岁月的巨浪击毁他的城堡，他害怕了，他试图保护这沙质纪念碑。他试图阻止巨浪袭击他建的城墙。咸的海水将他的城堡湮没。他颤抖着怒骂涌入的浪潮。

“这是我的城堡，”他抗议道。

海洋不需要回应。两者都明白沙子的归宿。

我对沙堡所知甚少。

但孩子们知道，他看他们，学习他们。去建造吧，带着一颗童心。

当太阳落山，潮水占领沙滩——拍手喝彩，向生命的过程敬礼，回家。

Passage 15 I’m Special

In the entire world there‟s nobody like me.Since the beginning of time, there has never been another person like me.Nobody has my smile.Nobody has my eyes, my nose, my hair, my hands, or my voice.I‟m special.No one can be found who has my handwriting.Nobody anywhere has my tastes—for food or music or art.No one sees things just as I do.In all of time there‟s been no one who laughs like me, no one who cries like me.And what makes me laugh and cry will never provoke identical laughters and tears from anybody else, never.No one reacts to any situation just as I would react.I‟m special.I‟ m the only one in all of creation who has my set of abilities.Oh, there will always be somebody who is better at one of the things I‟m good at, but no one in the 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

universe can reach the quality of my combination of talents, ideas, abilities and feelings.Like a room full of musical instruments, some may excel alone, but none can match the symphony sound when all are played together.I‟m a symphony.Through all of eternity no one will ever look, talk, walk, think or do like me.I‟m special.I‟m rare.And, in all rarity there is great value.Because of my great rare value, I need not attempt to imitate others.I will accept—yes, indeed, celebrate—my differences.I‟m special.And I‟m beginning to realize it‟s no accident that I‟m special.I‟m beginning to see that I have been made for a very special purpose.There is a job for me that no one else can do as well as I.Out of all the billions of job applicants, only one is qualified, only one has the right combination of what it takes.That one is me.Because...I‟m special.我就是我

大千世界，芸芸众生，没人与我相同。自创世伊始，从未有过像我一样的人。没人拥有和我一样的笑容；没人拥有和我一样的眼睛、鼻子、头发、双手或声音。我就是我。我的笔迹独一无二。我的品味与众不同——不管是对于食物、音乐还是艺术。对于世间万物，我拥有独特的视角。无论何时，都没有人欢笑如我，哭泣如我。让我开心和流泪的事物不会引起他人相同的反应，绝对不会。面对各种处境，我也有自己独特的应对方式。我就是我。在天地万物中，我的能力组合独具一格。哦，我所擅长之处，必有人技高一筹。但是，世界上没有人能像我一样，将天赋、思想、能力和感觉如此独特地结合在一起。好比一间放满乐器的房间，某件乐器可能会一鸣惊人，但所有圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

乐器共同奏出的交响乐才无与伦比。我就是一曲交响乐。亘古恒远，没有人会像我一样地观察、交谈、行走、思考或行事。我就是我。独一无二。而且，独特中蕴含着巨大的价值。因为这独特而又巨大的价值，我不需要去模仿他人。我会欣然接受——更确切地说是赞美——我的与众不同。我就是我。我渐渐理解，我之所以独特并非机缘巧合。我开始明白，造物主为我创设了一个特定的目标。有一份工作是为我量身定制的，他人无法胜任。在数以亿计的求职者中，只有一个人是合格的，只有一个人具备恰如其分的条件。那个人就是我。因为„„ 我就是我。

Passage 16 Write Your Own Life Suppose someone gave you a pen—a sealed, solid-colored pen.You couldn‟t see how much ink it had.It might run dry after the first few tentative words or last just long enough to create a masterpiece(or several)that would last forever and make a difference in the scheme of things.You don‟t know before you begin.Under the rules of the game, you really never know.You have to take a chance!

Actually, no rule of the game states you must do anything.Instead of picking up and using the pen, you could leave it on a shelf or in a drawer where it will dry up, unused.But if you do decide to use it, what would you do with it? How would you play the game? Would you plan and plan before you ever wrote a word? Would your plans be so extensive that you never even got to the writing? Or would you take the pen in hand, plunge right in and just do it, struggling to keep up with the twists and turns of the torrents of words that take you where they 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

take you? Would you write cautiously and carefully, as if the pen might run dry the next moment, or would you pretend or believe(or pretend to believe)that the pen will write forever and proceed accordingly? You‟re listening to Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax, I‟m Faith.Now, suppose someone gave you a life...谱写生命的乐章

假如有人送你一支笔，一支不可拆卸的单色钢笔.你看不出里面究竟有多少墨水。或许在你试探性地写上几个字后它就会干枯，或许足够用来创作一部影响深远的不朽巨著(或是几部)。而这些，在动笔前，都是无法得知的。在这个游戏规则下，你真的永远不会预知结果。你只能去碰运气！事实上，这个游戏里没有规则指定你必须要做什么。相反，你甚至可以根本不去动用这支笔，把它扔在书架上或是抽屉里让它的墨水干枯。但是，如果你决定要用它的话，你会用它来做什么呢？你将怎样来进行这个游戏呢? 你会在写字之前，老是计划来计划去吗？你会不会由于计划过于宏大而来不及动笔呢? 或者你只是手里拿着笔，一头扎进去写，不停地写，艰难地随着文字汹涌的浪涛而随波逐流呢？ 你会小心谨慎地写字，好像这支笔在下个时刻就可能会干枯；还是装作相信（或装作相信）这支笔能够永远写下去而信手写来呢？ 您正在收听Faith轻松电台，我是Faith。现在，假如有人给予你一支生命的笔„„ 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Passage 17 Prayer for My Mother Dear God, Now that I am no longer young, I have friends whose mothers have passed away.I have heard these sons and daughters say they never fully appreciated their mothers until it was too late to tell them。I am blessed with the dear mother who is still alive.I appreciate her more each day.My mother does not change, but I do.As I grow older and wiser, I realize what an extraordinary person she is.How sad that I am unable to speak these words in her presence, but they flow easily from my pen。How does a daughter begin to thank her mother for life itself? For the love, patience and just plain hard work that go into raising a child? For running after a toddler, for understanding a moody teenager, for tolerating a college student who knows everything? For waiting for the day when a daughter realizes her mother really is? How does a grown woman thank for a mother for continuing to be a mother? For being ready with advice(when asked)or remaining silent when it is most appreciated? For not saying, “I told you so”, when she could have uttered these words dozens of times? For being essentially herself—loving, thoughtful, patient and forgiving? I don‟t know how, dear God, except to bless her as richly as she deserves and to help me live up to the example she has set.I pray that I will look as good in the eyes of my children as my mother looks in mine。

A daughter 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

为母亲祈祷

亲爱的上帝： 如今我已不再年轻，一些朋友的母亲已经去世了。我曾听这些子女们说过，他们从没有向母亲充分表达过他们的感激之情，而待到要告诉时为时已晚了。幸运的是，我亲爱的母亲依然健在。我对她的感激与日俱增。母亲没有变，而我却变了。随着年岁的增长，我越来越懂事了，我认识到她是个非常了不起的人。这些话在她面前我难以启齿，但在笔下却可以轻易地写出来，这令我感到多么难过。一个女儿该怎样开口感谢她的母亲所给予的生命？感谢她在抚养孩子时所付出的爱、耐心以及平凡的无私的辛劳？感谢她跟在蹒跚学步的孩子身后奔跑，对情绪不定的少女的理解，以及对一个自以为是的大学生的宽容？感谢她等待女儿认识到她真是一位好母亲的这一天？ 一个成年女子该怎样感谢母亲依然如故的角色？感谢（在被问到时）她会及时提供良言，而在不需要时她会保持沉默？感谢她没有说：“我告诉过你”，而她本来可以说上许多次？感谢她始终不变的爱心、体贴周到、耐心与宽容厚道？ 我不知道该怎样来表达，亲爱的上帝，除了请求你好好地保佑她——那是她该得到的——并帮助我朝她做出的榜样看齐。我祈愿在我的孩子们的眼里我会如同母亲在我眼里一般好。

Passage 18 Always Aim Higher Always aim higher than you believe you can reach.So often, you‟ll discover that

一个女儿

when your talents are set free by your imagination, you can achieve any goal.If people offer their help or wisdom as you go through life, accept it gratefully.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

You can learn much from those who have gone before you.But never be afraid or hesitant to step off the accepted path and head off in your own direction if your heart tells you that it‟s the right way for you.Always believe that you will ultimately succeed at whatever you do, and never forget the value of persistence, discipline, and determination.You are meant to be whatever you dream of becoming.设立更高远的目标

总是设立比你认为力所能及的更高远的目标。通常，你会发现，当想像力放飞了你的才能时，你就能实现任何目标。在你的人生历程中，如果有人给予你帮助或传授你智慧，你要心怀感激地接受。你可以从前辈那里学到很多宝贵的东西。但是，当你的内心已经明确知道怎样的路才是真正适合你的时候，要敢于脱离既定的轨道去追求你自己的方向，不要害怕或迟疑。永远相信：无论你做什么，你终究会成功，并且不要忘记坚持、自律和决心的价值。你注定会成为你梦想要成为的那个人。

Passage 19 Would Rather Complain, Or Be Happy? If we really want to be happy, why do we act like such babies? We can claim to be proactive in our life by settings goals and going after what we want.But if we‟re always whining and complaining all the time, are we really living effectively? If you don‟t believe me, count how many times you complain about something or others in one day.Whether it is being stuck in traffic, being bothered by the weather, 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

not enough mustard on your sandwich, or whatever it is, there are endless instances where you can find a reason to complain.But it‟s not just outside circumstances that we complain about.We complain about ourselves too.We complain that we don‟t have enough time, that we don‟t have enough money(this one is huge because it‟s often “true”), that we‟re not smart enough, cool enough, or just enough.I know I‟ve experienced plenty of unpleasantness due to complaining about things I can‟t control.I never really thought about it much until I found this website about “living in a complain-free world.” Imagine how much happier you would be if you simply stopped complaining.Much of what you complain about is outside of your control anyway.What‟s the point of brooding about something you have no power to change? Not very intelligent, if you ask me.Simply becoming conscious of how much you complain is the first step to stopping.When you recognize that you‟re complaining, stop and take notice of it.Ask yourself if you would rather complain, or be happy.要抱怨，还是要快乐？

如果我们真得想要高兴，为什么要像小孩子那样呢？

我们可以积极主动地在我们生活中设定目标，然后向着目标进发。但是如果我们整天牢骚满腹，怨天尤人的话，我们还能有效地生活吗？ 如果你不相信我，仔细想想你一天要抱怨几次。不管是因为被糟糕的交通困住，被天气所困扰，还是三明治上芥末放得不够，总之生活中有无数的烦心事可以让你抱怨。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

不仅仅外部的环境让我们抱怨，我们还不断地抱怨我们自己。比如时间不够多啊，钱不够花啊（这个最多，因为它往往更“真实”），不够聪明不够冷静啊，反正什么看上去都不够好。我知道，因为抱怨自己不能控制的事情，我已经历了许多的不开心。我没有仔细思考过这个问题，直到有一天我发现这个叫“活在没有抱怨的世界中”的网站。想想吧，如果你停止抱怨的话你会变得多么快乐。反正那些事情又无力改变，整天想着那些你无力改变的事情又有什么意义呢？如果你来问我，我会说那样很愚蠢。停止抱怨要做的第一步就是想清楚你有多能抱怨。当你意识到自己在抱怨的时候，停下来，问问自己是要变得快乐还是继续这样抱怨下去。

Passage 20 Life Is Like a Cup of Coffee A group of graduates got together to visit their old university professor.The conversation soon turned into complaints about stress in work and life.Offering his guests coffee, the professor went to the kitchen and returned with a large pot of coffee and a variety of cups—porcelain, plastic, glass, crystal, some plain-looking, some expensive, some exquisite—telling them to help themselves to the coffee.When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the professor said，“If you have noticed, all the nice-looking expensive cups have been taken up, leaving behind the plain and cheap ones.While it is normal for you to want only the best for yourselves, that is the source of your problems and stress.” 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

“Be assured that the cup itself adds no quality to the coffee.In most cases it is just more expensive and in some cases even hides what we drink.” “What all of you really want is coffee, not the cup, but you unconsciously went for the best cups.And then you began eyeing each other‟s cup.”

“Now consider this: Life is the coffee;the jobs, money and position in society are the cups.They are just tools to hold and contain life, and the type of cup we have does not define, nor change the quality of life we live.Sometimes, by concentrating only on the cup, we fail to enjoy the coffee.Savor the coffee, not the cups!Don‟t let the cups drive you...enjoy the coffee instead.”

生命如同一杯咖啡

一群毕业生，相约一起去看望他们年老的大学教授。

谈话一会儿就变成了各自对工作和生活压力的抱怨。在用咖啡招待这些客人时，教授去厨房端来一大壶咖啡，并拿出各式各样的咖啡杯——陶瓷的、塑料的、玻璃的、水晶的，有看上去普通的、有价值不菲的、有做工精细的——让他们自己倒咖啡喝。

当所有学生手中都端了一杯咖啡后，教授发话了：

“如果你们注意一下，就会发现所有好看的昂贵的杯子都被挑走了，剩下的只是那些普通的和便宜的。当然，每个人都只想拥有最好的，这很正常，但这也是你们的问题和压力的根源所在。” “可以肯定的是，杯子本身与咖啡质量毫无关系。在很多时候，杯子让咖啡更昂贵，某些时候，甚至让我们看不清我们要喝的是什么。” “其实你们真正想要的是咖啡，而不是杯子，但你们却又都下意识去挑选最好的杯子，并观察别人拿到的杯子。” 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

“现在设想一下：如果生活是杯中的咖啡，工作、财富和社会地位就是那些杯子。它们只是维持生活的工具而已，并不能界定或是改变生活的质量。有时候，我们在过于关注杯子的同时却忘记了去品味上帝赐予的咖啡。请仔细品味咖啡，而不是那些杯子。所以，不要成为杯子的奴隶„„好好品味杯中的咖啡。”

Passage 21 Life Is Like a Cafeteria A friend‟s grandfather came to America from Eastern Europe.After settling down at Ellis Island，he went into a cafeteria in lower Manhattan to get something to eat.He sat down at an empty table and waited for someone to take his order.Of course nobody did.Finally, a woman with a tray full of food sat down opposite him and informed him how a cafeteria worked.“Start out at that end, ” she said.“Just go along the line and pick out what you want.At the other end they‟ll tell you how much you have to pay.” “I soon learned that‟s how everything works in America, ” the grandfather told a friend.“Life‟s like a cafeteria here.You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price.You can even get success，but you‟ll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you.You have to get up and get it yourself.”

生活就像自助餐

一个朋友的祖父从东欧来到美国。圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

在埃利斯岛安顿下来后，他去曼哈顿下城的一家自助餐厅吃饭。

他在一张空桌子边坐下，等待侍者拿来菜单。

当然没有人来招呼他。

最后，一位女士拿着满满一托盘食物走过来坐在他对面。并告诉他自助餐厅是怎样进餐的。她说：“从那头开始，依次去要你想要的东西，在餐厅的另外一端会有人告诉你该付多少钱。”

他对一个朋友说：“接着我很快了解到这就是美国人的生活方式。”

“生活就像自助餐，你可以去要你想要的任何东西，只要你能付得起他们的价格。

你也可以想要成功，但是如果你什么都不做就等着别人把它送到你身边的话是永远都不可能得到的。你必须勤劳，必须自己去追求它。”

Passage 22 Growth When we plant a rose seed in the earth, we notice it is small, but we do not criticize it as “rootless and stemless.” We treat it as a seed, giving it the water and nourishment required of a seed.When it first shoots up out of the earth, we don‟t condemn it as immature and underdeveloped, nor do we criticize the buds for not being open when they appear.We stand in wonder at the process taking place, and give the plant the care it needs at each stage of its development.The rose is a rose from the time it is a seed to the time it dies.Within it, at all 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

times, it contains its whole potential.It seems to be constantly in the process of change: Yet at each state, at each moment, it is perfectly all right as it is.A flower is not better when it blooms than when it is merely a bud;at each stage it is the same thing—a flower in the process of expressing its potential.成长

一粒微小的玫瑰花子被植入土壤中时，我们并不因它“无根无茎”而加以批评。我们把它当作一粒种子来对待，施予它所需的水分和养料。当它刚刚破土而出时，我们不因它幼稚、发育不良而诋毁它；当出现花蕾时，我们也不因它们不绽放而责备它。我们会惊喜地目睹整个过程。在它成长的不同阶段，给予它所需的照顾。玫瑰，从一粒种子开始，到凋零，直至死亡，始终是玫瑰。在它生命的每时每刻，体内都蕴藏着巨大的潜能。它似乎总在不断地变化，但是在任何阶段，任何时刻，都是最真实、最完美的。一朵花，在每一阶段都是相同的，无论是尽情绽放的花朵还是含苞欲放的花蕾，都是这朵花——一朵时刻展现自己潜能的花。

Passage 23 Chances Exist In the Daily Details John and Bobby joined a wholesale company together just after graduation from college the same year.Both worked very hard.After several years, however, the boss promoted Bobby to the position of manager while John remained an ordinary employee.John could not take it any more.He tendered his resignation to the boss and complained the boss did not know how to delegate and did not value hard working staff, but only promoted those who flattered him.The boss knew that John worked very hard for the years.He thought for a 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

moment and said, “Thank you for your criticism, but I have a request.I hope you will do one more thing for our company before you leave.Perhaps you will change your mind and take back your resignation.” John agreed.The boss asked him to go and find out anyone selling watermelon in the market.John went and returned soon.He said he had found out a man selling watermelon.The boss asked how much per kg.John shook his head and went back to the market to ask and returned to inform the boss $1.2 per kg.Boss told John to wait a second, and he called Bobby to come to his office.He asked Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelon in the market.Bobby went, returned and said, “Boss, only one person selling watermelon.$1.2 per kg, $10 for 10kg.He has inventory of 340 melons.On the table 58 melons;every melon weights about 2 kg, bought from the South two days ago.They are fresh and red, good quality.” John was very impressed and realized the difference between himself and Bobby.He decided not to resign but to learn from Bobby.My dear friends, a more successful person is more observant, thinks more and explores in depth.Chances exist in the daily details.For the same matter, a more successful person sees more and further so that he can find out an opportunity and catch it to realize his aim.If a person sees one year ahead, while another sees only tomorrow.The difference between a year and a day is 365 times.How could you win?

机遇在于生活的细节

约翰和博比同年大学毕业后，被同一家批发公司录用。他们二人工作都很圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

努力。然而，几年后，老板提拔博比为部门经理，而约翰还是一名普通员工。约翰再也无法忍受，冲动之下向老板递交了辞呈，并抱怨老板不会用人，不重用那些敬业的员工，只提拔那些奉承他的人。老板知道这几年约翰工作确实很努力。他想了一会儿说：“谢谢你对我的批评。但是我有一个请求，我希望在你离开之前再为公司做一件事情。或许到时你会改变决定，收回辞呈。” 约翰答应了。老板让他去市场找到一个卖西瓜的人。约翰去了并很快回来。他说他找到了一个卖西瓜的人。老板问他每公斤多少钱。约翰摇摇头，回到市场去问，然后又回来告诉老板每公斤1.2美元。老板让约翰等一会儿，这时他把博比叫到办公室。他让博比去市场找到一个卖西瓜的人。博比去了，回来之后说：“老板，只有一个卖西瓜的人，每公斤 1.2美元，每10公斤卖10美元。这个人一共有340个西瓜，其中58个放在货架上，每个西瓜重约2公斤，都是两天前从南方买来的，新鲜，红瓤，质量好。” 约翰受到很大的触动，他意识到自己与博比之间的差距。他决定收回辞呈并向博比学习。

亲爱的朋友们，成功的人更善于观察，勤于思考和孜孜探求。机遇就存在于生活的细节中。同样的一件事，一个成功的人会看得更多更远，所以他能抓住机遇，实现梦想。如果有人看到一年后的情景，而你只看到明天。一年与一天的差距是365倍，你怎么能赢呢？

Passage 24 With One Glass of Milk One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by selling goods from door to door found that he had only one dime left.He was hungry so he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door.Instead of a meal, he asked for a drink of water.She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk.He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you？” “You don‟t owe me anything,” she replied, “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” He said, “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” As Howard Kelly left that house, he not only felt stronger physically, but it also increased his faith in God and the human race.He was about to give up and quit before this point.Years later, the young woman became critically ill.The local doctors were baffled.They finally sent her to a big city, where specialists can be called in to study her rare disease.Dr.Howard Kelly, now famous was called in for the consultation.When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes.Immediately, he rose and went down through the hospital hall into her room.Dressed in his doctor‟s gown he went in to see her.He recognized her at once.He went back to the consultation room and determined to do his best to save her life.From that day, he gave special attention to her case.After a long struggle, the battle was won.Dr.Kelly requested the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval.He looked at it and then wrote something on the side.The bill was sent to her room.She was afraid to open it because she was positive that it would take the rest of her life to pay it off.Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention.She read these words，“Paid in full with one glass of milk.” 圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

(Signed)Dr.Howard Kelly

Tears of joy flooded her eyes as she prayed silently, “Thank You, God.Your love has spread through human hearts and hands.”

一杯牛奶的温暖

一天，一个可怜的小男孩儿为凑足学费正挨家挨户地推销商品。他发现身上只剩一角钱了，此时他很饿，因此决定从下一家要点儿吃的。

然而，当一位年轻貌美的女子打开门时，他却紧张得不知所措。他没有要吃的，只是要了口水喝。女子看到小男孩儿饥饿的样子，顿生怜悯之心，便倒了一大杯牛奶递给他。他慢慢地喝光了牛奶，问道：“我需要付您多少钱呢？”

“你不必付钱给我，”女子答道，“妈妈教育我说，爱心善举，不求回报。”男孩说：“那么我就发自内心地向您说声谢谢！”当霍华德· 凯利走出这户人家时，他不仅觉得浑身充满了力量，也对上帝和整个人类充满了信心。原本，他就要放弃。

若干年后，那位女子得了重病，当地医生都束手无策。最后，她转院到大城市，接受专家会诊。著名的霍华德·凯利医生也参与了医疗方案的制定。当他得知这位病人来自那个城镇时，一个奇怪的念头闪过，他立即起身直奔她的病房。

身着白大褂的凯利医生走进了病房，一眼便认出了那个女子，她正是他的恩人。回到诊室，他下定决心要竭尽全力医治她。从那天起，他就对她给予了特殊的照顾。

经过艰苦卓绝的努力，手术终获成功。凯利医生要求把医药费结算单送到他那儿。他看了一下，便在旁边写了一些东西。当结算单送到女子的病房时，她甚至不敢打开来看，因为她知道这笔医药费一定极其昂贵，或许她要用整个圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

余生去偿还。最后，她还是鼓足勇气打开了看，她注意到单子旁边的一行小字，上面写着：

“医药费已由一杯牛奶付清。”（署名）霍华德·凯利医生

喜悦的泪水夺眶而出，她不禁默默祈祷：“感谢您，上帝！您的爱已经通过人类的心灵和双手传递开来。”

Passage 25 Sow an Action, Reap a Habit Our character, basically, is a composite of our habits.“Sow a thought, reap an action;sow an action, reap a habit;sow a habit, reap a character;sow a character, reap a destiny, ” the maxim goes.Habits are powerful factors in our lives.Because they are consistent, often unconscious patterns, they constantly, daily, express our character and produce our effectiveness or ineffectiveness.As Horace Mann, the great educator, once said, “Habits are like a cable.We weave a strand of it everyday and soon it cannot be broken.” I personally do not agree with the last part of his expression.I know habits can be learned and unlearned.But I also know it isn‟t a quick fix.It involves a process and a tremendous commitment.Those of us who watched the lunar voyage of Apollo 11 were transfixed as we saw the first men walk on the moon and return to the earth.But to get there, those astronauts literally had to break out of the tremendous gravity pull of the earth.More energy was spent in the first few minutes of lift-off, in the first few miles of travel, than was used over the next several days to travel half a million miles.圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

Habits, too, have tremendous gravity pull—more than most people realize or would admit.Breaking deeply embedded habitual tendencies such as procrastination, impatience, criticalness, or selfishness that violate basic principles of human effectiveness involves more than a little willpower and a few minor changes in our lives.“Lift off” takes a tremendous effort, but once we break out of the gravity pull, our freedom takes on a whole new dimension.Like any natural force, gravity pull can work with us or against us.The gravity pull of some of our habits may currently be keeping us from going where we want to go.But it is also gravity pull that keeps our world together, that keeps the planets in their orbits and our universe in order.It is a powerful force, and if we use it effectively, we can use the gravity pull of habit to create the cohesiveness and order necessary to establish effectiveness in our lives.卓越仅仅是个习惯

人的性格基本上是由习惯组成的。正如一句格言：思想决定行动，行动决定习惯，习惯决定性格，性格决定命运。习惯对我们的生活有很大的影响，因为它是一贯的。在不知不觉中，经年累月地影响着我们的性格，左右着我们的成败。美国著名教育家霍拉斯·曼曾说：“习惯就仿佛是一条缆绳，我们每天为它缠上一股新索，不用多久就会变得牢不可破。”这句话的后半段我不敢苟同，我相信习惯可以养成，也可以打破，但绝不是一蹴而就，而是需要长期的努力和无比的毅力。宇航员搭乘阿波罗11号太空船，首次登陆月球的刹那的确令人叹为观止。但宇航员得先摆脱地球强大的引力，才能飞往月球。因此在刚起飞的几分钟，圆学子梦想 铸金字品牌

也就是整个任务一开始的几英里之内，是最艰难的时刻，所耗的力量往往超越往后的几十万英里。习惯也是一样，它也具有极大的引力，只是许多人不加注意或不肯承认罢了。想要革除诸如因循苟且，缺乏耐心，吹毛求疵或自私自利等违背人类效率基本原则的不良习性，若是缺乏意志力，不能大刀阔斧地改革，便难以实现目标。“起飞”需要极大的努力，然而一旦脱离重力的牵绊，我们便可享受前所未有的自由。习惯的引力就如同自然界所有的力量一般，可能危害我们，也可以为我们所用，关键看我们如何运用。习惯或许一时有碍于达到目标，但也有积极的一面。宇宙万物各循轨道运行，彼此保持一定的秩序，毕竟也都有赖于引力的作用。所以只要我们善于运用习惯的庞大引力，就能使生活有重心，有秩序，有效率。

Passage 26 Love Is a Two-way Street A father sat at his desk poring over his monthly bills when his young son rushed in and announced, “Dad, because this is your birthday and you‟re 55 years old, I‟m going to give you 55 kisses, one for each year!” When the boy started making good on his word, the father exclaimed, “Oh, Andrew, don‟t do it now;I‟m too busy!”

The youngster immediately fell silent as tears welled up in his big blue eyes.Apologically the father said, “You can finish later.”

The boy said nothing but quietly walked away, disappointment written over his face.That evening the father said, “Come and finish the kisses now, Andrew!” But

第二篇：80篇中英双语美文

>01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm--two entirely different movements.Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.01 音乐的语言

画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品，得由 演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职 业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。一名学音乐的学生要想成为 一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝 大多数的训练是技巧性的。音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演 员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声 带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用 右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协 调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。给钢琴调音是调 音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处： 他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让 音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理 是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。他们还 必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起 来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于 可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。>02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to thepeople debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.上学与受教育 在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们 受教育的过程。这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。与上学相比，教育更具 开放性，内容更广泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作 时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。传 授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。与 陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。人们从幼时起就 开始受教育。因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开始了。教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形 式化了的过程。在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一 时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，使用大致相同的教材，做作业，考试等等。他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范 围的限制。例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情，也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的 限制的。

>03 The Definition of “Price” Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the“system” of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.“价格”的定义 价格决定资源的使用方式。价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给 手段。美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括 名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。所有 这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。任何一种个别产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复 杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的制约。如果随机挑选一群人，问 问他们如何定义“价格”，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提供的产品或服务，买方向其付出 的钱数。换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货币量。该定义就其本 身来说自有其道理。但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑到大量“ 非货币”因素的影响。买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和 数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的缓付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、交货条款、退赔权利等等。也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物价 格的通盘细节。>04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small--often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.电 当今时代是电气时代。人们对电灯、收音机、电视和电话早已司空见惯以致很难想 象没有它们生活会变成什么样。当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索； 因没有红 绿灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，导致食物变质。人们只是在两个世 纪前一点才开始了解电的使用原理，自然界却显然在这方面经历过了数百万年。科学家不 断发现许多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的有趣秘密。所有生物细胞都会发出微小的 电脉冲。当心脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这可让医生了解心脏的 工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在脑电图上记录下来。许多生物细胞发出的电流都是 极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器才能记录和测量。但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一个 个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是 非常令人吃惊的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。它可以在水中发出相当于 800 伏特电 压电流(家庭用户的电压只有 120 伏特)。在电鳗的身体里，多至五分之四的细胞都专门用 来发电，而且发出的电流的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。

>05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the worldas unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect--success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun--as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this view tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.戏剧的起源 关于古希腊戏剧的起源存在着多种理论，其中一个最普遍为人接受的理论 假设认为戏剧从仪式演化而来。这个观点是这样进行论证的：一开始，人类把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季节的变化都看成是不可预料的。他们试图通过各种方式去控制这些未知的、令人恐惧的力量。那些似乎带来了满意结果的手段就被保留下来并且重复直到这些手段固 化为不变的仪式，最后产生了能够解释或者掩盖这些仪式神秘性的故事。随着时间的推移，一些仪式被废弃了，但这些后来被称作神话的故事流传下来并且为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人们还认为那些仪式包含了戏剧的基本因素，因为音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装几乎经常被使用，而且，必须为演出提供一个合适的地点；如果不是整个社区共 同参加演出，经常在“演出区”和“观众席”之间划分出明显的分界。另外，仪式中还有演员，而且宗教领袖通常承担演出任务，因为在仪式的执行中避免错误的发生被认为有相当大的重 要性；他们经常带着面具，穿着服装象演员那样扮演其它人、动物或超自然的生灵，用动作 来表演以达到所需要的效果，比如打猎的成功或战斗的胜利、将至的雨、太阳的复活。最 后这些戏剧性的表演从宗教活动中分离了出来。另一个追溯戏剧起源的理论认为它来自人 们对叙述故事的兴趣。根据这个观点，故事(关于狩猎、战争或者其它伟绩)是逐渐丰富起 来的。首先通过一个讲解人来运用模仿、表演和对话，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一个与之紧密相关的理论将戏剧的起源追溯至舞蹈，这些舞蹈大体上是有节奏感的和体操 式的那一类，或者是对动物动作和声音的模仿。>06 Television Television--the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth--is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visio: sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.电视电视--以快速变化与发展为标志的最普遍、最具有影响力的一项现代技术，正在步 入一个极端复杂化与多样化的新时代。这个时代承诺重新塑造我们的生活和我们的世界。这可以称得上是又一次电子革命，其关键在于电视技术与计算机技术的结合。“电视”这个词 来源于希腊语词根(tele：远)和拉丁语词根(vision：景象)，可以从字面上理解为来自远处的 景象。简单说来，电视是以这种方式工作的，通过一个复杂的电子系统，电视能够将一幅 图像(这幅图像被聚焦在一部摄像机内的一块特殊的光导底片上)转换成能经过导线或电缆 发送出去的电子脉冲信号。当这些电子脉冲信号被输入一部接收机(电视机)时，就可以用 电子学的方法把脉冲信号重新恢复成同一幅图像。但是，电视不仅仅是一个电子系统，它还 是一种表达工具和传播渠道。因此，电视成了一个对其他人发生影响的强大工具。电视这 个领域可以根据其发射方式分为两类。第一类为广播电视，通过电视信号的宽带无线电波 发射展现在大众面前；第二类为非广播电视，使用受控的发射技术来满足个人以及某些特殊 利益群体的需要。电视早已成为大众媒介。我们熟悉广播电视，因为广播电视已经以类似 目前的方式存在了大约 37 年。在那些年头中，电视绝大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS 这 些广播电视公司控制着，这些广播电视公司一直是新闻、信息和娱乐的主要提供者。这些 广播业的巨头实际上不仅塑造了电视，而且也塑造了我们对电视的理解。我们渐渐把显像 管看作是娱乐的来源，让自己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众。>07 Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced, ” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.安德鲁〃卡内基 被称作钢铁大王的安德鲁〃卡内基在美国建立了钢铁工业。在这个过 程中，他变成了美国最富有的人之一。他的成功，部分来自于他销售产品的能力，部分来 自于经济萧条时期的扩充策略。在萧条时期，他的多数对手都在缩减投资。卡内基认为个 人应该通过努力工作来获得进展，但他也强烈地感到有钱人应该运用他们的财富来为社会谋 取福利。他反对施舍救济，更愿意提供教育机会，使别人自立。卡内基经常说：“富有着 死去的人死得可耻。”他对社会的较重要的贡献都以他的名字命名。这些贡献包括匹兹堡卡 内基学校。这个学校有一个图书馆，一个美术馆和一个国家历史博物馆；他还创立了一所 技术学校，这所学校现在是卡内基 梅隆大学的一部分；其他的慈善捐赠有为促进国家间了 解的“卡内基国际和平基金”，为科学研究提供经费的华盛顿卡内基学院以及给各种艺术活动 提供活动中心的卡内基音乐厅。安德鲁〃卡内基的慷慨大度几乎影响到每个美国人的生活。由于他超过五百万美元的捐款，2500 个图书馆得以建立起来，遍布在美国各地的小村镇，形成了我们今天还在享用的公共图书馆系统的核心。

>08 American Revolution The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change.It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer--the United States--based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.美国革命 美国革命其实并不算是一场革命，因为它并未导致完全的和彻底的变化。这 次革命并不是对政治和社会框架的一次突然和猛烈的颠覆，象后来在已经是独立国家的法国 和俄国所爆发的革命那样。革命带来了重大的变化，但并非翻天覆地，所发生的只是进化 的加速，而不是一场彻底的革命；在冲突期间，人们仍然上班、做礼拜、结婚、玩耍。多 数人并没有受到实际战斗的严重影响。许多较闭塞的社区对这场战争几乎一无所知。美国 独立战争宣布了三个现代国家的诞生，其中一个是加拿大。加拿大的第一大批讲英语的流 入人口来自于成千上万英王的效忠者，这些人从美国逃到了加拿大。另一个国家是澳大利 亚，因为美国不再是容纳罪犯和欠债者的国度了，澳大利亚就变成了一个惩治罪犯的殖民地

(注：独立战争前，英国政府将罪犯流放到美国)。第三个国家就是美国，它完全建立在共 和原则基础上。即使政治上的颠覆也不如人们可能想象的那样具有革命性。在一些州，特 别是康涅狄格和罗德岛，战争基本上只是承认了已经存在的殖民地的自治。四处被驱逐的 英国官员都被本土的统治阶级所替代，这个统治阶级迅速地以地方权力机关来替代国王和议 会。>09 Suburbanization If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1830's and 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress--conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.郊区的发展 如果“郊区”指的是比已建好的城市内部发展更为迅速的城市边缘地带，那 么郊区化可以说始于 1825 年至 1850 年工业化城市出现期间。在这之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。在其中，人们步行走动，商品靠马车来运送。但是建于 18 世纪三四十年 代的早期工厂位于城边的航道和铁路附近，被工作机会吸引到这里的成千上万的人们需要住 房。渐渐地，在与旧有的主要城区相毗邻的地方，不断涌现出由排房和公寓楼组成的工人 聚居区，包围了工厂。作为对这种侵蚀的自卫，也为了扩大它们收税的地域范围，城市吞并 了工业化的临近地带，比如 1854 年费城的城区就兼并了费县的绝大部分地区。相似的城市 化也发生在芝加哥和纽约。今天很多美国的大城市其实就是靠吞并它们附近的边缘地区而 变成大都会的。随着工业化的加速发展，城市里出现了严重拥挤和相伴而来的社会压力。当1888 年第一条商业上成功的电气化铁轨被制造出来时，压力开始接近危机的程度。几年之

内，马车就被废弃了，电车网相互交织连接着各个重要的城区，从而形成了一种郊区化的潮 流，即密集的工业城市转变成了分散的都市。此时城市中产阶级的出现进一步加强了第一 波大规模郊区化。这些中产阶级希望在远离老旧城市的地区拥有住宅，单一家庭住宅地区 的开发者满足了他们的愿望。>10 Types of Speech Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.语言的类型 标准用法包括那些为使用这种语言的大多数人在任何场合下理解、使用和 接受的词和短语，而不论该场合是否正式。这些词和短语的意义已很确定并被列入了标准 词典中。相反，俗语是指那些几乎所有讲这种语言的人都理解并在非正式的口头或书面中 使用，却不适用于更正规的一些场合的词和短语。几乎所有的习惯用语都属于俗语，而俚 语指的是为很多讲这种语言的人理解但大多数人不把它们列入好的、正式用法之内的词和短 语；俗语甚至俚语都可能在标准字典中查到，但是字典中会标明它们的性质。俗语和俚语 词汇的应用都是口头较多、笔头较少。俗语用法经常地被接受为标准用法。一些俚语也变 成了标准用法，但另外一些俚语只经历了短暂的流行，而后就被弃之不用了。有时候，多 数人从来不接受某些俚语，但是他们把这些俚语保存到集中记忆中。每一代人似乎都需要 独有的一套词汇来描述熟知的物体和事件。很多语言学家指出，大量俚语的形成需要三个 文化条件：第一，对社会中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一个由大量子群构成的多样化人口； 第三，各子群与多数人口之间的联系。最后需要提到的是，“标准语”、“俗语”和“俚语”这些 术语只是对研究语言的专家才有用的抽象标签。不论何种语言，只会有很小一部分使用者 能够意识到他们是在使用俗语或俚语。讲英语的多数人能够在适当的场合中选择使用所有 这三种语言类型。>11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline.Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts.Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live--and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment.Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior.The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record.This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes.The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance.Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk.The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history,” but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint.What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable.Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions.In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware.Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.考古学

考古学是历史学的一个来源，而不是地位卑微的辅助学科。考古学资料本身也是一种 历史文献，而不仅仅是文字资料的例证。正象任何一位历史学家那样，考古学家研究调查 并尽力去重构一个过程。这个过程创造了我们生活的人类世界，也创造了我们自身，因为 我们都是我们所处的时代和社会环境的产物。考古学的资料就是人类行为所造成的物质变 化。更简洁地说，是石化了的人类行为。这些变化的总和构成了我们所说的考古学记录。这些记录自有其独特和不足之处，因而导致人们对考古历史和更熟悉的文字记载历史进行相 当肤浅的对比。并不是所有的人类行为都留下化石。我说的话，你通过空气振动听见，这 当然是人类造成的物质变化，也可能有重大的历史意义，但这些话在考古学中未留下丝毫痕 迹，除非有人用录音机录下来或文书把这些话写了下来。战场上军队的行动可能“改变历史 的进程”，但从考古学的观点来看，这同样是难以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多数有机物质会 腐烂。任何由木头、生皮、绒线、亚麻、草、毛发以及相似物质做成的东西除非在一些非 常特殊的条件下，几年或几个世纪以后，会在尘土中腐烂并消失。在短时期内，能留下考 古记录的东西也都会退化为石头、骨头、玻璃、金属和陶器的碎片。然而，现代考古学通 过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，在从泥炭、沙漠和冻土中所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下，能够填充这个空缺的很大部分。>12 Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs.These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere--space.With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago.Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing--or selling off--works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however, “the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.博物馆 从波士顿到洛杉机，从纽约到芝加哥、到达拉斯，所有的博物馆或者正在筹划、建造或

者正在完成大规模的扩建计划。这些计划或者已经根本性地改变了博物馆门面与展厅的设 计，或者预期在不久的将来会这样做。单单在纽约市，六个主要机构或者已经向空中和周 围扩展，或者正准备这样做。大家一致行动的原因是复杂多样的，但其中的一个因素是普遍 考虑的空间问题。随着收藏品的增多，也随着博物馆的需要和功能的变化，空间已经变成 了一项非常珍贵的商品。在我国，也许没有任何其他地方比费城艺术博物馆更符合这个事实。这个博物馆几十年来一直需要额外的空间，十年前进行了最后一次重大的翻新。由于空间 紧缺，该艺术博物馆在考虑购买与受赠艺术品已越来越谨慎，有时甚至放弃增强艺术收藏的 机会。由于博物馆的空间问题，将艺术品脱手或者说卖掉已经有了新的重要意义。博物馆 馆长们被迫巧妙轮换利用陈列馆的空间，轮流着把一些艺术杰作向公众展出，而把另一些送 入存储室中。虽然对额外的陈列室和存储室空间需要很明显，但据费城艺术博物馆经理讲：“博物馆还没有在未来十五年打破这个束缚的计划。” >13 Skyscrapers and Environment In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized.Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power.In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts--enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.The heat loss(or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain.However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too.If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year--as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109, 000.摩天大楼与环境

年代后期，许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题，那些崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到 了广泛的批评。生态学家指出，城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停车场的承载能 力造成过重的负担。摩天大楼还是电能的过度消费者与浪费者。最近的某一年，纽约市摩 天写字楼 1，700 万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需求量提高了 120，000 千瓦。这 些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大楼特别地浪费。通过半 英寸的平板玻璃墙壁损失(或增加)的热量是典型的加入绝缘板的石墙所允许的热量损失(或 增加)的十倍以上。为了减轻取暖设备或空调设备的压力，摩天大楼的建造者们已经开始使 用双面上釉的玻璃镶板和涂上了金色或银色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，来减少强光照射和热量的 增加；但是，镜面的摩天大楼会提高周围空气的温度并会对附近的建筑物产生影响。摩天大 楼也对城市的卫生设施造成了沉重的压力。单单纽约市的二个世界贸易中心大楼如果完全 被占满的话，每年就会产生 2，250，000 加仑的污水。这相当于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市这 样大的城市一年所产生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市拥有 109，000 人口。>14 A Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.罕见的化石记录 胚胎与幼体被保存下来在化石记录中是少见的事情。微小纤细的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的动物拆散了，或者被风化作用破坏掉了。鱼龙比起陆地的动物 有更大的几率被保存下来，因为它们作为海洋动物常生活在腐蚀性较小的环境中。但是它 们的石化需要一系列因素：软组织的腐烂速度缓慢，很少被其他动物残食，缺少混杂、冲走 小骨头的快速水流和波浪，以及相当快地被掩埋。当这些因素存在时，某些地区就会变成 一个充满保存完好的鱼龙化石的宝库。在德国获尔兹梅登，那儿的沉积物给人们提出了一个 有趣的分析案例。人们在黑色的、含沥青的海洋页岩中发现了约 19，000 年前沉积下来的 鱼龙化石。几年时间内，在这些岩石中取得了数以千计的海洋爬行动物、鱼类以及无脊椎 动物的标本。它们的保存质量非常的好，但更令人称奇的是保存下来的育有胚胎的鱼龙化 石数目。在获尔兹梅登附近一个小地区的六个不同的页岩层中分别发现了育有胚胎的鱼龙 化石。这表明大量的鱼龙经年累月重复使用一个特定的地点。那些胚胎已经发育得相当完 整了。比如，它们的蹼桨已经完全形成了。有一个标本甚至被保存在产道中。而且，那 块页岩包含着很多在 20 到 30 英寸之间的新生幼体的化石。为什么在其他地方那么稀少的怀 孕雌兽和幼体在获尔兹梅登却那么多呢? 因为其保存质量几乎举世无双，采集工作的进行一 直是一丝不苟的。大家都认识到这些化石的价值极其珍贵，但这些因素并不能解释这个有 趣的问题： 为什么在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群呢? >15 The Nobel Academy For the last 82 years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.” The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.诺贝尔委员会

过去的 82 年里，瑞典的诺贝尔委员会决定了谁将获得诺贝尔文学奖，因此也就决定了 谁将从伟大或近乎伟大荣升为不朽。但在今天，该委员会却遭到了评选委员会内外的猛烈 批评。批评者们争论说：“评选获奖者时，起作用更大的不是真实的写作能力，而是该委员 会以及瑞典特有的内部政治。按照瑞典两家主要报纸之一的文化版编辑 Ingmar Bjorksten 的说法，该文学奖仍然是”人们所说的一种非常瑞典式的做为：反映瑞典口味“。对于其评选 过程中目光短浅的指责，该委员会辩护说，该委员会与世界几大文学之都相距遥远，实际上 使该委员会免受外来的干扰。这也许是对的，但批评者们反驳说，也正因为相距如此遥远，该委员会才不能准确地把握文学界的真正趋势。尽管对评选程序存在着关注，该文学奖将继 续作为世人最为推崇的文学的标志而存在，并将继续是作家们难以达到却又会不断追逐的目 标。如果不考虑其他因素，而仅仅考虑与之俱来的经济利益，该奖也将继续为人所渴求： 这不仅因为该奖本身就是一笔可观的现金收入，而且该奖还将极大地增加一个作家的著作的 销量。>16 The War between Britain and France In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonists' goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain's efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties, Britain built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today's NATO)guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths: France was predominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleon never lost sight of his goal, because Britain represented the last substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.英法战争

在 18 世纪后期，战争爆发于欧洲大陆的几乎每一个角落，在中东、南非、西印度群岛、拉丁美洲亦都是如此。然而实际上，在这一时期只有一场主要的战争，那就是英法之间的 战争。所有其他战争都服从于这一更大的争端，至少是与这两个对手的目标和战略有某些 关联。法国力图统治整个欧洲，而英国的自主及其力图在整个欧洲大陆挫败拿破仑的种种 努力都是法国实现这一目标的障碍。英国通过条约建立了联盟(和今天北约的概念没有什么 不同)以保证英国插手所有欧洲的主要争端。这两个对头并不是一对好对手，因为他们的力 量极不均衡：法兰西在陆地上称王，英格兰则在海上称霸。法国人明白，如果不能击败英 国海军，他们胜利的唯一希望就是让欧洲的所有港口都对英国舰船关闭。于是，法国将其 军事占领从莫斯科延伸到里斯本，从尤特兰延伸到卡拉布里亚，企图以此来制服英国。所 有这些行动包含着巨大的风险，因为法国并不具备足够的军事资源，来控制这么多地盘，同 时又能保护自己，维持国内的秩序。法国战略家们的算盘是，其海军若拥有 150 艘军舰，则 将足以击跨英国海军。这样的武力将使法国对英国具有 3 比 2 的优势。这种优势被认为是 必不可少的，因为英国人具有超群的海上技能和技术，并且打的是一场防御战争，使它能以 少胜多。拿破仑从未忘却他的目标，因为英国是他统治全欧的最后一个重大的障碍。随着 他的力量越来越靠近这个目标，拿破仑变得越来越不耐烦起来，开始策划立即攻击。

>17 Evolution of Sleep Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.睡眠的进化 睡眠是古老的。从脑电图上看，我们人类和所有灵长目动物以及几乎所有的哺乳动物 和鸟类都一样需要睡眠；甚至爬行类动物也有睡眠。有证据显示，有梦睡眠和无梦睡眠这

两种类型的睡眠取决于该动物的生活方式。从统计上看，食肉动物比被捕食动物有更多的 有梦睡眠，而被捕食动物更多地无梦睡眠。动物在有梦睡眠时，被有效地解除动作能力，并且对外界刺激缺乏反应。无梦睡眠则要浅得多。我们都看到过猫和狗在显然的酣睡中，有一点响动耳朵就会竖起来。被捕食动物很少有深度的有梦睡眠，这看来显然是自然选择 的结果。而且这一点是有道理的：当睡眠高度进化以后，愚笨的动物比聪明的动物更少在 深度睡眠状态下丧失动作能力。但是动物为什么要进入深度睡眠呢?为什么这样的无动作状 态也会进化出来呢? 海豚、鲸鱼以及水生哺乳动物睡眠都极少，这一事实可以给睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的线索。海洋中是没有藏身之处的。会不会是这样，睡眠不但不增加动物受 伤害的可能性，反而是减少了这种可能性呢?佛罗里达大学的 Wilse Webb 和伦敦大学的 Ray Meddis 认为情况就是如此。可以想像得出，在危险的时刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自动保 持安静的动物，会不由自主地变得动弹不得。这一点在食肉动物的幼兽身上表现得特别明 显。这是一个很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正确的。

>18 Modern American Universities Before the 1850's, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In Germany a different kind of university had developed.The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between midcentury and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges--Harvard, Yale, Columbia--and transform them into modern universities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was presented in class.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study.The notion of major fields of study emerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.现代美国大学19 世纪 50 年代以前美国有一些小的学院，大多数成立于殖民时期。它们是与教会挂

钩的小机构，主要目的是培养学生的道德品行。当时在欧洲各地，高等教育机构已经发展 起来，用的是一个古老的名称--大学。德国已经发展出一种不同类型的大学。德国大学关 心的主要是创造知识和传播知识，而不是道德教育。从世纪中叶到世纪末，有 9000 多名美 国青年因不满国内所受的教育而赴德深造。他们中的一些人回国后成为一些知名学府--哈 佛、耶鲁、哥伦比亚的校长并且把这些学府转变成了现代意义的大学。新校长们断绝了和 教会的关系，聘请了新型的教职员，聘用教授根据的是他们在学科方面的知识，而不是正确 的信仰和约束学生的强硬手段。新的原则是大学既要传播知识也要创造知识。这就需要由 学者型老师组成教工队伍。靠死记硬背和做练习来学习的方法变为德国式的讲解方法。德 国式的讲解就是由教授讲授自己的研究课题。通过研究生性质的学习可以获得表明最高学 术造诣的古老的德国学位--博士学位。随着讨论课制度的建立，研究生们学会了提问、分 析以及开展他们自己的研究。同时，新式大学学校规模和课程设臵完全突破了过去那种只 有数学、经典著作、美学和音乐的狭窄课程表。哈佛大学的校长率先推出选课制度，这样 学生们就能选择自己的专业。主修领域的概念也出现了。新的目标是使大学对实际社会更有 用。密切关注着社会上的实际需求，新的大学着意培养学生解决问题的能力。工程系学生 成为新式教育体制下最典型的学生。学生们还被培训成为经济学家、建筑师、农学家、社会 工作人员以及教师。>19 Children's Numerical Skills People appear to be born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children were observed as they slowly grasped--or, as the case might be, bumped into--concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbersis itself far from innate.儿童的数学能力

人似乎生来就会计算。孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易让 人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟的数字钟在指导他们的成长。孩子们在学会走路和说话后 不久，就能以令人惊叹的准确布臵桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉 子。很快地，他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、五个汤匙、五把叉子。没有多 久，他们就又能知道这些东西加起来总共是 15 把银餐具。如此这般地掌握了加法之后，他 们又转向减法。有一种设想几乎顺理成章，那就是，即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到荒岛 上，七年后返回世间，也能直接上小学二年级的数学课，而不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大 麻烦。当然，事实并没有这么简单。本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依 赖的日常学习的微妙形式。他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成年人认为理所当然的概念的 过程，或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。他们也观察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的 情况。比如： 孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中时，水的数量没有 变化。心理学家们而后又展示一个例子，即：让孩子们数一堆铅笔时，他们能顺利地报出 蓝铅笔或红铅笔的数目，但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。此类研究表明：数学基础是经过 逐渐努力后掌握的。他们还表示抽象的数字概念，如可表示任何一类物品并且是在做比摆 桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、三意识，远远不是天生就具备的。>20 The Historical Significance of American Revolution The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a ”tyrannical“ government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.美国革命的历史意义 历史的进程是如此错综复杂，人类行为的动机是如此令人费解，以至于想把那些时间跨

度大，涉及人数多，空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或一场社会运动的表现的企图是危 险的。然而以托马斯〃杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过程可以被视为一个特殊 的例子。在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式，而且民族主义成为了一种新的生活 方式。美国独立战争成为联结 17 世纪现代英格兰的自我意识和 18 世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒 的纽带。历史的行程需要跨越大西洋，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但却只有在北美殖民地为 民权和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。这里，反对”暴政“的民众起义的成果不仅是获 得一个包含更多自由的宪法，还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中的国家的成长。这 个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美国，第一次一个国家的诞生

不是发生在历史模糊的过去，而是在全世界人们的眼前。>21 The Origin of Sports When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animalsliturgy, literature, and lawand the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.植物学

植物学，即对植物的研究，在人类知识的历史中占据了特殊的地位。这是人类几千年 来超越模糊的认知而真正有所了解的领域之一。我们今天不可能知道新石器时代的祖先们 对植物到底了解多少，但我们在至今仍存在的前工业化社会观察到：人类对植物及其特性的 详细了解应该是非常古老的。这是理所当然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔 的基础。它们对人们的生活至关重要，不仅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、药物、住所和许许多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亚马逊河丛林中的部落确实能够辨识 几百种植物并知道每一种的许多特性。对他们来说，植物学没有专门的名称，甚至可能根 本未被认为是一种专门知识。不幸的是，工业化的程度越高，我们距直接与植物接触就越 远，我们的植物学知识的增加也就越微不足道。然而每个人在不知不觉中拥有大量的植物 学知识，很少有人认不出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。大约一万年前居住在中东的新时代的祖先们 发现某些草能被收获，它们的种子下一季耕种会收获更多时，人类就迈出了人和植物之间的 新关系第一大步。谷子被发现后，农业的奇迹从此诞生：这就是可栽培的谷物。从那时起，人类越来越依赖少数可控制的作物生存，而不再是从众多的野生种类中这里获取一点，那里 获取一点。这样在千万年中对于野生植物的经验和密切联系中积累起来的知识就开始消失 了。>33 Plankton Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea's plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea's resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.No one yet has seriously suggested that ”planktonburgers“ may soon become popular around the world.As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimplike creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.浮游生物 数十亿吨的被称为”浮游生物“的小动物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。这些小 的动、植物大多太小而难以被人眼看到。它们随波逐流，为许多较大的动物提供了基本的 食物。浮游生物曾被描述为生长在大陆陆地上的各种草类的海洋对应物。这种比喻是恰当 的。然而就潜在的食物价值而言，浮游生物远胜于草类。一位科学家曾经估计，世界上的 草类每年生产大约 490 亿吨有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生产的碳水化合物 多于此数的两倍。尽管浮游生物具备巨大的食物潜能，但直到最近人们还很少象种植草类 那样付出努力养殖浮游生物。现在，海洋科学家们至少已开始研究这种可能性。全球人口 不断扩张，海洋资源作为食品的重要性日益突出。现在还没有人认真说过”浮游生物汉堡“ 会很快在世界上流行起来。然而，作为一种可能养殖的补充性食物资源，浮游生物正引起 了海洋科学家们相当大的兴趣。一种似乎具有很大收获可能性的微小的虾状浮游生物被称 为鳞虾。鳞虾长至 2～3 英寸长时即成为地球上曾居住过的最大动物--蓝鲸的主要食物。成 熟的蓝鲸可以达到 100 英尺长，150 吨重，所以每头鲸每天吞食 1 吨多的鳞虾一点也不让人 吃惊。>34 Raising Oysters In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoesconversion of liquid water to water vapor.In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind.If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean.Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When sea water is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner, sea water directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water.This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.海水盐度 如果我们分析海水的盐度，会发现地区间只有轻微的变化，然而有些小的变化是重要的。

导致海洋的盐度变化的基本过程有三个，其中之一是通过蒸发的方式即把液态水转化为水蒸 气来减少海洋中的水分。这样由于盐留了下来，所以盐度增大。当然，如果这种方式走向 极端，将会余下白色的盐晶体。与蒸发相反的是降水，如降雨，由此水被加入海中，海水 被稀释，从而盐度降低。这种情形会发生在大量降雨的地区，或江河入海岸处。因此，盐 度通过蒸发减少水分而上升或通过降水或径流增加淡水成分而下降。一般来说，在阳光很 强烈的热带地区，海水的盐度略高于世界上其它没有热带那样多的蒸发的地区。同理，在 江河稀释海水的海岸地带，海水盐度略低于其它海区。第三个可以变更盐度的过程与海洋 中冰的形成和融化有关。海水冻结时，溶于其中的物质被留了下来。这样，在新形成的海 水冰面的正下方的海水比在冰形成之前有更高的盐度。当然，当冰融化的时候，会降低周 围水中的盐度。在南极洲边缘的威德尔海中，结冰过程增加低温海水的盐度，从而形成了 浓度最大的海水。这些大密度的海水下沉，可以在世界海洋的深水域发现。>40 Cohesion-tension Theory Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high.But plants can move water much higher;the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground.Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps.But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights.Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant.But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees.Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: how does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there.The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant.As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created.The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots.The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion(the attraction between water molecules)are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter.This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.内聚压力理论

大气压能够支持 10 米高的水柱，但植物可将水送得更高。美洲红杉就能把水泵到地面 以上 100 多米高的树顶。直到 19 世纪末，水在树木和其它高大植物中的输送还是一个谜。一些植物学家假定植物中的活细胞充当了水泵的角色。但许多实验表明细胞都已死亡的植 物茎干仍能将水输送到相当可观的高度。对于植物中输送水的其它解释都基于根压--植物 底端的根对水的推动。但根压完全不足以将水推到树顶。况且，最高树木中的松柏只有很 低的根压。如果水不是被泵到高树的树顶，也不是被推到树顶，那么我们会问：它是怎样 到达树顶的呢?根据目前为人们所接受的内聚压力的理论，水是被拉到上面去的。一株植物 中作用于一个正在升高的水柱之上的拉力来自该植物顶部水的蒸发。由于水从叶子表面丧 失，一个负压力，或张力就得以产生。蒸发出去的水被植物里流动的水代替。这些水形成 水柱从植物顶端一直延伸到根部。在任何水样中造成表面张力的力支持着这些不断的水柱。当水被限制在内径很小的管道中时，内聚压力(水分子之间的相互吸引力)是如此之大以致一 支水柱的强度相当于一根直径相同的钢丝的强度。这种内聚压力使得水柱被拉到非常高的 地方而不会断裂。>41 American Black Bears American black bears appear in a variety of colors despite their name.In the eastern part of their range, most of these bears have shiny black fur, but in the west they grow brown, red, or even yellow coats.To the north, the black bear is actually gray or white in color.Even in the same litter, both brown and black furred bears may be born.Black bears are the smallest of all American bears, ranging in length from five to six feet, weighing from three hundred to five hundred pounds.Their eyes and ears are small and their eyesight and hearing are not as good as their sense of smell.Like all bears, the black bear is timid, clumsy, and rarely dangerous, but if attacked, most can climb trees and cover ground at great speeds.When angry or frightened, it is a formidable enemy.Black bears feed on leaves, herbs, roots, fruit, berries, insects, fish, and even larger animals.One of the most interesting characteristics of bears, including the black bear, is their winter sleep.Unlike squirrels, woodchucks, and many other woodland animals, bears do not actually hibernate.Although the bear does not eat during the winter months, sustaining itself from body fat, its temperature remains almost normal, and it breathes regularly four or five times per minute.Most black bears live alone, except during mating season.They prefer to live in caves, hollow logs, or dense thickets.A litter of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestation period of six to nine months, and they remain with their mother until they are fully grown or about one and a half years old.Black bears can live as long as thirty years in the wild, and even longer in game preserves set aside for them.美国黑熊

美国黑熊虽然被叫做黑熊但却有各种各样的颜色。在它们生活区域的东部，大部分黑 熊长有富有光泽的黑毛，但在西部，他们则长着棕色、红色甚至是黄色的毛。在北部，黑 熊其实长着灰色或白色的毛。就是在一胎所生的小熊中，都可能混杂棕毛和黑毛。黑熊是 所有美洲熊中最小的，5～6 英尺长，300～500 磅重。它们的眼睛和耳朵都很小，他们的视 力和听觉不如嗅觉那样好。像所有的熊一样，黑熊胆小，笨拙，很少具有危险性。但如果 受到攻击，大部分黑熊会以很快的速度爬上树和奔跑。当发怒或受惊吓时，黑熊会成为可 怕的对手。黑熊以树叶、草、树根、水果、浆果、昆虫、鱼，甚至更大的动物为食。熊类，包括黑熊的最有趣的一个特点是他们的冬眠。与松鼠、旱獭和其它别的林地动物不同，熊 并不真正地冬眠。虽然熊在冬天的几个月中不吃东西，靠体内脂肪维持生命，但它们的体 温保持正常，并有规律地一分钟呼吸 4 或 5 次。除交配季节外，大多数黑熊独自生活。他 们喜欢住在洞里、空心的大木头里或茂密的树丛里。经过 6 到 9 个月的怀孕期后一胎 1～4 个小熊在 1 月或 2 月出生。它们同母熊住在一起，直到它们完全长大，即 1 岁半左右。黑 熊在野外可以活到长达 30 年，在专门的保护区中甚至能活得更长。>42 Coal-fired Power Plants The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A.Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power.Coal seemed to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations(which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself).As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased.Since the First World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electricity produced in the United States each year.In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289, 000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year.Given the uncertainty in the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United States by the end of the century.Yet, in spite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years(coal represents about 80 percent of United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants.Coal contains less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil;it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain.Since the late 1960's problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants.The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, have also made such plants less attractive from a purely economic perspective.Changes in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however.Whereas some of these changes are evolutionary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.火力发电厂托马斯〃爱迪生 1879 年发明的白炽灯导致对便宜、易得、可生产大量电能 的燃料的需求。煤似乎符合这个要求，并成为第一批电厂的燃料(正是爱迪生本人在 19 世 纪末建造了第一批电厂)。全国到处兴建电厂时，对煤的依赖加深了。自第一次世界大战 以来，美国每年约有一半的电力是以煤为燃料的电厂提供的。1986 年这些电厂的总发电能 力达到 28，900 千瓦并且消耗了当年全国开采的九亿吨煤的 83%。考虑到核能发展以及石 油、天然气供应中的不确定因素，到本世纪末，火力发电厂仍可能为美国提供多达 70%的 电力。然而，尽管煤长期以来一直是电力的原料之一并且可能会继续如此(煤占美国化石燃 料储量的 80%)，它却不是电厂的理想燃料。煤的单位能量含量低于石油和天然气，而且会 导致包括酸雨在内的一系列环境问题。从 1960 年以来，排放控制和垃圾处理的问题极大地 削弱了燃煤电厂的魅力。由于减轻这些环境问题需要大量资金，而且建造庞大复杂的燃煤 电厂的费用不断上涨，也使得这些电厂从经济角度上不具备吸引力。改变火力发电厂的基 础技术却可能恢复它们的吸引力。虽然某些技术改进是渐进的，其目的只是提高现有电厂 的生产率，但人们正在开发全新的清洁燃煤的技术。>43 Statistics There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units(state and statistics come from the same Latin root status)and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses--all of which led to modern descriptive statistics.From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data.These data may be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level--variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum--or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type.Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible.Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind.This general class of problems characteristically involve attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations.For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children.Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.统计学

统计方法的早期发展受到两种截然不同的影响。统计学有一个”母亲“，她致力于井井 有条地记录政府机构的文件(国家和统计学这两个词源于同一个拉丁语词根，status)，还有一 个有绅士般的赌博”父亲“，他依靠数学来提高赌技，以便在几率的游戏中取胜。”母亲“对 其子女统计学的影响表现在计数、测量、描述、制表、归类和人口普查。所有这些导致了 现代描述统计学的诞生。由于”父亲"的影响则产生了完全基于概率论原理的现代推理统计 学。描述统计学涉及对所收集数据的制表、制图和描述。这些数据可以是数量性的数据，如高度、智商、或者是层级性的数据--具有连续性的变量--或数据也可以代表性质变量，如 性别、大学专业或性格类型等等。数量庞大的数据通常必须经过概括或删减的程序才能为 人所理解。描述统计学就是这样一个工具，它对极其庞杂的数据进行描述、概括或删减，使其变成能为人理解的东西。推理统计学是一套已定形了的方法体系，它解决的是光凭人 脑极难解决的另一类问题。这类问题的显著特点是试图通过取样调查来作出预测。例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一个庞大的学校系统中，不吃早饭就上学的学生、已经做过防感冒 免疫的学生，或其它任何类型的学生占多大比例。若具备一些统计学的知识，这位督察应 明白，询问每个孩子是没有必要而且没有效率的，只要用 100 个孩子为样本，他就可以相当 精确地得出这些孩子占整个学区的比例了。因此，推理统计学的目的就是通过了解一个群 体中一些样本的特性，从而对整个群体的特性进行推测和估算。>44 Obtaining Fresh Water from Icebergs The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life.But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently.Three-quarters of the Earth's fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years.Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year.Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea.As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents.Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean.To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume.But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.从冰山中获取淡水 把冰山拖到世界上人口稠密的地区和干旱地带，再从中获取淡水，这个想法曾一度被认

为是一个笑话，更适合于卡通画，而非现实生活。然而现在，许多国家正相当认真地考虑 这件事情，特别是在科学家们发出警告之后。科学家们认为人类将在耗尽粮食之前首先耗 尽淡水资源。冰川是一个直到最近以前一直被忽视的可能的淡水源。全球四分之三的淡水 还锁在冰川的冰块中。冰川就是一个蓄水池，其中未开发的淡水量是如此巨大，足够支持 全世界的江河 1000 年。每年有 7，659 万亿公吨冰漂流在海洋中。它们包含在 10，000 座从极地冰帽中断裂出来的冰山中。这些冰山的 90%以上来自南极。一年四季里，覆盖 在浅层大陆架上的巨大冰川生成了众多冰山。冰山和海水的冰不同，后者是海水自身结冰 形成的，而冰山则完全是在陆地上形成的。当冰川伸展到海水中时，冰山就断裂下来。当 漂离极地地区时，冰山有时会在底层洋流的推动下颇为神秘地逆风移动。由于冰山比小块 的冰融化要慢，因此有的冰山在大西洋中向北飘到了赤道以南 35°的地方。把冰山蓄拦起 来并拖到世界上需要它们的地方将不会太困难。有困难的是其它的技术事宜。比如，如何 防止冰山在较暖的气候中迅速融化以及如何把大量的淡水收集到岸上去。但是，即便在拖 的过程中冰山失去了一半体积，这样做也远比从海水中脱盐取得淡水便宜。>45 The Source of Energy A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun;in fact, at the Sun's very center.It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat.This energy is liberated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms.The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second.This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of years.The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength.This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longer wavelengths.This radiation, in its turn is absorbed and reemitted.As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light.At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms.A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.能量的来源

概说生命的物理和化学特性必须始于太阳--确切地说，是太阳的核心，而非地球。能 量来自太阳的核心。在这里，太阳不停地以光和热的形式向空间倾泻出能量。数十亿计的 氢原子核在太阳的核心碰撞并且聚变生成氦。在此过程中一部分原本储存于原子核中的能 量被释放出来。太阳所产生的光和热需要每秒将六亿吨氢转化为氦。这样的转化在太阳中

已经持续几十亿年了。核能在太阳的核心被释放为高能的伽马射线。这是一种电磁射线，就象光波和无线电波一样，只是波长要短得多。这种伽玛射线被太阳内的原子所吸收，然 后重新释放为波长稍长一些的光波。这新的射线再次被吸收，而后释放。在能量由太阳内 部一层层渗透出来的过程中，它经过了光谱中 X 射线部分，最后变成了光。在此阶段，能 量到达我们所称的太阳表层，并且离散到空间而不再被太阳原子所吸收。只有很小一部分 太阳的光和热由此方向释放出来，并且未被阻挡，穿越星空，来到地球。>46 Vision Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal environment.In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well than to develop an acute sense of smell.In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view.Of mammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision.The red flag is black to the bull.Horses live in a monochrome world.Light visible to human eyes however occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum.Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them.Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron.The world would look eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation.Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity.But human eyes excel in other ways.They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation.The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.视觉

人类的视觉，和其它灵长目动物的一样，是在丛林环境中进化出来的。在稠密、复杂 的热带丛林里，好的视觉比灵敏的嗅觉更加重要。在进化过程中，灵长目动物的眼睛变大，同时鼻子变小以使视野不受阻碍。在哺乳类动物中，只有人和一些灵长目动物能够分辨颜 色。红旗在公牛看来是黑色的，马则生活在一个单色的世界里。然而，人眼可见的光在整 个光谱中只占一个非常狭窄的频段。人是看不到紫外线的，尽管蚂蚁和蜜蜂可以感觉到。与 响尾蛇不同，人也不能直接感受到红外线。响尾蛇的感觉器可以感受波长超过 0.7 微米的 光线。如果人能感受到红外线的话，这世界看上去将十分不同，而且恐怖。到那时，将与 夜的黑暗相反，我们能轻易地在一个奇异的没有阴影的世界里走动。任何物体都强弱不等 地闪着光。然而，人眼在其它方面有优越之处。事实上，人眼对颜色梯度具有非凡的分辨 能力。普通人类的视觉感受色彩的灵敏程度，甚至连精密的技术装备都很难超越。>47 Folk Cultures A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.Order is maintained through sanctions

第三篇：中英双语励志美文欣赏

美文乃是诉之于人之感性，而非诉之于人之知性的，所以能给予人一种真切可感的意象。下面小编为你整理了中英双语励志美文欣赏，希望能帮到你！

中英双语励志美文欣赏（1）

Many people believe that they will be happy once they arrive at some specific goal they set for themselves.However, more often than not, once you arrive “ there” you will still feel dissatisfied, and move your “ there” vision to yet another point in the future.By always chasing after another “there,” you are never really appreciating what you already have right “here.” It is important for human beings to keep soberminded about the age-old drive to look beyond the place where you now stand.On one hand, your life is enhanced by your dreams and aspirations.On the other hand, these drives can pull you farther and farther from your enjoyment of your life right now.By learning the lessons of gratitude and abundance, you can bring yourself closer to fulfilling the challenge of living in the present.许多人都相信，一旦他们达到了自己所设定的某个特定目标，他们就会开心、快乐。然而事实往往是，当你到达彼岸時，你还是不知足、不满意，而且又有了新的彼岸--新的幻想和憧憬。由于你总是疲于追逐一个又一个的彼岸，你从未真正欣赏、珍惜你已经拥有的一切。不安于现状的欲望人皆有之，由来已久，但重要的是要对它保持清醒的头脑。一方面，你的生活因为梦想和渴望而更加精彩。另一方面，这些欲望又使你越来越不懂得珍惜和享受现在拥有的生活。假如你能懂得感恩，学会知足，你就接近实现生活在现实中提出的要求。

Gratitude To be grateful means you are thankful for and appreciative of what you have and where you are on your path right now.Gratitude fills your heart with the joyful feeling and allows you to fully appreciate everything that arises on your path.As you strive to keep your focus on the present moment, you can experience the full wonder of “here.”

感恩之心感恩是指你感激、珍惜自己当前所拥有的一切以及所处的人生境遇。心存感恩，你的心灵就充满愉悦，你就能真正领会人生路上的种种体验。如果你努力把眼光锁定在此時此刻，你就能感受它的美妙之处。

There are many ways to cultivate gratitude.Here are just a few suggestions you may wish to try:

感恩之心需要经常加强。许多方法可以培育感恩之心，你不妨试试以下几种：

1.Imagine what your life would be like if you lost all that you had.This will most surely remind you of how much you do appreciate it.设想如果你失去了你现在所拥有的一切，你的生活将会怎么样。它肯定会使你回想起原来你是多么喜欢和珍视这一切。

2.Make a list each day of all that you are grateful for, so that you can stay conscious daily of your blessings.Do this especially when you are feeling as though you have nothing to feel grateful for.Or spend a few minutes before you go to sleep giving thanks for all that you have.每天都列出那些值得你感激的事物，那样你就能時時刻刻意识到自己的幸运。每天都要这么做，尤其是当你觉得好像没有什么可感激的時候。另外你也可以每天临睡前花几分钟感恩自己所拥有的一切。

3.Spend time offering assistance to those who are less fortunate than you, so that you may gain perspective.花時间帮助那些没有你那么幸运的人，这样你也许会对生活有正确的认识。

However you choose to learn gratitude is irrelevant.What really matters is that you create a space in your consciousness for appreciation for all that you have right now, so that you may live more joyously in your present moment.其实，你选择何种方法去学会感恩，这无关紧要，真正重要的是你应该有意识地努力去欣赏和珍视你现在所拥有的一切，这样你就可以更快乐地享受你目前的生活。

Abundance One of the most common human fears is scarcity.Many people are afraid of not having enough of what they need or want, and so they are always striving to get to a point when they would finally have enough.知足常乐贫穷是人类最普遍的恐惧之一。许多人担心自己的所需所求不够，所以他们总是孜孜以求有朝一日能心满意足，别无他求。

Alan and Linda always dreamed of living “the good life.” Both from poor working-class families, they married young and set out to fulfill their mutual goal of becoming wealthy.They both worked very hard for years, amassing a small fortune, so they could move from their two-bedroom home to a palatial seven-bedroom home in the most upscale neighborhood.They focused their energies on accumulating all the things they believed signified abundance: membership in the local exclusive country club, luxury cars, designer clothing, and high-class society friends.No matter how much they accumulated, however, it never seemed to be enough.They were unable to erase the deep fear of scarcity both had acquired in childhood.They needed to learn the lesson of abundance.Then the stock market crashed in 1987, and Alan and Linda lost a considerable amount of money.A bizarre but costly lawsuit depleted another huge portion of their savings.One thing led to another, and they found themselves in a financial disaster.Assets needed to be sold, and eventually they lost the country club membership, the cars, and the house.It took several years and much hard work for Alan and Linda to land on their feet, and though they now live a life far from extravagant, they have taken stock of their lives and feel quite blessed.Only now, as they assess what they have left--a solid, loving marriage, their health, a dependable income, and good friends--do they realize that true abundance comes not from amassing, but rather from appreciating.艾伦和琳达都来自贫苦的工人家庭，都一直梦想着过上“好日子”。他们早早地成了家，然后就开始为他们共同的致富目标奋斗。他们拼命工作了好几年，终于积攒了一笔钱，从两居室搬到了一套坐落在最高档街区的富丽堂皇的七居室大房子。此后，他们费尽心思去积聚那些他们认为是代表富足的东西：当地惟一的一家乡村俱乐部的会员资格、豪华汽车、名牌服装，以及上流社会的朋友。但是，不论他们积聚了多少，似乎永远难以满足。他们俩谁都无法消除小時侯对贫穷的刻骨铭心的恐惧。其实，他们就需要学会知足常乐这一课。1987年，股市遭受重创，艾伦和琳达损失惨重。祸不单行，一场莫名其妙的昂贵的官司又耗尽了他们的一大笔积蓄，这一切使他们陷入了经济困境。他们不得不变卖家产，最后他们丢掉了乡村俱乐部的会员资格，失去了汽车和房子。艾伦和琳达努力奋斗了好几年才从困境中走出来。现在他们的生活毫不奢华，但是他们是自己生活的主宰，幸福而又知足。只有在这時，他们才掂量着那些尚未失去的东西，如稳固相爱的婚姻、健康的身体、可靠的收入、真正的朋友等等，他们终于认识到，真正的富足不是来自财富的积聚，而是来自对所拥有的一切的珍视。

Scarcity consciousness arises as a result of the “hole-in-the-soul syndrome.” This is when we attempt to fill the gaps in our inner lives with things from the outside world.But like puzzle pieces, you can't fit something in where it does not naturally belong.No amount of external objects, affection, love, or attention can ever fill an inner void.We already have enough, so we should revel in our own interior abundance.贫穷感可以归因于“精神空虚综合症”，即我们试图用身外之物来填补内心的空缺。但是，就像拼图游戏一样，你不能把本来不属于那个地方的东西硬塞进去。任何身外之物、情感、关爱和关注都无法填补内心的空虚。我们拥有的已经足够，因此我们应该满足于内心世界的丰富与充实。

中英双语励志美文欣赏（2）

If you want to understand adversity, take two identical acorns from the same oak tree and plant them in two different locations.Plant the first in the middle of a dense forest, and the other on a hill by itself.如果你想理解什么是逆境，就去拿两颗从同一棵树上摘下来年龄相同的橡树果，并且把它们种到不同的地方。第一颗种在浓密的树林当中，而另外一颗则单独种在一座山上。

Here's what will happen.The oak standing on a hillside is exposed to every storm and gale.As a result its roots plunge deep into the earth and spread in every direction, even wrapping themselves around giant boulders.At times it may seem the tree isn't growing fast enough—but the growth is happening underground.It's as if the roots know they must ported the tree from the threatening elements.事情的结果便是这样。那颗长在山上的橡树经历了大风大雨，结果它的根深深地扎进了泥土中间，并不断向四周扩张，甚至把自己置身于巨大的石块当中。有時它可能看起来长的不是很快，但这時它却在地下悄悄生长着，好像它的根知道自己必须快速生长来保护树木免受自然危害的影响。

What about the acorn planted in the forest? It becomes a weak, frail sapling.And since it is protected by its neighbors, the little oak doesn't sense the need to spread its roots for support.而种在树丛中的橡树果是什么样子的呢？它变成了一棵虚弱的小树苗。因为有周围树丛的保护，所以这棵小树苗便不知道要把自己的根扎得更深。

Don't be afraid of adversity!Welcome it!That's your surefire route to ultimate success.不要害怕困难！要欢迎它！困难是你最终成功的必经之路。

中英双语励志美文欣赏（3）

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

Since the beginning of time never has there been another with my mind, my heart, my eyes, my ears, my hands, my hair, my mouth.None that came before, none that live today, and none that come tomorrow can walk and talk and move and think exactly like me.All men are my brothers yet I am different from each.I am a unique creature.自从上帝创造了天地万物以来，没有一个人和我一样，我的头脑、心灵、眼睛、耳朵、双手、头发、嘴唇都是与众不同的。言谈举止和我完全一样的人以前没有，现在没有，以后也不会有。虽然四海之内皆兄弟，然而人人各异。我是独一无二的造化。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

Although I am of the animal kingdom, animal rewards alone will not satisfy me.Within me burns a flame, which has been passed from generations uncounted and its heat is a constant irritation to my spirit to become better than I am, and I will.I will fan this flame of dissatisfaction and proclaim my uniqueness to the world.我不可能像动物一样容易满足，我心中燃烧着代代相传的火焰，它激励我超越自己，我要使这团火燃得更旺，向世界宣布我的出类拔萃。

None can duplicate my brush strokes, none can make my chisel marks, none can duplicate my handwriting, none can produce my child, and, in truth, none has the ability to sell exactly as I.Henceforth, I will capitalize on this difference for it is an asset to be promoted to the fullest.没有人能模仿我的笔迹，我的商标，我的成果，我的推销能力。从今往后，我要使自己的个性充分发展，因为这是我得以成功的一大资本。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

Vain attempts to imitate others no longer will I make.Instead will I place my uniqueness on display in the market place.I will proclaim it, yea, I will sell it.I will begin now to accent my differences;hide my similarities.So too will I apply this principle to the goods I sell.Salesman and goods, different from all others, and proud of the difference.我不再徒劳地模仿别人，而要展示自己的个性。我不但要宣扬它，还要推销它。我要学会去同存异，强调自己与众不同之处，回避人所共有的通性，并且要把这种原则运用到商品上。推销员和货物，两者皆独树一帜，我为此而自豪。

I am a unique creature of nature.我是独一无二的奇迹。

I am rare, and there is value in all rarity;therefore, I am valuable.I am the end product of thousands of years of evolution;therefore, I am better equipped in both mind and body than all the emperors and wise men who preceded me.物以稀为贵。我独行特立，因而身价百倍。我是千万年进化的终端产物，头脑和身体都超过以往的帝王与智者。

But my skills, my mind, my heart, and my body will stagnate, rot, and die lest I put them to good use.I have unlimited potential.Only a small portion of my brain do I employ;only a paltry amount of my muscles do I flex.A hundredfold or more can I increase my accomplishments of yesterday and this I will do, beginning today.但是，我的技艺，我的头脑，我的心灵，我的身体，若不善加利用，都将随着時间的流逝而迟钝，腐朽，甚至死亡。我的潜力无穷无尽，脑力、体能稍加开发，就能超过以往的任何成就。从今天开始，我就要开发潜力。

Nevermore will I be satisfied with yesterday's accomplishments nor will I indulge, anymore, in self-praise for deeds which in reality are too small to even acknowledge.I can accomplish far more than I have, and I will, for why should the miracle which produced me end with my birth? Why can I not extend that miracle to my deeds of today?

我不再因昨日的成绩沾沾自喜，不再为微不足道的成绩目吹自擂。我能做的比已经完成的更好。我的出生并非最后一样奇迹，为什么自己不能再创奇迹呢？

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

I am not on this earth by chance.I am here for a purpose and that purpose is to grow into a mountain, not to shrink to a grain of sand.Henceforth will I apply all my efforts to become the highest mountain of all and I will strain my potential until it cries for mercy.我不是随意来到这个世上的。我生来应为高山。而非草芥。从今往后，我要竭尽全力成为群峰之巅，将我的潜能发挥到最大限度。

I will increase my knowledge of mankind, myself, and the goods I sell, thus my sales will multiply.I will practice, and improve, and polish the words I utter to sell my goods, for this is the foundation on which I will build my career and never will I forget that many have attained great wealth and success with only one sales talk, delivered with excellence.Also will I seek constantly to improve my manners and graces, for they are the sugar to which all are attracted.我要吸取前人的经验，了解自己以及手中的货物，这样才能成倍地增加销量。我要字斟句酌，反复推敲推销時用的语言。因为这是成就事业的关键。我绝不忘记，许多成功的商人，其实只有一套说词。却能使他们无往不利。我也要不断改进自己的仪态和风度，因为这是吸引别人的美德。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

I will concentrate my energy on the challenge of the moment and my actions will help me forget all else.The problems of my home will be left in my home.I will think naught of my family when I am in the market place for this will cloud my thoughts.So too will the problems of the market place be left in the market place and I will think naught of my profession when I am in my home for this will dampen my love.我要专心致志对抗眼前的挑战，我的行动会使我忘却其它一切，不让家事缠身。身在商场，不可恋家，否则那会使我思想混饨。另一方面，当我与家人同处時，一定得把工作留在门外，否则会使家人感到冷落。

There is no room in the market place for my family, nor is there room in my home for the market.Each I will divorce from the other and thus will I remain wedded to both.Separate must they remain or my career will die.This is a paradox of the ages.商场上没有一块属于家人的地方，同样，家中也没有谈论商务的地方，这两者必须截然分开，否则就会顾此失彼，这是很多人难以走出的误区。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

I have been given eyes to see and a mind to think and now I know a great secret of life for I perceive, at last, that all my problems, discouragements, and heartaches are, in truth, great opportunities in disguise.I will no longer be fooled by the garments they wear for mine eyes are open.I will look beyond the cloth and I will not be deceived.我有双眼，可以观察；我有头脑，可以思考。现在我已洞悉了一个人生中伟大的奥秘。我发现，一切问题、沮丧、悲伤，都是乔装打扮的机遇之神。我不再被他们的外表所蒙骗，我已睁开双眼，看破了他们的伪装。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

No beast, no plant, no wind, no rain, no rock, no lake had the same beginning as I, for I was conceived in love and brought forth with a purpose.In the past I have not considered this fact but it will henceforth shape and guide my life.飞禽走兽、花草树木、风雨山石、河流湖泊，都没有像我一样的起源，我孕育在爱中，肩负使命而生。过去我忽略了这个事实，从今往后，它将塑造我的性格，引导我的人生。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

And nature knows not defeat.Eventually, she emerges victorious and so will I, and with each victory the next struggle becomes less difficult.自然界不知何谓失败，终以胜利者的姿态出现，我也要如此，因为成功一旦降临，就会再度光顾。

I will win, and I will become a great salesman, for I am unique.我会成功，我会成为伟大的推销员，因为我举世无双。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。

第四篇：中英双语口译文本

加强企业社会责任

推动和谐社会建设 ——在“中国-瑞典企业社会责任高层论坛”上的演讲

Strengthening CSR for a Harmonious Society---Speech at the Sino-Swedish CSR High-level Forum

商务部副部长

于广洲（2008年4月14日）

By Yu Guangzhou, Vice Minister of Commerce

April 14, 2008

尊敬的赖因费尔特首相，各位来宾，女士们、先生们： Your Excellency Prime Minister Reinfeldt, Delegates, Ladies and gentlemen, 下午好！Good afternoon.四月的北京，春意盎然，鲜花盛开。值此美好时刻，我们迎来了“中国—瑞典企业社会责任高层论坛”的召开。去年6月胡锦涛主席访问瑞典期间，商务部与瑞典外交部代表两国政府签署了《关于企业社会责任合作的谅解备忘录》，标志着两国在这一领域的合作正式启动，对促进两国经济的持续稳定健康发展具有十分重要的意义。今天，两国朋友们齐聚一堂，就企业社会责任开展深入交流，必将对两国企业社会责任建设产生积极的影响。

Here in Beijing in April, spring is high in the air and flowers are in full blossom.On this delightful day, we celebrate the convening of the Sino-Swedish CSR High-level Forum.Last June during the visit of President Hu Jintao to Sweden, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs signed an MOU on Cooperation in CSR on behalf of their respective governments, which officially kicked off our bilateral CSR cooperation and was vitally important for the sustained, steady and sound development of our economies.Today, we have Chinese and Swedish friends gathered here to discuss in greater depth on the topic of CSR, which I believe will positively shape our future CSR collaboration.企业社会责任运动自上世纪80年代兴起后，已经成为世界潮流。强调企业社会责任，就是要求企业对投资者负责的同时，对员工负责，对消费者负责，对商业伙伴负责，对环境和社会负责。国内外企业的成功经验表明，社会责任也是企业的品牌，是企业核心竞争力的组成部分，是企业长盛不衰的重要法宝。企业要生存和发展，就必须增强社会责任意识，积极履行社会义务。我们有理由相信，未来的企业竞争，将不再仅仅是产品的竞争、技术的竞争和人才的竞争，更是履行社会责任的竞争。“赠人玫瑰，手有余香”。企业在履行社会责任、促进社会和谐的同时，自身也会得到更大的发展。

Since the 1980s, CSR has gone from being a new term to a global trend.Putting emphasis on CSR means companies not only have to be responsible to their investors, but also to their employees, customers, business partners, and to the environment and society.International success stories also show that CSR is part of a company’s brand image and its core competitiveness.It is a vital source of sustained prosperity for business.So in order to survive and grow, it is imperative that companies should raise their CSR awareness and actively fulfill their social responsibilities.We have every reason to believe that future business competition will diversify from specific products, technology and talents toward CSR performance.As the proverb goes, “The rose is in her hand and the fragrance in mine”, companies benefit from their efforts to honor CSR and promote social harmony.随着社会主义市场经济的逐步完善，中国大多数企业的社会责任意识也在不断增强。它们恪守诚信，合法经营，努力为国内外消费者提供高质量的商品，注重节约，保护环境，努力履行社会义务。一些企业还主动发布社会责任报告，公开履行社会责任状况，自觉接受社会监督。当然，受经济发展水平和发展阶段的制约，中国经济增长方式还比较粗放，能源资源消耗多，环境保护压力大，少数企业还存在一些片面追求经济效益、忽视社会责任的行为。

As the socialist market economy gradually improves, there is also a growing sense of social responsibility among the vast majority of Chinese companies.They abide by the code of ethics and lawful operation and are committed to providing high-quality products for domestic and foreign consumers.They pay attention to conservation, environmental protection and CSR fulfillment.Some companies go even further by publishing their CSR reports to disclose their CSR performance and to voluntarily subject themselves to public scrutiny.Of course, constrained by the level and stage of its economic development, China still practices a rough-edged economic growth model, featuring high energy and resources consumption and high environmental costs.A handful of companies are still single-mindedly seeking profits and turning a blind eye to their social responsibilities.中国政府历来重视企业社会责任建设，尤其是近年来的工作力度明显加大。2007年，商务部联合环保部门下发了《关于加强出口企业环境监管的通知》，限制不履行社会环境责任的企业从事对外贸易；出台了《国家级经济技术开发区加强社会责任的若干意见》，要求开发区企业加强履行社会责任；还调整了加工贸易政策，禁止不履行社会责任的企业开展加工贸易。国资委出台了《中央企业履行社会责任的指导意见》，要求央企带头履行社会责任。今年1月1日中国开始实施的新《劳动合同法》，为建设和谐的劳资关系奠定了法律基础。相信在企业和政府部门的共同努力下，中国的企业社会责任建设将不断取得新的成就。

The Chinese government has consistently attached great importance to the CSR initiative and has intensified its efforts in recent years.In 2007, MOFCOM joined the former CEPA in issuing the Circular on Enhancing Environmental Surveillance on Exporting Enterprises, to restrict socially irresponsible enterprises from conducting foreign trade.It promulgated the Opinions on Strengthening CSR at State Economic and Technological Development Zones, to urge enterprises based in development zones to better fulfill their CSR.It also adjusted its processing trade policy to ban CSR-neglecting enterprises from doing processing trade.In parallel, SASAC published the Guidelines on CSR Fulfillment by Central-level Enterprises, demanding a leadership by central-level enterprises in CSR implementation.The new Labor Contract Law which became effective on January 1, 2008 laid a legal foundation for a harmonious employer-employee relationship.I believe through the joint efforts in public and private sectors, CSR will continue to make new progress in China.个人认为，今后中国企业的社会责任建设要贯穿“一条主线”，突出“三个结合”，实现“四个和谐”。

As I see it, CSR among Chinese enterprises should follow through “one main thread”, focus on “three alignments” and achieve “four harmonies”.——贯穿“一条主线”，就是要始终贯彻落实科学发展观。要在科学发展观的指导下，把加强企业社会责任作为转变经济发展方式的重 要抓手，把企业的经济效益和社会效益结合起来，眼前利益和长远发展结合起来，局部利益和整体利益结合起来，企业发展和员工成长结合起来，走出一条经济效益好、社会效益高、资源消耗低、环境污染少、消费者权益得到充分保障、员工利益得到充分维护的有中国特色的企业社会责任建设道路，推动社会主义和谐社会建设，实现经济社会可持续发展。

On following through the “one main thread”.It means sticking to the scientific outlook on development.Guided by this outlook, we should use CSR as a major enabler for transforming the economic growth model, for balancing business profits with social benefits, immediate interests with long-term development, partial gains with overall interests, and business growth with employee development.The aim is to embark on a road of CSR with Chinese characteristic, featuring high economic and social productivity, low resource consumption and pollution, effective protection of consumer and employee rights and interests and to move ahead with building a socialist harmonious society and to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.——突出“三个结合”，一是政府倡导和企业实践相结合。政府要创造环境、营造氛围，积极引导，加强监管，规范企业承担法定社会责任，倡导企业承担道义性社会责任，惩戒企业严重违反社会责任的行为。企业要发挥主体地位，树立现代经营观念，对社会负责，自觉接受社会监督。二是国外经验和中国国情相结合。要加强国际交流与 合作，充分借鉴包括瑞典在内的其他国家的先进经验，推动中国企业社会责任建设健康发展。同时，要立足中国国情，充分考虑经济社会发展水平和企业承受能力，防止盲目追求不切实际的高标准，避免对企业和社会造成冲击。三是重点突破和全面推进相结合。要抓薄弱环节，抓关键环节，抓影响全局的环节，尤其是高耗能、高污染、劳动力密集型以及容易出现安全事故的行业和领域。同时，要以点带面，循序渐进，不断总结经验，促进企业社会责任整体水平的提高。

On focusing on the “three alignments”.First is the alignment of government advocacy with business practice.The government needs to create incentives, give positive direction and strengthen supervision.They should require enterprises to take on mandatory social responsibility, encourage them to take on moral social responsibility and penalize enterprises against severe anti-CSR practices.Companies need to play a central role, update their operational philosophy, be responsible to the society and discipline themselves under the public eye.Second is the alignment of international best practice with China’s national conditions.International exchanges and cooperation must step up to fully internalize the best practices of countries such as Sweden and push forward CSR compliance among Chinese enterprises.At the same time, China needs to proceed from its national conditions, take into full account the level of its socio-economic development and the capability of companies, and refrain from pursuing over-ambitious targets to the detriment of business and the society.Third is the alignment of critical breakthroughs and comprehensive progress.We need to target weak yet critical linkages which may affect the overall outcome, especially industries and sectors which have a high level of energy consumption and pollution, which are labor-intensive and prone to safety incidents.At the same time, we should start with small steps, build on existing experience, and gradually enhance the overall performance of CSR.——实现“四个和谐”，一是企业与员工之间的和谐。要促进劳资关系的协调，充分发挥人力资源潜能，保障员工分享企业经营成果，实现员工职业生涯与企业发展壮大的有机统一。二是企业与企业之间的和谐。要构建健康的商业伙伴关系，既要立足竞争，又要重视合作，形成诚实守信、公平竞争、共同发展的良好市场环境。三是企业与社会之间的和谐。企业要切实增强社会责任意识，充分履行作为社会“公民”的应尽义务，既努力为社会和谐服务，也为企业自身发展营造良好的社会环境。四是人与自然的和谐。要把企业发展模式切实转变到依靠技术进步、产品创新和资源节约上来，通过节约发展、清洁发展和安全发展，建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会，实现人与自然的和谐共处。

On the “four harmonies”.First is the harmony between employers and employees.We need to harmonize the employer-employee relationship, fully unlock employee potential, ensure employees’ legitimate share in business profits and enable employees’ career advancement alongside business expansion.Second is the harmony among enterprises.We need to build a healthy business partnership that is both competitive and collaborative.We need to foster a level playing field that respects honest and ethical business practices, fair competition and common development.The third is the harmony between business and the society.Companies need to increase their CSR awareness and behave as fully responsible social citizens.They should work toward social harmony and a business-friendly social environment.The fourth is the harmony between man and nature.We need to transform the business growth model into one that is powered by technological advances, product innovation and resource conservation, build a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society and achieve the harmony between man and nature through economical, cleaner and safer developments.女士们，先生们，Ladies and gentlemen 中瑞两国政府高度重视企业社会责任领域的合作。瑞典作为发达的市场经济国家，在企业社会责任建设方面拥有丰富经验；中国作为快速发展的新兴经济体，正在积极开展企业社会责任建设。今天上午，双方共同启动了社会责任合作网站，举办了培训班开班仪式。我衷心地希望，中瑞政府相关部门和企业界按照两国高层领导人达成的共识，不断加强交流与合作，相互学习和借鉴，把企业社会责任建设不 断推向前进。

The Chinese and Swedish governments both attach great importance to their bilateral CSR collaboration.Sweden as a developed market economy is tremendously experienced with CSR.China as a fast-growing emerging economy is actively pursuing CSR.This morning, China and Sweden launched a joint CSR website and training program.I sincerely hope the consensus of senior Chinese and Swedish leadership will be acted upon by both governments and businesses, through intensified collaboration and mutual learning, so as to take the CSR endeavor forward.预祝论坛圆满成功！谢谢大家！

To conclude, I wish the Forum a complete success.Thank you.

第五篇：中英双语自荐信

尊敬的领导:

感谢您抽空垂阅我的自荐信!

本人XXX，男，1986年生于大内密探,从小就受到良好的家庭教育，而且在父母的言传身教下我很早就树立了自己正确的人生观和价值观，并懂得了如何在生活中磨炼自己。

2002年2月我被河北大学录取，并选择了适合自己学习的国际经济与贸易专业。一直以来我学习刻苦，勤于钻研，在四年内，学院给了我得智体美全面的教育，科学的安排了;国际贸易、国际工商管理、财务会计、国际结算、市场营销等课程。四年期间修完全部课程并顺利地通过了计算机国家二级、英语 四级等等级 考试。适应社会和公司对人才的要求。

为了锻炼自己、服务大家，在大学期间我积极地加入了学院大队学生会，并担任班长一职。在担任班长期间，由于我的积极工作、努力学习，为队里做出了一定的贡献，取得了一定的成绩，曾分别在五四评优和学期评优中被评为“优秀学员”。此外我独立完成了学院科研项目《XXXXXX》，并获得专家教授的一致好评。

大

一、大二暑假期间为了培养自己的能力，了解社会。曾在《XXX》杂志社从事撰稿工作，得到了编辑部的一致好评。后在世纪文学，幻剑书盟等文学网站驻站写文，其中《XXXX》一文获得了近3万次的点击量。

身为军校地方生的我性格开朗，勤奋好学，乐观、自信、责任心强;接受能力强，有强烈的集体荣誉感和上进心。乐于与人相处，与身边的人相处融洽，具有团体合作精神;为人正直，工作认真负责，能吃苦耐劳，做事严谨;缺点是性格比较浮躁。

希望您能给我一次施展才能的机会，相信我定能胜任我的工作，为公司的发展作出我最大的贡献。

Respected leaders:

Thank you for your time reading my Zi Jianxin!

I XXX, male, born in 1986 XXXXXX, who are well on family education, and parents in their words and deeds that I have set a very positive view of life and their values, and know how to live in their own temper.On the X XXXX XXXXXXXXX I was taking, and to choose a suitable learning international economic and trade professionals.I have been studying hard, diligent study, in four years, the academy has given me a full-chi of the United States Educational, Scientific arrangements for the international trade, international business management, financial accountin

g, international settlement, marketing, and so on.Complete a full course of the four-year period and smoothly through the computer two countries, such as grade four English examination.On the needs of the community and corporate talent requirements.In order to temper themselves, all services in the college, I actively joined the Union College group, and served as a squad leader post.In the squad, as a result of my active work, study hard, for the team made their contributions, and achieved certain results, respectively in the May 4 pingyou pingyou semester and be rated as “excellent students.” In addition, I completed an independent research institutions, “XXXXXX”, and access to experts and professors of the acclaim.Freshman, sophomore during the summer vacation in order to develop their own capacity to understand the community.In the “XXX” in the magazine's contributors, the editorial department received the unanimous praise.After the century literature, such as literature Huanjianshumeng site in the station to write text, which “XXXX,” it was nearly 30,000 times clicked on.As a military academy where students I open person Qifenhaohua, optimism, self-confidence, a strong sense of responsibility;accept strong, have a strong collective sense of honor and self-motivated.Happy to live with the people, and people around the living together harmoniously, with groups in the spirit of human integrity, work responsibilities seriously, to hard-working, have strict shortcomings are character impatient.I hope you will give me a chance to display, I believe I will rise to the work of the company's development of my biggest contribution.ok！

阅读本文的人还同时阅读了：自荐信的基本写作自荐信封面--扬帆