15篇文章贯通四级词汇(中英对照)

第一篇：1文章贯通四级词汇(中英对照)

15篇文章贯通四级词汇(中英对照)15篇文章贯通四级词汇

1、A Question of Rights [一项权利问题] Unfortunately , a crime was about to be committed but at that moment Lesley was unaware of the impending(即将发生的,迫近的)event , which would affect her life so drastically(极端地,彻底地)for the next years.一项犯罪就要得逞了。而不幸的是，就在那时，莱斯利对即将发生的事毫无察觉。这件事将彻底改变她此后两年的生活。

For the moment at least, her holiday at the cottage had been ideal.She had spent many idle hours relaxing on the deck , reading ,eating a sandwich when she was hungry and in the evening watching the sky turn from brilliant orange to peach and finally to pale purple , eventually the light becoming dim.It was about this time that the mist would begin to rise from the cool water hiding in the dense forest that hugged(环绕,拥抱)the shoreline(海岸线).Late evening dew(露水)glistened(闪耀,反光)on every bush and soon the loons'(潜鸟)call would resound(回响)across the water.She decided to take on last dip in the lake.As the cool night air touched her arms.She gave a little shiver and decided it was time to move inside.至少在那个时候，她在小别墅的假期还是很惬意的。她在平台上度过了很多闲适轻松的时光，读书、饿了吃块三明治；晚上，看着天空由鲜橙色变为桃红色，然后变为淡紫色，最后光线终于黯淡下来。就在这时，薄雾开始从隐藏在环绕岸边的密林里的冷水中升起；再晚些，灌木上的露珠开始闪烁，不久，潜水鸟的叫声就会在水面上回荡起来。她决定在湖里最后再泡一会儿。当她的手臂触到夜晚凉爽的空气时，不禁有些发抖，于是她决定该是回到屋里去的时候了。

This was to be her last evening alone as Jeff, her former mate, would be returning Zac to her early in the morning.As the case in many marriages these days, problems had arisen between Lesley and Jeff, but they did not extend to Zac.He was a good kid, just entering kindergarten.The couple had come to a mutual agreement , as dictated by the legal custody(监管,保管)agreement.It stated that each parent would share Zac's care every second weekend and this had been her weekend to be alone.这是她在家中独处的最后一个晚上，因为她的前夫杰夫会在早上把扎克送回来。与当时许多婚姻情况一样，莱斯利和杰夫之间出现了许多问题，但并未影响到扎克。他是个好孩子，刚刚上幼儿园。他们达成了一个依法监护的协议，协议规定双亲每两个周末轮换照顾孩子，这是她独处的周末。Jeff was an architect, with a high-profile reputation, who worked in downtown Toronto, a partner in a private corporation which mostly did consultant work for the university.Lesley‟s company had been hired to advertise the new science complex in order to raise corporate(公司的)money for the proposed building.She liked her work and she harbored a secret ambition to manage her division of the company some day.杰夫是个建筑师，名声很大，在多伦多市区工作，是一家私人公司的合伙人，该公司主要为大学做咨询工作。莱斯利的公司已经接下了为新的科学综合大楼做广告的工作，以便为计划中的大楼筹集合作基金。她喜欢她的工作，并且心怀抱负：有一天她要管理这个部门。After a whirlwind(旋风般的)courtship(求爱,热恋)and a fairytale wedding the couple had settled down to an urban lifestyle.However, after three years and one child the dreamlike marriage came smashing down.One disadvantage(不利条件)of being young and ambitious(有抱负的)was that both of them needed to devote untold hours to their busy schedules.As a result of these late hours, Lesley became suspicious(猜疑的)of Jeff‟s after hours activities.She accused him of making her part of a love triangle.The whole miserable scene was to set the proceedings(过程,诉讼,诉讼程序)for an ugly(不愉快的)divorce in motion.在一段旋风般的热恋和一个童话式的婚礼之后，夫妻俩定居下来，过起了都市生活。然而，在过了三年并有了孩子之后，这段梦幻般的婚姻开始破裂了。年轻而又雄心勃勃的不利之处，就是两个人都要把数不清的时间花在忙不完的事业上。由于经常工作到很晚，莱斯利开始怀疑杰夫工作之余的活动，她指责他让她成了三角爱情的一部分。事情发展到最痛苦的场面就是提出不愉快的离婚诉讼。

Daydreaming(幻想,白日梦)about those earlier days would not help tonight.So with a shrug of her shoulders she tackled the advertising assignment she needed to complete.Tomorrow would be a busy day with Zac arriving home.那些对最初美好时光的回忆，对今夜也无济于事。于是，她耸了耸肩，着手处理她必须完成的广告业务。明天扎克到家后将会非常忙碌。

The next day, as the morning wore on, Lesley became more and more agitated(烦躁), and her mood became apprehensive(忧虑的,不安的), when Jeff did not appear.When noon hour arrived and he still had not appeared, she started making some phone calls.None of their mutual friends had either seen or talked with Jeff that day.Until today, Jeff had always been very punctual about returning the boy at the appointed time.Lesley felt a knot forming in her stomach as a crazy thought persisted at the back of her mind.She was absolutely sure something was wrong.Jeff sat with his head bowed.He was undecided what to do.The domestic arrangement with his former wife was proving to be awkward.He was frustrated at being able to see his son only on weekends and felt he was always making concessions to accommodate(适应,迁就)Lesley‟s work schedule.Every meeting was turning into a competition for the boy‟s affection.His one desire was to take Zac away for good.The enormous decision to undertake this plan appeared to be presenting itself.Today he would depart for a conference in California.This appeared to be a marvelous opportunity to take the boy and leave the country for good.He bet that he could pack sufficient baggage into his vehicle and then disappears across the border, gaining entry the U.S.A.He gave little thought to whatsoever of the fact this act could lead to his conviction if he was tracked down by the cops.第二天，随着上午的时间慢慢逝去，莱斯利越来越感到不安。杰夫没有出现，她变得焦躁起来。到了中午，他还没出现，于是她开始打电话。他们共同的朋友都说那天没看见他，也没和他通过电话。以前，杰夫总是非常准时地将孩子送回来。一种不祥的想法在下意识地困扰着她，莱斯利感到恐惧。她绝对肯定是出事了。杰夫低头坐着，他不知该做些什么。和前妻商定的对家庭的安排看来是蠢笨的，只能在周末看看儿子令他沮丧极了。为了莱斯利的工作安排，他觉得一直在迁就。每次相见都变成一场争夺“孩子到底爱谁”的竞争。他有一个心愿就是把扎克永远带走，现在就应做出实施这个计划的重大决定了。今天，他要前往加利福尼亚参加一个会议，这显然是一个带走孩子，永远离开这个国家的绝好机会。他确信他能够把足够多的行李装上车，然后跨过边境，进入美国后就消失掉。如果被警察抓住，这种行为是可以构成犯罪的，可他不再多想了。

Meanwhile, for Lesley the nightmare continued to unfold(展现,显露)as the reality of the situation deepened.After 48 hours, the spokesman for the district police department assured her they would investigate Zac‟s disappearance.Her faith that justice would be realized was faint.The shock of the past two days‟ events made her realize that possibly her son would become one more statistic in the missing children file.The police completed a preliminary survey after asking hundreds of detailed(详细的)questions.Hot lines proved fruitless(无结果的).Meanwhile, over the next year there were countless visits and interviews at the police station and her home.The police appeared to be making no progress in tracking Zac‟s whereabouts(行踪).As the days passed, Lesley‟s frustration(挫败)mounted and she felt a sense of alarm.Eventually, she decided to take the initiative in continuing the search and she began to use well-established child find agencies.At times, boosted by hopes, she appeared to be on the right trail with a sense of disgust, but her hopes were dashed at the final moment.These obstacles hope.After Zac‟s picture was circulated nationwide, telephone calls followed from strangers reporting sightings(被看见的人或事物)of a Zac look alike.Month by month her plan evolved into a campaign equal to a full-scale battle plan.She paid an exceedingly high fee for specialized help, such as the services of an attorney.Lesley became determined to target every major city where Jeff normally contracted business.As the months slopped by, Lesley‟s exhaustion became noticeable in her eyes.Her cheeks became hollow pits.Most days she felt as though she did not have an ounce of energy left because proof of Zac‟s existence seemed impossible to find.Another year passed and her hopes dimmed.Unexpectedly, late in August a promising lead brought her to Los Angeles.与此同时，对于莱斯利，随着事件真相的不断深入，噩梦也在继续显现。48小时后，地区警察部门发言人向她保证，他们将对扎克的失踪展开调查。她对正义会得到伸张的信心减弱了。最近两天发生的事使她认识到，他的儿子很可能成为失踪儿童名单中增加的又一个新数字。在询问了许许多多的细节问题之后，警察完成了初步调查。热线电话丝毫没有结果。在接下来的一年多时间里，她在警察局和家中接受了无数次的访问和会见。在寻找礼物的下落上，警察似乎并没有取得什么进展。时间一天天地过去，莱斯利感到日益失望，她有一种恐慌的感觉。终于，她决定要争取主动，继续找寻，她开始求助于专门的儿童寻找机构。有时，尽管感到有些厌烦，由于希望的驱使，她还是加入到搜寻线索的行列，但她的希望都在最后时刻破灭了。这些挫折只会令她更坚定不放弃寻找或不丧失希望的决心。扎克的照片在全国传阅，不断有陌生人打来电话，报告说看见了像扎克模样了人。一月又一月，她参与活动的计划安排相当于一场大规模的战役部署。她出高薪请专家帮忙，例如聘请代理人为她服务。莱斯利开始决定在杰夫平日联系生意的每一个主要城市去寻找目标。几个月过去了，从莱斯利的眼里，可以明显感觉到她的确精疲力竭了。她的脸颊深深地凹了下去。大多数日子里，她觉得好像一点儿精力也没有了，因为证明扎克还在的证据看来是不可能找到了。The interior of the bar was dark.Her quest to locate Jeff and Zac had taken two years.She had paid private investigators in American currency to help her locate her ex-husband.In her handbag she carried the necessary proof that would identify her to the authorities if she was successful in being able to bring Zac home again, to Canada.She had been impatient for this moment to arrive for so long and yet now she just wanted to secure her son with a minimum of fuss.Now, right on cue, a tall stranger slipped into the bar and sat down.One glimpse told her it was Jeff.He looked weary(疲劳的)and older but definitely familiar.A chill ran up her spine(脊椎,脊柱).Close to success, she refused to concede defeat.It was the time to remedy the enormous sadness.This time she wanted a guarantee of success.She stared straight ahead with a vacant look, trying to grasp the important moment.Vivid scenes, from the pass two years‟ search, flashed(思想等的闪现)through her mind.又一年过去了，她的希望变得更加渺茫。但出乎意料，八月底，一个很有希望的线索把她带到洛杉矶。

酒吧里面很暗。追寻杰夫和扎克和下落已经花了她现年时间。她付费给在美国的私家侦察机构，帮她查找前夫的下落。在她的手提包里，有可以向当局证明的必要材料，一旦成功，她就可以将扎克带回家，回到加拿大。她焦急地等待着这一刻的到来已经很久了，而现在她只想找回她的儿子，发行量不要出什么乱子。就在这个时候，一个高个的陌生人溜进酒吧坐下来。她一眼就认出那是杰夫。他看起来很疲惫，显得更苍老了，但还是相当熟悉。一阵寒气掠过她的背脊。马上就要成功了！她拒绝承认失败，这正是治疗巨大伤痛的时刻。这次，她要确保成功。她带着迷茫的神情凝视着前方，努力要抓住这重要的时刻。过去两年的搜寻情景，一幕幕清晰地在她的脑海中闪现。

The following day, happily for Lesley, the headline of the local paper read, “Father turns over child, Mother slams system.”

翌日，使莱斯利感到高兴的是当地报纸的头条新闻：“父亲将孩子送回，母亲猛烈抨击体制”。Lesley and Zac‟s subsequent life could now resume some form of normalcy(正常状态), however, the stress and strain of the past two years would always remain as a part of this renewed relationship in the memory.至于莱斯利和扎克后来的生活，现在可能恢复到某种正常状态了。然而，过去两年的压力和紧张将成为这种重新恢复起来的关系中的一部分，永远留在记忆里。

2、One Chance [一次机会] The tiny antique silver pin lay in my hand.I stared hard at the solemn face looking back at me from the oval frame.I was looking for some resemblance between my ancestor and myself.Her brow was broad and strong, the eyes kind and forgiving.She wore a stiff black bonnet(无边小圆软帽), a high white collar and a coarsely woven shawl(披肩)around her shoulders.In examining her face more closely, maybe I could identify some similarity around the eyes and the nose.An inner strength shone from the eyes of this diminutive lady who had helped lead her family from Ireland to the New World.那枚小小的旧银别针就放在我的手上。我紧盯着那张从椭圆形镜框里反过来看着我的严肃面孔。我在寻找我的祖先和我自己之间的某些相似之处。她的眉毛宽大浓密，眼睛里温和慈祥。她戴着一顶绷紧的黑色软帽，高白领，肩上披着一条做工粗糙的披肩。再近点观察她的脸孔，或许我能在眼睛和鼻子周围辨认出一些相似的地方。从这位身材矮小的女士的眼里，透射出一种内在的力量，她曾帮助和带领她的家庭，从爱尔兰来到了新世界。

The times, in Ireland during the 1770‟s, were difficult for everyone.John and Lily Love and all the tenants(租地者,佃户)of the Barren‟s Court Estate were suffering after terrible floods destroyed their crops.The landlord was generous in allowing the land rent to fall into arrears(拖欠,还款), due to the difficult times.However, as weather conditions continued to worsen, the little family became pessimistic and felt desperate about the direction of their lives.Nearly every family at this time had at least one member of their family who had left for the New World.The ugly face of famine was lurking(潜藏,潜伏)everywhere.It was not possible with one acre of arable(可耕作的)land to make a living.那时候，在18世纪70年代的爱尔兰，人人处境艰难。一场特大洪水毁掉了他们的庄稼之后，约翰和莉莉·洛夫一家像其他所有的巴伦斯宫廷庄园的佃户一样痛苦不堪。庄园主还算慷慨，鉴于这个艰难时期，允许佃户们拖欠租金。然而，天气状况持续恶化，这个小家庭变得悲观起来，对他们的生活前途感到绝望。那个时候，几乎每个家庭至少有一名家庭成员出走前往新世界。饱受饥荒之苦的憔悴面容到处都是，要靠一英亩耕地生活是不可能的。Late one night, after the children were in bed, John and Lily discussed the possibility of making a reservation aboard a sailing ship bound for America.John had noticed a poster in the town square, that posted by a ship‟s owner trying to recruit people for his ship.John knew that conditions aboard ship would not be ideal for Lily, her new infant son and the two elder boys;however, she acknowledged that settling in America would be the only way for the family to gain some independence and to earn a living.More importantly, it was rumored that land was free in the new country.Lily gave her consent to leave.一天夜里，孩子们入睡以后，约翰和莉莉讨论起预定船只前往美国的可能性。就在当天，约翰在市镇广场上看到一张海报，是船主张贴出来招揽乘客的。约翰知道船上的条件对莉莉不大合适，她有一个刚出生的婴儿和两个大点的男孩。但是，她认为在美国定居将是这个家庭取得独立和谋生的唯一出路。更重要的是，据说在那个新国家土地是免费的。莉莉也赞成出去。

In port, the sailing ship, Hannah, under the command of Captain Mitchell lay at anchor.The adventure of crossing the Atlantic Ocean bound for Philadelphia would take two to three months.Passengers were assured there would be the best provisions and plenty of barrels of fresh water.Storms could be fierce and living conditions below deck would be primitive.John joined the long queue and eventually after a lengthy wait, reached the revenue table.He affixed(签署名字)his signature to the contract promising to pay five pounds per person for berths(卧铺)aboard ship.The clerk returned the receipt to John indicating that the sum of money had been paid.在港口，那艘帆船“汉纳”号，在米切尔船长的指挥下，正抛锚停泊。跨越大西洋前往费城的冒险要花两到三个月。乘客们被许诺有最好的食品供应和充足的淡水。暴风雨可能很猛烈，甲板下面的生活条件将是很单调的。约翰加入到了那长长的队列里，等了很久以后，终于来到付款台前。他在合同上签了字，按要求为乘坐那艘船的每个人付5英镑。办事员为约翰开了收据，表示钱已付清。Once under sail the three hundred passengers found themselves crowded into miserable conditions.The smell of so many people crowded together was offensive.The breadth of the vessel was narrow and the headroom(净空,头上空间)below deck minimal.可是一上船，三百名乘客发现船上非常拥挤，条件很恶劣。这么多人挤在一起，气味简直让人受不了。船舱狭窄又很低矮。

As the tiny craft sailed out of Lough Foyle, and entered the Atlantic Ocean, it started to roll ominously(不吉利的)and those aboard wondered if they would survive the long voyage ahead or be swallowed up by the enormous waves.Seasickness(晕船)was everywhere and people had no appetite.The food, instead of being of high quality as promised, was too often rotten and the water was brackish(有咸味的).小船驶离洛夫福伊进入大西洋的时候，就开始不祥地摇晃起来，船上的人担心他们是否能够安全完成航程还是会被巨浪吞噬。到处都是晕船的，人们没有食欲。伙食没有承诺的那么好，还常常是腐烂的，水也有咸味。

Eventually, the winds lessened and the Captain was able to set his sights towards America and become ably steering the ship on an even course(航线).Eight weeks later, plus on day, the Hannah made landfall(着陆)and the Love family disembarked(离船上岸)in America and became American newest immigrants.Gazing at the mainland after so many days of sailing was indeed a glorious sight.The difficult days aboard ship seemed worthwhile.Porters hurried along the docks pushing baggage.Little girls with ribbons in their hair scanned the ship‟s decks hoping to get a first glimpse of their father arriving.It seemed to Lily that it took forever to register and to pass through immigration.终于风浪减弱了，船长能够看准美国的方向，成功地驾船工行驶在平静的航线上。八个星期零一天之后，“汉纳”号靠岸，洛夫一家在美国登陆，成为美国最早的移民。经过这么多天的航行，凝视着这片大地，的确令人心旷神怡。看来在船上过的那些艰苦的日子还是值得的。码头上的搬运工在忙着搬运行李。头发上带着丝带的小姑娘们环视着甲板，希望第一眼看到他们到来的父亲。对于莉莉来说，登记和办理移民手续好像没完没了。

John said that he would go ahead to scout out some land in the far west of the state.He would push on to the frontier with a bunch of other Irish chaps.Lily and the children could follow more slowly, harnessing the horse and cart to convey their scanty(贫乏的,少的)possessions.The stuff in the cart would include a kettle, dishes, blankets, a chair, a bucket and an axe.约翰说他要先出发，在这个州遥远的西部找一些土地。他和一帮爱尔兰小伙子一起赶往边疆。莉莉和孩子们可以在后面慢慢地跟，坐马车把他们仅有的一点家产运来。车上的那些东西包括一个壶、一个盘子、毯子、一把椅子、一个提桶和一把斧头。There was a perception by the government at this time that the feisty(易怒的,好斗的)Irish would resist any hostile natives refusing to retreat and thus maintaining the western boundary.The Irish, too, were pleased to settle as far away from the government as possible.Instead of purchasing land, they would “squat(占据)” on the property erecting only a temporary, humble shelter to stave off(遮挡)the weather.Once their families arrived, they would inspire the men to build proper cabins.Neither fancy nor elegant, these log structures would be their first real homes.Property boundaries at this time were not marked out with iron rods or stakes in a standard fashion, but rather designated(标明,标出)by natural objects such as rocks, trees and creeks.Confusion and disputes must often have followed later, when these survey points disappeared.After exploring the area around Shirley‟s burg, John and his sons rode over Sandy Ridge to survey the property below Black Log Mountain.It was here in a long narrow valley they decided to settle.The valley became known then, and is still called Love‟s valley today.那时候，政府认为，好斗的爱尔兰人会抵抗那些有敌意的当地人，拒绝妥协让步，以保住西部边疆。而爱尔兰人也乐得尽量远离政府定居。不需要购买，他们只要支起一个能遮蔽风雨的临时简陋住所，就算占用了这片土地。一旦家人到达，他们会鼓励男人们建造合适的房屋。既不奇特也不优雅，这些原木结构的建筑物将是他们第一个真正的家。那时，地产边界不是用标准的铁棍或木桩来做标志，而是用象岩石、树木和小溪等自然物来界定。后来因为这些测量点消失了，混乱和争执时常发生。

At the time, drums were used to forewarn(预先警告)that the natives were going to capture the forts(城堡), which guarded the western frontier.Daily life in this new land, for the early settlers, was harsh and difficult.First they needed to tame the land, chopping down trees, in order to be able to plant crops.At times they needed to defend their land and be wary(机警的)of attacks from wild animals, such as wolves and bears.Mosquito bites caused severe reactions of swelling and itchiness(痒痒).Once the work was done, neighbors would gather for an occasional social function.The children would play for hours chasing butterflies and looking for birds‟ nests.The boys would catch frogs and then tease(戏弄)the girls with them.There would be a delicious picnic lunch spread on the grass.John asked Lily to bring some freshly squeezed lemon juice for the picnic.He found the sour taste of lemonade(柠檬汽水)was refreshing on a hot summer‟s day.Some of the men would have a drink of homemade(自制的)in the moonshine before striking up a tune on the fiddle(小提琴).Square dancing was popular among the young people and the young lads would leap up to dance with the eligible(中意的,合格的)young ladies.Rivals for a young lady‟s hand in marriage would tend to compete to walk her home at the end of an evening.The romantic times were few and contrasted sharply with the stern reality of everyday life.在探究了歇里斯伯格周围的地区之后，约翰和他的儿子们翻过桑迪山脉，在布莱克拉格山下面勘察了土地，他们决定就在这条狭长的山谷里定居下来。因此这个山谷被称为洛夫山谷，直到今天还这样叫。

那时候，当土著人来夺取防护西部边界的那些城堡时，他们就使用鼓声作为预先的示警。在这块新土地上的日常生活对于早期的定居者来说是非常艰辛和困苦的。首先，他们需要开垦土地，砍倒树木，以便能够种上庄稼。有时，他们需要保卫他们的土地，提防狼和熊等野兽的攻击以及蚊子叮咬造成的肿痛和奇痒。干完活后，邻居们偶尔会聚在一起举行社交活动。孩子们会玩上好几个小时，去捕蝴蝶，掏鸟窝，男孩子们会逮青蛙去捉弄女孩们，还有布置在草地上的美味午餐。约翰叫莉莉为野餐带去一些鲜榨柠檬汁，他发现柠檬的酸味在炎热的夏天令人清爽，使人振奋。月光下，有的人还会来一杯自家酿的酒，然后便趁兴用小提琴拉上一曲。青年人中很流行方块舞，年轻的小伙子们就会跳出来与中意的姑娘们一起跳舞。晚上，向姑娘们求婚的竞争对手们往往会竞相来到她们的家里。浪漫的时候虽然很少，但却和每天严酷的现实生活形成鲜明的对照。

Neighbors were also few and Lily found she was very lonely.She looked forward to the occasional visits of the minister, Robert Ayers, who was a Methodist circuit rider.Meetings would be held in fields or small barns, three to four times a year.At other times neighbor women from over the mountain would meet to make quilts(被子), blankets and cushions and to gossip(聊天)about their respective lives.They would share their secret fears regarding their new lives, their hopes for their children‟s future and enjoy each other‟s companionship(友谊,伴侣关系).邻居也很少，莉莉觉得孤独。她盼望着卫理公会教派骑马巡回的罗伯特?埃亚牧师的偶然造访。一年有三、四次在田地里或小库房进行集会。另外，有时候，翻山过来的邻家妇女会聚在一起做被子，织地毯和垫子，聊聊各自生活中的琐事。他们分担着对新生活的暗自担心，对孩子前程的殷切期望，并为相互间的友谊高兴不已。

Twenty years slipped by and John Love died at the early age of 47.Several years later, son James and his family, as well as widow Lily, his Mother, made the decision to leave Pennsylvania and settle in Canada.They made the arduous(困难的,艰巨的)trek(旅行)over Indian trails, crossing the Niagara River to settle in what we now call Ontario.20年过去了，约翰洛夫在47岁时就过早地去世了。几年后，儿子詹姆斯和他的家庭，还有他的母亲——寡妇莉莉，决定离开宾夕法尼亚到加拿大定居。他们经过艰难跋涉，沿着印第安人的足迹，渡过尼亚加拉河，在今天我们称之为安大略的地方定居下来。I am a Canadian.Having traced my roots and followed in the footsteps of these early settlers, I feel a sense of gratitude to my ancestors who faced extreme difficulties and severe hardship to settle in a new land.Liberty, then and in today‟s world, is a priceless inheritance(遗产).Once more, I glanced at the silver pin before returning it to the velvet(丝绒的)box.Once again, I questioned, “What did I inherit from my Love ancestors?” I realize the answer has been revealed while writing this story.I have determination, strength, loyalty and a love of adventure.This is my inheritance.我是加拿大人。追根溯源，沿着这些早期移民的足迹，一种感激之情油然而生。我的祖先们面对艰难困苦，克服重重困难才在这片土地上定居下来。不论那时还是现在，自由都是宝贵的遗产。在把那枚银别针放回丝绒盒之前，我又看了它一眼。我再次问到：“我从洛夫祖先那里继承了什么呢？”在写这个故事的时候，我知道我有了答案。我所拥有的决心、力量、忠诚和对冒险的热爱就是我继承到的遗产。

4、A Man and His Castle [一个大人物和他的城堡] La Cuesta Encantada(The Enchanted[使用魔法迷惑] Castle)is one of the most remarkable displays of power and passion in the world.This marvelous tourist site now known as Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument is better known as Hearst Castle.It is located six hours south of San Francisco and five hours north of Los Angeles.Sheltered by the mountains in northern San Luis Obispo County, the complex of 165rooms and 127 acres of gardens, terraces(露台), pools, fountains and footpaths draws approximately 800,000 visitors annually.To understand the castle, you have to understand the man who built it, William Randolph Hearst.And to understand the man, you have to understand the land upon which he built his dream.魔幻城堡是世界上最著名的展示才能与激情的名胜之一。这个奇迹般的游览地，就是现在著名的赫斯特圣西蒙国家历史博物馆，它作为赫斯特城堡，则更为有名。它位于旧金山以南6小时、洛杉矶以北5小时车程的地方。这座隐蔽在圣路易斯?奥比斯波郡北部群山之中的综合建筑有165个房间，占地127英亩，有花园、游廊、水池、喷泉和小径，每年吸引大约80万名游客来到这里。要了解这座城堡，你就得了解建造它的那个人——威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特，而要了解这个人，你就得了解他把梦想建在其上的这块土地。

Born on April 29, 1863, William Randolph Hearst was the only child of Gorge Hearst and his wife, Phoebe.George was a multimillionaire(千万富翁)who amassed(积聚)his fortune through partnerships(合作关系)in three of the ever largest mining discoveries of copper, silver, and gold ores.In 1865, George began to accumulate parcels of land by obtaining 46,000 acres of the Piedra Blanco Ranch on California‟s Central Coast.There he began a successful cattle ranch(大农场), eventually enlarging it to 250,000 acres stretching 50 miles along the coast.威廉·伦道夫·赫斯，生于1863年4月29日，是乔治?赫斯特和他的妻子菲比唯一的孩子。乔治是一个千万富翁，他通过合伙参与三个曾经是最大的铜矿、银矿和金矿的发现和开采，积聚起大量财富。1865年，乔治得到了在加利福尼亚海岸的46000英亩的皮亚得拉布兰可牧场，开始积聚大片土地。在那里，他开始了对养牛场的成功经营，并最终将它扩大到沿着50英里海岸的250，000英亩。

William loved the ranch where he spent his summer vacations as a youngster and a youth, playing in the rugged canyons(峡谷), descending the cliffs and camping in colorful Arab-style tents in the mountains with his family.威廉热爱这个青年时期渡过暑假的牧场。在崎岖不平的溪谷里游玩，攀登悬崖，和家人一起在山里华美的阿拉伯式的帐篷里野营。

Phoebe was delighted in exposing her darling child to the beauties and wonders of the world and spared no expense doing so.During one of their adventures, an 18-month tour of the historic palaces and castles of Europe, William began a lifelong love of collecting.With his first acquisitions, German picture books, he embarked(着手,开始工作)on a 78-year session of excessive spending.He confessed to a love of the finer things in life and, as he had a bottomless(不见底的)purse, would never deny himself anything he wanted.菲比很喜欢让她心爱的孩子去认识这个美丽而奇妙的世界，花费多少都无所谓。在一次冒险活动期间，他们用18个月游览了欧洲历史上著名的宫殿和城堡，从那时起威廉开始养成收集的终身爱好。他从最初收集德国的图画书开始，进行了长达78年的超级消费。他承认一生中对精美物品的痴迷和热爱，而且因为有一个用不完的钱包，他对想要的任何东西从不吝惜金钱。

In 1887, while William was at Harvard University, he decided to take over the small newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, which his father had accepted as payment for a gambling(赌博)debt several years earlier.George would have preferred that his son be involved in the mining and ranching interests, but William declined this offer and was given ownership of the Examiner in March 1887.He was determined to increase the popularity(普遍,流行)of the paper and acquire the best equipment and writers available.William‟s resolve to succeed inspired him to publish juicy(有趣的)tales of vice and stories full of drama and motivation(积极性,动机).In 1895, he purchased the New York Morning Journal, putting him in direct competition with the distinguished(杰出的)Joseph Pulitzer and a circulation(传播,发行)war began.1887年，当威廉在哈佛大学读书时，他决定接管一家小报纸《旧金山问询报》，几年前他的父亲将其作为一笔赌债接收了下来。乔治更希望他的儿子把兴趣放在采矿和经营牧场上，但威廉拒绝了这个建议并于1887年3月接手成为《问询报》的主人。他决定购置最好的设备，邀请最好的作者撰稿，提升报纸的声望。

威廉渴望成功的决心，促使他出版有趣的下流传闻和充满戏剧性、引人入胜的故事。1895年，他买下《纽约晨报》，与著名的约瑟夫?普利策展开直接的竞争，开始了一场扩大发行量的商战。

Both the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers started to include sensational(耸人听闻的)stories about the Cuban Insurrection(起义).The stories greatly exaggerated claims of Spanish troops placing Cubans in concentration camps, forcing them to live under substandard conditions, disease-ridden, starving and dying.This style of reporting became known as “Yellow Journalism(新闻事件)”.The newspapers were transformed as the scope of the news broadened and became less conservative.Circulation soared as the public could get enough of the banner headlines and abundant illustrations.At the time, many people believed William actually might have initiated(开始,发动)the Spanish-American War to encourage sales.According to one report, when one of his correspondents, Frederick Remington, requested to return from Havana, William responded that if Remington would furnish the pictures, William would furnish the war.He was once quoted in an editorial as saying, “Make the news thorough Print all the news.Condense it if necessary.Frequently it is better when intelligently(聪明的)condensed.”

赫斯特和普利策的报纸都开始刊登有关古巴起义的耸人听闻的故事。这些故事极大地夸大了西班牙部队的行为：他们把古巴人关进集中营，迫使他们在恶劣的条件下生活，饱受疾病、饥饿和死亡的折磨。这种报道形式成了有名的“黄色新闻”。报纸在向扩大新闻范围方面转变，并变得不那么保守了。因为能够使公众获得足够的头条新闻和丰富的插图，发行量激增。那时，很多人相信威廉实际上可能会发动西班牙——美国战争以增加发行量。据一篇报道说，当他的一个通讯记者弗雷德里克雷明顿请求从哈瓦那回来时，威廉回答说如果雷明顿能提供图片，他就可以发起这场战争。曾有一篇社论引用过他的格言：“跟踪新闻到底。报道所有新闻。必要时浓缩新闻。浓缩后的新闻常常更出色。”

Another classic example of his influence occurred when;merely months after he advocated political assassination(暗杀)in an editorial, American President McKinley was assassinated.As an intelligent and dynamic business man, William generated increased readership by employing some of the most talented(天才的)writers in the United States, recruiting figures from the literary community, like Mark Twain and Stephen Crane, and the previously mentioned illustrator, Frederick Remington.He also showed his initiative when he chartered a yacht(快艇), equipped it as a miniature(小型的)newspaper headquarters, anchored off the coast of Cuba, and led his army of reporters into the field.关于受他影响的另一个典型例子是，他在一篇社论中鼓吹政治暗杀，仅仅几个月后，麦金利总统就遇刺身亡。作为一个聪明能干的商人，威廉通过雇佣美国最有才华的作者，从文学团体中聘用大人物，像马克?吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩，以及前面提到过的插图画家弗雷德里克?雷明顿，造就了不断增长的读者群。他还显示了他的创新能力。当时，他包租了一条游艇，把装备成一个小型的报社总部，停在古巴海岸边，让他的采访队伍进入战场。

William‟s interests led him to follow in his father‟s footsteps, inspiring him to enter into politics.He was elected to the U.S.Congress as a senator representing the State of New York in 1902 and served until 1907.He was a candidate for the office of mayor of New York City and governor of New York State, but failed in both of these attempts.威廉的兴趣爱好引领他、激励他继承父业进入政界。1902年作为纽约州的代表，他以参议员的身份被选进美国国会，一起任职到1907年。他还是纽约市市长和纽约州州长职位的候选人，但两次努力都失败了。

While honeymooning in Europe after his marriage to Millicent Wilson in 1903, he expanded his publishing empire with Motor Magazine.The Hearst Corporation grew to comprise a total of 12 newspapers, including the Examiner, and 25 magazines, including Cosmopolitan.Not satisfied with just his publishing enterprises, he expanded his business operations into radio, and later produced movie newsreels(新闻纪录片).(To Be Continued)1903年与米莉森特?威尔逊结婚。在欧洲渡蜜月期间，他以《汽车杂志》扩张他出版帝国的疆土。赫斯特公司迅速成长以来，总共有包括《问询报》在内的12种报纸，和包括《大都会》在内的25种杂志。他并不满足于出版行业，还把他的事业扩展到电台，后来还生产新闻记录片。（待续）

This influential media giant was not without his faults.His prejudices were common knowledge.His career was blemished(玷污)by his offensive remarks about Spaniards, Japanese, Filipinos, and Russians.He printed lies, forged documents, falsified(歪曲)stories of violence, wrote provocative editorials, and published sensational cartoons and photographs to support his opinions.这个有巨大影响的媒体巨人也不是没有缺点。他的偏见是众所周知的。他对西班牙人、日本人、菲律宾人和俄罗斯人的攻击性评论是对他职业的玷污。为支持自己的观点，他刊载谎言，伪造文献，编选暴力故事，写煽动性的社论，出版蛊惑人心的卡通和照片。

William hated minorities.He took advantage of every opportunity to heighten racial tensions.His real motive for his hatred of Mexicans may have been the loss of 800,000 acres of prime timber land to the Mexican outlaw(逃犯), Pancho Villa.His papers described them as marijuana-smoking, job-stealing, lazy, wicked, and violent degenerates(堕落).Some suggest he saw the Mexicans as a threat to his empire.威廉憎恨少数民族。他利用一切机会加剧种族间的紧张关系。他憎恨墨西哥人的真正原因，可能是由于那个墨西哥逃犯Pancho Villa让他损失了800,000英亩的原始树林。他的报纸把他们描绘成抽大麻、磨洋工、懒惰、邪恶和喜欢暴力的堕落者。有人说他认为墨西哥人对他的帝国是一个威胁。

During this period, William met and fell in love with a young actress, Marion Davies.Millicent, his wife and the mother of his five sons, including a set of twins, refused to dissolve the marriage, which obliged William to “live in sin” with the woman whom the tour guides refer to as his “friend” or “companion”.在这个时期，威廉遇见了年轻的女演员马里恩戴维斯并爱上了她。他的妻子，他5个儿子其中有一对双胞胎的母亲米莉森特，拒绝解除婚姻，迫使威廉与那个女人过着姘居的生活，导游提到她时就说是他的“朋友”或“同伴”。

With the death of his mother in 1919, William inherited the beloved quarter-million-acre ranch.At first, he planned to build modest ranch house on his favorite campsite(野营的)but as he became more involved in the project, his vision of a monument to display his collections gained momentum(动力).Working closely with family architect, Julia Morgan, William created a glorious and extraordinary castle-like structure, blending Spanish, European, and Californian architectural styles.Huge warehouses(仓库)were built in San Simeon to store the shiploads of splendid antiques, including entire carved ceilings and walls hung with enormous tapestries(挂毯).They could be installed in the completed rooms.Landscaping integrated exotic(外来的,奇异的)plants, hedges, and trees with native flora(植物群落).As William was in his 60‟s, he had the insight to know he couldn‟t wait for them to grow, but he was optimistic.He ordered tons of fertile topsoil to cover the grounds to a depth of five feet and full-grown specimens of the plants were trucked up the mountain for planting.With thousands of acres of land covered with grassland, trees, natural ponds, and man-made reservoirs available for use, William stocked the estate with herds of rare oxen and deer, and flocks of sheep and lambs.These animals flourished as they were allowed to wander freely.Larger, more dangerous beasts, including tigers, ostriches, buffalo, yaks, emus, kangaroos, llamas, zebras and giraffes were enclosed in the largest private zoo in the world.1919年，他母亲去世，威廉继承了那个他深爱着的25万英亩的牧场。起初，他计划在他最喜欢的宿营地建一所普通的低矮平房，但当他更多地介入这个工程时，建一个纪念馆来展示他的收藏品的想法占了上风。威廉与家庭建筑师朱莉亚?摩根进一步密切协作，创造了一种气派显赫的像城堡一样的结构，整合了西班牙、欧洲和加利福尼亚的建筑风格。在圣西蒙创造了巨大的仓库存放成船的贵重古董，全部雕花的天花板以及用巨大挂毯装饰的墙壁。它们可以安置到已完工的房间里来。把外来的植物、灌木和树木结合进当地的植物种群，进一步美化景观。威廉已经60多岁了，他清楚地知道他可能等不到它们长大，但他是乐观的。他定购了成吨肥沃的表层土，覆盖地面达5英尺深，把这些植物长好的样品用卡车运到山上种植。

在可以利用的数千英亩的土地上，有草地、树林、天然水池和人工水库，威廉在庄园里放养了珍稀的牛群和鹿群，还有一群群的绵羊和小羊羔。因为允许它们自由漫游，这些动物健壮而活跃。那些大家伙，比较危险的野兽，包括老虎、鸵鸟、水牛、牦牛、鸸鹋(产于澳洲的大型鸟)、袋鼠、骆驼、斑马和长颈鹿，则被关在这个世界上最大的私人动物园里。The “complex” was ready for occupancy(占有)in 1927, but additions continued until 1947.Eventually it comprised the main house and three cottages, all of which are furnished with a variety of valuable antiques.Even the lavatories were specially equipped.William‟s favorite room was said to be the library with its collections of more than 5,000 books, ancient Greek vases, and an antique Spanish ceiling suspended(悬挂的)by cables so it will sway in the event of an earthquake(all the antique furnishings and treasures are anchored as a precaution as this is earthquake country).那座“综合性建筑”在1927年就已经可以使用，但扩建工程一直持续到1947年。最后，它包含了一幢主楼和三栋别墅，每一座的家具配备都使用各种贵重的古董。连厕所的设施都很特别。威廉最喜欢的房间据说是图书室，里面有收藏的5，000多本书籍，古希腊的花瓶，以及一个用缆索悬吊起来的古代西班牙吊顶，一旦发生地震，吊顶就会摇摆(所有的古代家具和珍宝都被事先用铰链固定住，因为这是一个多地震的国家)。

In the „20s, „30s, and „40s, William loved part-time at the estate with his mistress, Marion Davies.They entertained to an excessive extent.To be invited to the castle was a privilege.Movie stars, politicians, businessmen, and even royalty(皇室成员)were frequent guests.Many of these guests, including a British lord, Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith, Amelia Ear hart, and Charles Lindbergh, flew to the ranch, landing on the private(私人的)airstrip(飞机跑道).20年代到40年代，威廉时常与他的情人马里恩?戴维斯居住于此。他们待客极尽奢华。被邀请到城堡是一种殊荣。电影明星、政治家、商人，还有皇室成员都是他们的常客。这些客人当中的很多人，包括一名英国的勋爵、查尔斯?金福特?史密斯先生、阿梅莉亚?埃尔哈特、查尔斯?林德伯格，曾直接飞到这个庄园，降落在这里的私人飞机跑道上。

Life on the “hill” was never dull.The visitors stayed in the main house or the cottages, depending on their prominence(重要)or their intimacy(亲密)with the family and were free to roam(漫游)the grounds, go riding on their choice of horses on the property.Company was expected, however, to meet in the main drawing room at 7:30 p.m.sharp, principally(主要地)to amuse their host.Dinner was a formal affair beginning at 9:00 p.m.this meal was held in the immense dining room, the walls of which are lined with priceless panels from ancient European cathedrals(大教堂).Following dinner, movies were shown in the private theater, starting at 11:00.“山”上的生活从来都不乏味。来访者按他们的显赫程度或与这个家庭的亲密关系，或住在主楼里，或住在别墅中，在园子里自由散步，去马厩里挑匹马来骑，到水池里去游泳，或者在这块领地上的私人球场上玩高尔夫球。不过，大家还是急切期盼着晚上7点30分在主画室里同主人相见，显然主要是想让他们的主人高兴。宴会是一项正式的活动，在晚上9点开始。这顿饭在巨大的餐厅进行，餐厅墙壁是用来自古代欧洲天主教堂的珍贵的镶板拼成的。饭后，在私人影院上映电影，11点开始。

There were, however, three rules guests had to follow: do not get drunk;do not swear or tell off-color jokes;sleep in separate bedrooms if an unmarried couple.Food was not allowed in the rooms.If you wanted to eat, you could visit the kitchen… if you could find it.不过，有三条规矩客人必须遵守：不能醉酒；不能赌咒或开伤风败俗的玩笑；还没结婚的一对恋人要睡在不同的卧室。食物不能带进房间。如果你想吃东西，可以到厨房去……只要你找得到。

Although William was closely involved in all aspects of the construction and decoration of the mansion(大厦,宅邸), he continued his business and social interest.No stranger to scandal, in November 1924, he found himself in the topic of headlines.The most enduring rumor was that, during a party on his yacht, he had found Marion kissing Charlie Chaplin.In a fit of jealousy he took a shot at Chaplin, missed, and accidentally his Thomas Ince, killing him.However, even though the morning papers carried the story, the evening paper and successive editions printed that Ince had died of acute indigestion(消化不良).尽管威廉积极参与了这所豪宅的建设和装饰的各个方向，他仍然在继续他的商业和社交活动。对流言蜚语习以为常的他，1924年11月，发现自己上了头条新闻。那是一个流行已久的谣言：在游艇上的一次聚会上，他发现马里恩在亲吻查里?卓别林，他妒火中烧，于是向卓别林开了一枪，偏了，却意外地击中了托马斯·因斯，杀死了他。不过，尽管早上的报纸登载了这个故事，但晚上的报纸和更多的版面就登出因斯死于急性消化不良。In 1945, William initiated the Hearst Foundation and created the California Charities Foundation in 1948(the name was changed to the William Randolph Hearst Foundation soon after his death in 1951).The Great Depression took its toll on even the wealthiest and William Randolph Hearst was no exception.His fantastically(荒诞的)decadent lifestyle couldn‟t last forever, and gradually his finances began to suffer, beginning the next chapter in the saga(传奇)of excesses.He came close to being bankrupt but Marion rescued him from debt, unselfishly selling her jewels and some other property to raise over a million dollars.1945年，威廉建立赫斯特基金会。1948年创立加利福尼亚慈善基金会（在他1951年去世后不久，改为威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特基金会）。大萧条对即使是最富有的人都会带来损失，威廉·伦道夫也不例外。他那种荒诞放纵的生活方式不能再继续下去了，他的财政开始逐渐吃紧。这种放荡生活的下一篇章开始了。就在他行将破产的时候，马里恩在把他从债务中挽救出来。她无私地卖掉了她的珠宝和一些其他的地产，筹集了100多万美元。

In 1947, due to his poor health, he was forced to move permanently to Beverly Hills.Marion looked after him during this time, seldom leaving his side.When he died in 1951 at the age of 88, she was shunned(避开)by his family and forbidden to attend his funeral.1947年，由于健康状况恶化，他被迫永久地住在贝弗莉山上。马里恩在此期间一直照顾他，几乎没有离开过他的身边。当他于1951年88岁去世时，她却被他的家庭有意避开，并被禁止参加葬礼。

The castle, its furnishings, the artworks in the gallery, and 127 acres of land were given to the state of California in 1957.Since that time, the California Department of Parks and Recreation has kept the castle open to tourists.这座城堡，连同里面的家具设施，走廊里的艺术品，以及127英亩的土地在1957年给了加利福尼亚政府。从那时起，加利福尼亚公园和娱乐部一直把这座城堡向游人开放。Today a visit to the estate begins near the site of the old airstrip.Guests are transported to the top of the hill via bus.One can still see the signs giving wandering animals the “right-of-way” on the lanes.Deer, cattle, and sheep often halt the buses‟ progress up or down the mountain as they meander(漫游)to the salt licks.今天游览到这个庄园，起点就在旧飞机跑道所在位置附近。客人们乘巴士到山顶。路上，仍然可以看见让放养的动物们“优先通行”的标示牌。鹿、牛和羊悠闲地在盐渍地舔食时，常常迫使正在行驶的上下山巴士停下来。

Depending on the tour one chooses, guides escort(护送,陪同)the public through a variety of rooms, gardens, cottages, and pools.The luxury of a bygone(过去的)era is evident at every turn.From the moment you arrive at the stairway to the Neptune Pool until you bid farewell to your guides at the magnificent, golden and blue Roman Pool, you are reminded that a man had a dream.He had power and influence.Furthermore, he was prosperous enough to achieve his objectives and implement his dream.根据你选好的路线，导游会陪你经过各种房间、花园、别墅和水池。处处显现出昔日的奢华。从到达通向尼普顿水池楼梯的那一刻起，到在金碧辉煌的罗马水池边对导游说再见，你会一直想起一个有梦想的人。他有才能和影响力。而且他曾经飞黄腾达，能够达到他的目的并实现他的梦想。

5、Yip Sang, a Chinese-Canadian [加籍华人阿寿] The British and Chinese signed the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, each providing their respective subjects with the right to benefit from full security and protection for their persons and property within each other‟s boundaries.Even though China did no openly allow emigration(移居), in 1860 a law was passed which stated that Chinese seeking to work in the British Colonies or other places were at liberty to do so.They had only to ship themselves and their families on board any British vessel at any of the open ports in China.In 1868, another treaty, this one with the United States, gave the Chinese the right to change their home and loyalty from one country to another for the purposes of curiosity, of trade, or as permanent residents, thereby opening the gates for emigration from China.1842年，中英两国签订《南京条约》，双方为各自的国民提供在彼此的疆域内享有人员和财产受到完全保护的权利。尽管中国没有公开允许移民出境，但1860年通过的一条法律规定寻求在英国殖民地或其他地方工作的华人有这种移民自由。他们及其家人只要登上在中国任一个开放港口里的任一艘英国船只即可。1868年，另一个条约——一个与美国签订的条约——给予那些观光、贸易或永久定居为目的的华人将家庭及对国家的效忠从一个国家转移到另一个国家的权利。从而打开了从中国移民出境的大门。

The gold boom in British Columbia in the 1850‟s was the beginning of Chinese immigration from the U.S.into Canada.Many of these early immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong provinces to San Francisco.When they heard of the gold discoveries in British Columbia, many crossed the border into Canada by moving overland through Oregon or arriving by sea in Victoria.When the gold deposits were depleted(用尽,枯竭), these early settler stayed, moving into occupations like gardening, farming, domestic service, road construction, and railway building.By 1871, these were approximately 3,000 Chinese inhabitants in the province, only 53 of whom being women.1850年不列颠哥伦比亚的淘金热开始了华人从美国移民到加拿大的历程。在这些早期移民中间，很多人是从福建省、广东省乘船到达旧金山的。当听说在不列颠哥伦比亚发现了金矿，很多人从陆路穿越俄勒冈州，过边境进入加拿大，或者乘船到达维多利亚港。当金矿被淘尽的时候，这些早期的定居者留了下来，转而从事园艺、农业、家政服务、道路和铁路建设等行业。到1871年，这个省大约有3,000名华裔居民，其中只有53名妇女。Since Chinese workers were know to be conscientious and reliable, several companies actively recruited them.As a result, it was estimated that 10,000 workers arrived between 1882 and 1884.In an effort to restrict the entry of Chinese immigrants, an act was passed in the Canadian Parliament confining the proportion to one person for every 50 tons of vessel tonnage(船舶的吨数).A head tax was also imposed.Records of those who paid the head tax are still available for viewing in the National Archives of Canada.因为华人劳工以勤劳守信闻名，多家公司争相雇佣他们。结果，在1882年至1884年期间，估计来了10,000名工人。为了有效地限制华人入境，加拿大国会通过了一项法令，限制每50吨排水吨位只能运载1人，还征收人头税。那些交了人头税的人，其档案至今还可以在加拿大国家档案馆查阅到。

An article in the Illustrated London News in January 1875 gave some insight into the emigration process of the Chinese by conveying the ideas of changes they might undergo.The author thought the modifications(修改,改造)would be slight and principally external.He believed that, in an attempt to blend in, the Chinese would adopt American language, culture, and dress.However, because the Chinese brought with them a strong sense of their own identity, it wasn‟t necessary for them to cultivate a North American way of life, nor did they feel an obligation to abandon their traditions.Much of the article would be considered insulting by today‟s standards.1875年元月刊登在《伦敦新闻画报》上的一篇文章，通过揭示华人一些观念的改变，对移民过程做了某些深层的透视。其作者认为，他们的变化是很小的，而且基本上都是外在的。他相信在努力融入当地社会的过程中，华人接受了美洲的语言、文化和服饰。然而，因为华人总是带有一种对他们自己身份的强烈认同感，要他们养成北美的生活方式是没有必要的，他们也认为没有义务放弃自己的传统。以今天的标准来看，这篇文章的大部分内容可以被认为是带有侮辱性的。

In the United States, there were two opposing points of view.On one side of the coin, the Chinese were seen as an inexpensive means of providing the manual labor necessary to develop the assets of the country, most often in hazardous occupations.On the other side, there were those who branded them as the “curse” of the nation.Some Americans applauded the Chinese but others condemned them as evil.Some were disturbed by what might happen if all the immigrants decided to stay.Their distress was unfounded however, as most Chinese had no intention of staying.Their greatest wish was to accumulate as much money as possible and return to China.在美国，存在两种对立的观点。一方面，华人被看成廉价的劳动力，为这个国家的财富积累提供了必要的人力资源，大多数通常从事危险的职业。另一方面，又有人污蔑他们是这个国家的“祸根”。有些美国人赞扬中国人，另一些人则指责他们是恶棍。还有些人忧心忡忡于如果所有移民都决定留下来可能会发生的问题。然而，他们的担心毫无道理，因为大多数华人并没打算留下来。他们最大的愿望就是尽可能地攒钱，然后回到中国。

Guilds(行会,协会)were set up to provide lodging and employment for the emigrants, for a fee of course.The fee ensured that the worker would be paid a decent wage and that his employer would not deceive him.The accumulated fees amounted to a large sum, allowing the Guilds to help those who were ill or out of work.They not only saw that the worker received whatever was due to him, they also made him pay all his debts.The worker wasn‟t allowed to return to his own country without a certificate from his agent stating he owned nothing.为移民提供食宿和就业的行会建立了起来。当然，这是要付钱的。所付费用可以保证工人得到合理的工资，不受雇主欺骗。会费累积到很大一笔的时候，行会就能够帮助生病或失业的人。他们不仅要注意工人是否得到应得的收入，还要使他还清所有的债务。没有其代理人出具的无欠债的证明，工人是不允许回到自己国家的。

Many Chinese were able to save a portion of their earnings to take with them to their family back home.Often, after workers returned to China, they would revisit North America to accumulate more money.Before being allowed to board a ship in China, however, they had to prove that they were going to their own free will and were under no labor contract.Before the ships set sail.The authorities would visit to guarantee that all on board had their ticket stamped and were not leaving the country against their will.很多华人能够存下一部分收入，回家时带回他们的祖国。工人们回到中国后，常常会再次到北美挣更多的钱。然而，在中国，被允许上船之前，他们必须证明自己是自愿走的，并不是受劳动合同的约束。在开船之前，当局会上来检查，保证船上所有的人都检过票，并且不是违反他们的意愿离开这个国家的。

Yip Sang, born in Canton(广州旧称)in 1845, left China at the age of nineteen to seek his fortune in America.After arriving in San Francisco in 1864, he earned a living by working first as a dish-washer, then as a cook, and finally as a cigar roller.From the outset, he perceived that if he was patient and could represent the best of his race, his merits would be recognized.Possibly the attraction of high wages rumored to be offered by Canadian railroad companies roused Yip San to leave San Francisco.He arrived in Vancouver in 1881 and worked on the western portion of the Canadian pacific Railroad from 1882 until 1884, first as a book-keeper, then as a time-keeper, and finally as a paymaster(出纳员), before being promoted to Chinese superintendent(主管)for the supply company.The promotion made him responsible for hiring on contract and transporting thousands of men from China to work on the railway line in British Columbia.He supervised(监督,管理)some six to seven thousand Chinese workers during the peak of the construction.阿寿，1845年出生于广东，19岁时离开中国到美国谋生。1864年到达旧金山后，靠打工过活，先是当洗碗工，然后是厨师，最后是雪茄卷烟工。从一开始，他就认识到，只要他有耐心，能够表现出最佳的能力，就会实现他的价值。也许是受传闻中加拿大铁路公司所给的高工资的吸引，阿寿离开了旧金山。1881年他到温哥华。1882年至1884年，他在加拿大太平洋铁路的西段工作。先是做簿记员，然后是记工员，出纳员，最后被提拔为供应公司的华人主管。这次晋升使他负责雇佣合同的事务，他把几千人从中国运送到不列颠哥伦比亚的铁路线上工作。在建设高峰期间，他管理的华工达六、七千人。

In 1885, he returned to China using the money he had saved from his CPR job.He remained there from 1885 until 1888, while there he married four different wives, a regular occurrence at the time for wealthy young men.He and his first wife, Lee She, had a son and a daughter.Lee She became gravely(严重的)ill after their marriage and urged Yip Sang to take another wife, one who could be able to take good care of their children.Wong She, Yip Sang‟s second wife, was very young with “sensitive” eyes, but did not meet with the approval of Lee Shee.She insisted he should marry third time, and this time choose someone more suitable to care for the children.Dong She, wife number three, was more mature and had the capacity to supervise the household and the children.Dong Shee convinced Yip Sang to take a fourth wife, Chin She, whose primary role was to be Dong She‟s companion.With his four wives, Yip Sang had 23 children, one of whom became the first Chinese Canadian doctor to be recognized in Canada.In 1888, Yip Sang returned to Canada with three wives——Lee She died before they left.1885年，他用在加拿大太平洋铁路公司挣的钱回到中国，并从1885年住到1888年。在那里，他娶了四个妻子。那时，对富有的年轻人来说这种情况很普遍。他和他的第一位妻子李氏有一个儿子和一个女儿。李氏在婚后得了重病，力劝他再娶一位妻子，以便照顾他们的孩子。他的第二位妻子汪氏，很年轻，有一双“多情”的眼睛，但却得不到李氏的认可。她坚持要他再结第三次婚，这次一定会选一个能够照顾孩子的。第三位妻子董氏比较成熟，有能力管理家务和照顾孩子。董氏又说服他要了第四位妻子金氏，她的主要角色是董氏的帮手。他与他的四个妻子有二十三个孩子，其中一个成为加拿大知名的第一位加籍华人医生。他和他的三个妻子于1888年回到加拿大——李氏在他们走之前已经去世。

On his return to Canada he undertook a new enterprise.He became a merchant, opening an import-export business in the heart of Vancouver's Chinatown.Wing Sang Company specialized in goods imported from China.The company provided Chinese Canadians with merchandise(商品)not readily available in Vancouver and exported Canadian foodstuffs(食品)to China.这次回到加拿大，他创办了一家新企业。他成了一位商人，在温哥华唐人街的中心地段开了一家进出口公司。Wing Sang公司的业务是从中国进口货物。该公司为华裔加拿大人供应在温哥华不容易买到的商品，并把加拿大的食品出口到中国。

His formula of pouring as much money as he could afford into building and expansion couldn‟t help but succeed.In 1889, Yip Sang bought land on Pender Street in Chinatown and began construction of a complex, which still stands today.Initially(最初)being a two-story building with a ground floor storefront and a second floor residence, it was probably the first in Chinatown to be built of durable brick.Customers of the store walked on wooden platforms covering the unpaved dirt streets to avoid tracking the dust and mud into the building.他倾其所有投资房地产的方式和扩展经营的方法大获成功。1889年，阿寿在唐人街的彭得街买地，开始建一座综合大楼，这座大楼至今犹在。最初是一座两层大楼，一楼作店面，二楼住人，这也许是唐人街上用耐用砖建造的第一座楼房。顾客进商店前，要走过铺在土路街上的木板平台，以免把灰尘和泥土带进屋里。

With the tone of success, Yip Sang added to his building.In 1901, he widened the street to accommodate three more shops, each with a second story above.He also added a third floor to the original building in the same year.In 1912, to house both his growing family and his business, he built a new six-story brick building behind the old one and connected to it by a narrow corridor at ground level, and by an enclosed stairway extension on the third floor that stretched above the alley between the two buildings.Most of the new building was used to warehouse goods for the import/export business.伴随成功的步伐，阿寿扩建了他的房屋。1901年，他加宽了街道以适应另外三个商店的需要，每个都是两层的。同年，他在原来的房屋上加了第三层。1912年，为满足不断增长的家庭和事业的用房需要，他在旧房子的后面建了一座六层的砖房。两座房屋之间的地面有个狭小的走廊相连，在三楼上架设了一个跨过两座楼之间小巷的楼梯。大多数房间用于储存进出口货物。

Yip Sang‟s involvement(卷入)with shipping companies and his own business demonstrated his understanding of the freight industry and his ability to work fluently in both Chinese and English languages.In 1889, the CPR rehired Yip Sang to act as their Chinese Passenger Agent for their Canadian Steamship Line, a position he held until his death in 1927 at the age of 82.阿寿与船运公司的联系以及他自己的事业，展示了他对运输业的了解和熟练使用汉语和英语工作的能力。1889年，加拿大太平洋铁路公司再次请他担任加拿大轮船公司的华人旅客代理。他担任这个职务一直到1927年82岁去世时为止。

The demand for salted herring(鲱鱼)in china, in conjunction with huge catches being brought in by the fishing fleet, spurred Yip Sang to build a fish packing plant in Nanaimo.The success of this plant led to the opening of a second plant on Vancouver Island soon afterward.Both plants were staffed by large numbers of Chinese workers and helped establish sizeable(相当大的)Chinese community in Nanaimo‟s downtown core.对中国咸鲱鱼的大量需求，再加上渔船船队带回来的巨大捕获量，促使阿寿在南奈莫建立了鱼片加工厂。这个厂的成功又促使他不久就在温哥华岛开了第二家。两个厂雇佣了大量的华工，帮助在南奈莫城中心建立了一个很大的华人社区。

Consistent with Yip Sang‟s devotion to growth and improvement, he promoted and fostered(支持)education.Not only did he found the Ok Kuo Night School, he also served as its principal for over ten years.His children went to public school, but they also received schooling at home from tutors hired from Hong Kong to teach them Chinese.Yip Sang took great pleasure in quizzing his offspring(子女,后代)about their lessons.His philosophy was that by moderating the children‟s Canadian education with fundamental Chinese, the equation would result in well-rounded, responsible citizens.与对事业发展壮大的投入相一致的是，阿寿支持和鼓励教育。他不仅建了Ok Kuo夜校，还担任这所学校的校长达十多年。他的孩子们进的是公立学校，但他们在家还要接受教育。他从香港雇来家庭教师教他们汉语。阿寿以极大的兴致关心孩子们的学习。他的哲学是，把基础汉语加入到孩子们的加拿大教育中，综合起来将培养出更全面、更负责的公民。As a keen advocate of education in Canada, Yip Sang also sponsored education abroad in China.The ling-nan University and Toi-shan Middle School in his hometown of Canton were established with his help.作为一个加拿大教育的热心倡导者，身在国外的阿寿还赞助中国的教育。他家乡广东的Ling-nan大学和Toi-shan中学就是在他的帮助下建立的。

Throughout his life, he maintained an active role in Vancouver‟s Chinatown.He was one of eleven men, his contemporaries, who founded the Chinese Benevolent(慈善的)Association, one component of which looked after the ill, elderly or destitute(贫困的)Chinese in the absence of their families.纵观他的一生，他始终是温哥华唐人街里的活跃人物。他是当时一起建立华人慈善协会的十一个人之一，协会有一个部门是照顾无家可归的生病、年迈或有困难的华人的。When he died at the age of 82, Yip Sang was not only one of the wealthiest merchants in Vancouver;he was also considered a pillar of the community.Yip Sang‟s descendants(后裔,后代)continue to honor his values and remain active in the Vancouver Community.在他82岁去世的时候，阿寿不仅是温哥华最富有的人之一，还被认为是社会的栋梁。阿寿的后代一直以他的成熟为荣，继续在温哥华社会中发挥着积极的作用。

6、An Ideal Position [理想职业] Life is good.My career in elementary education in Canada is now just a fond memory.I think back on the many years of service and I recall the many classed I taught, the different schools I worked at, the countless staff meetings I attended and the many committees I served on.I estimate that the number of faculty members I worked with over the years is in the hundreds and well over a thousand students have called me teacher.Is it any wonder that I can say that I always felt comfortable walking in school corridors? 生活是美好的。在加拿大教小学的职业生涯，如今成了美好的回忆。回顾多年的工作，我想起了我教的许多班级，我工作过的多所学校，我出席过的数不清的教职员工会议，以及我参与服务的众多委员会。我估计，这些年来，和我一起工作过的同事有好几百人了，而有一千多名学生叫过我老师。我要是说我走在学校走廊上总是觉得很愉快，没什么奇怪吧？ Sometimes I worked with students at the intermediate level.In Canada, students at that level are youth in their preteen(青春期前的)years as well as teenagers.When I decided to retire, I knew that the first step in the procedure was to write a letter to my employer, a school board, to resign my position.I postponed mailing the letter.I was reluctant to add the postage to the letter, knowing that once I mailed it, the decision could not be reversed.有时，我的工作是教中年级的学生。在加拿大，这个阶段的学生和十几岁青少年都是青春期前的孩子。

当我决定退休的时候，我知道办手续的第一步是写一封信给我的老板，即学校董事会，要求辞去我的工作。我推迟了寄信。我不太愿意把邮票贴到信封上，因为我知道一旦把信寄出，这个决定就不能更改了。

Because I was a veteran teacher of many years, I would be eligible to receive a pension.I calculated that the revenue(收入)I would receive each month would be sufficient to sustain my current lifestyle.If I was smart about my spending habits, I might even have a surplus of money.I certainly would not need to pinch every penny.I knew the money would not come to me in the form of a check.Instead, it would be deposited directly into my bank account.I could withdraw cash from my investments if I needed to supplement my income, my credit rating would allow me to be eligible for a loan when some unforeseen(预料不到的)financial crisis a rose.I knew, therefore, that there was no reason to panic, as my future was secure even if inflation increased or a recession occurred.In either case my income would only be minus a few dollars, a fraction of the total amount.因为我是工作多年的老教师，我有资格领取一份退休金。我算出我每月领到的退休金足够维持我现在的生活方式。如果在花钱时精打细算，我甚至可能还有剩余。当然，我不需要去节省每个便士。这些钱不会以一张支票的形式发到我手上，而是直接存入到我的银行账户。如果我需要补贴收入，可以撤回一些投资换成现金。而且，我的信用等级使我有资格在出现无法预料的财政危机时得到银行贷款。因此，我知道没有理由惊惶失措，即使是通货膨胀或者出现经济衰退，我的将来也是有保障的。不论出现哪种情况，我的收入只不过是减少这些钱，那只是总数中的一小部分而已。

I decided to take the plunge, but waited another fortnight before I mailed the letter.I even paused briefly(简短的,暂时的)with the letter part way into the mail slot(投信口,狭缝)before I thrust the letter into the mailbox.I knew that the simple act of mailing that letter would alter my life.我决定冒险一试，但我又等了两个星期才把信发出去。甚至在信已经部分插入投信口时，还犹豫了一会儿才把它推进邮筒。我知道寄出这封信的这一简单举动将改变我的生活。I looked for clues to determine how striking the changes in my daily life would be.How would I spend my time? In spite of having many long yearly vacations when I could pursue other interests, I had not bothered to make an earnest effort to confine my activities to one particular hobby.Would I find life as a retiree boring? What new adventures might await me? Would I use my time to volunteer at a hospital or maybe work for a local charity? Maybe I would apply for membership in a golf league.Maybe I would donate(捐赠)my time and work with the Better Business Bureau.I night decide to enter local politics and run for a position on town council or I could run for the position of Deputy Mayor of my town, or maybe even consider submitting my name to be a candidate in an election for member of parliament(国会).I would need to campaign and then wait to see if people would vote for me on Election Day at the polls.我在寻找一些线索，以便决定如何就会日常生活的改变。我该如何消磨时光？尽管有了很多一年一次的假期，可以让我追求其他的兴趣爱好，我还是想尽力把我的活动放在追求一个特别的爱好上。我会厌烦退休人员的生活吗？会有什么新的冒险生活在等着我吗？我会利用我的时间在一所医院或者本地的一家慈善机构做自愿服务者吗？也许我会申请成为一个高尔夫球协会的会员。也许我会把时间贡献出来为商业扶助局工作。我可以决定进入本地的政界，竞选市议会议员的位置，或者可以竞选一下本市的副市长，甚至可以考虑让自己成为国会议员选举中的一位候选人。我需要参加竞选活动，然后，等着看是否有人会在选举日到投票处把票投给我。

In spite of the fact that the possibilities all had merit, I had to admit that I only had a superficial interest in pursuing any of them.In fact, I was indifferent to most of the options.Did I think they might interfere with other commitments(义务,委托)or mean I would have to cancel other appointments? Or was I just too attached to the idea of teaching, feeling that it formed part of my identity? 尽管这些可能的选择都是有益的，我必须承认我对它们之中的任何一个都没有多大兴趣。事实上，我对其中的大多数选择都不动心。是否因为我认为它们可能干扰我决定要做的其他事情，或者意味着我将不得不取消其他的约会呢？还是我对教书的想法太执着，觉得那已经成为我自身的一部分？

I examined my emotions about the new direction my life would take.Would retirement add a new dimension to my life and multiply my feeling of satisfaction or would the world apprehension(理解,领悟)be more applicable? 我在心里仔细衡量着我的新生活究竟要走向何方。是退休给我的生活带来一种全新的方式，使我倍感称心呢，还是（走出去与人）沟通交流更切实可行？

Did I feel guilty about not being gainfully(有利益的)employed when I was qualified and capable? As a certified(被证明的)teacher, did I feel obligated to work in the field of education? Did I feel entitled to sleep in late each day, or would that bother my conscience? Would I simply grow old gracefully or would feel that ridiculous? 当我够资格有能力但没被高薪聘用时，我会觉得惭愧吗？作为一个有执业资格的教师，我是觉得有义务在教育领域里工作吗？我觉得有资格每天睡懒觉呢，还是那样会使我良心不安？我是这样悠闲地衰老下去呢，还是会觉得那样很可笑？

My instincts told me that although I would feel grateful for my good health, curiosity about other countries and lifestyles would overtake the desire to spend my time with senior citizens, playing board games, such as chess all day.Wouldn‟t I rather learn about other cultures and at the same time be an ambassador for my own country? 我本能地告诉我，尽管我觉得身体很健康，应该保持，但对其他国家和其他生活方式的好奇心，超过了希望把时间花在与老人们整天玩像国际象棋这样的棋盘游戏上。难道我不能学习其他文化，同时做一名我自己国家文化的使者吗？

I began to inquire about opportunities and whenever I searched the internet for jobs, I always seemed be drawn like a magnet to the category of teaching.It did not take long before I found that there were countless positions available in many countries.Amid the listings I identified several that were for teaching positions in China.我开始寻找机会，每当我搜索互联网寻找工作时，我总是像一块磁石一样被吸引到教学目录上。没过多久，我就发现在许多国家可以得到数不尽的工作。在这些目录表中，我挑选了几个在中国的教书工作。

I decided that I would communicate with some of the people offering these positions.I sent e-mails and made phone calls to several prospective(可能的,未来的)employers.The feedback that I got from most of them was that they expected me to bring all the resources necessary.How could I pack enough in my baggage to provide what was needed? I was inclined to look for a situation where books were provided.I wanted to sign a contract for only one semester but found that most positions were for one or two years.I could sympathize with the amount of paper work needed to arrange for a person to accept one of those positions and realized that it was wiser for people to spend a year or two in one location.I attended seminars by companies trying to recruit teachers.I found several companies that captured my interest.我决定与提供这些工作的人联系。我给几个有希望雇用我的雇主发电子邮件，打电话。他们中的大部分回答说，他们希望我带上所有必需的资料。我怎样才能在我的行李中装上足够的东西以备所需呢？我倾向于找一个能提供书籍的地方。我只想签一个学期的合同，但发现大多数的职位是一年或二年。我可以理解，要安排一个人担任其中一个职位，要做的工作量相当大，并认识到受聘人员在一个地方呆一年或两年是更明智的。我参加了想招聘老师的公司的讨论会。我发现了几个我感兴趣的公司。

I began to review my options.I asked specific questions about the positions with companies that sincerely interested me.I inquired about how many suitcases I would be allowed to bring and what the living accommodations would be.It was refreshing to realize that there was a big demand for people who could teach English.Several positions seemed superior in their benefits and they sparked my interest even more.I especially wanted to teach students at the secondary or high school level rather than middle school.我开始核实我的选择。我向真正对我感兴趣的公司问了几个特定的有关职位方面的问题。我询问我可以带多少个手提箱，食宿条件如何。了解到对教英语的人有这么大的需求，真是令人振奋不已。有几个职位在待遇方面好像不错，这更加激发了我的兴趣。我特别想教的是高中而不是初中。

I could hardly believe that I was contemplating(盘算,思量)dong this at this age of my life.At times I felt that it was a radical idea but I also realized that I had always had the desire to have this kind of experience but circumstances never seemed quite right.Now they were.I decided to proceed.我几乎不相信在我一生中的这个阶段还希望做这件事。有时，我觉得这是一个过激的想法，但是我也知道我一直有想获得这种经历的欲望，只是环境从来没有这么合适。现在是时候了。我决定坚持下去。

I made an oral agreement with a company.I read their written contracts, clause by clause;to be sure nothing had been omitted from the oral agreement.In spite of wanting the clause about staying two years to be deleted, I signed the legal contract after a few minor changes were made and initialed in the margin.我与一家公司达成了一个口头协议。然后我一条一条地读了他们的书面合同，确信没有从口头协议中漏掉什么。尽管很想删掉关于工作二年的那一条，但在做了一些较小的变动后，我签了法律合同并在页边签字。

There were many details to consider.After choosing the company that I wanted to work for, I still had to take a long time look at my circumstances.I decided that I would sell my car, put my personal belongings in storage and rent my house.A lot of time and effort was required to make all the arrangements.I decided to tackle(解决)one aspect at a time.还有很多细节要考虑。在选定了我要去工作的公司后，我还花了很长时间认真地考虑我现在的状况。我决定卖掉我的汽车，把我的个人财产保存好，并把我的房子租出去。做好所有这些安排要花许多时间和精力。我决定一件一件来处理。

The first thing I targeted was to sell my car.As a matter of principle, I felt that the value of the car would depreciate(贬值,跌价)over the time I was out of the country.The sensible strategy was to sell it.Fortunately, my niece wanted to buy the car.我要做的第一件事是卖掉我的汽车。事实上，我觉得在我出国这段时间里汽车会贬值，明智的办法就是卖掉它。正好，我的侄女想买这辆汽车。

I made a list of things to take with me.I was advised to take auxiliary light.I packed battery-operated flashlights to be used to case of power failure.I included a waterproof jacket in case I needed to walk to school in the rain.我列出了一个我要带走的物品的清单。有人劝我带上辅助照明设备。我在包里装进了使用电池的手电筒，以备万一停电时使用。我也没忘带上一件防水夹克，以防下雨时需要步行。I needed to sort my belongings.I had to decide what to save and what to pitch out.For example, I decided I no longer needed my typewriter, as I only used my computer for word processing now, so I decided to give it away.我需要的把我的财产分类。我必须决定哪些东西保留，哪些东西扔掉。例如，我决定不再需要打字机了，因为现在我只用计算机作文字处理，于是我决定把它赠送给别人。

I made many lists and developed a cold as a way to catalogue my possessions.As I packed items in cardboard boxes, I made a list regarding the contents on the outside of each box.I packed dishes in towels to protect them.Many times I had to undo a box because I forgot to list the contents.When I finally snapped the lid of a box shut, I sealed it with transparent tape and checked to be sure that it would not loosen.I also included another tag, which gave each box a number because all cardboard boxes look identical.I was careful not to abbreviate(缩写)the names of items in the lists lest that would mislead me as to the contents.I continued with this method, which also created an index of items.It seemed the rational way to coordinate and organize things.I remarked many times during this phase of my preparations that I had not realized I had so much gear.我做了许多目录，还作了编码，作为对我的东西进行分类的一个办法。当我把这些物品装入纸板箱时，在每个箱子的外面，我再作一个所装物品的目录。我用毛巾把盘子包起来保护它们不会破碎。有很多次，我因为忘记列出所装的东西而不得不再次把箱子打开。当我在最后啪嗒一声关上箱子盖子的时候，我就用透明胶带把它封好，并进行检查，确信它不会松动。我还准备了另一个标签，为每个箱子编一个数字，因为所有的纸板箱看上去是一样的。我很小心，不在目录中缩写每一件的名字以免使我认错里面的东西。我继续使用这个方法，还编制了一个物品索引。看来这是一个组织协调的合理方法。在准备期间，我多次感叹，我怎么会有这么多杂物。

At times I had to laugh at myself.My activities seemed like they would make a good script for a comedy.Maybe I should write a play about what I was doing and copyright it.It certainly would be good for a few scenes on a soap opera.有时，我不得不自我解嘲。我的活动好像可以作为一出喜剧的好素材。也许我应该把我正在做的事情写成一个剧本并取得版权，作为一出肥皂剧里面的几幕肯定是不错的。

On the spur of the moment I decided to loan my sofa and my rug to my niece who was moving to a larger home.That would mean a few less things to put into storage.I fulfilled my obligation to provide proof of good health.I had a chest x-ray taken.I had a complete physical examination.I had dental check up.Because my health reports all indicated I was in excellent health, all of the health care professionals I visited encouraged me to pursue my adventure.I renewed my passport, my proof of identity as a Canadian citizen.I knew that once I arrived in China I would also be registered with the Canadian Embassy.我不假思索地就决定把我的沙发和我的小地毯借给我的侄女，她就要搬到一个较大的家了。这意味着可以少储藏几件东西了。我履行了提供身体健康证明的义务。我作了X光胸透，还作了一个全面的体检，并且检查了牙齿。因为所有的健康报告都表明我身体很好，我拜访过的那些保健专家都鼓励我去从事我的冒险活动。我延长了护照的期限，那是确认我是一个加拿大公民的证明。一旦抵达中国，我要在加拿大使馆登记。

My family‟s reaction when I told them about my plans was as expected.Although they sanctioned my idea and supported me the endeavor(努力,尽力), they were sad to think that I would be half way across the world for such a long time.The frown on my grandson‟s face told me that the situation would be especially difficult for him and that he might feel neglected by me.当我把我的计划告诉我的家人时，他们的反应和我预料的一样。虽然他们同意我的想法而且尽力支持我，但想到我要横跨半个世界，离开如此长的时间，他们还是有点难过。我孙子眉头紧锁的表情告诉我，他尤其难过，他可能觉得我忽视了他。Although I could scarcely argue with the comments of my family about their feelings, for their sake I talked about the time away from home as if it was just a few short days.I would be backing home before they knew it.They suggested that I come back after one year for the summer and then return for the second year.I agreed to this plan.对于我家人的担心，虽然我不用就他们的意见进行解释，但为了让他们放心，我说这次离家的时间就好像只是短短几天罢了，不知不觉我就回家了。他们提议我在一年之后回来过夏天，然后再返回去继续第二年的工作。我同意了这个计划。

Five years ago, would I have thought that this was in the realm of possibility? I doubt that I would have.But here I am in China, in my second year of living in this amazingly progressive civilization, and I can honestly say that I have never once regretted my decision to teach in China.I must also admit that I have learned far more from my students than they have learned from me.I admire their thirst for knowledge and they seem to thrive on challenges.They never seen tempted to take a short cut, always working hard and giving a supreme effort.Their tolerance for their English teacher‟s lack of familiarity with Chinese customs has been appreciated.They always are positive in their attitudes toward me and have helped me whenever they could.At times they have insisted on doing things for me that was capable of doing myself.It has become a habit to surrender to their wishes to assist.One student in particular always takes on the job of carrying my packages, saying that it is his pleasure to be my porter.在五年前，我会想到这是可能的吗？我想我不会。但是，现在我就在另，已经是在这个正以惊人的速度前进的文明国度里的第二年了。我可以真诚地说，对于在中国教书的决定，我从不曾后悔过。我还得承认，我从学生们那里学到的东西，远多于他们从我这里学到的。我钦佩他们对知识的渴望，他们含金量在挑战之中成长。他们从不设法走捷径，总是刻苦学习，付出最大的努力。他们对他们的英语老师对中国习俗缺乏了解的宽容，值得赞赏。他们总是以肯定的态度待我，并且尽可能给我帮助。有时，他们要坚持为我做我能够做的事。满足他们要帮忙的愿望已经变成一个习惯了。有一个学生很特别，总是干帮我提包的事，说他很高兴当我的搬运工。

When I started to plan this adventure I had only a vague idea of what the country of china would be like.I could recognize their flag but was not even familiar with their national anthem(国歌).My comprehension of the customs of the country was very limited I felt almost ashamed at how little I knew.I did not know if they used the metric or the imperial(英制的)system of measurement.Would I buy fluids such as milk and soda in quarts or liters? Would I need to learn the Chinese word for gram or for inch? Indeed I had never heard the word „jin‟ before.当我开始计划这次冒险时，对于中国到底是个什么样子，我只有一个模糊的概念。我可以认出他们的国旗，但还不熟悉他们的国歌。我对这个国家的习俗的了解也非常有限。我觉得惭愧得很，我知道得太少了。我不知道他们是用公制还是英制单位。我要按夸脱还是按升去买牛奶和苏打等液体商品？我需要学习表示“克”或“英寸”的中国字吗？的确，我以前从未听到过“斤”这个字。

I knew little about the food I would be eating.Would dairy products such as skim milk and cheese and yoghurt(酸酪)be available? Would I eat only rice and noodles or would the variety of foods be endless? May be I would be enjoying a rack of lean pork ribs as a delicious treat.I was unaware that there were so many dialects in the Chinese language.I had no idea how I would communicate but when I arrived in china, I soon found myself having a limited dialogue with Chinese people.They would try to speak a few words of English and I would attempt a few words in Chinese.However, I resorted to sign language more than words.对于我将要吃的食品，我知道得很少。可以买到像脱脂牛奶、乳酪和酸酪这样的奶制品吗？我只能吃米饭和面条，还是有各种各样的食品？也许我能享受到作为美味款待的烤瘦肉猪排。我不知道汉语有这么多方言。我一点儿不知道如何进行交流，但是当我抵达中国后，很快发现我自己可以和中国人进行有限的对话。他们常常试着说几句英语，而我就尝试几句汉语。不过，我借助手势语的时候超过口语。

How much I have learned!It has been a wonderful, rewarding experience and the one comment that comes to my mind is “I wouldn‟t have missed it for the world!”

我居然学了这么多！这真是一次令人愉快的、十分有益的经历。这使我想起了一句话，就是“无论如何我没有错过它！”

7、A History of Christmas [圣诞节的历史] Christmas is the most cheerful and holy of holidays in the Christian world, which boasts of an estimated 1.8 billion people.Although the origin of this holiday was purely religious, it has evolved into a highly secular(长期的,世俗的)celebration each year.However, strong religious components are still conveyed in various ways each year.The two are intrinsically(本质上的,完全的)mixed in the midst of modern commercialism(商业主义)and attached to.圣诞节是号称有大约18亿教徒里的基督教世界里最愉快、最神圣的节日。尽管这个节日的起因纯粹是宗教性的，但它已演变成了每年的非常世俗化的庆祝活动。不守，纯粹宗教性的部分每年还是在以各种方式进行着。二者在现代重商主义中，很自然地融合在一起。Christmas day fall on December 25th each year, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ, the son of a carpenter living over two thousand years ago.Christianity(基督教), the movement following the teachings of Christ, roused the world over the next many centuries.It is said that the first celebration of Christmas took place in 336 A.D.in Ancient Rome.No one seems to know for sure if December 25th was actually the date of Christ‟s birth, but it is possible that Christian leaders in Ancient Rome wanted to replace pagan(异教的)religious holidays that occurred around the same time.圣诞节时值每年的12月25日，是耶稣基督的诞生庆典，他是两千多年前的一个木匠的儿子。基督教，这场追随基督教义的运动，在接下来的几个世纪里影响了全世界。据说，圣诞节的第一次庆祝活动是在公元336年的古罗马举行的。好像没有人能肯定12月25日就是基督的实际诞生日，而更有可能的是，古罗马的基督教领导人想要以此取代几乎同时举行的异教徒的宗教节日。

Many secular symbols of Christmas have emerged over several centuries.Santa Claus, in his present form, is a fairly recent development whereas his origin, in part, goes back to Roman times.St.Nicholas was an early Christian Bishop(主教)of Patara of the Lycian seaport(in present-day Turkey)in the 4th century A.D.The Roman Emperor Diocletian, who persecuted Christians, imprisoned(监禁,关押)him because the practice of Christianity was illegal.The first Christian Emperor of Rome, Constantine, later released him.Nicholas‟ reputation for generosity(慷慨,大方), kindness and miracles earned him a widespread reputation and eventually sainthood(圣徒).He is said to have brought back life to the children who had been chopped into pieces by their butcher father.He is reputed to have placed some gold coins in stockings, hung by a fire to dry by three poor girls.He had hoped that the girls would be able to use the money to marry to avoid living on prostitution(卖淫), the common destiny(命运)of such girls at that time.From this gesture came the tradition of empty oversize(特大的)stockings hanging on fireplaces at Christmas time for Santa to fill with little gifts.From these roots, the present-day Santa Claus seems to have emerged.圣诞节的很多世俗象征已经出现好几个世纪了。现在这种形象的圣诞老人，可以说是最近才出现的。然而，他的起源却可以部分追溯到古罗马时代。圣·尼古拉斯是公元4世纪时利西亚海港的帕塔拉(在现今的土耳其)的一个早期的基督教主教。迫害基督教徒的罗马皇帝戴克里以非法宣扬基督教的罪名把他关进了监狱。后来，罗马的第一位信仰基督教的皇帝康士坦丁释放了他。尼古拉斯的慷慨、仁慈和圣迹为他赢得了广泛的声誉，最终被尊为圣徒。据说，他恢复了被他们那屠夫父亲砍成碎片的孩子们的生命。还说他在三个可怜女孩挂起来用火烘烤的长袜子里放了一些金币，希望这些女孩能用这些钱结婚，以免沦为妓女，而在那个时代，这种女孩的命运大多就是这样。在圣诞节，把特大号的空长袜挂在壁炉上面让圣诞老人放一些小礼物的传统，就来自这个故事。根据这些传说，现代的圣诞老人的形象似乎显现出来。In some European countries, the image of Father Christmas is identified more closely with Saint Nicholas than with Santa Claus.The red and white suit, that Santa wears, is said to have come from the traditional color of early Christian Bishops‟ robes.Santa, flying in a sleigh(雪橇)pulled by reindeer(驯鹿), and going down chimneys, originated(起源)from an American poem written in the 1820‟s, another American made an engraving(雕刻术)called “Santa‟s Workshop” in which Santa, is portrayed(描绘,描写)in a lovely sunset, scratching his chin, reading letters and checking a list activities which was revived(复苏,苏醒)every year in music and stories told to children during the yuletide(圣诞季节)(Christmas)season.Every year children write letters to Santa Claus before Christmas, asking him to bring favorite toys.在一些欧洲国家，圣诞老人的形象更多的是与圣?尼古拉斯联系在一起，而不是与Santa Claus联系在一起。圣诞老人穿的红白相间的服装，据说是来自早期基督教主教的长袍的传统颜色。在驯鹿拉的雪橇上飞翔、从烟囱里下来的圣诞老人，源自19世纪20年代克莱门特·摩尔写的一首美国诗“圣诞节的前夜”。19世纪60年代，另一个美国人制作了一幅版画，叫做“圣诞老人的作坊”，上面的圣诞老人被描绘成在美丽的落日余晖下，挠着下巴，读着信，检查一份清单(每年在圣诞节以音乐和故事的形式反复告诉孩子们的各种活动都列在这份清单上)。每年，孩子们在圣诞节之前给圣诞老人写信，请他带来他们最喜欢的玩具。Santa traditionally navigates(航海)the frosty night skies December 24th without using a compass or a chart to plot his course.He, in his sleigh pulled by nine reindeer, usually lands on slippery sloped roofs.Clumsily(笨拙的), with his big bag heaped with toys and slung(用带吊挂)over his shoulder, he jumps down chimney and dumps toys under Christmas trees.Gifts often include a doll for a little girl or a train for a little boy.He does all of this without disturbing the inhabitants.Santa then crawls vertically back up the chimneys and, without a trace, flies off, exclaiming the resounding phrase, “Merry Christmas to all, good night”.He is back at his home at the North Pole before dawn on Christmas morning, tired but very happy after his very speedy sweep around the world.After a big yawn, Santa falls asleep.根据传说，圣诞老人在12月24日深夜，在寒冷的夜空飞翔，不用使用指南针或者地图来计划他的路线。他坐在由九头驯鹿拉着的雪橇上，在通常很滑的斜屋顶上降落。他笨拙地扛着一个装满玩具的大口袋，从烟囱里跳下来，把玩具倒在圣诞树下。礼品中常常有送给小女孩的一个洋娃娃，或送给小男孩的一辆小火车。他无声无息地做着这一切，然后垂直向上从烟囱里爬回去，不留一点痕迹，飞走时大声地说着那句人们熟知的话：“祝大家圣诞快乐，晚安”。在圣诞节清晨破晓之前，他回到在北极的家里。在全世界快速飞奔了一夜，很疲倦却非常愉快。打了一个大呵欠后，圣诞老人就睡着了。

Christmas carols(圣诞颂歌), or Christmas religious songs, began in the middle Ages when people danced and sang religious songs on village greens(central gathering areas in small towns and villages)in Anglo-Saxon England.A Christmas carol today is a religious tune without the dance associated with it.圣诞节颂歌，也叫基督教宗教歌曲，始于中世纪时期。那时，在盎格鲁撒克逊人的英格兰，人们在乡村草地上（小镇或村庄的聚集中心）跳舞，唱宗教歌曲。今天的圣诞节颂歌只是一道宗教曲子，没有与之相配合的舞蹈。

A strong religious tradition today, as in other times, is to go to church at midnight of Christmas Eve or on Christmas morning.A priest may say mass(in a Catholic[天主教的] Church)or preach(宣讲教义)a sermon(布道)about the significance of the birth of Christ.今天的一项强烈的宗教传统，像其他时期一样，是在圣诞节前夕午夜或圣诞节早晨去教堂做礼拜。牧师可能作弥撒（在天主教堂）或者布道宣讲救世主诞生的重要性。

Another very prominent symbol of Christmas is the Christmas tree.There are several explanations for its origin.One story suggests that Martin Luther was walking through a wood on a clear winter night admiring the beauty of the bright stars glowing through the branches of trees.He decided to cut down a small evergreen tree and take it home.He put candles in it to represent the stars he had seen earlier because he wanted to share that beautiful image with his family.圣诞节另一个显著的象征是圣诞树。关于它的起源有好几种说法。有一个故事说，在一个清冷的冬季夜晚，马丁路德走过一个树林，十分惊羡明亮的星光洒过树枝的美丽。他决定砍下一棵常青树带回家。他在树上放上蜡烛代替他看到过的星星，因为他想与家人一起分享那美丽的景色。

Another story tells of the bringing of an evergreen tree inside the home during winter solstice(至日,至点)(December 21st)symbolizing the renewal(复活,复兴)of life in the dead of winter.It became associated with Christmas, which occurs only four days later.The Christmas tree was firmly established as a Christmas symbol by the Germans who eventually brought it to America.In Victorian England, people hung cakes and candies on it and later, fruit made of paper adorned(装饰)the branches.Modern commercial tree decorations appeared in the 1880‟s at Woolworth‟s Department Store in the United States, and electric Christmas tree lights made their debut(初次登场)in 1882.另一个故事讲的是，在冬至(12月21日)这一天，把一棵常青树搬回家，象征着在死寂的冬天生命的复苏。把它与圣诞节联系在一起，只因刚好四天之后便是圣诞节。德国人把圣诞树确立为一种圣诞节的象征，后来又将之带到了美国。在维多利亚女王时期的英格兰，人们把蛋糕和糖果挂在树上，以后，又用纸做的水果装饰树枝。现在商店卖的圣诞树装饰品出现在19世纪80年代美国的伍尔沃斯百货商店，而圣诞树上装彩灯则始于1882年。The first Christmas cards were sent in the 1840‟s in both England and America.Gift giving probably stems from the Bible where it is written that three kings, bearing gifts from the Orient(东方), visited Bethlehem when Jesus was born.We know that St.Nicholas also gave gifts.A later tradition developed, whereby gifts were given on each of the twelve days of Christmas, from December 25th, when Jesus allegedly(据说,传说)was born, to January 6th, when Jesus was apparently baptized(洗涤,实行浸礼)(the Epiphany).There is a popular song called the “Twelve Days of Christmas” that keeps this tradition alive each year.We understand that Macy‟s Department Store in New York City introduced the annual Christmas or Santa Claus Parade during the 1880‟s.Today, in late November, or early December, a Christmas Parade is held in almost every city and town in Europe and America.第一批圣诞贺卡是19世纪40年代在英格兰和美国寄出的。赠送礼物可能源于《圣经》，里面写到，耶稣诞生时三个国王带着礼物从东方来访问伯利恒。我们知道圣?尼古拉斯也送礼物。后来发展起来的传统是在圣诞节的12天里，从声称耶稣诞生的12月25日，到耶稣公开受洗礼的1月6日(主显节)，每天都送礼。有一首叫做“圣诞节的12天”的流行歌曲，使每年的这种传统保持下来。我们知道，每年的圣诞节或圣诞老人游行是在19世纪80年代，由纽约市的梅西百货公司引入的。如今，在11月底或12月初，圣诞节游行几乎在欧美的每个城镇举行。

Early on the night before Christmas(Christmas Eve), children are encouraged to go to bed early if they expect Santa to come.They lay their heads on their pillows with visions of what the next day will bring.Santa is invisible to children since no one has actually seen him, his sleigh, or reindeer on Christmas Eve.圣诞节前的晚上(圣诞节前夕)，孩子们被鼓励说，如果他们希望圣诞老人来的话，就要早些上床睡觉。他们把头放到枕头上时，就在幻想第二天会带来什么东西。在圣诞节前夕，孩子们是看不见圣诞老人的，因为实际上没有人看见过他、他的雪橇以及他的驯鹿。

On Christmas Day, families usually get together for a roast goose or turkey(火鸡)dinner served with mashed(压碎的)potatoes, gravy(肉汁), cranberry sauce, and pie or pudding(一种甜点心)for dessert.Grown-ups will pour a glass or two of wine or other spirits(烈酒).Together, families will openly exchange gifts and gratitude.Children, including cousins, nieces and nephews, often kneel on the floor in front of the tree, excitedly trying to find presents with their names on them.On that day, warm receptions are extended to everyone, friend or stranger.在圣诞节，一家人通常聚在一起吃烤鹅或者烤火鸡，还有土豆泥、肉汤、酸果沙司和作为餐末甜点的馅饼或布丁。大众们会倒上

一、两杯葡萄酒或其他烈酒。聚到一起时，家人们公开地交换礼物和表达感谢之情。孩子们，包括堂、表兄弟姐妹，侄儿、侄女，外甥、外甥女，常常跪在树前的地板上，兴奋地寻找上面定有他们名字的礼物。那天每一个人都会受到热情接待，不管是朋友还是陌生人。

For many merchants, Christmas has become the economic boom season of the year.It is estimated that a major percentage of the annual yield of revenue from sales is generated during the month or more of intense Christmas shopping before Christmas.As a matter of fact, there has been some debate for years that Christmas has become too commercialized and that the true meaning of Christmas is gradually disappearing.An escalating(逐步上升的)tendency has been to buy more and more expensive gifts each year.Some people go into debt, sometimes owing more than they can easily pay back.Some people are personally beginning to rethink(反思)this commercial approach to Christmas.However, toy manufacturers and their contemporaries in advertising make a killing during this period.Christmas shopping hits a peak(最高点,顶峰)on Boxing Day, the day after Christmas, when stores offer great discounts to unload the unsold Christmas merchandise(商品).This is usually the busiest shopping day of the year.对于很多商人来说，圣诞节成了一年中生意电繁荣的时节。据估计，全年销售收入的很大一部分，来自在圣诞节前圣诞大采购的一个多月里。实际上，已经争论多年的话题是，圣诞节太商业化了，而其真正意义在逐渐消失。一个日益明显的倾向是每年要买越来越多的贵重礼物。有些人已经私下开始反思这种圣诞节的商业行为了。玩具制造商及其广告业的同伙们，在这个期间大大地赚了一笔。圣诞采购在圣诞节后的一天即节礼日达到高峰，这个时候商店大打折扣，倾销没有卖完的圣诞商品。通常，这是一年中最忙的采购日。

Christmas has spread far and wide across the globe.My wife and I lived in Beijing last year.During the Christmas season, we saw many Christmas decorations and heard a lot of western Christmas music in department stores.It seemed little different from Toronto, Canada.We celebrated Christmas much as we would have in Canada, except that we weren‟t with our families in our homes during that very special family-oriented holiday season.We have great memories of Christmases of the past and look forward to many more great Christmas memories in the future.圣诞节在全球广泛传播开来。去年，我和妻子住在北京时，在圣诞节期间，我们在百货商店里看到了很多圣诞节装饰品，听到了许多西方圣诞音乐。与加拿大多伦多几乎没什么区别。除了不是和我们的家人在一起，我们就像是在加拿大一样，庆祝了圣诞节。在我们家乡，这个季节是一个特别适合全家一起过的节日。我们对过去的圣诞节还有很深刻的印象，也盼望将来有更多值得回忆的圣诞节。

8、A Time to Say Hello [相知相识] The year began softly.The weather in Southern China was warm and so were the students.The unexpected events of the year to come began to unfold, much too soon to become only an innocent treasured memory.Something precious should be held tight and not let it go.It was to be a year of surprises and a year of love.The Chinese have an expression for it, “Yuan fen”.A westerner would only question why and how.With your permission let us share the experience together.这一年悄然开始了。在中国的南方，气候温暖宜人，学生们热情有加。来年中那些意想不到的事情开始展现出来，很快，又会变成清纯美好的回忆。应当把握真情，不言放弃。那是一年的惊喜，一年的爱意。对此，汉语里有个说法叫做“缘分”。西方人可能只会问为什么，怎么了。要是你愿意的话，那么就请与我一起来分享这段经历吧。

He sat at the front of the classroom looking anxious but attentive.In those first few days, his eyes bright with anticipation(期望)sought approval from me, his teacher.He claims now that he understood very little content in the lessons of the first few weeks.However, he successfully managed to give the appropriate illusion(假象,错觉)of understanding well.He made me laugh and his peering was also delighted in his sense of humor.He dressed with attention to detail, and his neat appearance, whether in jeans or current fashion, was distinct, a cool guy!There was always something enchanting(使迷惑)in his smile, he was charming and handsome and he knew it!Moreover, he was a gentleman.His eyes revealed so much when they crinkled(起皱)with laughter, the mask removed, or conversely remained inscrutable(难以理解的,神秘的)like still pools of liquid chocolate, containing only a hint of belief.他坐在教室的前面，看起来有些焦急忧虑，但很专心。最初的那几天，他那明亮的眼睛里，充满了得到我这个老师认同的渴望。现在，他承认，对于头几个星期的课程，他几乎没听懂。然而，他却设法装成了理解得差不多的样子。我禁不住感到好笑，他那很有幽默感的凝视也显露出高兴的样子。他的穿着很注意细节，外表整洁，不管是牛仔裤还是时装都别具一格，简直酷极了。他的微笑总是那么迷人。他英俊潇洒，讨人喜欢，他自己也深知这一点。而且，他也是绅士。他有时眯着眼笑的时候，就抛掉了所有的掩饰，有时又故作神秘，像一杯平静的热巧克力，叫价难以捉摸。不管怎样，他的眼睛都流露出他的绅士风范。

他第一次写作业，就表露出他喜欢我，并希望我们成为朋友，“非常好的朋友”。那时，我们都没想到这个预言最终会变成现实。我只在心里笑了笑。那是表露我毫不知情的几次笑声中的第一次。从此，他出现在我的课堂和我的生活里。His first writing assignment revealed the fact that he liked me and that he hoped we could be friends, “very good friends”.At that time neither of us suspected just how true that prophecy(预言)would eventually become.Inwardly, I just laughed.This was the first of several laughs that showed how little I understood.His presence permeated(散布,弥漫)my classroom and my world.About a month later our lives began to intertwine(相互缠绕)and the delicately woven pattern of our lives began to become more intricate(错综复杂)in the coming year.Relationships occur on many levels.Layer upon layer must separate in order for us to speak of inner feelings.It is up to the individual to analyze the variety of feelings at each level.大约一个月后，我们的交往变得密切起来。这种精心培植的生活模式，在新的一年中变得更加微妙。关系涉及到诸多层次，只有把各个层次分开，我们才能说出内心感受。我们必须按各自的观点去分析在每个层次的不同感受。

As time passed, we shared our viewpoints and feelings through conversation while chatting(聊天)over tea and coffee, arousing the emotion deep in our hearts.One day flowed smoothly into another.Familiar experience for me proved to be exciting and stimulating for him.Western festival celebrations like Halloween(万圣节前夕), Christmas and Valentine‟s Day(情人节)provided an avenue to celebrate together, to share warmth and good times.Traveling to new places introduce me to an enticing(迷人的)new world.随着时间的流逝，我们快乐地在一起交谈，一边品茶、饮咖啡，一边聊天，述说自己的观点和感受，在我们内心深处涌动着热烈的情谊。不知不觉中，日子一天一天地过去了。我所熟悉的那些感觉竟然也使他兴奋、激动。像万圣节前夕、圣诞节和情人节这些西方的喜庆节日，为我们提供了在一起庆祝的机会，共享温馨美好的时光。我们还到一些新的地方旅游，把我带入一个迷人的新世界。

Every day there was laughter and underlying cares that carried both of us along to some degree of happiness.We learned together English and learned about life that year.Strangely the gap in our ages did not create any barrier for our friendship, he young and vital, and I was feeling young again.He offered his assistance, whenever I needed it.He offered his company for comfort, when death visited my door.What did he drive from this agenda, but a few paltry(不足取的,无价值的)words in a foreign language? May be it was all worthwhile, maybe it will open a window wide and provide a pass port to a new world for his future.每天的笑声和深情的关怀，使我们总是生活在幸福之中。这一年，我们一起学习英语，也学习如何生活。很奇怪，我们的年龄代沟没有给我们的友谊带来一点障碍。他年轻，充满活力。我也感觉自己年轻了。无论我何时需要，他都能提供帮助。当死神光顾我的时候，他陪伴我，给我安慰。从这些事情中，他得到了什么呢？仅仅为了几个微不足道的外语单词？也许那就足够了，或许会为他的将来打开一扇窗户，为他提供一种通往一个新世界的手段。

Time continues to slip by as a rushing river.You no longer inhabit(居住于)my daily world, only my memory.From a distance your voice informs me that you are continuing to learn, you are growing.Some days you are happy, others not quite so much.时间像奔流的江水，不停地逝去。你不再出现在我每天的世界里，只留在了我的记忆中。从你远方传来的声音里，我知道了你在继续学习，不断成长，有时快乐，有时也并不如意。However, here around me, there is nothing, only a ghost-like figure, waving from your window and a familiar waft(飘来)of fragrance(芳香)as I stand alongside your newly occupied desk.There is nothing and yet there is everything.My mind remains idle, with only fragments of images drifting in and out.I can no longer be absolutely certain whether this was only a dream.然而现在，我身边空无一物，只有一个梦幻般的身影从你的窗户里翩然而至，还有那每当我站在你的新课桌旁时那熟悉的气息。一无所有，但又拥有一切。我头脑空空如也，进进出出的都是那些映像的片断。我再也无法肯定这是否只是一场梦幻。

We no longer occupy the same space, but I remind myself that we still occupy the same world.When we chance to meet, hands reach out;hearts embrace, and once again confirm the same magic feeling.Such friendships come rarely in a lifetime.Thereby, I feel blessed(幸福的)and lucky.我们不再拥有同一片空间，但我清楚，我们依然拥有同一个世界。倘若还有机会相遇，我们会伸出双手，真心拥抱，再次重温这奇妙的感觉。真诚友谊，终生难求。对此，我觉得很幸福，很幸运。

9、A Preface to Murder [谋杀端倪] Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.Sometimes life deals a bad hand.Sometimes it is hard to go on.Sometimes evil triumphs over good.有时，事实比小说还离奇。生活有时候使人无助，有时又让人难以为继。有时，邪恶还战胜了正义。

Nancy sighed heavily as she pulled her daughter‟s diary from the drawer.She leaned forward to examine the familiar writing.A postcard with a colored sketch fell onto the floor from the book the drawing was a picture of a long curved sandy beach on a tropical island;of course it would be Montserrat.She felt clumsy as she knelt to retrieve(取回,收回)the picture.Under no circumstances could she forgive or forget the criminals who tortured her beautiful Megan.It was difficult not to feel bitter about the events of the preceding year.She had shed so many tears in the past year since her daughter‟s murder.Nancy recognized that she was suffering from psychological problems and had really become indifferent to the events in her daily life.She began to shake and then to weep.When would there be an answer to this damn nightmare? 南希深深地叹了口气，从抽屉里取出女儿的日记。她身体前倾，仔细地看着那熟悉的笔迹。一张彩色素描明信片从杯子里掉落下来。画面上是一个热带岛屿上一处蜿蜒的沙滩美景。自然，那就是蒙特塞拉特岛。在她屈膝去拣明信片时，她感到手脚有些不听使唤了。她决不会饶恕或忘记那些残害她美丽的梅根的凶手。一想到一年前发生的不幸，南希就禁不住感到痛苦。她抓起一张面巾纸，擦去眼中的泪水。女儿被害后的这一年中，她不知道流了多少眼泪。南希知道自己患上了心理障碍，她确实变得对日常生活中的事情漠不关心了。她身体开始颤抖，接着抽泣起来。这该死的噩梦何时才会一个答案呢？

Megan had attended secondary school at a private girls‟ school five hundred kilometers from home.In junior school she had been a straight A student.Now in high school she continued to study hard, play sports, join the school orchestra, plus a variety of school clubs.As a joke, her friends labeled her a genius, often just to make her angry.As well as being a high academic achiever she had a great capacity for fun.She thrived on an active social life.Slender, pretty and vivacious(活泼开朗的), she was the apple of her parents‟ eye.梅根在离家500公里的一所私立学校上中学。她读小学时就一直是最优秀的学生。现在进了中学，她还是继续努力学习，热爱运动，参加学校的管弦乐队，还加入了学校的各种俱乐部。朋友们在开玩笑时称她为天才，这常常只会使她生气。她不但学习成绩好，也很有情趣。她在丰富的社会活动中茁壮成长。她苗条美丽、活泼大方，是父母的掌上明珠。

Every year in accordance with school policy, a student candidate was chosen to travel and live in another commonwealth(联邦)country for six months.As Megan had an interest in a diplomatic career after completing university, she figure she would be considered a prime applicant if she applied for the position.A detailed essay was necessary to provide the committee with a clear idea of her intention.The selection committee would spend a fortnight reviewing the applications in an attempt to identify the ideal student.Megan also needed to undergo a rigorous personal interview, which would validate(验证)her academic background and evaluate her general behavior.The interview preceded well, Megan taking the initiative to underline her strengths.After school some of her friends gathered for coffee in the café near the school.They confessed to Megan that they were rather envious of the opportunity she might have to live in another country.They enquired about the details of the interview.Two weeks later Megan received a phone call notifying her of the successful results of the interview.按照学校的规定，每年要挑选一名学生到另一个英联邦国家去旅行和生活六个月。因为梅根的计划是在读完她上的大学后从事外交工作，她认为如果提出申请，自己将是被考虑的一个主要人选。这需要向委员会提交一篇文章，明确阐明她的意图。选拔委员会要花两个星期对申请人进行评定，以确定人选。梅根还要接受严格的单独面试，以验证她的学业水平并评估她的综合素质。面试进行得很顺利，梅根积极主动地展示了她的实力。放学后，她与一些朋友聚在学校附近的咖啡馆一块喝咖啡。她们对梅根很坦承对她要在另一个国家生活相当嫉妒。她们还询问了面试的细节。两个星期后，梅根接到电话，通知她成功地通过了面试。Her parents were slightly nervous experiencing some negative feelings about Megan leaving the safety of home to live in another country.They knew the experience would broaden her horizons however, her destination, Montserrat, within the past year had a huge volcano erupt(喷发), disrupting(使中断,扰乱)people‟s lives.Unstable conditions, loss of homes and fear of more eruptions all tended to breed trouble among the poor of the island.Her parents‟ concerns were for Megan‟s safety.对于梅根要离开安全的家到另一个国家去生活，她的父母略感不安，有一些不祥的感觉。不过，他们知道，这次经历将会拓宽她的视野。她的目的地蒙特塞拉特，去年发生了一次巨大的火山爆发，使人民的生活陷于混乱之中。局势动荡、无家可归和对火山再次爆发的恐惧都在困扰这个岛国的穷人。她父母担心梅根的安全。

Departure day dawned clear and bright.Farewells were made to family and friends and she was off for the adventure of a lifetime.Megan‟s arrival on Montserrat was both welcoming and initially uneventful(平静无事的).The island family where she was to live for the next six months, made her feels right at home.As the pace of life on the island was more relaxed that at home, she was very happy.Her new schoolmates included her in their lives and she adapted quickly.Swimming in the warm ocean water, and sitting underneath waving palm trees in a mild climate, was a pleasant change from the cold northern winters.出发的那天清早，天气晴朗。在与家人和朋友们告别后，她踏上了她的冒险旅途。梅根到蒙特塞拉特后受到欢迎，最初也平安无事。她要在岛上住六个月的那个家庭，让她觉得就像在自己家一样。岛上的生活节奏比在家里更轻松，她感到很高兴。她的新同学们接纳了她，把她当作他们当中的一员，她很快便适应了。能够在温暖的海水里畅游，在生长于温和气候带、摇曳的棕榈树下闲坐，与寒冷的北方冬天相比，这种改变令人心旷神怡。One Saturday evening a gang of kids piled into a taxi, heading off for a barbecue(户外烤肉餐)on the beach.Some of the girls decided to walk along the beach.Megan joined them, lagging slightly behind.She knew she ought to hurry to catch up but the moist sand felt good under her feet.Water lapped at her toes;the tide was coming in.the violet light of dusk began to darken the sky.一个星期六的晚上，一帮孩子们挤进一辆出租车，前往海滩吃烧烤野餐。几个女孩子决定沿海滩漫步。梅根也加入进来，跟在后面慢慢地走着。她知道她应该快一点赶上她们，但脚下湿润的沙子让她觉得很舒适。潮水涌来，海水拍打着她的脚趾。紫罗兰色的黄昏降临，天空开始暗下来。

In the growing darkness a van pulled alongside her, stopping with a squeal(尖锐的声音)of brakes.Before she knew what was happening two masked men leapt out of the car and began to chase her, grabbing her and finally throwing her to the ground.The gross attack that followed was brutal and unexplainable.Initially Megan tried to fight off her attackers by clawing at their faces with her nails.Using a coil of rope to bind her hands, the men were free to proceed.First a fist broke her upper jaw leaving her unconscious.Then the hoodlums(无赖,流氓)used a metal rod to crush Megan‟s skull(头颅)and finally a knife blade penetrated her neck piercing an artery(动脉).After the crude act was completed her body was bundled into the back of a cab and discarded in a ditch in an isolated district far from the beach.在越来越暗的夜色里，一辆货车向她身边驶来，在尖锐的刹车声中突然停下。没等她明白过来是怎么回事，两个戴面罩的男人从车上跳出来追上她，抓住她，最后把她摔倒在地。接下来就是不分青红皂白的粗暴殴打。起初，梅根设法反抗袭击者，用指甲抓他们的脸。可他们用一卷绳子绑住她的双手后，他们开始为所欲为。他们先是一拳打破她的上颌，使她昏了过去。然后，这帮流氓用一根金属棒敲碎了梅根的颅骨，最后用刀片扎进她的脖子，刺穿了动脉。暴行结束后，他们把她的尸体捆起来，放到车子后面，再丢弃在远离沙滩的一个偏僻小区的沟里。

Realizing that Megan had disappeared, her friends dialed an emergency number, notifying the authorities of the situation.Once Megan‟s body was discovered, a warrant(通缉令)was issued for the immediate arrest of the two wanted men.Megan‟s parents were notified by the embassy.They in turn retained legal counsel and an intense inquiry began into the case.Those officials with an intimate knowledge of the island felt that the mugging was a case of mistaken identification and a complete misunderstanding(误解), a misguided outlet for mounting frustrations on the island.Megan‟s parents, Nancy and Don, cancelled all their immediate plans and flew to the island.Rather than wait for the small island ship to transport them to the island they were flown in by helicopter.After hiring a lawyer as an advocate for their cause(案件程序), they began to work with the local police tracking down any angle of the case that would bring these creeps first to court and then to trial before a jury, who in turn would convict them to lengthy jail sentences.As the days slipped by without any answers, they experienced severe emotional fatigue and life became a living hell.得知梅根失踪后，她的朋友们拨打了紧急电话，把情况报告给当局。梅根的尸体被发现后，马上发出了立即捉拿那两名凶犯的通缉令。大使馆通知了梅根的父母。他们聘请了法律顾问，并开始紧张地调查此案。非常熟悉这个岛屿的那些官员们认为，这次行凶是一起认错对象的事件，完全是一个误会，罪犯被带错路后错误地登上了这个岛。梅根的父母，南希和唐，取消了他们当时所有的计划，飞往该岛。他们来不及乘坐送他们到岛上去的岛内小船，改乘直升机飞过去。在请了一名律师作为该诉讼案的辩护律师后，他们开始与当地的警察一起工作，收集与此案有关的各种证据，要把那些家伙送上法庭，交陪审团进行审判，判定他们有罪并予以长期监禁。但时间一天天过去，没有任何结果。他们感到身心憔悴，仿佛生活在人间地狱。

The investigation seemed to lag at first, but they were reluctant to interfere.The initial reports from this mess were inconclusive;many of the details not being addressed.As paying clients they lodged a complaint with the Governor of the island.After several months passed, the authorities had a frank discussion with Megan‟s parents stating that as each day passed they were less and less liable to solve the murder.They cited other examples of unsolved cases and encouraged Nancy and Don to return home.Feeling both annoyed and frustrated, they decided they had done all they could here for the moment.调查工作一开始就有些拖沓，但他们不愿意去干预。在这种混乱状况下，最初的报告没有什么结论，很多细节都没有提到。作为付过费用的委托人，他们向该岛总督提出申述。几个月过去后，当局在与梅根父母的一次坦率谈话中明确表示，随着时间一天天过去，查明这宗凶案的希望越来越小。他们还举出其他没有解决的案例作为佐证，劝南希和唐回家。在气恼和失望之余，南希和唐明白目前在这里他们已经无能为力了。

Once at home again, Nancy withdrew from community life choosing to spend her time alone.These days, if you went looking, you could often find Don in a local pub having a pint or two of beer.He, too, is unable to come to terms with the sequence of events that tore his family apart this year.Just thinking about Megan brings a lump to his throat and makes his head spin.回到家中后，南希不再参加社交活动，而是独自一人消磨时光。这些天，要是你出去走走，经常会看到唐正在当地的一个酒吧喝着

一、两杯啤酒。一年下来，他也忍受不了使家庭支离破碎的这一系列不幸事件的折磨。只要一想起梅根，他就喉咙哽咽，天旋地转。As time passed, it was becoming more and more evident that the stack of paperwork pertaining(与…有关系的)to his daughter‟s case was not going to provide any answers immediately, if ever.Tips provided by the public proved to lead nowhere.The records will remain open until the case is solved, however for the moment the natural rhythm of life has been destroyed.Can a family withstand such a tragedy? Only time will tell.随着时间的过去，越来越清楚地表明，有关她女儿案件的那堆文件不会马上给出什么答案，也许永远也不会了。公众提供的线索也得不出什么结果。诉状还会保留，直到破案为止。然而，现在正常的生活节奏被破坏了。一个家庭能够承受得了这样的悲剧吗？只有时间才能回答。

10、Canada Becomes a Nation [加拿大建国] Before Canada became a nation in 1867, the area of North America that now composes Canada was a large expanse of widely scattered communities of British and French origins.It was an area with diverse landscapes that physically divided them from the north of the United States.There was little connection among communities politically or economically.These colonies of British North America traditionally traded with Britain and with the United States, very little among themselves.These colonies even had customs duties that, to some extent, restricted such trade.In the mid 1800s, important events and changes took place.在1867年加拿大成为一个国家之前，组成现在的加拿大的北美地区，辽阔宽广，到处是分散的英国人和法国人的移民社区。这片土地景色多变，很自然观地将其与美国的北方分辨开来。这些社区之间很少有政治或经济上的联系。传统上，这些英属的北美殖民地与英国和美国进行贸易，而相互之间却少有往来。这些殖民地甚至还没有关税，在一定程度上限制贸易往来。19世纪中期发生的几件重大事件，使情况有了变化。

Britain repealed(废除,撤销)the Corn Laws and Navigations Acts, which had been economically beneficial to the colonies at the same rate it applied to all other trading countries, a situation to which the colonies had never been accustomed.英国撕毁了给好几代殖民地人带来经济利益的谷物法和航行法案，并开始对殖民地课以与其他所有贸易国家同样高的税率，这是殖民地从未遇到过的情况。

From 1861to 1864, Americans were involved in a major civil war.Britain had traditional economic ties with the southern part of the United States that provided cotton to British markets.In the meantime, since the war was essentially between the North and the South, the North resented Britain‟s connection with the South.In addition, during the last year(1864)of the American Civil War, the American Government of the dominant and ultimately victorious North, refused to renew a ten-year free trade agreement with United Canada, the large British colony in the central part of British North America.These arbitrary events brought concern and even fear to these colonies.With the loss of traditional trading arrangements and the end of the civil war, the North being victorious, the colonists feared that the Americans might turn on the British colonies in retaliation(报复,报仇)for Britain‟s moral support for the South.1861到1864年，美国陷入全面内战。过去是美国南方为英国市场提供棉花，英国与之有着紧密的传统经济联系。在此期间，由于这实际上是一场南北方之间的战争，北方当然不满英国与南方之间的这种传统关系。此外，在美国内战的最后一年(1864年)，占据优势并最终获胜的北方的美国政府，拒绝延续与联合加拿大——英属北美中部最大的英国殖民地——签订的十年自由贸易协议。这些独断专横的事件带给这些殖民地的是担忧甚至是恐惧。传统贸易协议的废除和以北方作为胜利者的内战的结束，使殖民者们害怕美国人可能会转而对付英属殖民地，以报复英国对南方的道义支持。

The need for new markets, and a solid defense system from potential invasion by the United States, brought an acute awareness to these diverse colonies that they should look to each other for resolutions to these problems.They felt uneasy trying to cope against these adversities(逆境,苦难)on their own.Sir John A.Macdonald from United Canada, the dominant personality at this time, also saw the acceleration of American settlers moving north and spreading throughout the flat prairie(大草原)lands to the west.This would potentially(潜在的)put a wall between the colonies in the East and the lonely western British colony in what is today part of British Columbia on the west coast of North America.Macdonald felt that the situation was urgent.对新市场的需求，以及为了建立对付美国潜在入侵的可靠防御系统，使这些松散的殖民地清醒地认识到，它们应该共同寻求解决这些问题的办法。它们急于设法处理这些难题。联合加拿大的约翰?A?麦克唐纳先生，这个时期的关键人物，也看到美国人加快了向北方移民的速度，从大草原到西部到处都是。这很可能会将东部的殖民地与孤立的西部英属殖民地——北美西岸的现在的英属哥伦比亚的一部分——分隔开来。麦克唐纳感到情况紧急。In the summer of 1864, the maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New found land scheduled a meeting to discuss the possibility of a customs union or free trade area to compensate for the latest setbacks(挫折,失败)in trade relations with Britain and the United States.Macdonald managed to get permission for some delegates from United Canada to attend as observers.For a number of years, United Canada was experiencing problems of political deadlock(僵局).Canada West was predominantly(主要地)English-speaking Canada East was predominantly French-speaking.A central government, set up in 1841, required a majority from both Canada West and Canada East for all legislation to become law.It was very difficult to pass significant legislation when two opposing views were constantly being debated and legislative bills were constantly being defeated.The Canadians saw a new, wider union, a potential new national institution or central government, as a possible solution for breaking out of this constant political disorder.1864年夏，新斯科舍的沿海殖民地，爱德华太子岛和纽芬兰计划召开会议讨论建立关税联盟或自由贸易区的可能性，以弥补最近在与英国和美国贸易关系上遭到的损失。麦克唐纳设法得到许可让联合加拿大的一些代表作为观察员出席。多年来，联合加拿大都面临着政治僵局的难题。加拿大西部以说英语为主，而东部则以说法语为主。1841年成立的中央政府，则要求一切法案成为法律之前，要得到加拿大西部和加拿大东部的多数同意。在两种对立观点争论不休，法律草案一再被否决的情况下，要通过重要的法案非常困难。加拿大人认识到一个更为广泛的新型的联盟，一种可能的新型国家制度或中央政府，可以作为避免这种时常发生的政治混乱的一个可行的解决办法。

The Canadian delegates sailed on board a cruise ship down the St.Lawrence River, into the Gulf of St.Lawrence, to Charlottetown on Prince Edward Island.This convention expanded to discussions of the possibility of all the British colonies uniting into one nation.加拿大的代表们乘坐一艘游船沿劳伦斯河航行到劳伦斯湾，抵达爱德华太子岛的夏洛特敦。在那里，大会广泛讨论了联合所有英属殖民地建立一个国家的可能性。

After much complicated debate at another convention in Quebec City that same year, the delegate submitted a draft of an agreement for the formation of the dominion of Canada.The bulk of the work had been done by a group of men of seemingly high virtue, who became know in history as “the Fathers of Confederation(联邦)”.United Canada was divided into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.Some allowances were given to Quebec because it was a predominantly French-speaking Catholic province and had special needs, unlike other provinces.The colony of Nova Scotia was divided into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.These four provinces formed the original new nation.A flexible approach, in later years, persuaded other colonies to join.同年，在魁北克城的另一次会议上，经过错综复杂的讨论后，代表们提交了一份建立加拿大国家的协议草案。大部分工作是由一些那时德高望重的人完成的，他们成为历史上有名的“联邦国父”。联合加拿大被划分为安大略省和魁北克省。一些特权给了魁北克，因为它与其他省不同，是一个以说法语为主的天主教省，有其特殊需要。新斯科舍和新布伦斯威克。这四个省形成了新国家的雏形。在以后的岁月里，他们以灵活的方式说服了其他殖民地加入了这个国家。

A federal system, with powers distributed between the central and provincial governments, was created.The provinces were assigned powers to have their own governments to deal with more local or provincial issues, the federal system would promote harmony among provinces, with different perspectives on nationhood.This was a compromise, so that the bigger provinces of Ontario and Quebec wouldn‟t completely dominate the smaller provinces.The country was to be called the Dominion of Canada, but would still remain loyal to Britain as a member of the British Empire.一种在中央和省政府之间分享权力的联邦体制创建起来了。各省被赋予权力，拥有自己的政府以处理更多的地方事务。这种联邦体制可望促进各省之间彼此协调，尽管它们站在本民族立场上有不同的观点。这是一种折衷的办法，致使较大的安大略省和魁北克省不能完全支配较小的省。这个国家被称为加拿大自治领，但仍然是大英帝国的一个成员，效忠英国。The new legislation that created Canada was a British act of Parliament called “The British North America Acts of 1867”.Canada officially became a nation on July 1st, 1867.This would be the anniversary occasion each year, for joyous celebration of a national holiday commemoration(纪念,庆祝)the birth of Canada.使加拿大成为一个国家的新法案是一项叫做“1867年英属北美法案”的英国国会法案。1867年7月1日，加拿大正式成为一个国家。每年的7月1日为周年纪念日，在这个法定假日里举行庆典活动，纪念加拿大的诞生。

The development of the country, as we know it today, was an evolutionary(进化的,演变的)process over more than eight decades.Manitoba became a province after some controversial events involving the federal government and the Metis, French-speaking descendants of French fur traders who married American Indian girls.This ethnic(人种的,种族的)group settled near Fort Gary, the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba what is called today.正如我们今天所知道的那样，这个国家在80多年里不断发展演进。在几次涉及联邦政府和梅蒂斯人的有争议的事件之后，马尼托巴成为加拿大的一个省。梅蒂斯人是美洲印第安女孩与法国毛皮贸易商的后裔，讲法语。这个族群定居在加里要塞附近的温尼伯城，即今马尼托巴。

John A.Macdonald, the new and first Prime Minister of the new nation, made a deal with the western-most colony in Vancouver guaranteeing on the building of a railroad from the east to the west if that colony would join Canadian Confederation.The property of the Metis, to which the letter felt legally entitled, was in the path of the new railway.The federal government essentially took the land.The Metis were compelled to move further west, but not without a fight.(The Metis and the federal government were on an inevitable(无法避免的)collision course.Twice, Metis revolts rested the might(权力,威力)of the federal government and relationship between French-and English-speaking in Canada).The federal government was able to defeat the Metis in both clashes.Louis Riel, the leader of the Metis was hanged for treason(叛国,谋反)in 1885 for his leading role in resisting the federal government.He became a martyr to French-Canadians.His death only added fuel to the growing discontent(不满意)between French and English Canada.约翰·麦克唐纳，这个新兴国家的第一任总理，与温哥华的最西边的殖民地达成协议，保证说如果该殖民地加入加拿大联邦，他将建一条从西到东的铁路。梅蒂斯人的地产——他们认为是合法拥有的——正好在这条新铁路线上。联邦政府完全剥夺了他们的土地。梅蒂斯人被迫向西，但并非没有抵抗。(梅蒂斯人不可避免地要与联邦政府进行抗争。他们的对联邦政府的两次反叛考验了联邦政府的权威和说法语与说英语的加拿大之间的关系。)在两次冲突中，联邦政府都成功以失败了梅蒂斯人。1885年，梅蒂斯人的领袖路易斯·瑞尔，因带头试图反抗联邦政府以叛国的罪名被绞死。他成为说法语的加拿大人的死难者。他的遇难对说法语和说英语的加拿大之间日益激化的纠纷无疑是火上浇油。

Throughout this whole period, 1869 to 1885, the federal(or central)government ignored the appeals of the Metis.It appeared that, according to Macdonald and his followers, the creation of the new nation was more important than relieving the plight(困境)of a relatively small minority group.The Metis probably deserved much better of the federal government.Different versions of these events are still debated in Canadian classrooms today.在整个1869年至1885年期间，联邦政府都没有理睬梅蒂斯人的诉求。很显然，在麦克唐纳和他的继任者们看来，建立一个新国家比解除一个相对弱小的少数民族的困境更重要。也许，梅蒂斯人可以享受到联邦政府更好的待遇。今天，在加拿大的教室里，对这些事件的不同看法不在争论不休。

Macdonald was also criticized for concealing the fact that he took some money illegally to complete the railway.In 1873 as “The Pacific Scandal” became known, the construction of the railway suspended temporarily.The determined Macdonald and his government, obsessed(担心,困扰)by the possibility of the Americans moving in and taking over the west, boldly pushed railway construction to completion.麦克唐纳还被指责隐瞒事实，非法挪用资金完成铁路建设。那次有名的1873年的“太平洋丑闻”曾使铁路建设一度停了下来。后来麦克唐纳和他的政府，由于担心美国人入侵并接管西部，坚定果断地推动完成铁路建设。

Manitoba became a province in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873, Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.The admission of Newfoundland into Confederation in 1948 completed the Canadian Confederation of ten provinces from sea to sea, as they exist today.The railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway(CPR)was completed before the agreed deadline.1870年马尼托巴成为一个省，1871年英属哥伦比亚加入，1873年爱德华太子岛加入，1905年艾伯塔和萨斯喀彻温加入。1949年，纽芬兰岛获准加入联邦，使拥有10个省的东岸到西岸的加拿大联邦完整起来，也就是今天的加拿大。那条铁路，即加拿大太平洋铁路在预定完工日期之前也已建成。

Canada‟s becoming a nation was not an easy road.Canada‟s remaining a nation has perhaps been an even harder road.There were many challenges facing it over the first one hundred or more years.The most serious challenge has been, and still is, staying together as a country.Relations between French-speaking and English-speaking Canada have been difficult to improve.This persistent(持续存在的)theme in Canadian history began with the defeat of New France by Britain during the Seven Years War from 1756to 1763(or the French-Indian War, as it was known in North America).In the last twenty years, referenda(普通投票)held in Quebec for possible separation from Canada, were narrowly defeated.This challenge still lies ahead.加拿大的立国之路崎岖不平，继续保持下去更是充满艰辛。在开始的100多年里，她面临许多挑战一直是并且现在仍然是保持国家的统一。说法语与说英语的加拿大之间的关系是最难处理的。这个加拿大历史上的房屋主题，始于1756年至1763年的七年战争(或者在北美，通常叫做法印战争)期间英国打败新法兰西的时候。近20年里，魁北克举行的旨在使该省脱离加拿大的公民投票，在那里勉强被失败。这个挑战在今后的日子里还会依然存在。So far, the country has remained strong, and has traditionally played a significant role in international affairs.Canada has much promise for the 21st century.It will need to find creative diplomatic strategies to keep the internal rumblings(摩擦声,隆隆声)beneath the surface from exploding into self-destruction.It will need to find a way to fulfill the dreams of “the Fathers of Confederation” of so many years ago.A good guess is that the odds are in favor of Canada achieving those dreams and truly becoming the nation that was originally intended.迄今为止，这个国家还是强大的，并一直在国际事务中扮演着重要角色。加拿大对21世纪寄以厚望。好需要具有创造性的外交策略，避免隐藏在外表下的内部摩擦导致自我毁灭。她需要找到一条道路，实现多年以前“联邦国父”的梦想。一个美好的期待是，机遇关照加拿大去实现这些梦想，真正成为最初所设想的那样一个国家。

11、Sky Watch [天空观察] Today the wind and rain drove fiercely against my apartment window.It was the tail end of a typhoon(台风).Every year, as the calendar indicates the approach of autumn, these destructive tropical(热带的)storms account for both death and destruction along Asia‟s coasts.On an average there may be fifteen such storms every year.Although many civilians adopt a casual attitude towards these events, awareness is advisable.今天暴风雨不在击打着我的寓所窗户，不过台风就要结束了。每年当日历提示秋天来临时，这些破坏性极强的热带风暴就会给亚洲沿海地区，带来人员伤亡和财产损失。平均每年可能有15次这样的暴风雨。面对这些灾难，很多居民抱着漫不经心的态度，但提高防范意识才是明智的。

As the water dripped from my balcony and accumulated into free-flowing rivers on the road beneath, I was reminded of the extreme weather that affected the residents of North America.Hurricanes(飓风), tornadoes(龙卷风), snowstorms, ice storms and electrical storms are all examples of extreme weather that may challenge an entire community.Each storm is unique in character, contributing its own particular fascination(魔力)and fear.雨水从阳台上滴落下来，在下面的道路上汇聚成肆意流淌的水流。这使我联想到侵扰北美居民的那些极端恶劣的气候。飓风、龙卷风、雪暴、冰暴和雷暴，都是可能威胁到整个社会的极端的气候现象。每次风暴都有其独特的特点，展现出特有的魔力和恐怖景象。

Every fall hurricanes slam the United States coast.They upset boats, fell mature trees, wash away sections of public beaches and often cause death.Fortunately with the advantage of modern prior warning systems authorities are able to keep the chaos to a minimum.Regardless, some sectors of the population still ignore the warnings.The burden of rescuing these irresponsible(不负责的)adults falls on the authorities.Mean while government budgets are strained.To assemble enough aid to assure assistance for all regions in a country stretches finances.每年秋天，飓风都要猛烈攻击美国海岸。它们打翻船只，刮倒大树，冲毁成片的公共海滩，还常常造成人员伤亡。所幸的是，由于有了先进的预警系统，当局能够将这种混乱不堪的状况降到最低限度。但不管怎样，还是有一部分人忽视这些警告。营救这些不负责任的成年人的重任就落在了当局身上。这时，政府预算就显得很勉强。要调集足够的物资，保证为一个国家的所有地区提供帮助，使得财政吃紧。

Hurricanes seldom reach Ontario, Canada, but in 1954 Hurricane Hazel exposed the residents of Toronto to an awful night of flooding and terror.Responding to the disaster required the supreme effort of all the rescue departments.飓风很少影响到加拿大的安大略省。但在1954年，黑兹尔飓风却使多伦多的居民遭遇了一个充满灌水和恐惧的可怕夜晚。为了应付那次灾难，所有救援机构都尽了最大的努力。In Ontario where a brush(严酷的)winter extends from November until April, snowstorms are regular occurrence.People adjust their travel plans, sports activities and especially their mode of dress when the weather forecasters predict a severe snowstorm.Automobile drivers must be more cautious under these circumstances.Snow removal becomes a major expense for northern cities.Families adjust their weekend plans and stay together at home, sitting

第二篇：英文简历常用词汇(中英对照)

英文简历常用词汇（中英文对照，带目录）

6.1.个人资料 name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名

date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于

birth place 出生地点 age 年龄

native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市

autonomous region 自治区 prefecture 专区 county 县

nationality 民族，国籍 citizenship 国籍

duel citizenship 双重国籍 address 地址

current address 目前地址 present address 目前地址 permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话 business phone 办公电话 Tel.电话 sex 性别 male 男 female 女 height 身高 weight 体重

目录

1.个人资料 2.教育程度 3.工作经历 4.个人品质 5.其它内容 简历高频词汇

marital status 婚姻状况 family status 家庭状况 married 已婚

single/unmarried 未婚 divorced 离异 separated 分居

number of children 子女人数 none 无 street 街

lane 胡同，巷 road 路

district 区

house number 门牌 health 健康状况

health condition 健康状况 blood type 血型 short-sighted近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲

ID card No.身份证号码

date of availability 可到职时间 available 可到职

membership 会员，资格 president 会长

vice-president 副会长 director 理事

standing director 常务理事 secretary general 秘书长 society 学会 association 协会

research society 研究会

2.教育程度

education 学历

educational background 教育程度 educational history 学历 curriculum 课程 major 主修 minor 副修

educational highlights 课程重点部分 curriculum included 课程包括 specialized courses 专门课程 courses taken 所学课程 courses completed 所学课程 special training 特别训练 social practice 社会实践 part-time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作 vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 进修课程

extracurricular activities 课外活动 physical activities 体育活动

recreational activities 娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动 social activities 社会活动 rewards 奖励

scholarship 奖学金

“Three Goods” student 三好学生 excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent leader 优秀干部 student council 学生会 off-job training 脱产培训 in-job training 在职培训 educational system 学制 academic year 学年 semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）president 校长

vice-president 副校长 dean 院长

assistant dean 副院长 academic dean 教务长

department chairman 系主任 professor 教授

associate professor 副教授 guest professor 客座教授 lecturer 讲师

teaching assistant助教 research fellow 研究员

research assistant 助理研究员 supervisor 论文导师

principal 中学校长（美）headmaster 中学校长（英）master 小学校长（美）dean of studies 教务长 dean of students 教导主任 dean of students 教导主任 teacher 教师 probation teacher 代课教师 tutor 家庭教师

governess 女家庭教师

intelligence quotient 智商 pass 及格 fail 不及格 marks 分数 grades 分数 scores 分数

examination 考试 grade 年级 class 班级 monitor 班长

vice-monitor副班长

commissary in charge of studies 学习委员

commissary in charge of entertainment 文娱委员 commissary in charge of sports 体育委员

commissary in charge of physical labor 劳动委员 Party branch secretary 党支部书记 League branch secretary 团支部书记

commissary in charge of organization 组织委员 commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员 degree 学位

post doctorate 博士后 doctor(Ph.D)博士 master 硕士 bachelor 学士 student 学生

graduate student研究生 abroad student 留学生

returned student 回国留学生 foreign student 外国学生 undergraduate 大学肄业生

senior 大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生 Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生 sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生 freshman 大学一年级学生 guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）

government-supported student 公费生 commoner 自费生 extern 走读生

day-student 走读生 intern 实习生 prize fellow 奖学金生 boarder 寄宿生 classmate 同班同学 schoolmate 同校同学 graduate 毕业生

3.工作经历

accomplish 完成（任务等）achievements 工作成就，业绩 adapted to 适应于 adept in 善于 administer 管理

advanced worker 先进工作者 analyze 分析

appointed 被任命的 assist 辅助

authorized 委任的；核准的 be promoted to 被提升为

be proposed as 被提名为；被推荐为 behave 表现

breakthrough 惊人的进展，关键问题的解决 break the record 打破记录 business background 工作经历 business experience 工作经历 business history 工作经历 conduct 经营，处理 control 控制 cost 成本；费用 create 创造 decrease 减少

demonstrate 证明，示范 design 设计

develop 开发，发挥 devise 设计，发明 direct 指导

double 加倍，翻一番 duties 职责 earn 获得，赚取 effect 效果，作用 eliminate 消除

employment experience工作经历 employment record 工作经历 employment 工作 enlarge 扩大 enliven 搞活 enrich 使丰富

establish 设立（公司等）；使开业；确立 evaluation 估价，评价

excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent Party member 优秀党员 execute 实行，实施 expand 推广；扩大 expedite 加快；促进 experience 经历

exploit开发（资源，产品）export 出口 found 创立 generate 产生 good at 擅长于 guide 指导；操纵 implement 完成，实施 import 进口

improve 改进，提高 increase 增加 influence 影响

initiate 创始，开创 innovate 改革，革新

inspired 受启发的；受鼓舞的 install 安装

integrate 使结合；使一体化 introduce 采用，引进 invent 发明 invest 投资 job title 职位

justified 经证明的；合法化的 launch 开办（新企业）lead 领导

lengthen 延长

lessen 减少（生产成本）level 水平

localize 使地方化 maintain 保持；维修 make 制造

manage 管理，经营 manufacture 制造 mastered 精通的 modernize 使现代化 motivate 促进，激发 negotiate 谈判

nominated 被提名的；被任命的 occupational history 工作经历

operate 操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿）organize 组织

originate 创始，发明 overcome 克服（困难等）participate in 参加 perfect 使完善；改善 perform 执行，履行 plan 计划

position 职位

professional history 职业经历 professional 职业经历 profit 利润

promote 生产，制造

promote 推销（商品）；创立（企业）等 provide 提供，供应 raise 提高 reach 达到

realize 实现（目标等）；获得（利润）receive 收到，得到，接受 recognize 认清（职责等）

recommended 被推荐的；被介绍的 reconsolidate 重新巩固；重新整顿 reconstruct 重建 recorded 记载的 recover恢复；弥补 rectify 整顿，调整 redouble 加倍，倍增

reduce 减少，降低（成本等）refine 精练，精制 reform 改革

regenerate 更新，使更生 registered 已注册的 regularize 使系统化 regulate 控制（费用等）rehandle 重铸；重新处理

rehash以新形式处理（旧材料）reinforce 加强

reckon 计算（成本等）renew 重建，换新 renovate 革新；修理 repair 修复，修补 replace 接替，替换

representative 代表，代理人 research 调查，研究 resolve 解决

responsibilities 职责 second job 第二职业 set 创造（纪录等）settle 解决（问题等）shorten 减低......效能 show 显示,表明

significant 重要的,有效的 simplify 简化,精简 solve 解决 sort out 清理

specific experience 具体经历 speed up 加速 sponsor 主办 spread 传播,扩大 standard 标准,规格

streamline 把......设计流线型 strengthen 加强,巩固 study研究 succeed 成功

supervise 监督,管理 supply 供给,满足(需要)systematize 使系统化 target 目标,指标 test 试验,检验 top 头等的,最高的 total 总数,总额 translate 翻译,转化 travel 旅行

unify 使成一体,统一 use 使用，运用 useful 有用的 utilize 利用

valuable 有价值的 vivify 使活跃

well-trained 训练有素的 work experience 工作经历 work history 工作经历 work 工作,起作用

working model 劳动模范

worth 使......钱的,有......价值的

4.个人品质

able 有才干的，能干的 active 主动的，活跃的 adaptable 适应性强的 adroit 灵巧的，机敏的 aggressive 有进取心的 alert 机灵的

ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的 amicable 友好的

analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的 audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能的 careful 办事仔细的 candid 正直的 charitable 宽厚的 competent 能胜任的 confident 有信心的

conscientious 认真的，自觉的 considerate 体贴的 constructive 建设性的 contemplative 好沉思的 cooperative 有合作精神的 creative 富创造力的

dashing 有一股子冲劲的，有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉献精神的 devoted 有献身精神的 dependable 可靠的

diplomatic 老练的，有策略的 disciplined 守纪律的

discreet（在行动，说话等方面）谨慎的 dutiful 尽职的 dynamic 精悍的 earnest 认真的

well-educated 受过良好教育的 efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的 enthusiastic 充满热情的 expressive 善于表达 faithful守信的，忠诚的 forceful（性格）坚强的 frank 直率的，真诚的 friendly 友好的 frugal 俭朴的

generous 宽宏大量的 genteel 有教养的 gentle 有礼貌的 hard-working 勤劳的 hearty 精神饱满的 honest 诚实的 hospitable 殷勤的 humble恭顺的 humorous 幽默的 impartial 公正的 independent 有主见的 industrious 勤奋的 ingenious 有独创性的 initiative 首创精神

have an inquiring mind 爱动脑筋 intellective 有智力的 intelligent 理解力强的

inventive 有发明才能的，有创造力的 just 正直的

kind-hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有见识的 learned 精通某门学问的 liberal 心胸宽大的 logical 条理分明的 loyal 忠心耿耿的 methodical 有方法的 modest 谦虚的

motivated 目的明确的 objective 客观的 open-minded 虚心的 orderly 守纪律的 original 有独创性的

painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的 practical 实际的 precise 一丝不苟的 persevering 不屈不挠的 punctual 严守时刻的 purposeful 意志坚强的 qualified 合格的 rational 有理性的 realistic 实事求是的 reasonable 讲道理的 reliable 可信赖的 responsible 负责的 self-conscious 自觉的 selfless 无私的 sensible 明白事理的 sincere 真诚的 smart 精明的

spirited 生气勃勃的 sporting 光明正大的 steady 塌实的

straightforward 老实的 strict 严格的

systematic 有系统的

strong-willed 意志坚强的 sweet-tempered 性情温和的 temperate 稳健的 tireless 孜孜不倦的

5.其它内容

objective 目标

career objective 职业目标

employment objective 工作目标 position wanted 希望职位 job objective 工作目标

position applied for 申请职位 position sought 谋求职位 position desired 希望职位

for more specialized work 为更专门的工作 for prospects of promotion 为晋升的前途

for higher responsibility 为更高层次的工作责任 for wider experience 为扩大工作经验

due to close-down of company 由于公司倒闭 due to expiry of employment 由于雇用期满

offered a more challenging opportunity 获得的更有挑战性的工作机会 sought a better job 找到了更好的工作

to look for a more challenging opportunity 找一个更有挑战性的工作机会 to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作

6.简历高频词汇

education 学历 educational history 学历

educational background 教育程度 curriculum 课程 major 主修 minor 副修

educational highlights 课程重点部分 curriculum included 课程包括 specialized courses 专门课程 courses taken 所学课程 special training 特别训练 social practice 社会实践 part-time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作

vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 进修课程

extracurricular activities 课外活动 physical activities 体育活动 recreational activities 娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动 social activities 社会活动 rewards 奖励

scholarship 奖学金 excellent League member 优秀团员 excellent leader 优秀干部 student council 学生会 off-job training 脱产培训 in-job training 在职培训 educational system 学制 academic year 学年 semester 学期（美）term 学期（英）

supervisor 论文导师 pass 及格 fail 不及格 marks 分数 examination 考试 degree 学位

post doctorate 博士后 doctor(Ph.D)博士 master 硕士 bachelor 学士

graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留学生 abroad student 留学生 undergraduate 大学肆业生

government-supported student 公费生 commoner 自费生 extern 走读生 intern 实习生

prize fellow 奖学金生 boarder 寄宿生

graduate 毕业生 guest student 旁听生（英）auditor 旁听生（美）day-student 走读生

第三篇：妇产科相关词汇中英对照

妇产科相关词汇中英对照

导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《妇产科相关词汇中英对照》的内容，具体内容：我为大家整理了，希望对你有帮助哦!妇科学相关词汇中英对照：Abortion 堕胎 Abortion pill 堕胎丸 Amenorrhea 月经失调...我为大家整理了，希望对你有帮助哦!

妇科学相关词汇中英对照：

Abortion 堕胎

Abortion pill 堕胎丸

Amenorrhea 月经失调

Benign Fibroadenoma 良性纤维腺瘤

Breast Biopsy Options 乳房活组织检验的选择

Breast-feeding 母乳喂哺

Breast Feeding 喂哺母乳

Breast Lump 乳房硬块评估

Caesarean section 剖腹生产

Candida Infections 念珠菌发炎

Cause of and Treatment for Infertility 不育的成因与治疗

Cervix ：

Cancer 子宫颈癌

Cervical Electrocautery 电子宫颈

Common Questions About Pregnancy 怀孕期疑问

Dietary Recommendations for Breast-feeding Women 女性授乳饮食建议

Dilation

Milk)乳溢

Gynecology Common Complaints 常见妇科毛病面面观

Health Risks In Babies Born After Assisted Reproduction 辅助生育出生的婴儿健康危机

Height Loss 身高缩减

Hormone Replacement Therapy Q s Glands)乳晕腺感染

Infectious：

How Pregnant Woman Face SARS? 怀孕妇女应如何面对非典型肺炎?

Infertility 不育的问题

Inversion of The Nipple 乳头凹陷

Is it safe Using the Computer during Pregnancy? 怀孕期使用计算机是否安全?

Laparoscopy 腹腔镜手术

Mammography 乳房 X 光造影检查

Mastitis 乳腺炎

Menopause 更年期

Menopause：

Hot Flushes Associated with Menopause-Treatment 如何应付潮热?

Menorrhagia 经血过多

Miscarriage 小产

Miscarriage：

Warning Signs 先兆小产

Natural Family Planning 自然家庭计划

New Research on Hormone Replacement Therapy 荷尔蒙补充治疗新进展

Nipple Tissue s Disease of the Nipple 乳头癌变病

Pap Smear：

Common Questions About Pap Smear 子宫颈抹片检查常见问题

Postpartum Depression 产后抑郁

Pregnancy：

Are Pregnant Women More Susceptible by Hot Weather?

炎热天气会否影响孕妇?

Pregnancy in the 40s 年过四十怀孕须知

Pregnancy Dating 怀孕期之计算

Pregnancy Visits：

Doctor Visits Throughout Your Pregnancy 怀孕期间的检查

Premenstrual Syndrome 经前综合症

Prenatal Care and Tests 产前护理及检查

Prenatal Tests & Diagnosis 产前检查及诊断

Preventing Cystitis in Women 预防女性膀胱炎

Reproduction & Fertilization 生殖及受孕

Serious Conditions in Early Pregnancy：

Bleeding 出血

Serious Conditions in Early Pregnancy：

Ectopic Pregnancy 宫外孕

Serious Conditions in Early Pregnancy：

Miscarriage 流产

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy：

Abruptio Placentae 胎盘过早剥落

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy：

Anemia 贫血

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy：

Bacterial Vaginosis 细菌性阴道感染

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy：

Gestational Diabetes 妊娠性糖尿病

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy：

Incompetent Cervix 子宫颈无力

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy ：

Placenta Preiva 怀孕中期严重病症之六：胎盘前置

Serious Conditions in Mid Pregnancy：

Urinary Tract Infections 尿道感染

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

Abnormal Presentation 异常先露

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

Amniotic Fluid Disorders 羊水异常

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

High Blood Pressure 高血压

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

Poor Fetal Growth 胎儿成长不足

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

postmaturity 过度成熟

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 先兆子痫与子痫

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

Premature Labor 早产

Serious Conditions in Late Pregnancy：

Premature Rupture of the Membranes

胎膜过早破裂

Sexually Transmitted Diseases 常见性病

Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Pregnancy 性病与怀孕

Sterilization in Woman 女性绝育手术

Suction Evacuation 真空吸引术

Teenage Pregnancy 青春期少女怀孕

Testosterone patch improves sexual function 睪酮补片有助改善女性性功能?

The Right Diet for Pregnancy 怀孕期间的正确饮食

Urinary Tract Infection 尿道发炎

Urinary Tract Infections 尿道炎威胁成熟女性

Uterus：

Fibroid 子宫肌瘤

Uterus：

Hysterectomy 子宫切除术

Uterus：

Hysterectomy 子宫切除手术

Uterus Retroversion 子宫后屈

Vaginal Discharge During Pregnancy 怀孕期间的阴道分泌

Vulvovaginitis 常见的阴道及外阴发炎

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第四篇：数学词汇中英对照

初等数学 elementary mathematics 高等数学 higher mathematics 现代数学 modern mathematics 基础数学 basic mathematics 应用数学 applied mathematics 计算数学computational mathematics 复变函数论 theory of functions of a complex variable 实变函数论 theory of functions of a real variable 泛函分析 functional analysis 数理逻辑 mathematical logic 数理统计 mathematical statistics 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程 partial differential equation 数理方程 equation of mathematical physics 代数拓扑学 algebraic topology 集合论 set theory 拓扑空间 topological 概率论 probability 随机过程 stochastic process 李群 Lie group 数论 number theory 图论 graph theory 编码理论 coding theory 混沌理论 chaotic theory 一般词汇

数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom 定理 theorem 计算 calculation 运算 operation 证明 prove 假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题 proposition

算术 arithmetic 加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数 augend, summand 加数 addend 和 sum 减 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被减数 minuend 减数 subtrahend 差 remainder 乘 times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.)被乘数 multiplicand, faciend 乘数 multiplicator 积 product 除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除数 dividend 除数 divisor 商 quotient 等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于 is greater than 小于 is lesser than 大于等于 is equal or greater than 小于等于 is equal or lesser than 运算符 operator 数字 digit 数 number 自然数 natural number 整数 integer 小数 decimal 小数点 decimal point 分数 fraction 分子 numerator 分母 denominator 比 ratio 正 positive 负 negative 零 null, zero, nought, nil 十进制 decimal system 二进制 binary system 十六进制 hexadecimal system 权 weight, significance 进位 carry 截尾 truncation 四舍五入 round 下舍入 round down 上舍入 round up 有效数字 significant digit 无效数字 insignificant digit

代数 algebra 公式 formula, formulae(pl.)单项式 monomial 多项式 polynomial, multinomial 系数 coefficient 未知数 unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation 一次方程 simple equation 二次方程 quadratic equation 三次方程 cubic equation 四次方程 quartic equation 不等式 inequation 阶乘 factorial 对数 logarithm 指数，幂 exponent 乘方 power 二次方，平方 square 三次方，立方 cube 四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power 开方 evolution, extraction 二次方根，平方根 square root 三次方根，立方根 cube root 四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n次方根 the root of n, the nth root 集合 aggregate 元素 element 空集 void 子集 subset 交集 intersection 并集 union 补集 complement 映射 mapping 函数 function 定义域 domain, field of definition 值域 range 常量 constant 变量 variable 单调性 monotonicity 奇偶性 parity 周期性 periodicity 图象 image 数列，级数 series 微积分 calculus 微分 differential 导数 derivative 极限 limit 无穷大 infinite(a.)infinity(n.)无穷小 infinitesimal 积分 integral 定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral 有理数 rational number 无理数 irrational number 实数 real number 虚数 imaginary number 复数 complex number 矩阵 matrix 行列式 determinant

几何 geometry 点 point 线 line 面 plane 体 solid 线段 segment 射线 radial平行 parallel 相交 intersect 角 angle 角度 degree 弧度 radian 锐角 acute angle 直角 right angle 钝角 obtuse angle平角 straight angle 周角 perigon 底 base 边 side 高 height 三角形 triangle 锐角三角形 acute triangle 直角三角形 right triangle 直角边 leg 斜边 hypotenuse 勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem 钝角三角形 obtuse triangle 不等边三角形 scalene triangle 等腰三角形 isosceles triangle 等边三角形 equilateral triangle 四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形 parallelogram 矩形 rectangle 长 length 宽 width 菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形 square 梯形 trapezoid 直角梯形 right trapezoid 等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid 五边形 pentagon 六边形 hexagon 七边形 heptagon 八边形 octagon 九边形 enneagon 十边形 decagon 十一边形 hendecagon 十二边形 dodecagon 多边形 polygon 正多边形 equilateral polygon 圆 circle 圆心 centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径 radius 直径 diameter 圆周率 pi 弧 arc 半圆 semicircle 扇形 sector 环 ring 椭圆 ellipse 圆周 circumference 周长 perimeter 面积 area 轨迹 locus, loca(pl.)相似 similar 全等 congruent 四面体 tetrahedron 五面体 pentahedron 六面体 hexahedron平行六面体 parallelepiped 立方体 cube 七面体 heptahedron 八面体 octahedron 九面体 enneahedron 十面体 decahedron 十一面体 hendecahedron 十二面体 dodecahedron 二十面体 icosahedron 多面体 polyhedron 棱锥 pyramid 棱柱 prism 棱台 frustum of a prism 旋转 rotation 轴 axis 圆锥 cone 圆柱 cylinder 圆台 frustum of a cone 球 sphere 半球 hemisphere 底面 undersurface 表面积 surface area 体积 volume 空间 space 坐标系 coordinates 坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 横坐标 x-coordinate 纵坐标 y-coordinate 原点 origin 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola

三角 trigonometry 正弦 sine 余弦 cosine 正切 tangent 余切 cotangent 正割 secant 余割 cosecant 反正弦 arc sine 反余弦 arc cosine 反正切 arc tangent 反余切 arc cotangent 反正割 arc secant 反余割 arc cosecant 相位 phase 周期 period 振幅 amplitude 内心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)内切圆 inscribed circle 外切圆 circumcircle

统计 statistics平均数 average 加权平均数 weighted average 方差 variance 标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion 百分比 percent 百分点 percentage 百分位数 percentile 排列 permutation 组合 combination 概率，或然率 probability 分布 distribution 正态分布 normal distribution 非正态分布 abnormal distribution 图表 graph 条形统计图 bar graph 柱形统计图 histogram 折线统计图 broken line graph 曲线统计图 curve diagram 扇形统计图 pie diagram 方程

wave equation 波动方程 tangental equation 切线方程 quartic equation 四次方程式 quadratic equation 二次方程式 magnitude equation 【天】星等差 linear equation 一次方程式

irreducible equation 不可约方程 integral equation 积分方程

indicial equation 【数】指数方程 indeterminate equation 不定方程

集合与简易逻辑

集合（集）

set 非负整数集

the set of all non-negative integers 自然数集

the set of all natural numbers 正整数集

the set of all positive integers 整数集

the set of all integers 有理数集

the set of all rational numbers 实数集

the set of all real numbers 元素

element 属于

belong to 不属于

not belong to 有限集

finite set 无限集

infinite set 空集

empty set 包含

inclusion, include 包含于

lie in 子集

subset 真子集

补集（余集）

全集

交集

并集

偶数集

奇数集

含绝对值的不等式

一元二次不等式

逻辑

逻辑联结词

或

且

非

真

假

真值表

原命题

逆命题

否命题

逆否命题

充分条件

必要条件

充要条件

……的充要条件是……

函数

函数

自变量

定义域

值域

区间

闭区间

开区间

函数的图象

proper subset

complementary set universe intersection

union

the set of all even numbers

the set of all odd numbers

inequality with absolute value

one-variable quadratic inequality

logic

logic connective

or

and

not

true

false

truth table

original proposition

converse proposition

negative proposition

converse-negative proposition

sufficient condition

necessary condition

sufficient and necessary condition … if and only if …

function argument domain range interval

closed interval open interval graph of function

映射

mapping 象

image 原象

inverse image 单调

monotone 增函数

increasing function 减函数

decreasing function 单调区间

monotone interval 反函数

inverse function 指数

exponent n次方根

根式

根指数

被开方数

指数函数

对数

常用对数

自然对数

对数函数

数列

数列

项

通项公式

有穷数列

无穷数列

递推公式

等差数列

公差

等差中项

等比数列

公比

等比中项

三角函数

三角函数

始边

终边

正角

负角

零角

象限角

弧度

弧度制

n th root

radical

radical exponent

radicand

exponential function

logarithm

common logarithm

natural logarithm

logarithmic function

sequence of number

term

the formula of general term

finite sequence of number

infinite sequence of number

recurrence formula

arithmetic progression，arithmetic series

common difference

arithmetic mean

geometric progression，geometric series

common ratio

geometric mean trigonometric function initial side terminal side positive angle negative angle zero angle quadrant angle radian

radian measure

角度制

degree measure 正弦

sine 余弦

cosine 正切

tangent 余切

cotangent 正割

secant 余割

cosecant 诱导公式

induction formula 正弦曲线

sine curve 余弦曲线

最大值

最小值

周期

最小正周期

周期函数

振幅

频率

相位

初相

反正弦

反余弦

反正切

平面向量

有向线段

数量

向量

零向量

相等向量

共线向量

平行向量

向量的数乘

单位向量

基底

基向量

平移

数量积

正弦定理

余弦定理

不等式

算术平均数

几何平均数

比较法

cosine curve maximum minimum period

minimal positive period periodic function

amplitude of vibration frequency phase

initial phase arc sine arc cosine arc tangent directed line segment scalar quantity vector zero vector equal vector collinear vectors parallel vectors

multiplication of vector by scalar unit vector base

base vectors translation inner product sine theorem cosine theorem

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

method of compare

综合法

method of synthesis 分析法

method of analysis 直线

倾斜角

angle of inclination 斜率

gradient 点斜式

point slope form 截距

intercept 斜截式

gradient intercept form 两点式

一般式

夹角

线性规划

约束条件

目标函数

可行域

最优解

圆锥曲线

曲线

坐标法

解析几何

笛卡儿

标准方程

一般方程

参数方程

参数

圆锥曲线

椭圆

焦点

焦距

长轴

短轴

离心率

双曲线

实轴

虚轴

渐近线

抛物线

准线

初等数学 elementary mathematics 高等数学 higher mathematics 现代数学 modern mathematics 基础数学 basic mathematics 应用数学 applied mathematics

two-point form general form included angle

linear programming constraint condition objective function feasible region optimal solution curve

method of coordinate analytic geometry Descartes

standard equation general equation parameter equation parameter point conic ellipse

focus, focal points focal length major axis minor axis eccentricity hyperbola real axis

imaginary axis asymptote parabola directrix

计算数学computational mathematics 复变函数论 theory of functions of a complex variable 实变函数论 theory of functions of a real variable 泛函分析 functional analysis 数理逻辑 mathematical logic 数理统计 mathematical statistics 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程 partial differential equation 数理方程 equation of mathematical physics 代数拓扑学 algebraic topology 集合论 set theory 拓扑空间 topological 概率论 probability 随机过程 stochastic process 李群 Lie group 数论 number theory 图论 graph theory 编码理论 coding theory 混沌理论 chaotic theory 一般词汇

数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom 定理 theorem 计算 calculation 运算 operation 证明 prove 假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题 proposition

算术 arithmetic 加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数 augend, summand 加数 addend 和 sum 减 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被减数 minuend 减数 subtrahend 差 remainder 乘 times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.)被乘数 multiplicand, faciend 乘数 multiplicator 积 product 除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除数 dividend 除数 divisor 商 quotient 等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于 is greater than 小于 is lesser than 大于等于 is equal or greater than 小于等于 is equal or lesser than 运算符 operator 数字 digit 数 number 自然数 natural number 整数 integer 小数 decimal 小数点 decimal point 分数 fraction 分子 numerator 分母 denominator 比 ratio 正 positive 负 negative 零 null, zero, nought, nil 十进制 decimal system 二进制 binary system 十六进制 hexadecimal system 权 weight, significance 进位 carry 截尾 truncation 四舍五入 round 下舍入 round down 上舍入 round up 有效数字 significant digit 无效数字 insignificant digit

代数 algebra 公式 formula, formulae(pl.)单项式 monomial 多项式 polynomial, multinomial 系数 coefficient 未知数 unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation 一次方程 simple equation 二次方程 quadratic equation 三次方程 cubic equation 四次方程 quartic equation 不等式 inequation 阶乘 factorial 对数 logarithm 指数，幂 exponent 乘方 power 二次方，平方 square 三次方，立方 cube 四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power 开方 evolution, extraction 二次方根，平方根 square root 三次方根，立方根 cube root 四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n次方根 the root of n, the nth root 集合 aggregate 元素 element 空集 void 子集 subset 交集 intersection 并集 union 补集 complement 映射 mapping 函数 function 定义域 domain, field of definition 值域 range 常量 constant 变量 variable 单调性 monotonicity 奇偶性 parity 周期性 periodicity 图象 image 数列，级数 series 微积分 calculus 微分 differential 导数 derivative 极限 limit 无穷大 infinite(a.)infinity(n.)无穷小 infinitesimal 积分 integral 定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral 有理数 rational number 无理数 irrational number 实数 real number 虚数 imaginary number 复数 complex number 矩阵 matrix 行列式 determinant

几何 geometry 点 point 线 line 面 plane 体 solid 线段 segment 射线 radial平行 parallel 相交 intersect 角 angle 角度 degree 弧度 radian 锐角 acute angle 直角 right angle 钝角 obtuse angle平角 straight angle 周角 perigon 底 base 边 side 高 height 三角形 triangle 锐角三角形 acute triangle 直角三角形 right triangle 直角边 leg 斜边 hypotenuse 勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem 钝角三角形 obtuse triangle 不等边三角形 scalene triangle 等腰三角形 isosceles triangle 等边三角形 equilateral triangle 四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形 parallelogram 矩形 rectangle 长 length 宽 width 菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形 square 梯形 trapezoid 直角梯形 right trapezoid 等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid 五边形 pentagon 六边形 hexagon 七边形 heptagon 八边形 octagon 九边形 enneagon 十边形 decagon 十一边形 hendecagon 十二边形 dodecagon 多边形 polygon 正多边形 equilateral polygon 圆 circle 圆心 centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径 radius 直径 diameter 圆周率 pi 弧 arc 半圆 semicircle 扇形 sector 环 ring 椭圆 ellipse 圆周 circumference 周长 perimeter 面积 area 轨迹 locus, loca(pl.)相似 similar 全等 congruent 四面体 tetrahedron 五面体 pentahedron 六面体 hexahedron平行六面体 parallelepiped 立方体 cube 七面体 heptahedron 八面体 octahedron 九面体 enneahedron 十面体 decahedron 十一面体 hendecahedron 十二面体 dodecahedron 二十面体 icosahedron 多面体 polyhedron 棱锥 pyramid 棱柱 prism 棱台 frustum of a prism 旋转 rotation 轴 axis 圆锥 cone 圆柱 cylinder 圆台 frustum of a cone 球 sphere 半球 hemisphere 底面 undersurface 表面积 surface area 体积 volume 空间 space 坐标系 coordinates 坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 横坐标 x-coordinate 纵坐标 y-coordinate 原点 origin 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola

三角 trigonometry 正弦 sine 余弦 cosine 正切 tangent 余切 cotangent 正割 secant 余割 cosecant 反正弦 arc sine 反余弦 arc cosine 反正切 arc tangent 反余切 arc cotangent 反正割 arc secant 反余割 arc cosecant 相位 phase 周期 period 振幅 amplitude 内心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)内切圆 inscribed circle 外切圆 circumcircle

统计 statistics平均数 average 加权平均数 weighted average 方差 variance 标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion 百分比 percent 百分点 percentage 百分位数 percentile 排列 permutation 组合 combination 概率，或然率 probability 分布 distribution 正态分布 normal distribution 非正态分布 abnormal distribution 图表 graph 条形统计图 bar graph 柱形统计图 histogram 折线统计图 broken line graph 曲线统计图 curve diagram 扇形统计图 pie diagram 方程

wave equation 波动方程 tangental equation 切线方程 quartic equation 四次方程式 quadratic equation 二次方程式 magnitude equation 【天】星等差 linear equation 一次方程式

irreducible equation 不可约方程 integral equation 积分方程

indicial equation 【数】指数方程 indeterminate equation 不定方程

集合与简易逻辑

集合（集）

set 非负整数集

the set of all non-negative integers 自然数集

the set of all natural numbers 正整数集

the set of all positive integers 整数集

the set of all integers 有理数集

the set of all rational numbers 实数集

the set of all real numbers 元素

element 属于

belong to 不属于

not belong to 有限集

finite set 无限集

infinite set 空集

empty set 包含

inclusion, include 包含于

lie in 子集

subset 真子集

proper subset 补集（余集）

complementary set 全集

universe 交集

intersection 并集

union 偶数集

奇数集

含绝对值的不等式

一元二次不等式

逻辑

逻辑联结词

或

且

非

真

假

真值表

原命题

逆命题

否命题

逆否命题

充分条件

必要条件

充要条件

……的充要条件是……

函数

函数

自变量

定义域

值域

区间

闭区间

开区间

函数的图象

映射

象

原象

单调

增函数

the set of all even numbers

the set of all odd numbers

inequality with absolute value

one-variable quadratic inequality

logic

logic connective

or

and

not

true

false

truth table

original proposition

converse proposition

negative proposition

converse-negative proposition

sufficient condition

necessary condition

sufficient and necessary condition … if and only if …

function argument domain range interval

closed interval open interval graph of function mapping image

inverse image monotone

increasing function

减函数

decreasing function 单调区间

monotone interval 反函数

inverse function 指数

exponent n次方根

n th root 根式

radical 根指数

radical exponent 被开方数

radicand 指数函数

exponential function 对数

常用对数

自然对数

对数函数

数列

数列

项

通项公式

有穷数列

无穷数列

递推公式

等差数列

公差

等差中项

等比数列

公比

等比中项

三角函数

三角函数

始边

终边

正角

负角

零角

象限角

弧度

弧度制

角度制

正弦

余弦

正切

logarithm

common logarithm

natural logarithm

logarithmic function

sequence of number

term

the formula of general term

finite sequence of number

infinite sequence of number

recurrence formula

arithmetic progression，arithmetic series

common difference

arithmetic mean

geometric progression，geometric series

common ratio

geometric mean trigonometric function initial side terminal side positive angle negative angle zero angle quadrant angle radian

radian measure degree measure sine cosine tangent

余切

cotangent 正割

secant 余割

cosecant 诱导公式

induction formula 正弦曲线

sine curve 余弦曲线

cosine curve 最大值

maximum 最小值

minimum 周期

period 最小正周期

周期函数

振幅

频率

相位

初相

反正弦

反余弦

反正切

平面向量

有向线段

数量

向量

零向量

相等向量

共线向量

平行向量

向量的数乘

单位向量

基底

基向量

平移

数量积

正弦定理

余弦定理

不等式

算术平均数

几何平均数

比较法

综合法

分析法

直线

minimal positive period periodic function

amplitude of vibration frequency phase

initial phase arc sine arc cosine arc tangent directed line segment scalar quantity vector zero vector equal vector collinear vectors parallel vectors

multiplication of vector by scalar unit vector base

base vectors translation inner product sine theorem cosine theorem

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

method of compare

method of synthesis

method of analysis

倾斜角

angle of inclination 斜率

gradient 点斜式

point slope form 截距

intercept 斜截式

gradient intercept form 两点式

two-point form 一般式

general form 夹角

included angle 线性规划

linear programming 约束条件

目标函数

可行域

最优解

圆锥曲线

曲线

坐标法

解析几何

笛卡儿

标准方程

一般方程

参数方程

参数

圆锥曲线

椭圆

焦点

焦距

长轴

短轴

离心率

双曲线

实轴

虚轴

渐近线

抛物线

准线

constraint condition objective function feasible region optimal solution curve

method of coordinate analytic geometry Descartes

standard equation general equation parameter equation parameter point conic ellipse

focus, focal points focal length major axis minor axis eccentricity hyperbola real axis

imaginary axis asymptote parabola directrix

第五篇：珠宝首饰词汇中英对照

饰品相关英语词汇

Hair ornaments 发饰

Hairpin 发夹

Fascinator 用羽毛、花朵、珠子等组成的华丽头饰 headband 头巾 tiara 小皇冠

Head ornaments 头饰及面部装饰

clip-on earrings 夹式耳环 magnetic earrings 磁石耳环 nose ring 鼻环 nose stud 鼻钉 coronet 花冠

Arm ornaments 臂饰

armlet 臂环 cuff link 袖扣 bangle 手镯/脚镯

Body ornaments 身体上的饰物 brooch 胸针 chatelaine 腰链 anklet 脚链

宝石（Stone）

钻石Diamond 红宝石Ruby 蓝宝石Sapphire 祖母绿Emerald 绿柱石Beryl 锆石Zircon 橄榄石Peridot 石榴石Garnet 石英Quartz 水晶Rock crystal 翡翠Jadeite 绿松石Turquoise 孔雀石Malachite 大理石Marble 寿山石Lardetite 珍珠Pearl 珊瑚Coral 琥珀Amber 象牙Ivory 贝壳Shell 闪山灵Opal 缟玛瑙Onyx 形状（Shape）

圆形Round 锥形Taper 马眼形Marquise 梨形Pear 正方形Square 长方形Rectangle 椭圆形Oval 心形Heart 八角形Octagon 三角形Triangle 半圆形Semicircle 类型（Type）

戒指Ring 耳环Earring 吊坠Pendant 手镯Bangle 手链Bracelet 项链Necklace 配件Parts 链Chain 呔针Tie Pin 呔夹Tie Clip 呔链Tie Chain 呔钉Tie Tack 夹子Clip 套装Set 扣子Clasp 踝饰Anklet 袖口钮Cufflinks 发夹Hair Clip 框Frame 笔夹Pen Clip 金币Gold Coin 胸针Brooch 一串Strand 锁匙扣Key Holder 雕刻品Carving 条形襟针Stick Pin 表Watch 相盒Locket 封底片Plate 瓜子耳Bails 珠子Bead 扣掣Snap 款式Style 镶嵌（Setting）

针板镶座Bar setting 包镶Bezel setting 夹镶Channel setting 群镶Cluster setting 吉普赛镶Gypsy setting 隐藏式镶Invisible 密镶式镶Pave setting 爪镶Prong setting 座单石镶Solitaire setting 帝凡尼镶Tiffany setting 金属（Metal）

黄金Gold 银Silver 铜Cuprum 铂金Platinum 钯金Palladium ———————————————————————————————— bangle(手,脚)镯的 bracelet(手,脚)链镯的

tennis bracelet 由块状物连接起来的手链brooch(胸,领)针的 charm 链的添加饰品,用来个性化手链的 earring 耳环的 necklace 项链的

navel jewellery 肚脐饰品的 belly ring 环状肚脐饰品的 barbell 杠铃状肚脐饰品的 dangle 有坠子的肚脐饰品的 pendant 项链的坠子的 ring 戒指的

toe ring 脚趾也戴戒指的 tongue ring 舌环...的

tongue bar 装在舌头上的的 fine silver 999 纯银的 sterling silver 925 银的 coin silver 800 或900 银的 gemstone 宝石的 gold plated 镀金的的

genuine diamond 真钻石的

CZ diamond 水钻,就是种水晶的 ruby 红宝石的 sapphire 蓝宝石的 emerald 绿宝石的

topaz 黄宝石,它也是有很多颜色的的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳宝的

zircon 锆石,风信子石,据说跟水晶一样硬而韧,比钻石色散更高,较便宜的 oval 卵状的 teardrop 泪状的 leaf 叶状的 wing 翅状的 heart 心形的

bead 珠子,珠状的 jewellery box 首饰盒

------------------１、宝石名称

宝石类：

钻石：diamond 刚玉：corundum 红宝石： ruby 蓝宝石： sapphire 绿宝石： beryl 石英： quartz 水晶：

无色水晶：rock crystal 黄水晶： citrine 烟晶： smoky quartz 紫晶： amethyst 蔷薇辉石：rhodonite 绿柱石：

祖母绿： emerald 金绿宝石：chrysoberyl 石榴石： garnet 尖晶石： spinel 锆石： zircon 电气石： tourmaline 橄榄石： peridot 变石（亚历山大石）：alexandrite 托帕石： topaz 玛瑙： agate 方解石： calcite 磷灰石： apatite 琥珀： amber 珍珠： pearl 象牙： ivory 闪亮拉光石labradorite 贝壳sea-shell 玉石类：

硬玉： jadeite 翡翠：jade 软玉： nephrite 欧泊： opal 孔雀石： malachite 长石： feldspar 玉髓： chalcedony 绿松石： turquoise 金属（metal）铂金： platinum 纯金： gold 纯银： sterling 铜： copper 黄铜： brass 铁： iron 钙： calcium 锡： tin 镁： magnesium 锰： manganese 铬： chromium 珐琅： enamel 白蜡： pewter 合金： alloy 非合金： unalloy 块金： nugget 2．常见首饰

手镯bracelet 戒指ring 胸针brooches 挂件pendant 耳环earring 钮扣button 项链necklace 皮带strap 领带tie 纽扣button 珠子bead 3.物理、化学性质

硬度hardness 摩氏硬度：Mohs scale 全称the Mohs hardness 体积volume 韧性toughness 断口fracture 贝壳状断口：conchoidal fracture 参差状断口：splintery fracture 无断口： smooth or even fracture 锯齿状断口：hackly or uneven fracture 解理cleavage 裂开parting 密度density 相对密度：relative density=specific gravity 比重specific gravity(S.G.)光泽luster 失去光泽tarnish 熔点melt point 炼制合金alloying 抛cast 锤hammer 焊solder 镀plate（镀金、银等）电镀 plated ad.镀金的，装甲的

plating n.（电）镀，喷镀；镀金（术），包覆金属 熔敖deposit 熔敖，涂，（喷）镀 腐蚀corrosion 退火annealing 软焊soldering

4、宝石的特征： 美丽的beauty 稀有的rarity 耐久的durability 稳定的stable 可塑的malleable 可塑的，有延展性的 malleability 能力，可塑性平坦地plainly平坦地，明白地 客观的external 外部的 避邪的talismanic 护身符的 医疗的curative 预防疾病的prophylactic 传统的traditional 超自然的supranatural 象征性的symbolically

5、计量单位： 卡拉karat(K)克拉carat

仿首饰：imitation jewelry/semi-precious 真首饰：fine jewelry/precious...头饰：hair accessories 皇冠：tiara 项链：necklace 吊坠：pendant 耳环：earring 胸针：brooch 手链：bracelet 手镯：bangle 戒指：ring 脚链：anklet 丝巾扣scarf buckle 奥钻：swarovski rhinestone 捷克钻：czech stones 松石：turquoise 电泳：electrophoresis 电镀：electroplate 磨砂石：matte plastic bead 猫眼：cat's eye 水晶：crystal 珍珠：pearl 合金铸造：white metal casting 爪链：cup chain 压克力：acrylic 镀金：gold plating 古金：antique gold 古银：antique silver 古铜：antique copper 古青铜：antique bronze 雾金：matte gold 镀白金：rhodium plated 镀代铑：imitation rhodium 烤漆：lacquer 钻色

crystal 白色

black diamond 浅茶 jet 黑色

aquamarine 湖蓝 lt.sapphire 浅兰 sapphire 深蓝 montana 墨兰 capri blue peridot 浅绿 olivine 橄榄绿 blue zircon 绿锆石 emerald 深绿 green turaline 浅黄jonquil 金黄topaz 淡黄lt.colorado topaz 烟黄smoked topaz 浅粉lt.rose 粉红rose 梅红fuchsia 红锆石hyacinth 大红lt.siam 深红siam 红宝石ruby 石榴红garnet 浅紫：lt.amethyst 深紫：amethyst Walton filter 沃尔顿滤色镜 Wardite 水磷铝纳石 Wart agate 瘤状玛瑙

Wart pearl 瘤状珍珠同blister pearl Warty Back pearl 沃蒂拜克珍珠 Washboard pearl 洗衣皮珍珠 Wassie(Wass)大裂片 Watch fob 表锁环 Water 水(钻),水(色)Water agate 水玛瑙

Water chrysolite 水橄榄石同moldavite Water drop 水滴

Water drop quartz 水滴石英,水胆水晶 Water-of-Ayr stone 恨水石 Water opal 水蛋白石 Water sapphire 水蓝宝石 Water stone 水石

Watermelon tourmalin 西瓜碧玺 WaterWorn stone 水蚀石 Wax agata 蜡状玛瑙 Wax jade 蜜蜡黄玉 Wax opal 蜡状蛋白石 Wax pearl 蜡珍珠

Webster Kopjie Diamond 韦伯斯特?考帕吉钻石 Wedding anniversary 结婚纪念日 Wedding ring 结婚戒指 WedgeWood 瓷器 Well 井眼

Wernerite 柱石

Wesseltons 维谢尔顿钻

Wet digging 湿矿山,冲积矿山 Whern 燧石 Whistle 鱼鳔型 Whitamite 绿廉石

Whitby jet 怀特比煤矿 White carnelian 白光玉髓 White Cliffs opal 白崖欧泊 White emerald 白祖母绿 White garnet 白色石榴石 White gold 白色金

White iron pyrites 白铁矿 White jade 白玉 White jadeite 白翡翠

White moss agate 白苔苏玛瑙 White metal 白色合金 White opal 白欧泊

White sapphire 白色蓝宝石 White Saxon 白萨克森钻石 White schorl 钠长石 White silk stone 白绢石 White stone 玻璃假宝石 White topaz 白色黄宝石

WickloW diamond 威克洛钻石 Wilconite 紫方柱石 Wild pearl 野生珍珠 Willemite 硅锌矿 Williamsite 纤蛇纹石 Wilsonite 紫红方柱石

Wiluite 硼符山石,钙铝榴石,威鲁石 WindoW cut 窗型 Wing pearl 羽翼珍珠

Wisconsin pearl 威斯康星珍珠 Wisps 云雪瑕疵 Wolf's eye 狼眼石 Wolf's eye ston 狼眼石 Wollastonite 硅灰石 饰品名词

常见的电镀有如下几种：

1.镀20K 金（20K GOLD PLATING)2.镀白K(Imitation Rhodium Plated)3.镀银（silver plated）4.镀古金(antique gold)5.镀古银(antique silver)6.镀古铜(antique copper)7.镀古青铜(antique bronze)8.镀白金(rodium plated)9.镀枪黑(gun color plated)无镍（(Nickle free)仿首饰：imitation jewelry/semi-precious 真首饰：fine jewelry/precious.......饰品常见的材质分为以下几种：

1.合金饰品：white metal casting Jewelry or alloy jewelry 2.爪链饰品：cup chain Jewelry or claw chain 3.银饰品：salver 925 Jewelry 4.珍珠饰品：pearl Jewelry 水钻有很多种类，从高到低依次为：

1.奥地利产，施华洛世奇swarovski rhinestone 2.奥登钻

2.捷克钻czech stones 3.中东钻

4.印度钻(也称碎石）5.国贸钻（国产钻）

7.压克力（塑料的）acrylic 与饰品搭配的还有：

1.锆石（zircon)2.猫眼(cat's eye)3.马眼（horses)3.水晶（crystal eye)4.珍珠(pearl)5.贝壳(cowry)6.松石（turquoise)7.胶珠：（PLASTIC BEADS）8.水晶胶（crystal pastern）9.树脂(Resin)10.绿松石（turquoise）

Wollastonite cat's eye 硅灰石猫眼石 Wood agate 木玛瑙 Wood opal 木蛋白石 Wood stone 木石 Wood tin 木锡石

World's eye 众人之眼,世界之眼 Wurttenberg jet 维滕贝尔格煤精 Wyoming jade 怀俄明 Wyse ruby 威斯红宝石

Ornaments，headgear，jewelry 首饰 Gold fashions 金饰 Silver fashions 银饰 Hair decorations 发饰 Waist chain 腰链 Trousers chain 裤链 Pendant 项饰 Necklace 项链 Earrings 耳环 Ring 戒指

Bracelet 手链, 手镯 Bobby pin 发夹 Brooch 胸针 Bangle 手镯 Pendant 链坠 Toe ring 脚戒 Gemstone 宝石 Gold plated 镀金的

Genuine diamond 真钻石 CZ diamond 水钻,水晶 Zircon 锆石,风信子石, Heart 心形的 Bead 珠子 Set 套饰

Mobile chain 手机链 Key chain 钥匙扣 Button 钮扣 Pin 别针

Headgear 头饰

Fine silver 999 纯银的 Sterling silver 925银 Coin silver 800或900银 Button 纽扣 Stock 库存 Dog chain 爪链 Conch 贝壳 Woodiness 木质 Acryl 压克力 Alloy 合金 Iron 铁

Material 材质 Size 尺寸 Finery 服饰 Fittings 配件 Crown 皇冠 Resin 树脂 Opal 猫眼石 Necklace----项链 Earring----耳环 Pendant----吊堑 Key chain—钥匙链 Key ring---钥匙扣 Acryl---亚克力 Pantone---潘东色卡号

Rose gold colour----玫瑰金色 Plastic beed-----塑料珠子 Bubble bag----气泡袋 Organza bag---纱袋 color printed polybag---四色印刷OPP 袋 Czech crystal----捷克钻

Drop shaped pendant----水滴形吊堑 Beed---珠子 Plating---电镀

Black fabric strap for hanging the mobile---?(挂手机的绳子)Charm bracelets-----手镯挂件 Metal charms---金属挂件 gemstone 宝石的 gold plated 镀金的的

genuine diamond 真钻石的

CZ diamond 水钻,就是种水晶的 ruby 红宝石的 sapphire 蓝宝石的 emerald 绿宝石的

topaz 黄宝石,它也是有很多颜色的的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳宝的

Natural color;begin colour 自然色

Primary colour;fundamental colour 原色 Pure colour 纯色

Complementary colour 补色

Fashion colour;trend colour 流行色 International colour 国际流行色 Essential colour 基本色 Similar colour 同类色 Multicolour 多种色彩 Full colour 彩色 Plain colour 素色

Secondary color 混合色 Contract colour 对比色 Cold colour 冷色 Warm colour 暖色

Neutral colour;intermedium colour 中间色 Soft colour 柔和色 Rich in colour 浓色

Advancing colour 前进色 Receding colour 后退色 Expansive colour 膨胀色 Contracting colour 收缩色 Ground colour 底色 Surface colour 表面色 Transparent color 透明色 Metal colour 金属色 Accent colour 强调色

Colour matching;colour combination 配色 Colour mixing 调色 bangle(手,脚)镯的 bracelet(手,脚)链镯的

tennis bracelet 由块状物连接起来的手链brooch(胸,领)针的 charm 链的添加饰品,用来个性化手链的 earring 耳环的 necklace 项链的

navel jewellery 肚脐饰品的 belly ring 环状肚脐饰品的 barbell 杠铃状肚脐饰品的 dangle 有坠子的肚脐饰品的 pendant 项链的坠子的 ring 戒指的

toe ring 脚趾也戴戒指的 tongue ring 舌环...的

tongue bar 装在舌头上的的 fine silver 999纯银的 sterling silver 925银的 coin silver 800或900银的 gemstone 宝石的 gold plated 镀金的的

genuine diamond 真钻石的

CZ diamond 水钻,就是种水晶的 ruby 红宝石的 sapphire 蓝宝石的 emerald 绿宝石的

topaz 黄宝石,它也是有很多颜色的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳宝的

zircon 锆石,风信子石,据说跟水晶一样硬而韧,比钻石色散更高,较便宜的 oval 卵状的 teardrop 泪状的 leaf 叶状的 wing 翅状的 heart 心形的

bead 珠子,珠状的 jewellery box 首饰盒