教育类常用词汇中英对照5篇

第一篇：教育类常用词汇中英对照

教育类常用词汇

（大学）代理校长 Acting President（大学）副校长 Vice President（大学）校长 President/Chancellor

（大学）专科 Major Types of Education in China short 2-to 3-year higher education programs（大学的）研究小组；讨论会 seminar（国家）助学金(state)stipend/subsidy（戏剧学院）表演系Acting Department（系）主任 chairman;chairperson（小学）校长 Head /Master

（职工）子弟学校 school for children of workers & staff members（中学）校长 Principal

爱国主义教育 education in patriotism 百分制 100-mark system

班主任 Class Discipline Adviser/Head Teacher 办学效益 efficiency in school management 半工半读学校 part-work and part-study school 半文盲 semiliterate;functional illiterate 包分配 guarantee job assignments 被授权 be authorized to do

必修课 required/compulsory course

毕业典礼 graduation ceremony;commencement 毕业鉴定 graduation appraisal 毕业论文 thesis;dissertation 毕业设计 graduation ceremony 毕业生 graduate

毕业实习graduation field work

毕业证书 diploma;graduation certificate 博士 doctor(Ph.D)博士后 post doctorate

博士后科研流动站 center for post-doctoral studies 补考 make-up examination 补习学校 continuation school 不及格 fail

材料工程系 Department of Materials Engineering 材料科学系 Department of Materials Science 财贸学校 finance and trade school 财政拨款 financial allocation 测量系 Department of Survey

成绩单 school report;report card;transcript 成人教育 adult education 成人学校 adult school

成人夜校 night school for adults

成为有理想，有道德，有文化，守纪律的劳动者 to become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline

初等教育 elementary education 初中 junior middle school

辍/失学青少年 school dropout/leaver 大学肆业生 undergraduate

德才兼备 to combine ability with character;equal stress on integrity and ability 低年级学生 lower grade pupil/student;pupil/student in junior grades 地理系 Department of Geography

地球物理系 Department of Geophysics 地质系 Department of Geology

电机工程系 Department of Electrical Engineering 电机制造学校 electrical machinery school 电力学校 electric power school 电视大学 T.V.university

电子系 Department of Electronics 雕塑系 Department of Sculpture

定向招生 students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 东方语言学系 Department of Oriental Languages & Literature 动物学系 Department of Zoology 动员 mobilize

短训班 short-term training course 多学科的 multi-disciplinary 俄语系 Department of Russian

发挥学生主动性、创造性 to give scope to the students' initiative and creativeness 法律系 Department of Law

法语系 French Language Department 反复灌输 inculcate

纺织工程系 Department of Textile Engineering 纺织航海学校 textile machinery school 分数 mark;grade 分校 branch school

服务性行业 service trade

辅导员 assistant for political and ideological work 附中 attached middle school 附属中学 attached middle school 副教授 associate professor 副修minor

副主任 vice-chairman

岗位培训 undergo job-specific training 高等教育 higher/tertiary education

高等学校 institution of higher education

高年级学生 upper/higher grade pupil/student;pupil/student in senior grades 高中 senior middle school

工程物理系 Department of Engineering Physics 工业大学 polytechnic university

工业工程系 Department of Industrial Engineering 工业管理系 Department of Industrial Management 工业设计系 Department of Industrial Design 工业学院 engineering institute

公费生 government-supported student 公开课 open class

共产主义道德品质 communist ethics 共产主义教育 education in communism

管理科学系 Department of Management Science

广播电视大学 television and radio broadcasting university 国画系 Department of Tradition Chinese Painting 国际关系系 Department of International Relations 国际经济系 Department of International Economics 国际劳工组织 International Labor Organization 国际贸易系 Department of International Trade 国际文化交流 intercultural communication

国际政治系 Department of International Politics 国际主义教育 education in internationalism 国家发明奖 National Invention Prize

国家教育经费 national expenditure on education

国家科技进步奖 National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology 国家统计局 the State Statistical Bureau

国家自然科学奖 National Prize for Natural Sciences 海洋学系 Department of Oceanography 函授大学 correspondence college 航海系 Department of Navigation

河流港湾工程系 Department of River & Harbor Engineering 护理系 Department of Nursing 护士学校 nurses' school

化工学校 chemical engineering school 化学系 Department of Chemistry

环境工程学系 Department of Environmental Engineering 会计系 Department of Accounting 会计学校 accountant school 伙食补助 food allowance 伙食费 board expenses

机械工程系 Department of Mechanical Engineering 基本框架 basic framework 基础科学 the fundamentals 基础课 basic course 基金会 foundation 及格 pass

集体主义教育 education in collectivism 计算机学系 Department of Computer Science 记者招待会 press conference 技工学校 school of technology 寄宿生 boarder

家业经济系 Department of Agricultural Economics 假期工作vacation jobs

坚持社会主义方向 to keep to the socialist orientation 兼职教授 Part-time Professor

建筑工程系 Department of Architectural Engineering 建筑工程学校 building engineering school 建筑学 Department of Architecture 讲师 Lecturer/Instructor 奖励 rewards

奖学金scholarship 奖学金生 prize fellow

教材编写组 Teaching Materials Writing Group 教导主任 Director of Teaching and

教师进修学校 teachers' college for vocational studies 教授 professor

教书育人 to educate the person as well as impart book knowledge 教务长 Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs, dean of studies

教学、科研、生产的“三结合” “3-in-1 combination” involving teaching, research, and production 教学大纲 teaching program;syllabus 教学内容 content of courses

教学人员 the faculty;teaching staff 教学组 teaching group

教研室/组 teaching and research section/group

教研室主任 Head of the Teaching and Research Section 教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德智体全面发展的建设者和接班人。Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with productive labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically.教育部 Ministry of Education 教育程度educational background

教育方针 guideline(s)/guiding principle(s)for education 教育投入 input in education 教育系 Department of Education

教育要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来 Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future

教员休息室 staff room;common room 教职员 teaching and administrative staff 结合、使加入 incorporate

解剖学 Department of Anatomy 进修班 class for advanced studies 进修课程refresher course

经济（学）系 Department of Economics

经济管理系 Department of Economic Management 考古学系 Department of Archaeology 考试examination

客座教授 visiting professor;guest professor 课程 course;curriculum

课程包括curriculum included 课程表 school timetable

课程重点部分educational highlights 课堂讨论 class discussion

课外辅导 instruction after class 课外活动 extracurricular activities 课外阅读 outside reading

矿冶系 Department of Mining and Metallurgy 昆虫学系 Department of Entomology

理工科大学 college/university of science and engineering 理科大学 university of science 历史系 Department of History 燎原计划 the Prairie Fire Program 林学系 Department of Forestry

领取助学金的学生 a grant-aided student 留级 to repeat the year's work;to stay down 留学生 international student 聋哑学校 school of deaf-mutes

旅游管理系 Department of Tourist Management 论文导师 supervisor

盲人学校 school for the blind/ blind men’s school 美术学院 academy of fine arts 民办学校 private school

名誉教授 Honorary Professor 母校 Alma Mater

年龄段（层）age bracket

农学系 Department of Agriculture 农学院 agricultural college

农业大学 agricultural university 农业中学 agricultural middle school 旁听生（美）auditor

旁听生（英）guest student

培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力 to cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently

培养学生自学能力 to foster the students' ability to study on their own 普遍教育 general education 普及教育 universal education 普通教育 ordinary education 企业管理系 Department of Business Administration

启发式 elicitation method(of teaching);heuristic method

启发学生独立思考的能力 to help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves

气象学系 Department of Meteorology

汽车工程系 Department of Automobile Engineering 人才枯竭 exhaustion of human resources 三结合联合体 tripartite complex 三学期制 the trimester system 扫盲班 literacy class

商业学校 commercial school

社会参与 communal participation 社会活动social activities 社会实践social practice

社会学系 Department of Sociology

身体好，学习好，工作好。Keep fit, study hard and work well.升级 to be promoted to a higher grade

升学t o go to a school of a higher grade;to enter a higher school 升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade 生理学系 Department of Physiology 生物（学）系 Department of Biology

师范大学 normal university;teachers' university 师范学校 school for kindergarten teachers 师范学院 teachers' college

石油地质学校 petroleum geological school 石油学系 Department of Petroleum 实习生intern

实行分区规划 practice regional planning 实验室主任 Laboratory Chief 实验员 Laboratory Technician

实验中学 experimental middle school

食品工程系 Department of Food Engineering 示范试点 demonstration pilot project

适应社会主义现代化建设需要，面向二十一世纪，具有中国特色的社会主义教育体系。a socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century 授予（学士）confer

授予某人学位 to confer a degree on sb.暑期工作summer jobs

数学系 Department of Mathematics 双学士制 a double BA degree system 水产技术学校 marine products technical school 水利系 Department of Water Conservancy 水利学校 water conservancy school 税收 tax revenue 硕士 master

所学课程 courses taken 特别训练 special training

提高......的思想品德 enhance the moral awareness of...体育活动 physical activities

体育系 Department of Physical Education 体育学院 physical culture institute 天文学 Department of Astronomy

填鸭式教学法 cramming/forced-feeding method of teaching 铁路机械学校 railway machinery school 铁路技术学校 railway engineering school

听课 to visit a class;to sit in on a class;to attend a lecture 通讯工程系 Department of Communication Engineering 图书馆学系 Department of Library Science 图书馆员 Librarian

土木工程系 Department of Civil Engineering 土壤系 Department of Soil 托儿所 nursery/ creche 脱产培训 off-job training 外籍教授 Foreign Professor

外交系 Department of Diplomacy

外语系 Foreign Languages Department 外语学校 foreign languages school 卫生学校 health school

文科大学 university of liberal arts 文学系 Department of Literature

无线电工程系 Department of Radio Engineering

五爱（爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱护公物）“Five Love”: love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property.五分制 the 5-grade marking system 舞蹈系 Department of Dance 舞蹈学校 dancing school

物理系 Department of Physics

西班牙语系 Department of Spanish

西方语言系 Department of Western Languages 希望工程 Project Hope

戏剧系 Department of Theatricals

系主任 Department Chairman /Department Head 系主任办公室 Office of the Department Head 小学 primary(elementary)school 校友 alumnus;alumna

协调发展 coordinated and balanced program of development 心理学系 Department of Psychology 新闻系 Department of Journalism 新增劳动力 incoming labor force

畜牧系 Department of Animal Husbandry 选修课 elective/optional course 学费 tuition(fee)学分 credit

学分制 the credit system 学力 educational level

学历 education, educational history, record of formal schooling 学龄儿童 school-ager

学年 school/academic year 学期(school)term;semester 学前教育 preschool education 学生会 students' union/association 学士 bachelor

学术报告会，专题讨论会 symposium 学术活动 academic activities 学位 degree

学习成绩 academic record;school record 学习年限 period of schooling

学院院长 Dean of College/Head of College 学制 educational system

研究生 graduate student;post-graduate(student)

研究生指导教师 Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor;faculty adviser 药学系 Department of Pharmacy 药科大学 pharmaceutical university

冶金机械学校 metallurgical machinery school 冶金系 Department of Metallurgy 业余工作 part-time jobs 业余学校 spare-time school

业余艺术/体育学校 amateur arts/athletic school

业余职工大学 spare-time college for staff and workers 夜校 evening(night)school 医科大学 medical university

医学工程系 Department of Medical Engineering 医学系 Department of Medicine 医学院 medical college/school

遗传工程系 Department of Genetics Engineering 义务教育 compulsory education;free education 艺术系 Arts Department 艺术学校 art school 音乐系 Department of Music 音乐学院 conservatory of music 银行系 Department of Banking 印刷系 Department of Printing

应届毕业生 graduating student/pupil;this year's graduates 英语系 English Language Department 优化教师队伍 optimize the teaching staff 优秀干部 excellent leader

优秀团员 excellent League member

邮电学校 posts &.telecommunications school 幼儿园 kindergarten

娱乐活动recreational activities

渔业航海学校 fishery and navigation school 园艺系 Department of Horticulture 原子能系 Department of Atomic Energy

运输管理系 Department of Transportation Management 在职进修班 in-service training course 在职培训 on-the-job/in-service training 造船学系 Department of Naval Architecture 占百分比 account for...%

哲学系 Department of Philosophy

政治思想教育 political and ideological education 政治系 Department of Political Science

职工大学 college for workers &.Staff members 职前教育 pre-service education 职业道德 professional ethics

职业技术教育 vocational and technical education 职业教育 vocational education 职业学校 vocational school

职业中学 vocational middle school 植物（学）系 Department of Botany

中、小学校长 headmaster/headmistress;principal

中等技术学校 secondary technical school;technical secondary school 中等教育 secondary education

中等专业学校 secondary specialized school;polytechnic school 中文系 Department of Chinese Language and Literature 中学 middle(secondary)school 中医药大学 university of TCM

中医院 institute of traditional Chinese medicine 终身教授 Lifetime Professor 重点大学 key university

重点学科 key disciplinary areas or priority fields of study 重点学校 key school

主副修制 a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field 主修 major 住宿生 boarder

助教 Teaching Assistant(T.A.)注册人数 enrollment

专门课程 specialized courses 专任教师 full-time teacher 专修科 special(training)course 专业 speciality;major 专业课 specialized course 专职教师 full-time teacher 资料中心 data center

自动化系 Department of Automation 自费生 commoner

自学成才 to become educated through independent study 自学考试 self-taught examination 综合性大学 comprehensive university

总务长 Director in Charge of General Affairs

走读生 day student;non-resident student, extern

第二篇：教育类论文中英对照

从中美家庭教育的差异来分析中国家庭教育的现状

The analysis of the actuality of Chinese family education from the difference between Chinese and American family education

[摘要]家庭是人生的第一所学校，是学校教育的基础和重要补充。一般地说，人都出生和生活在一个家庭中，都是首先通过家庭这个最小的社会基层组织，再进入更广泛的社会生活领域的。因此，对每一个人的成长来说，家庭是第一所学校，父母是第一任教师。家庭对儿童身体的发育，知识的获得，能力的培养，品德的陶冶，个性的形成，都是至关重要的。中美两国在家庭教育上存在着显著的差异，如在家庭成员的相互关系上，我国家长大多处于统治地位，而美国家长更注重与孩子平等相处，他们是尊重自己子女的看法的；在育儿观上，中国家长大都希望孩子能出人头地，而美国家长更看重提高孩子的生存适应能力和创造能力；在教育方式上，中国家长喜欢包办替代，而美国家长更愿意让孩子自己动手实践，这些差异导致了两国儿童成人后在生存适应能力上的明显差距。从中美家庭教育的差异上可以看到我国在家庭教育上存在的不足。因此，正确认识并借鉴国外先进的教育方法，对促进孩子健康成长、提高未来人才的素质具有很重要的现实意义。

Abstract

Family is the first school of one’s life,which is also the basis and essential supplement of formal education.Generally speaking,family,as the smallest cell of society,is the first life step for everyone as we all were born and live in it,from which we enter a larger and wider field of social life.So as for everyone, family is the first school and parents are first teachers in it.Besides, family is closely linked to children’s body maturity, knowledge acquirement, ability cultivation, morality edification and character formation.And distinct differences can be found easily in family education between China and America, on the family member relationship, parents are dominant over children in China while equal in the USA, parents are more likely to show respect to children’s opinions.On the belief of raising children, Chinese parents are unexceptional to hope their children to be outstanding without regard to their own quality while American parents pay more attention to improving children’s ability to survive and creat based on their own interest.On the way of education, Chinese parents will monopolise almost children’s everything that should be done by children while American parents are more willing to let children do everything all by themselves.Because of those above cause a great disparity in adapting changing environment after they grow up.Thus making it with significant reality for children’s healthy growing up and improvement of future tatents’ quality by recognising and learning foreign advanced teaching methods correctly, especially from America.[关键词] 家庭教育；育儿观；教育方式；教育结果；传统教育；民主教育；现状

Key words: Family education,Belief of raising children,Ways of education,Result of education,Traditional education,Democratic education,Actuality 家庭教育指的是在家庭互动过程中父母对子女的成长发展所产生的教育影响，也是全社会各个教育环节中最重要的一环。中美两国由于在文化传统、观念意识、生活方式以及社会习俗等方面存在诸多不同之处，导致了两国在家庭教育方面也存在着很多差异，正确认识和了解两国之间的这种差异，对于促进我国当代家庭教育的良性发展有着十分重要的指导作用和现实意义。

Introduction

Education, to some extent, is not only a social activity to cultivate human beings, but also a main way to pass social culture and experience from generation to generation.Among all ways to educate, family education is the earliest and the most important one, which plays an essential role in the mode of thinking and

the formation of world outlook，which are closely related to children’s characters.Besides,there are many differences between China and the USA in family education, because of the root differences in culture tradition, idea and sense, lifestyle and social customs.Only by recognising and understanding the differences between the countries correctly, can we promote the positive development of family education with vital significance in direction and actuality.Recently a Chinese-American young man, Jimmy Lin, has prevailed in NBA.Maybe in your mind, the NBA belongs to the black and white, few yellow guys can be seen on that highest level of basket stage except Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian.But Yao Ming has retired last summer, which leaves us endless memory and pity.While Yi Jianlian doesn’t have much chance to show in Dallas Mavericks.Both of them have a superior height, which enables them a great advantage over others.But with a height of 1.91m, you may think it is hard to show in CBA, let alone NBA.But Jimmy Lin not only did it but also succeed.How can a obscure lad without so many body advantages just succeed? Besides, he is a Harvard graduate.Why can’t we bring up some people like that with the largest population in China? There must be something wrong with our education.In this essay, we will have a hot discussion on the issue and try to find out some possible reasons.中美家庭教育的差异

I Differences in family education between China and the USA

传统的中国式教育强调仁爱与服从，而美国家庭则注重公正和自由。中国家长通常喜欢“塑造”孩子，希望孩子按自己的意愿去发展。他们往往用自己的理性来干涉孩子们的自然发展，因此很大程度上剥夺了孩子自由选择的权利。美国家庭则更重视孩子们的自主权，让孩子学会在社会允许的条件下自己做决定，独立解决自己所遇到的各种问题。其差异大致可归纳为以下几点：

Traditional Chinese education emphasizes benevolence and obedience,while American family pays more attention to fairness and freedom.Chinese parents like to mold their children to meet parents’ unrealistic wishes.They usuallly interfere almost everything of their children based on their rational consideration,which

largely deprives the rights of their children to choose freely.On the contrary,American children are free to choose what they like,supposed to make a decision by themselves within permission of social laws and solve any difficulties they encoutered in life independently thanks to their unique family education which emphasises more on children’s independence.As far as I know,the distinct differences can be summed up as below.一、两种不同的家庭成员关系

1.1 Two opposite family relationships 我国当代家庭教育受传统的家庭观念影响，家长总是意味着权威，作为统治者在家庭中处于核心地位。Chinese parents are authorities of the family all the time and paly a dominant role in the family which put parents in the core of the family because of deep influences of traditional believes of family education.孩子在父母眼里永远是长不大的，父母对孩子的教导可以持续到孩子长大以后许多年。Children will always be children in the eye of parents no matter how old he is,and the influences inherited from their parents will cast a shadow on their mind for decades of years.另外，在中国人的逻辑中有这么一条，即“长者恒为师”，在家庭中，年长者一定可以教育年幼者，这就在家庭内部形成一种人际关系的不平等，儿童也由此学会了对不同的人说不同的话，懂得了父母比朋友重要，长者是权威的象征。Besides,the older is always the teacher remains the unchanging rule and widespread logic in China which deeply rooted in the mind of Chinese people,thus caused an unequal relationship in the family,the older can educate the younger,but the younger can’t even though the older may be wrong,what’s more, they have to learn how to communicate with different family members and gradually recognise parents are more important than friends and the older is the symbol of authority.长期处于这种环境下，孩子慢慢习惯了在多重规则下生活。然而随着物质生活水平的提高和计划生育政策的执行，许多家庭走向另一个极端，让孩子在家庭中处于特殊地位并加以重点保护，孩子成了中心人。After living in this circumstance for a couple of years,children gradually get used to living in multi-rules.While with the improvement of conditions of social material life and implementation of one baby policy,many families go to another extreme with the children as the center of the family by putting them in a special position with intensely special protections.对孩子采取百依百顺的态度，好吃的让孩子独享，该让孩子做的却由父母包办代替了。他们过分满足孩子的任何需要，生活上过分优待孩子，经济上过多偏重孩子，这就造成家庭关系的另一种不平等。在我国，孩子在家庭生活中较少有发言权，参与权，中国父母对孩子的要求就是受规矩，服劝导。正如美国前总统尼克松说：“中国的教育制度从小把他们训练的十分驯服，从小灌输要听大人话的思想，不允许有独立见解，更不允许像爱因斯坦自称的“离经叛道”，这种教育方式只能培养出“守业型人才”，但却失去了中国的达尔文和爱因斯坦”。

Under this condition,parents are supposed to do anything instead of children themselves and indulge them whatever they want.What’s wrose,parents are submissive in attitude,pampering in life and generous in proket money so as to meet any possible desires of children.Thus cauesed an unequal relationship in family.What children need to do is obey all kinds of rules and submit to orders,they have little voice or participation in family activities.As the former American president Nixon says”Chinese children are educated to be submissive and uncreative,it’s almost impossible to find Darwin and Einstein in this country with the largest population in the world,let alone Nobel Prize owner”

而在美国家庭，家长更注重自由与平等的相处。从小就尊重孩子，重视给孩子的个人自主权，让孩子学会在社会允许的条件下自己做决定，独立解决自己所遇到的各种问题。他们把孩子当做一个独立的个体平等对待，给孩子应有的尊重和理解。While on the contrary,American parents emphasis freedom and equality with children,they allow children to make a desion under certain circumstance,encourage them to face tough difficulties bravely and respect what child choose.They treat children as an independent and equal individual more than a child

with deserved respect and understanding.孩子在家里有发言权、参与权，美国父母鼓励孩子“保留意见”、“固执”、“不听话”，允许孩子“不听话”主要是指思维上的“不听话”；美国孩子有选择权，美国父母在孩子的认知能力有了初步发展时，就很重视让孩子自己去进行选择，作出决定，他们可以选择音乐，图书，游戏，长大了自己选择朋友，自己选择职业、自己选择婚姻对象、结婚时间。美国父母不会代替孩子选择，他们主要是引导孩子怎样进行选择，或者站在孩子的身后，给孩子信心，鼓励孩子“用你的眼睛去观察”。美国父母如朋友，他们可以平等的交流，父母与子女的关系比较密切。所以，孩子有独立的时间和空间去自由的想像或进行创造性活动

Children are encouraged to speak out their own opinions and free to jion family activities.When disgreements arise,parents won’t force them to obey to reach a consensus,instead parents will guide them to reserve their opinions and accept their stubbornness and disobedience.American parents emphasis on developing the sense of independence of children at a very early age.That is why you can notice a small kid is like an adult, calling the names of friends and relatives, even parents directly, speaking out his own opinions loudly and take an active part in family discussion.They know that it is their business to handle troubles rather than parents’.Parents also can not scold their children at their will.They leave those things to steel their children, which make kids more brave to venture, to present themselves and to do whatever they can.So children have more independent time and space to fly their own imaginations to creat something unique.二、两种不同的育儿观

1.2 Two different child-raising concepts 中国式家庭教育往往着眼于孩子将来是否有出息，能否找个好职业，能否在顺境中度过一生。基于这种期盼，很多家长认为，父母对孩子的责任就是让他们生活得更好，父母能给他们多少幸福就给他们多少幸福。若能给孩子创造最优越的生活条件，再苦再累也愿意。为此，父母在孩子成长过程中，除了生活上进行无微不至的照顾，还特别关心孩子的智商，为了能让孩子成龙成凤，除了学习，什么都不让孩子干。至于孩子的独立生活能力、对未来生活的适应能力，以及公民意识等却很少考虑，认为孩子只要成绩好，什么问题都能解决。

Chinese parents expect too much on their children’s study, they think the only way to success is grades and the only standard to be successful is entering into universities.In order to let their children perform well in study and be successful, parents allow them to do nothing but study.After having finished homework, children have to do large numbers of exercise to consolidate what they have learned at school,which makes children very tired.The question asked most by parents is “How is your study at school?”, but they don’t notice children have beard huge pressure, lost curiosity, receded confidence and developed no creatation.与此相比，美国家庭的育儿观有很大不同，他们的着眼点在于培养孩子具有适应各种环境和独立生存的能力。基于这种观念，他们十分重视孩子的自身锻炼。他们普遍认为孩子的成长必须依靠自身的力量。因此从小就注重培养锻炼他们的自立意识和独立生活能力。所谓锻炼是多方面的，诸如劳动锻炼、意志的锻炼等。但最根本的是适应各种艰苦环境和劳动能力的锻炼。通过劳动，让孩子从小养成独立自主的意识和热爱劳动的习惯。在劳动和艰苦的环境中去克服困难、磨炼意志、发展自身的能力特长，增长才智，并养成刻苦、节俭的好品质。在这种潜移默化的过程中，随着年龄的增长逐渐促其成为具有独立生存能力和社会责任感的公民。

On the contrary, American parents pay more attention to developing children’s potential ability such as labouring, willing, bearing and the spirit of hardworking

aimed at children’s adaption to various enviroments and independent ability to survive in competitive society rather than give them too much pressure.In education, parents almost encourage what they have failed and praise whatever achievement they have, thus making children be full of confidence and independence during their growing up.Thus giving children a strong physique, quality of hardworking, excellent psychological qualities and ability to survive.Equipped with those qualities, they are more confident to face future and depend on their own ability and struggle in society instead of relying on others

三、两种不同的教育方式

1.3 Two distinct ways of education 由于育儿观上存在着根本差别，使两国在教育孩子的方式上也有很大的不同。中国方面大致体现在以下几点： Because of the fundamentally different concepts of child-raising,the ways of education vary too much between two countries.On the Chinese side,the main differences go as below.1.生活上的包办代替。中国家长尤其是独生子女的家长，在生活上对孩子的衣食住行包办代替，不让孩子沾家务活的边。这种包办横向涉及孩子的方方面面，纵向延伸到孩子长大成人。于是出现了小学生还要家长接送，中学生还要家长洗衣服，大学新生入学还要家长护送。!.31 Monopolization of children’s affairs in life.Chinese parents,especially those from one baby family,are more likely to monopolize children’s affairs in life range from clothes,food,shelter,transportation to chores,which involves in everything related to children from childhood to adult,thus caused an amazing phenomenon that parents have to pick-up children in their primary school years,wash children’s clothes during middle school years and escort them to universities even though they are old enough to do those things all by themselves.What’s worse, improper extending parents’responsibility make parents substitute their children to make basic daily plans, specify learning ranges and decide the future directions that all are children’s own choice, which make our kids can do nothing but study knowledges, more likely to depend on others and lack sense of independence.2.社交上的过度保护。不少家长怕孩子吃亏或学坏，于是限制孩子与外界的接触，一旦孩子与小朋友或同学之间发生争执或不愉快的事情，多数家长采取袒护自己孩子而指责其他孩子的办法。1.32 Over protection in social activities Because of parents’ fears of their children’s possiblities to suffer lose or be evil,they intend to restrict children from getting in touch with out world.When a dispute or something unpleasant arises between two children or classmates,parents are sure to protect their own children and blame others rather than blame themselves even though their children have done something wrong.3.经济上的放任。不少家长对孩子的要求百依百顺，有求必应，连经济拮据的家庭，家长也要勒紧裤带省下钱来满足孩子的需求。不少小学生都拥有手机、数码相机、MP3等高档消费品，这无形中助长了他们奢华浪费的习惯。1.33 Indulgence in money Traditonal Chinese gentleman cares little about money and fame, which has deeply impacted Chinese parents’ ideas of managing money matters.In China, it is parents’ business to earn money to support family and manage money, it has nothing to do with children.They just ask parents for money whenever they need.They only can do those things when they are married.Chinese parents always volunteer to provide money to meet children’s desire, indulge them to spend money immoderately without any

limits even though they have to live an uptight life.Subconsciously children formed a bad habit of wasting luxurily.4.学习上的过于严厉。与生活、经济、社交上的纵容相比，家长对孩子的学习却要求很高，甚至达到一种苛刻的程度。古往今来，应试教育一直深深桎梏着中国家长们的思想，导致家长们把孩子的学习成绩与能否考取高等学府视为孩子成材的惟一标准。当孩子出生后就以天才的标准来要求、教育孩子。平时，孩子在做完老师布置的作业后又让孩子再做一套同步练习题，以求巩固。弄得孩子精疲力尽，一旦孩子辜负了他们的期望，那只能通过打骂这一招来解“恨铁不成钢”之怒。1.34 Severe striction with studying

Compared with indulgence in life,money and social activities,studying has been expected much too high by parents for their children almost to a extreme level,which sometimes is beyond their abilities.From ancient to modern times,examination-oriented education system has deeply rooted in and restricted the mind of Chinese parents.The only standard of children’s success is whether he could get good grades and enter a key university.When he was born,he would be treated as a genius to be educated and raised regardless of his own tatent and quality.After classes,he has to spend much of his playtime to do the exercise which the teacher has assigned to consolidate again and again,which exhausts every student.Once they can’t live up to parents’s high expections,what they will get is scolding rather than encouragement,by which parents can vent their disappointment and anger.而美国家长从锻炼孩子独立生活能力的角度出发，对孩子的教养采取放手而不放任的方法进行。

While in order to help children obtain the ability to survive in this competitive society,American parents give lots of chance for their kods to learn independence but never indulge them.所谓放手，就是从孩子生下来，父母就设法给他们自我锻炼的机会和条件，让他们在各种环境中得到充分锻炼。普通做法是根据不同的年龄让孩子做自我服务性的劳动。如一个美国家庭中有三个孩子，他们在家中都有各自的角色，10岁的男孩周末负责帮父亲割草，浇花，打扫庭院，12岁的女孩能根据不同的食品配方烘烤出各种各样美味的点心，8岁的小女孩会编织五颜六色的茶杯垫等等。至于美国的中小学生兼报童的例子，更是不胜枚举。据美国报纸推销站联合会统计，全美国约有50万送报童。稍大一些的中学生打工也是寻常现象，而且都得到家长的支持。Once a child is born,parents will try their best to provide various opportunities for their children to train up in various conditions rather than arrange everything ready for them.Let’s take a 3 children family for example.every child will have his role in the family.10-year-old boy is in charge of mowing,watering flowers and house cleaning in weekends.12-year-old girl can cook various dishes based on different materials.8-year-old girl is able to knit colorful cup cushions for family use.Besides,there are more than 0.5 million paperboys across America estimated by America Newspaper Sale Union.What a amazing number.It’s common for elder middle

school students to have a part-time job which is strongly supported by parents.所谓不放任，一般反映在三个方面：第一，宁苦而不娇。家长特别注重培养孩子的吃苦精神。欧美的儿童少年，从小就从事送报，打工等劳动，这本身就是一种吃苦精神的磨练。寒冷的冬天，当中国的同龄孩子可能还在热被窝里熟睡时，他们早已起来挨家挨户去送报纸了。这对娇惯子女的中国家长是难以接受的，甚至可能认为这是“残忍”的。

But they seldom indulge their children.In order to develop children’s spirit of facing toughness,parents will help children to face toughness bravely rather than pamper them and letting them do nothing.You may find an Aerican paperboy is sending newspapers home by home in the early morning of the chilly and snowy winter,while at this time in China,most children are dreaming in their warm beds.Chinese parents will think it unacceptable and cruel for their children to do what American peers do.第二，家富而不奢。美国的家庭平均收入比中国多几十倍，但他们对孩子的零用钱都有严格的限制和要求。而且零用钱绝不作为鼓励孩子的手段，目的是教育孩子懂得，他们努力学习完全是为了自己将来成为有用之才。据调查发现，美国54%的青少年学生没有零用钱，而且年龄越大越不可能拿到零用钱。The second great difference lies in pocket money.As we all know, average American families are more than 10 times better off than average Chinese families.Almost every American family owns a car, which is many Chinese’s dream.Though they are much richer but they don’t give much pocket money to their children as we do.Instead, with too much rules and striction, pocket money will never be a means of encouragement.It is said that 54% of American teenagers have no pocket money.Besides, the older they are, the harder to get pocket money.What they do above is to teach children the importance of studying and hard working.第三，严教而不袒。西方人对孩子的缺点错误绝不听之任之，更不袒护，而是设法教孩子自己知错改错。此外，美国家长大都对孩子的学习不施加太多压力。他们的观点是：孩子对感兴趣的知识自然会努力去学，为什么要强制他们去做本不愿做的事情呢? 强拗着去做，反而会伤害孩子的感情与个性。人的兴趣、爱好和才能本来就各不相同，孩子适合做什么就做什么，人生道路要让孩子自己去走。成功的家庭教育，应该是家长拿出时间跟孩子以平等的态度进行沟通、交流，对孩子正确的想法和行为给予充分肯定，让孩子在尊重和鼓励中成长。The third feature is strict education with no shield of fault or mistake.If any fault or mistake arises, western parents will point them out immediately with no shield and try to teach their children find the way out all by themselves.Besides, most American parents don’t put too much pressure on children’s study.In their opinion, children will learn what interests them.Since interest is the best teacher, why shall we force them to learn something with no interest for them? If parents insist on doing so, it will not only hurt children’s feeling but also character.Everyone was born with different interests, hobbies and intelligence, what’s suitable for them, only god knows, and they will find out all by themselves.What all successful families share are communicating with children equally, confirming children’s right deeds and unique ideas and providing a respecting and encouraging environment for them.由此可见，民主的教育方式表现为一种宽松教育，优点很多：首先，有利于创新精神的培养。宽松是激发孩子创造力的重要条件，在高压下孩子的创造精神将受到压抑，只有在平和、愉悦的家庭氛围中才能激发孩子对知识的兴趣。而创造宽松的环境，必须与孩子建立民主平等的关系。其次，有利于健康人格的培养。孩子在家有发言权、参与权、选择权以后，主动性强、自主意识强、胆子大、有自信心和责任心。另外，亲情关系和睦使孩子愿意把秘密告诉父母，父母也理解孩子的情感世界，这能使孩子形成良好的性格。而专制的教育方式表现为一种管束教育，压抑创造性，束缚了个性的发展。So as you can see above, democratic education brings freedom and creativity with so many advantages.First of all, it’s good for creativity.Freedom is the source of creativity.New things can’t be invented under great pressure.New ideas can’t be thought with forbiddance.Salves can never be a creator but a labor.Only in peaceful and relaxing family atmosphere can interest and creativity be inspired.While peaceful and relaxing family atmosphere must be established on basis of equality between children and parents.Secondly, it’s good to cultivate healthy dignity.If a child gets his voice heard in the family decision，gets more involvement in family affairs and gets more chance to choose, he is sure to be brave, independent, self-conscious, confident and responsible.Besides, closer relationship between parents and children makes children more willing to tell their secrets to parents, and parents can know more about children’s inner world, which can help children form a good character.Arbitrary education constraints creativity and independence, which makes children obedient and more likely like a frog in the well.种不同的教育结果

2.4 Two different results of family education

由于育儿观和教育方法的不同，其教育结果也表现出明显不同。美国孩子从小就表现出很强的独立生活能力，这体现在： Different child-raising concepts and ways bring obvious difference.American children have shown impressive independence at a very early age listed as below.（1）性格倾向积极，遇事镇定沉着，能与人和谐相处，开朗、胆大，有克服困难的毅力，敢想、敢做，具有创新精神。a Outgoing in character, calm in emergency and harmony in social relationship, those are American character easy to find.(2)具有很强的自立能力。绝大多数18岁以上的孩子，都靠自己挣钱来读书。有的人把钱赚够了才进学校读书，也有人一边打工、一边读书，或读读停停，花十几年时间拿个博士学位。孩子们认为，长这么大还伸手向父母要钱很不光彩，会被人家瞧不起,让人觉得无能。所以必须工作，才能做到经济上独立。b Strong independence If you are 18-year-old and still supported by your parents, you will feel common in China but shame in America.Most Americans are self-supported.They make money to cover all their expense, from food to tuition, from clothes to rent, almost everything.In the daytime, he maybe your deskmate, but at night he maybe a waiter you meet by accident in a restaurant.Study while working is common for them.Sometimes they have to suspend their study to earn money, which makes get a PhD degree takes several decades.If you are still supported by your parents in your twenties, you are surely to be looked down upon by others.The real independence is finance independence.(3)具有适应市场经济的头脑。美国不少家庭的孩子，从小就参与当家理财，通过亲身体验使他们深知金钱来之不易，从而养成精打细算、勤俭度日的好习惯。c In western countries, especially the USA, managing money is an essential aspect of family education, which has been paid too much attention.Western parents seldom give money to children irregularly and planlessly, they regularly provide a fixed fund instead.Besides, they help children build a correct sense of managing money matters, form a healthy habit of money and develop basic qualities of money.What’s more, they teach direct children to make a budget and learn to spend money properly.They also encourage children to do part-time jobs and earn money by his own working, teach them to save instead of squandering and help them learn to donate to help others.When facing money, children are supposed to be honest and dignified.To practice thrift is a virtue.Grasping the opportunities to manage money and invest correctly and ready to severe other people.(4)具有适应社会环境的本领。由于从小的艰苦磨炼，美国的孩子不怕苦，有克服困难的毅力，遇事镇定沉着，能与周围人们和谐相处，有作为社会成员而独立存在的信心和勇气。

d Strong adaptation to society

Though average American families are much richer than average Chinese family, but they don’t pamper their children as we do.Because of one-baby policy, many Chinese parents will cover all the chores, let alone adapting society.Chinese children almost live like a king or queen even though his family maybe relatively poor.But things are quite different in the USA.American children have to practice in society at a very young age, They have to deliver milk in the early morning or send newspapers home by home to earn their pocket money.By doing all kinds of things within their ability, they become well-trained in society.No matter how tough the situation is, they will face directly and independently, which in return gives them confidence and courage to be a social member.与此相反，中国的儿童、青少年乃至大学生，虽然学业成绩上不亚于西方，但普遍表现出独立生活能力差，缺乏自主意识，依赖性强，做事被动胆怯，缺乏对环境的适应和应变能力；不懂得人际交往的技巧，人际关系差；怕苦怕累，只要求别人照顾，却缺乏同情心和帮助别人的能力；在家不懂得尊敬自己的长辈，在外缺乏社会责任感。中国孩子的这些个性和特点，恐怕是与我国倾向于“学历教育”有很大关联，父母希望孩子躲在学校这座象牙塔里寒窗苦读，不让孩子在风云变幻的社会里摸爬滚打。

We are proud of our performance in study with the highest grades among the international students, but poor performance in practical ability.Lack of independence can be widely found among Chinese students, from pupils to teenagers, even undergraduates.对中国家庭教育现状的分析 Analysis of the actuality of Chinese family education

从中美两国家庭教育的比较，可以看出两国家庭教育中存在着个别的特殊性。那么，现代社会更能接纳哪一种教育呢？社会发展的动因是人的能动性、创造性，要求人性的充分解放。伴随人类文明的进步，人类将越来越关怀人性的发展，人的各方面能力的发展，所以现代社会需要的是有活力的、全面的人。显然，美国家庭教育更能培养个性张扬、有创造力、生存力的“人”，而中国家庭教育培养的是“守规矩”、“会读书”的所谓的“才”。这是中国家庭与学校“合作”进行“应试教育”的结果，这教育的结果将严重影响我国青少年的身心素质。那么，美国的家庭教育有哪些优点呢？与美国的家庭教育相比，中国的家庭教育存在着哪些不足？当今中国家庭教育的现状有哪些呢？ From the family education comparision between China and America, you will find both means of education is quite different with individualities, but which one is more suitable for modern competitive society? As we all know, the motivation for the development of society is creativity and freedom, which need humanity to be relatively unbinding.With the development of human civilization, we pay more attention to humanity and ability.What the society needs are humans with energy and creativity.Obviously, you can see those who with characteristic, creativity and survivability are more likely to appear in American family, that why America shares

the largest number of Nobel prize holders, while disciplined, bookish and obedient children are more likely to appear in Chinese family, which is mainly caused by exam-oriented education, which not only damages the mental and physical health of our children, but also the entire quality.So what are the advantages of American education? What are our weakness compare with American education? What are the realities of Chinese present education? Let us find out below.美国家庭教育的特点：

3.1 Characteristics of American family education 一注重培养平等意识

3.11 Cultivation of equal consciousness 这一点可以说是美国家庭教育的一个突出的特点，因而美国的孩子独立生活能力相当强。让孩子自由选择也不是说父母就无所作为，父母可以引导，可以帮助分析，但最终的选择权在孩子手里。Cultivation of equal consciousness is the most outstanding and impressive point of American family education, which makes American children show great adaptation in independent life.Parents play a role as a guide or adviser in children’s decision.It’s up children to choose and responsible for what they choose.This education method is admired by many Chinese parents.We might as well try another new way from blank rather than walk on the road which others have walked.In fact, the most successful parents are still not so sure about the unique right way for their children to success.They choose the relatively right way for children just from what they have experienced.But they forget that children are the real inventor of his fate, he need to walk all by himself.在美国的家庭，就是大人跟孩子谈话时也永远是蹲下来同孩子在同一个高度，同孩子脸对脸、目光对视着，体现了家长对孩子的尊重，让孩子意识到自己同成年人一样是平等的，有利于培养孩子自尊、自信的人格。

It is quite common to find a child just call his mother’s or father’s name directly instead of mom or dad in American family, which is unacceptable for our Chinese because of the tradition “the young must show respect to the old”.While in America, the belief “all men are created equal” has deeply rooted in everyone’s mind.When parents have a conversation with children, they are always in the same height, face to face and eye to eye, which not only show parents respect children, but also positively good for the formation of children’s esteem and confidence.Parents are not a authority any more but a friend.Western parents emphasis on developing the sense of independence of children at a very early age.That is why you can notice a small kid is like an adult, calling the names of friends and relatives, even parents directly, speaking out his own opinions loudly and take an active part in family discussion.They know that it is their business to handle troubles rather than parents’.Parents also can not scold their children at their will.They leave those things to steel their children, which make kids braver to venture, to present themselves and to do whatever they can.Thus giving children a strong physique, quality of hardworking, excellent psychological qualities and ability to survive.Equipped with those qualities, they are more confident to face future and depend on their own ability and

struggle in society instead of relying on others.美国人在日常生活中充分提供孩子参加和表现的机会，无论结果怎么样，总是给予认可和赞许。在这样宽松的环境里成长起来的孩子开朗活泼、勇于创新、充满自信

Besides, parents provide a large stage for children to show off, they can take part in whatever interests them.When children’s show time coming, parents will try their best to attend no matter how they are and no matter what the result is, parents will always be the first one to praise encourage and confirm.Only in this free and encouraging environment can outgoing brave creative and confident children be brought up.二注重培养动手能力

3.12 Developing the habit of hardworking 在美国，父母从孩提起就为孩子创造一种环境和条件，对孩子进行早期劳动训练，让孩子做力所能及的事情，使孩子拥有一双勤劳的手。

In America, parents provide a environment for children from a very early age.They teach children to do all things within their ability, which enables children equip with hardworking hands.For example, 小孩子具有好动的天性，比如在墙壁上乱画，用嘴咬玩具，拿剪刀或刀子在书本、衣服等物品上乱剪乱划，在我国大人定会坚决制止。而在美国父母们看了会笑嘻嘻的，高兴于孩子学会了某种技能，而不是痛惜某件东西被孩子损坏了，然后耐心地告诉孩子一些操作的技巧和知识。

hyperactivity is the nature of all kids, which is an essential way to explore the world.Because they know little about the world and they may do something wrong, like painting on the wall, snapping toys, cutting clothes books and so on.When catching a sight of this, Chinese parents will be annoyed and stop it at once, while American parents will be happy for what ability children have learned and guide them patiently with correct skills and knowledge.Chinese children will be timid after scolding, while American children will be brave after guiding.美国父母认为劳动能给孩子带来很多好处，比如：劳动可以培养孩子的独立性；劳动能促进手脑并用，促进智力发育；劳动能促进身体健康、增强体质；劳动能促进良好的个性品质的形成。

What’s more, the idea of child-raising in American families entirely different from ours.They are far-sighted to impart their children the abilities of independence and adaption to various environments.Based on the idea, they pay much attention to developing children’s own ability.Children’s growing up must rely on their own ability, so parents emphasize on training children’s consciousness of independence and ability to live on his own at a very young age.Also the training is various such as labor and will training which fundamentally aim to let their kids adapt all kinds of tough environments and develop the ability to work.By laboring works, can children form a good habit of thinking independently and loving work at a very early age.Only through this, can they learn how to overcome difficulties, steel will and be industrious and thrifty in laboring and tough environment.As they grow older, they are more likely to be independent and responsible citizens by their unique education.While Chinese family education always aims at children’s prospect, future career and life.Based on those expectations, a large number of parents believe that it is their responsibility to give as much as they can to let their children live a happy and decent life no matter how difficult it may be, they are willing to try their best without any complains.Thus making a strange phenomenon for westerners to understand.Almost all Chinese parents want their children to be successful without regards to their talents and ability.They spend almost

everything they can afford including time money and energy to provide the best environment for their children to be outstanding in grades.Children are kings and queens, what they are only supposed to do is study, chores are not their business.What’s worse, parents care little about children’s independence, adaption to future life and the consciousness of citizen.They falsely believe that excellent grade performance can solve everything.三注重培养独立能力 3.13 Independence training

在美国，绝大多数１８岁以上的青少年，都是靠自己挣钱来读书，因此，美国社会上的一个清洁工，一个跑堂的，也可能是正在接受高等教育的一分子。

In America, thanks to unique child-raising way, most teenagers, who are more than 18 years old, are supported by themselves to finish their higher education.From that time, they are not more than kids but citizens.He has the right to vote.A cleaner or a milk guy maybe a undergraduate from Yale or Harvard.四注重培养创造能力 3.14 Fostering creation 美国人没有让孩子们去死记硬背大量的公式和定理，而是煞费苦心地告诉孩子们应怎样去思考问题，教给孩子们面对陌生领域寻找答案的方法。他们也从不用考试把孩子分为三六九等，而是竭尽全力去肯定孩子们的一切努力，去赞扬孩子们自己思考的一切结论，去保护和激励孩子们所有的创造欲望和尝试。他们认为对人的创造能力来说，有两个东西比死记硬背更重要：一个是他要知道到哪里去寻找所需要的；再一个是他综合使用这些知识进行新的创造的能力。

There is a great difference between China and tne USA in Education Idea, once an American married a Chinese lady, he sighed with feeling “Once I thought Chinese children are smarter than American children, until now do I understand that it is their duty to force their children to study and it is their responsibility to bring up the best children in studying, they are unwilling to let their children play through the whore summer holiday.While American parents think it is their duty to let children enjoy his childhood like playing sports, making friends, go sightseeing and do what they really like.American parents never help their children tutor their homework and lessons.They think it is the duty of teachers’ to tutor them rather than parents.They won’t give children the right answer if children make a mistake, instead they will guide children to reconsider it.It is human nature to make mistakes.Without mistakes, how can they make progress? Besides, parents care so much about children’s confidence that they never discourage them.Continual praising instead of laughing at them how foolish they are.If children spend weekend on study instead of playing, that will not be encouraged.Among Chinese parents, children’s good performance in grades will be the honor of parents.While in the USA, they don’t talk too much about children”s performance in grades, which is regarded as family business that has nothing to with others.They never separate the clever guys and the foolish guys only on the basis of grades.One’s performance in grades will not be a standard of one’s intelligence.在美国，孩子从小睡小床，稍大后单独一间，从没听说过孩子与父母睡在一起。在孩子日常事务的处理上，父母只帮助孩子做一些在当时年龄上还无法做到的事情，凡是孩子自己力所能及的事都尽量由孩子自己去完成，自小培养孩子对自己负责任的潜意识。美国人认为孩子应该自立，很早就培养孩子生活自理能力。

In the USA, it is almost impossible to hear that child sleep with parents, even though the child is just born, he still has a small bed, when he grows up, he will own his own room.On dealing with children’s daily affairs, parents only help to do those things beyond their ability, leaving the rest things which are within their ability to

be done by themselves.Subconsciously, children form the habit of independence and take responsibility for what they have done.当今中国家庭教育的现状 Current situation of Chinese family education

一、悲观的思维方式造成急功近利的心态

4.1 Mental attitude of quick success and instant benefits caused by negative thinking pattern

从如今的等级观念根深蒂固。个体的精神状态取决于权威的决定，使个体的心理总是处于脆弱状态，心态容易失衡，重新总看到孩子的缺点，对孩子不满意；只要孩子学习好，其它无所谓；盲目攀比造成心理失落，失落导致恨铁不成钢，家长的心态变了，孩子的自信也失去了。

Nowadays in China, the class belief has prevailed in everyone’s mind.Individual mental status is largely impacted by authorities, which makes the individual mind fragile.Because everyone wants to succeed as fast as they can, parents always find fault and put some unrealistic expectations on children, which always let parents down.Parents lose confidence in children and children lose confidence in themselves.二、重养轻教，重物质轻精神

4.2 Too much importance attached to raising and material, little to education and mental

说中国的家长不爱孩子，没人会服气。因为中国父母在养孩子上花的心血，力气，脑筋，可以称得上是天下第一流。特别是当代独生子女的父母们，更是拼命地在养孩子上搞攀比。你让孩子喝娃哈哈，我给孩子喝太阳神，有的甚至给十来岁的孩子吃什么鳖精！穿着方面，有的家长也傻乎乎地比着让孩子穿名牌，穿上千元的名牌衬衣，几千元的名牌皮外套。有的孩子到了十五六岁，还把衬衣甚至脏袜子都扔给父母洗，不少家长还乐此不疲，觉得那是爱孩子。但仅有爱是不够的，还要懂孩子，懂孩子的前提是了解孩子，重视孩子的内心世界。

现在不少父母关注的焦点仅限于孩子的衣食住行，父母很少关注孩子内心，忽视孩子的精神需求，导致孩子容易出现问题和品德问题。

溺爱造成孩子个性缺陷。剥夺了孩子对人生的正常体验，孩子失去了生存能力；过重的精神压力，过重的精神负担，全部理想和希望都寄托在他一个人身上，希望孩子能有所作为，孩子的压力比以往任何时候都沉重；不许失败，限制情绪的宣泄，造成孩子的情感失调节，只许进不许出，成绩稍有波动家长就紧张万分，仿佛天要塌下来似的，这种要求本身就是不合理，缺乏科学性。

From the compare between China and the US can we find apparent distinctions in family education.Those distinctions of family education whether in the way or ideas can result in great disparity in surviving to adapt various situations between Chinese and American children when they grow up, from which we can see our weakness in family education clearly.Besides, there are some latent rules deeply rooted in the mind of Chinese parents and us, even though we can’t speak them out in detail, but when children’s words and deeds don’t match the latent rules, parents are surely to interfere to different extents.Thus making children be tied to numberous rules.What’s worse, they have to live in the way their parents have directed under the numberous latent rules.But as parents, they never

consider whether their ideas are right, is it suitable to ask children to do that, leave alone what aftermath it may cause.As a result, because of the false ideas, improper contents and totally wrong ways of family education in millions of families and in the mind of millions of thousands of Chinese parents, they often feel disappointed and distressed about their children.In modern China, family education is not only a hot issue but also a tough problem.In many families, how to educate children properly has become the main point of family contradiction and conflicts between family members.Because of those ideas deeply rooted in parent’s mind, large numbers of families have fell into the wrong region of education, which has twisted the characters and minds of younger generation, caused many problems and tortured the heart of both parents and children.It has become such a difficult issue that severely influence normal family life, the health growing up of younger generation and a main unstable factor of family and society, which can be concluded into 2 points as below.4.21 Over pampering and excessive protection have restrained children from developing independent characters.In China, large numbers of parents pamper and protect their children so deep that is hard for foreigners to imagine.I have witnessed too much examples.A child who lives in my neighborhood and has graduated from university requires his parents to pick him up only by car everytime when he goes to work or returns home.Another example, a child of my relatives originates in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province has his higher education in Hangzhou.He has never taken a bus during his 4 collage years and forgotten which he has taken to go home.Everytime when he wants to go home, just a phone call to his parents no matter how busy they are, they will come to pick him up.Still more people at the age of supporting a family can’t cook a meal.Raising a child is their duty to conceive and give birth, the rest is their parents’ duty to raise.I have been thinking that if one day parents are too old to do that or gone, what should we do? When can we learn how to rely on ourselves? 4.22 Too much restrain, interference and punishment on children tire both parents and children.Once a baby is born, his future has been arranged by his parents which leaves few options for him to choose.Parents will interfere almost everything from what kind of kindergartens, primary schools, middle schools, hobby classes, craming schools to colleges to attend and jobs to do, leaving children few choice to choose from, letting alone creation.While that is the reality of Chinese family education.We might as well try another new way from blank rather than walk on the road which others have walked.In fact, the most successful parents are still not so sure about the unique right way for their children to success.They choose the relatively right way for children just from what they have experienced.But they foreget that children are the real inventor of his fate, he need to walk all by himself.三、把孩子当作私有财产

4.3 Regard children as private possessions

把孩子作为发泄对象，是教育无能的表现，使孩子胆怯、懦弱、不敢进取。原因有家长自身的童年轻历，社会压力、缺乏教育方法、自卑性；中国家长爱孩子，更爱面子，成功家长拿孩子作为自己炫耀的资本，满足虚荣心，给自己挣面子，失败家长则不宽容孩子，强烈的补偿心理会使他们把孩子当成生命的最后赌注。

Chinese parents are just over kind to interfere almost every affair of children, very detailed interference from what kind of friends they should make to when should they go to bed, from where to play to how to use chopsticks, really inclusive but sometimes children will never buy.Parents just treat children as their private possession with all considerations on their basis rather than children’s, which directly lead the nature of children has been killed without being noticed.If children fail parents’ expectations, the discouraged parents will put their anger on children, which is almost worst part of Chinese education and makes brave children timid.The original reason is the parents’ childhood still casts a shadow on their inner mind and short of right ways to educate.They love their children but they love to save face more.Successful parents always like to show off how well their children’s study is before public to fit their vanity, while unsuccessful parents will be discouraged by children’s bad study performance.If parents are not so successful, they deeply hope their children to be successful.But if parents are successful, they deeply hope their children to be more successful.四、缺乏学习，缺乏家庭教育的氛围

4.4 Devoid of educational and studying atmosphere in family

观念方法过于陈旧简单，家长不注意学习教育知识和教育方法，不注意借签他人经验，教育后果一定不佳，用打骂的方式对待孩子，孩子要么自我，要么充满暴力倾向，家庭教育气氛紧张，少有温情，缺乏正确的教育方式，也是家长缺乏学习的结果，欲速而不达，事与愿违，家长望子成龙心态下的贪婪，导致急功近利，采取违反生命成长规律的教育，对孩子进行拔苗助长，“不行”；缺乏表达，家长与孩子交流，更多的是非语言的，家长的言谈举止，思想观念，行为习惯无不在言教之中，无形影响，构成对孩子最直接最深刻的教育。

In China, a child beaten to cry can be seen or heard quite common on the street.The passer-by may think it’s their child not ours and it is none of my business to interfere.While the parents hold the theory that it is my child and what I do to him has nothing to do with you.But in America, it is against the law to use family violence on children or parents treat children badly, they may be deprived of the right custody.In America, a child not only belongs to a family but also to the all nation.The outdated teaching method in China can’t match the development of society.We shall update and learn some advanced methods to fit China society.The terminal reason of all the tragedies in Chinese education is we expect too much on children, which are usually beyond children’s ability.If Chinese parents just keep a usual mind, live their own life with more consideration on themselves rather than child.Besides, more communication not only in words but also in deed are in need.Remember that education, to some extent, is not only a social activity to cultivate human beings, but also a main way to pass social culture and experience from generation to generation.Among all ways to educate, family education is the earliest and the most important

one, which plays an essential role in the mode of thinking and the formation of world outlook，which are closely related to children’s characters.As the saying goes “Parents are best teachers of their children”.结语 5 Conclusion 综上不难看出，不同的家庭成员关系、育儿观和教育方法产生了两种截然不同的教育结果，孰优孰劣非常清楚。要提高未来我国在国际上的竞争力，关键在于提高人才的质量和素质，这就必须从家庭教育做起。因为家庭教育是整个学校教育(包括学前教育)和社会教育的基础，它是学校教育和社会教育无法取代的。我国的家庭教育受几千年封建传统的影响，无论从家长的价值观、育儿观看，还是从家庭教育内容、方式和方法看，儒家思想影响至深。然而随着中国的改革开放，社会结构的变化，家庭教育中某些传统观念、手段及方法已无法适应当代中国的家庭教育。因此我们应该在弘扬中华民族几千年灿烂文明的辉煌结晶的同时，也吸取西方国家的民主、开放的家庭教育观。自觉转变家庭教育中的落后观念，扩展家庭教育的领域，丰富家庭教育的内容，改善教育的手段、途径和方法，熔铸古今，汇通中西，我们才能造就出非凡的下一代。

There is a great difference between China and western countries in family education, both have its advantages and disadvantages.When promoting and developing Chinese civilizations which are not only a history of thousands of years but also a colorfully splendid crystal of Chinese intelligence, we also should reject the dross and assimilate the essence of western civilization such as the democratic and open ideas of family education.Having compared the differences between China and western countries in family education, we seem to have found a way out for those Chinese parents who are eager for a successful future of their offspring.Learning each other's good points for common progress and marching forward together to succeed in the future increasingly competitive society.Family education is the most important part that should be paid as much attention as possible.主要参考文献：Main reference:

1，王道俊，王汉澜：《教育学》，人民教育出版社。2, 魏书生：《好父母，好家教》，漓江出版社。3，卢勤：《好父母，好孩子》，漓江出版社。

4，张怀承：《中国的家庭与伦理》，中国人民大学出版社。5，王华夏：《父亲教育与诺贝尔天才》，中国妇女出版社。

6，卢勤：《告诉孩子，你真棒》，长江文艺出版社。7，桑逢杰：《影响一生的家庭教育规划 Lu Qin “Good Parents, Better Children” People Education Press 2 Lu Qin “Tell Children, You are Great” Lijiang River Press 3 Sang Fengjie “The lifelong impact of family education plan” 4 Wang Daojun Wang Hanlan “Education” People Education Press 5 Wang Huaxia “ Father and Nobel” Chinese Women Press 6 Wei Shusheng “Good parents, Good education” Lijiang River Press 7 Zhang Huaicheng “ Chinese family and ethics” Renmin University Press

第三篇：珠宝首饰词汇中英对照

饰品相关英语词汇

Hair ornaments 发饰

Hairpin 发夹

Fascinator 用羽毛、花朵、珠子等组成的华丽头饰 headband 头巾 tiara 小皇冠

Head ornaments 头饰及面部装饰

clip-on earrings 夹式耳环 magnetic earrings 磁石耳环 nose ring 鼻环 nose stud 鼻钉 coronet 花冠

Arm ornaments 臂饰

armlet 臂环 cuff link 袖扣 bangle 手镯/脚镯

Body ornaments 身体上的饰物 brooch 胸针 chatelaine 腰链 anklet 脚链

宝石（Stone）

钻石Diamond 红宝石Ruby 蓝宝石Sapphire 祖母绿Emerald 绿柱石Beryl 锆石Zircon 橄榄石Peridot 石榴石Garnet 石英Quartz 水晶Rock crystal 翡翠Jadeite 绿松石Turquoise 孔雀石Malachite 大理石Marble 寿山石Lardetite 珍珠Pearl 珊瑚Coral 琥珀Amber 象牙Ivory 贝壳Shell 闪山灵Opal 缟玛瑙Onyx 形状（Shape）

圆形Round 锥形Taper 马眼形Marquise 梨形Pear 正方形Square 长方形Rectangle 椭圆形Oval 心形Heart 八角形Octagon 三角形Triangle 半圆形Semicircle 类型（Type）

戒指Ring 耳环Earring 吊坠Pendant 手镯Bangle 手链Bracelet 项链Necklace 配件Parts 链Chain 呔针Tie Pin 呔夹Tie Clip 呔链Tie Chain 呔钉Tie Tack 夹子Clip 套装Set 扣子Clasp 踝饰Anklet 袖口钮Cufflinks 发夹Hair Clip 框Frame 笔夹Pen Clip 金币Gold Coin 胸针Brooch 一串Strand 锁匙扣Key Holder 雕刻品Carving 条形襟针Stick Pin 表Watch 相盒Locket 封底片Plate 瓜子耳Bails 珠子Bead 扣掣Snap 款式Style 镶嵌（Setting）

针板镶座Bar setting 包镶Bezel setting 夹镶Channel setting 群镶Cluster setting 吉普赛镶Gypsy setting 隐藏式镶Invisible 密镶式镶Pave setting 爪镶Prong setting 座单石镶Solitaire setting 帝凡尼镶Tiffany setting 金属（Metal）

黄金Gold 银Silver 铜Cuprum 铂金Platinum 钯金Palladium ———————————————————————————————— bangle(手,脚)镯的 bracelet(手,脚)链镯的

tennis bracelet 由块状物连接起来的手链brooch(胸,领)针的 charm 链的添加饰品,用来个性化手链的 earring 耳环的 necklace 项链的

navel jewellery 肚脐饰品的 belly ring 环状肚脐饰品的 barbell 杠铃状肚脐饰品的 dangle 有坠子的肚脐饰品的 pendant 项链的坠子的 ring 戒指的

toe ring 脚趾也戴戒指的 tongue ring 舌环...的

tongue bar 装在舌头上的的 fine silver 999 纯银的 sterling silver 925 银的 coin silver 800 或900 银的 gemstone 宝石的 gold plated 镀金的的

genuine diamond 真钻石的

CZ diamond 水钻,就是种水晶的 ruby 红宝石的 sapphire 蓝宝石的 emerald 绿宝石的

topaz 黄宝石,它也是有很多颜色的的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳宝的

zircon 锆石,风信子石,据说跟水晶一样硬而韧,比钻石色散更高,较便宜的 oval 卵状的 teardrop 泪状的 leaf 叶状的 wing 翅状的 heart 心形的

bead 珠子,珠状的 jewellery box 首饰盒

------------------１、宝石名称

宝石类：

钻石：diamond 刚玉：corundum 红宝石： ruby 蓝宝石： sapphire 绿宝石： beryl 石英： quartz 水晶：

无色水晶：rock crystal 黄水晶： citrine 烟晶： smoky quartz 紫晶： amethyst 蔷薇辉石：rhodonite 绿柱石：

祖母绿： emerald 金绿宝石：chrysoberyl 石榴石： garnet 尖晶石： spinel 锆石： zircon 电气石： tourmaline 橄榄石： peridot 变石（亚历山大石）：alexandrite 托帕石： topaz 玛瑙： agate 方解石： calcite 磷灰石： apatite 琥珀： amber 珍珠： pearl 象牙： ivory 闪亮拉光石labradorite 贝壳sea-shell 玉石类：

硬玉： jadeite 翡翠：jade 软玉： nephrite 欧泊： opal 孔雀石： malachite 长石： feldspar 玉髓： chalcedony 绿松石： turquoise 金属（metal）铂金： platinum 纯金： gold 纯银： sterling 铜： copper 黄铜： brass 铁： iron 钙： calcium 锡： tin 镁： magnesium 锰： manganese 铬： chromium 珐琅： enamel 白蜡： pewter 合金： alloy 非合金： unalloy 块金： nugget 2．常见首饰

手镯bracelet 戒指ring 胸针brooches 挂件pendant 耳环earring 钮扣button 项链necklace 皮带strap 领带tie 纽扣button 珠子bead 3.物理、化学性质

硬度hardness 摩氏硬度：Mohs scale 全称the Mohs hardness 体积volume 韧性toughness 断口fracture 贝壳状断口：conchoidal fracture 参差状断口：splintery fracture 无断口： smooth or even fracture 锯齿状断口：hackly or uneven fracture 解理cleavage 裂开parting 密度density 相对密度：relative density=specific gravity 比重specific gravity(S.G.)光泽luster 失去光泽tarnish 熔点melt point 炼制合金alloying 抛cast 锤hammer 焊solder 镀plate（镀金、银等）电镀 plated ad.镀金的，装甲的

plating n.（电）镀，喷镀；镀金（术），包覆金属熔敖deposit 熔敖，涂，（喷）镀腐蚀corrosion 退火annealing 软焊soldering

4、宝石的特征：美丽的beauty 稀有的rarity 耐久的durability 稳定的stable 可塑的malleable 可塑的，有延展性的 malleability 能力，可塑性平坦地plainly平坦地，明白地客观的external 外部的避邪的talismanic 护身符的医疗的curative 预防疾病的prophylactic 传统的traditional 超自然的supranatural 象征性的symbolically

5、计量单位：卡拉karat(K)克拉carat

仿首饰：imitation jewelry/semi-precious 真首饰：fine jewelry/precious...头饰：hair accessories 皇冠：tiara 项链：necklace 吊坠：pendant 耳环：earring 胸针：brooch 手链：bracelet 手镯：bangle 戒指：ring 脚链：anklet 丝巾扣scarf buckle 奥钻：swarovski rhinestone 捷克钻：czech stones 松石：turquoise 电泳：electrophoresis 电镀：electroplate 磨砂石：matte plastic bead 猫眼：cat's eye 水晶：crystal 珍珠：pearl 合金铸造：white metal casting 爪链：cup chain 压克力：acrylic 镀金：gold plating 古金：antique gold 古银：antique silver 古铜：antique copper 古青铜：antique bronze 雾金：matte gold 镀白金：rhodium plated 镀代铑：imitation rhodium 烤漆：lacquer 钻色

crystal 白色

black diamond 浅茶 jet 黑色

aquamarine 湖蓝 lt.sapphire 浅兰 sapphire 深蓝 montana 墨兰 capri blue peridot 浅绿 olivine 橄榄绿 blue zircon 绿锆石 emerald 深绿 green turaline 浅黄jonquil 金黄topaz 淡黄lt.colorado topaz 烟黄smoked topaz 浅粉lt.rose 粉红rose 梅红fuchsia 红锆石hyacinth 大红lt.siam 深红siam 红宝石ruby 石榴红garnet 浅紫：lt.amethyst 深紫：amethyst Walton filter 沃尔顿滤色镜 Wardite 水磷铝纳石 Wart agate 瘤状玛瑙

Wart pearl 瘤状珍珠同blister pearl Warty Back pearl 沃蒂拜克珍珠 Washboard pearl 洗衣皮珍珠 Wassie(Wass)大裂片 Watch fob 表锁环 Water 水(钻),水(色)Water agate 水玛瑙

Water chrysolite 水橄榄石同moldavite Water drop 水滴

Water drop quartz 水滴石英,水胆水晶 Water-of-Ayr stone 恨水石 Water opal 水蛋白石 Water sapphire 水蓝宝石 Water stone 水石

Watermelon tourmalin 西瓜碧玺 WaterWorn stone 水蚀石 Wax agata 蜡状玛瑙 Wax jade 蜜蜡黄玉 Wax opal 蜡状蛋白石 Wax pearl 蜡珍珠

Webster Kopjie Diamond 韦伯斯特?考帕吉钻石 Wedding anniversary 结婚纪念日 Wedding ring 结婚戒指 WedgeWood 瓷器 Well 井眼

Wernerite 柱石

Wesseltons 维谢尔顿钻

Wet digging 湿矿山,冲积矿山 Whern 燧石 Whistle 鱼鳔型 Whitamite 绿廉石

Whitby jet 怀特比煤矿 White carnelian 白光玉髓 White Cliffs opal 白崖欧泊 White emerald 白祖母绿 White garnet 白色石榴石 White gold 白色金

White iron pyrites 白铁矿 White jade 白玉 White jadeite 白翡翠

White moss agate 白苔苏玛瑙 White metal 白色合金 White opal 白欧泊

White sapphire 白色蓝宝石 White Saxon 白萨克森钻石 White schorl 钠长石 White silk stone 白绢石 White stone 玻璃假宝石 White topaz 白色黄宝石

WickloW diamond 威克洛钻石 Wilconite 紫方柱石 Wild pearl 野生珍珠 Willemite 硅锌矿 Williamsite 纤蛇纹石 Wilsonite 紫红方柱石

Wiluite 硼符山石,钙铝榴石,威鲁石 WindoW cut 窗型 Wing pearl 羽翼珍珠

Wisconsin pearl 威斯康星珍珠 Wisps 云雪瑕疵 Wolf's eye 狼眼石 Wolf's eye ston 狼眼石 Wollastonite 硅灰石饰品名词

常见的电镀有如下几种：

1.镀20K 金（20K GOLD PLATING)2.镀白K(Imitation Rhodium Plated)3.镀银（silver plated）4.镀古金(antique gold)5.镀古银(antique silver)6.镀古铜(antique copper)7.镀古青铜(antique bronze)8.镀白金(rodium plated)9.镀枪黑(gun color plated)无镍（(Nickle free)仿首饰：imitation jewelry/semi-precious 真首饰：fine jewelry/precious.......饰品常见的材质分为以下几种：

1.合金饰品：white metal casting Jewelry or alloy jewelry 2.爪链饰品：cup chain Jewelry or claw chain 3.银饰品：salver 925 Jewelry 4.珍珠饰品：pearl Jewelry 水钻有很多种类，从高到低依次为：

1.奥地利产，施华洛世奇swarovski rhinestone 2.奥登钻

2.捷克钻czech stones 3.中东钻

4.印度钻(也称碎石）5.国贸钻（国产钻）

7.压克力（塑料的）acrylic 与饰品搭配的还有：

1.锆石（zircon)2.猫眼(cat's eye)3.马眼（horses)3.水晶（crystal eye)4.珍珠(pearl)5.贝壳(cowry)6.松石（turquoise)7.胶珠：（PLASTIC BEADS）8.水晶胶（crystal pastern）9.树脂(Resin)10.绿松石（turquoise）

Wollastonite cat's eye 硅灰石猫眼石 Wood agate 木玛瑙 Wood opal 木蛋白石 Wood stone 木石 Wood tin 木锡石

World's eye 众人之眼,世界之眼 Wurttenberg jet 维滕贝尔格煤精 Wyoming jade 怀俄明 Wyse ruby 威斯红宝石

Ornaments，headgear，jewelry 首饰 Gold fashions 金饰 Silver fashions 银饰 Hair decorations 发饰 Waist chain 腰链 Trousers chain 裤链 Pendant 项饰 Necklace 项链 Earrings 耳环 Ring 戒指

Bracelet 手链, 手镯 Bobby pin 发夹 Brooch 胸针 Bangle 手镯 Pendant 链坠 Toe ring 脚戒 Gemstone 宝石 Gold plated 镀金的

Genuine diamond 真钻石 CZ diamond 水钻,水晶 Zircon 锆石,风信子石, Heart 心形的 Bead 珠子 Set 套饰

Mobile chain 手机链 Key chain 钥匙扣 Button 钮扣 Pin 别针

Headgear 头饰

Fine silver 999 纯银的 Sterling silver 925银 Coin silver 800或900银 Button 纽扣 Stock 库存 Dog chain 爪链 Conch 贝壳 Woodiness 木质 Acryl 压克力 Alloy 合金 Iron 铁

Material 材质 Size 尺寸 Finery 服饰 Fittings 配件 Crown 皇冠 Resin 树脂 Opal 猫眼石 Necklace----项链 Earring----耳环 Pendant----吊堑 Key chain—钥匙链 Key ring---钥匙扣 Acryl---亚克力 Pantone---潘东色卡号

Rose gold colour----玫瑰金色 Plastic beed-----塑料珠子 Bubble bag----气泡袋 Organza bag---纱袋 color printed polybag---四色印刷OPP 袋 Czech crystal----捷克钻

Drop shaped pendant----水滴形吊堑 Beed---珠子 Plating---电镀

Black fabric strap for hanging the mobile---?(挂手机的绳子)Charm bracelets-----手镯挂件 Metal charms---金属挂件 gemstone 宝石的 gold plated 镀金的的

genuine diamond 真钻石的

CZ diamond 水钻,就是种水晶的 ruby 红宝石的 sapphire 蓝宝石的 emerald 绿宝石的

topaz 黄宝石,它也是有很多颜色的的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳宝的

Natural color;begin colour 自然色

Primary colour;fundamental colour 原色 Pure colour 纯色

Complementary colour 补色

Fashion colour;trend colour 流行色 International colour 国际流行色 Essential colour 基本色 Similar colour 同类色 Multicolour 多种色彩 Full colour 彩色 Plain colour 素色

Secondary color 混合色 Contract colour 对比色 Cold colour 冷色 Warm colour 暖色

Neutral colour;intermedium colour 中间色 Soft colour 柔和色 Rich in colour 浓色

Advancing colour 前进色 Receding colour 后退色 Expansive colour 膨胀色 Contracting colour 收缩色 Ground colour 底色 Surface colour 表面色 Transparent color 透明色 Metal colour 金属色 Accent colour 强调色

Colour matching;colour combination 配色 Colour mixing 调色 bangle(手,脚)镯的 bracelet(手,脚)链镯的

tennis bracelet 由块状物连接起来的手链brooch(胸,领)针的 charm 链的添加饰品,用来个性化手链的 earring 耳环的 necklace 项链的

navel jewellery 肚脐饰品的 belly ring 环状肚脐饰品的 barbell 杠铃状肚脐饰品的 dangle 有坠子的肚脐饰品的 pendant 项链的坠子的 ring 戒指的

toe ring 脚趾也戴戒指的 tongue ring 舌环...的

tongue bar 装在舌头上的的 fine silver 999纯银的 sterling silver 925银的 coin silver 800或900银的 gemstone 宝石的 gold plated 镀金的的

genuine diamond 真钻石的

CZ diamond 水钻,就是种水晶的 ruby 红宝石的 sapphire 蓝宝石的 emerald 绿宝石的

topaz 黄宝石,它也是有很多颜色的 moonstone 月光石,月亮石的 garnet 石榴石的 jade 翡翠的 crystal 水晶的 amethyst 紫水晶的 rose quartz 玫瑰石英的 opal 澳宝的

zircon 锆石,风信子石,据说跟水晶一样硬而韧,比钻石色散更高,较便宜的 oval 卵状的 teardrop 泪状的 leaf 叶状的 wing 翅状的 heart 心形的

bead 珠子,珠状的 jewellery box 首饰盒

第四篇：数学词汇中英对照

初等数学 elementary mathematics 高等数学 higher mathematics 现代数学 modern mathematics 基础数学 basic mathematics 应用数学 applied mathematics 计算数学computational mathematics 复变函数论 theory of functions of a complex variable 实变函数论 theory of functions of a real variable 泛函分析 functional analysis 数理逻辑 mathematical logic 数理统计 mathematical statistics 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程 partial differential equation 数理方程 equation of mathematical physics 代数拓扑学 algebraic topology 集合论 set theory 拓扑空间 topological 概率论 probability 随机过程 stochastic process 李群 Lie group 数论 number theory 图论 graph theory 编码理论 coding theory 混沌理论 chaotic theory 一般词汇

数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom 定理 theorem 计算 calculation 运算 operation 证明 prove 假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题 proposition

算术 arithmetic 加 plus(prep.), add(v.), addition(n.)被加数 augend, summand 加数 addend 和 sum 减 minus(prep.), subtract(v.), subtraction(n.)被减数 minuend 减数 subtrahend 差 remainder 乘 times(prep.), multiply(v.), multiplication(n.)被乘数 multiplicand, faciend 乘数 multiplicator 积 product 除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), division(n.)被除数 dividend 除数 divisor 商 quotient 等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 大于 is greater than 小于 is lesser than 大于等于 is equal or greater than 小于等于 is equal or lesser than 运算符 operator 数字 digit 数 number 自然数 natural number 整数 integer 小数 decimal 小数点 decimal point 分数 fraction 分子 numerator 分母 denominator 比 ratio 正 positive 负 negative 零 null, zero, nought, nil 十进制 decimal system 二进制 binary system 十六进制 hexadecimal system 权 weight, significance 进位 carry 截尾 truncation 四舍五入 round 下舍入 round down 上舍入 round up 有效数字 significant digit 无效数字 insignificant digit

代数 algebra 公式 formula, formulae(pl.)单项式 monomial 多项式 polynomial, multinomial 系数 coefficient 未知数 unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation 一次方程 simple equation 二次方程 quadratic equation 三次方程 cubic equation 四次方程 quartic equation 不等式 inequation 阶乘 factorial 对数 logarithm 指数，幂 exponent 乘方 power 二次方，平方 square 三次方，立方 cube 四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power 开方 evolution, extraction 二次方根，平方根 square root 三次方根，立方根 cube root 四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n次方根 the root of n, the nth root 集合 aggregate 元素 element 空集 void 子集 subset 交集 intersection 并集 union 补集 complement 映射 mapping 函数 function 定义域 domain, field of definition 值域 range 常量 constant 变量 variable 单调性 monotonicity 奇偶性 parity 周期性 periodicity 图象 image 数列，级数 series 微积分 calculus 微分 differential 导数 derivative 极限 limit 无穷大 infinite(a.)infinity(n.)无穷小 infinitesimal 积分 integral 定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral 有理数 rational number 无理数 irrational number 实数 real number 虚数 imaginary number 复数 complex number 矩阵 matrix 行列式 determinant

几何 geometry 点 point 线 line 面 plane 体 solid 线段 segment 射线 radial平行 parallel 相交 intersect 角 angle 角度 degree 弧度 radian 锐角 acute angle 直角 right angle 钝角 obtuse angle平角 straight angle 周角 perigon 底 base 边 side 高 height 三角形 triangle 锐角三角形 acute triangle 直角三角形 right triangle 直角边 leg 斜边 hypotenuse 勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem 钝角三角形 obtuse triangle 不等边三角形 scalene triangle 等腰三角形 isosceles triangle 等边三角形 equilateral triangle 四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形 parallelogram 矩形 rectangle 长 length 宽 width 菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond 正方形 square 梯形 trapezoid 直角梯形 right trapezoid 等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid 五边形 pentagon 六边形 hexagon 七边形 heptagon 八边形 octagon 九边形 enneagon 十边形 decagon 十一边形 hendecagon 十二边形 dodecagon 多边形 polygon 正多边形 equilateral polygon 圆 circle 圆心 centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径 radius 直径 diameter 圆周率 pi 弧 arc 半圆 semicircle 扇形 sector 环 ring 椭圆 ellipse 圆周 circumference 周长 perimeter 面积 area 轨迹 locus, loca(pl.)相似 similar 全等 congruent 四面体 tetrahedron 五面体 pentahedron 六面体 hexahedron平行六面体 parallelepiped 立方体 cube 七面体 heptahedron 八面体 octahedron 九面体 enneahedron 十面体 decahedron 十一面体 hendecahedron 十二面体 dodecahedron 二十面体 icosahedron 多面体 polyhedron 棱锥 pyramid 棱柱 prism 棱台 frustum of a prism 旋转 rotation 轴 axis 圆锥 cone 圆柱 cylinder 圆台 frustum of a cone 球 sphere 半球 hemisphere 底面 undersurface 表面积 surface area 体积 volume 空间 space 坐标系 coordinates 坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 横坐标 x-coordinate 纵坐标 y-coordinate 原点 origin 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola

三角 trigonometry 正弦 sine 余弦 cosine 正切 tangent 余切 cotangent 正割 secant 余割 cosecant 反正弦 arc sine 反余弦 arc cosine 反正切 arc tangent 反余切 arc cotangent 反正割 arc secant 反余割 arc cosecant 相位 phase 周期 period 振幅 amplitude 内心 incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心 excentre(BrE), excenter(AmE)旁心 escentre(BrE), escenter(AmE)垂心 orthocentre(BrE), orthocenter(AmE)重心 barycentre(BrE), barycenter(AmE)内切圆 inscribed circle 外切圆 circumcircle

统计 statistics平均数 average 加权平均数 weighted average 方差 variance 标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion 百分比 percent 百分点 percentage 百分位数 percentile 排列 permutation 组合 combination 概率，或然率 probability 分布 distribution 正态分布 normal distribution 非正态分布 abnormal distribution 图表 graph 条形统计图 bar graph 柱形统计图 histogram 折线统计图 broken line graph 曲线统计图 curve diagram 扇形统计图 pie diagram 方程

wave equation 波动方程 tangental equation 切线方程 quartic equation 四次方程式 quadratic equation 二次方程式 magnitude equation 【天】星等差 linear equation 一次方程式

irreducible equation 不可约方程 integral equation 积分方程

indicial equation 【数】指数方程 indeterminate equation 不定方程

集合与简易逻辑

集合（集）

set 非负整数集

the set of all non-negative integers 自然数集

the set of all natural numbers 正整数集

the set of all positive integers 整数集

the set of all integers 有理数集

the set of all rational numbers 实数集

the set of all real numbers 元素

element 属于

belong to 不属于

not belong to 有限集

finite set 无限集

infinite set 空集

empty set 包含

inclusion, include 包含于

lie in 子集

subset 真子集

补集（余集）

全集

交集

并集

偶数集

奇数集

含绝对值的不等式

一元二次不等式

逻辑

逻辑联结词

或

且

非

真

假

真值表

原命题

逆命题

否命题

逆否命题

充分条件

必要条件

充要条件

……的充要条件是……

函数

自变量

定义域

值域

区间

闭区间

开区间

函数的图象

proper subset

complementary set universe intersection

union

the set of all even numbers

the set of all odd numbers

inequality with absolute value

one-variable quadratic inequality

logic

logic connective

and

not

true

false

truth table

original proposition

converse proposition

negative proposition

converse-negative proposition

sufficient condition

necessary condition

sufficient and necessary condition … if and only if …

function argument domain range interval

closed interval open interval graph of function

映射

mapping 象

image 原象

inverse image 单调

monotone 增函数

increasing function 减函数

decreasing function 单调区间

monotone interval 反函数

inverse function 指数

exponent n次方根

根式

根指数

被开方数

指数函数

对数

常用对数

自然对数

对数函数

数列

项

通项公式

有穷数列

无穷数列

递推公式

等差数列

公差

等差中项

等比数列

公比

等比中项

三角函数

始边

终边

正角

负角

零角

象限角

弧度

弧度制

n th root

radical

radical exponent

radicand

exponential function

logarithm

common logarithm

natural logarithm

logarithmic function

sequence of number

term

the formula of general term

finite sequence of number

infinite sequence of number

recurrence formula

arithmetic progression，arithmetic series

common difference

arithmetic mean

geometric progression，geometric series

common ratio

geometric mean trigonometric function initial side terminal side positive angle negative angle zero angle quadrant angle radian

radian measure

角度制

degree measure 正弦

sine 余弦

cosine 正切

tangent 余切

cotangent 正割

secant 余割

cosecant 诱导公式

induction formula 正弦曲线

sine curve 余弦曲线

最大值

最小值

周期

最小正周期

周期函数

振幅

频率

相位

初相

反正弦

反余弦

反正切

平面向量

有向线段

数量

向量

零向量

相等向量

共线向量

平行向量

向量的数乘

单位向量

基底

基向量

平移

数量积

正弦定理

余弦定理

不等式

算术平均数

几何平均数

比较法

cosine curve maximum minimum period

minimal positive period periodic function

amplitude of vibration frequency phase

initial phase arc sine arc cosine arc tangent directed line segment scalar quantity vector zero vector equal vector collinear vectors parallel vectors

multiplication of vector by scalar unit vector base

base vectors translation inner product sine theorem cosine theorem

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

method of compare

综合法

method of synthesis 分析法

method of analysis 直线

倾斜角

angle of inclination 斜率

gradient 点斜式

point slope form 截距

intercept 斜截式

gradient intercept form 两点式

一般式

夹角

线性规划

约束条件

目标函数

可行域

最优解

圆锥曲线

曲线

坐标法

解析几何

笛卡儿

标准方程

一般方程

参数方程

参数

圆锥曲线

椭圆

焦点

焦距

长轴

短轴

离心率

双曲线

实轴

虚轴

渐近线

抛物线

准线

初等数学 elementary mathematics 高等数学 higher mathematics 现代数学 modern mathematics 基础数学 basic mathematics 应用数学 applied mathematics

two-point form general form included angle

linear programming constraint condition objective function feasible region optimal solution curve

method of coordinate analytic geometry Descartes

standard equation general equation parameter equation parameter point conic ellipse

focus, focal points focal length major axis minor axis eccentricity hyperbola real axis

imaginary axis asymptote parabola directrix

计算数学computational mathematics 复变函数论 theory of functions of a complex variable 实变函数论 theory of functions of a real variable 泛函分析 functional analysis 数理逻辑 mathematical logic 数理统计 mathematical statistics 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程 partial differential equation 数理方程 equation of mathematical physics 代数拓扑学 algebraic topology 集合论 set theory 拓扑空间 topological 概率论 probability 随机过程 stochastic process 李群 Lie group 数论 number theory 图论 graph theory 编码理论 coding theory 混沌理论 chaotic theory 一般词汇

数学 mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom 定理 theorem 计算 calculation 运算 operation 证明 prove 假设 hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题 proposition

wave equation 波动方程 tangental equation 切线方程 quartic equation 四次方程式 quadratic equation 二次方程式 magnitude equation 【天】星等差 linear equation 一次方程式

irreducible equation 不可约方程 integral equation 积分方程

indicial equation 【数】指数方程 indeterminate equation 不定方程

集合与简易逻辑

集合（集）

set 非负整数集

the set of all non-negative integers 自然数集

the set of all natural numbers 正整数集

the set of all positive integers 整数集

the set of all integers 有理数集

the set of all rational numbers 实数集

the set of all real numbers 元素

element 属于

belong to 不属于

not belong to 有限集

finite set 无限集

infinite set 空集

empty set 包含

inclusion, include 包含于

lie in 子集

subset 真子集

proper subset 补集（余集）

complementary set 全集

universe 交集

intersection 并集

union 偶数集

奇数集

含绝对值的不等式

一元二次不等式

逻辑

逻辑联结词

或

且

非

真

假

真值表

原命题

逆命题

否命题

逆否命题

充分条件

必要条件

充要条件

……的充要条件是……

函数

自变量

定义域

值域

区间

闭区间

开区间

函数的图象

映射

象

原象

单调

增函数

the set of all even numbers

the set of all odd numbers

inequality with absolute value

one-variable quadratic inequality

logic

logic connective

and

not

true

false

truth table

original proposition

converse proposition

negative proposition

converse-negative proposition

sufficient condition

necessary condition

sufficient and necessary condition … if and only if …

function argument domain range interval

closed interval open interval graph of function mapping image

inverse image monotone

increasing function

减函数

decreasing function 单调区间

monotone interval 反函数

inverse function 指数

exponent n次方根

n th root 根式

radical 根指数

radical exponent 被开方数

radicand 指数函数

exponential function 对数

常用对数

自然对数

对数函数

数列

项

通项公式

有穷数列

无穷数列

递推公式

等差数列

公差

等差中项

等比数列

公比

等比中项

三角函数

始边

终边

正角

负角

零角

象限角

弧度

弧度制

角度制

正弦

余弦

正切

logarithm

common logarithm

natural logarithm

logarithmic function

sequence of number

term

the formula of general term

finite sequence of number

infinite sequence of number

recurrence formula

arithmetic progression，arithmetic series

common difference

arithmetic mean

geometric progression，geometric series

common ratio

geometric mean trigonometric function initial side terminal side positive angle negative angle zero angle quadrant angle radian

radian measure degree measure sine cosine tangent

余切

cotangent 正割

secant 余割

cosecant 诱导公式

induction formula 正弦曲线

sine curve 余弦曲线

cosine curve 最大值

maximum 最小值

minimum 周期

period 最小正周期

周期函数

振幅

频率

相位

初相

反正弦

反余弦

反正切

平面向量

有向线段

数量

向量

零向量

相等向量

共线向量

平行向量

向量的数乘

单位向量

基底

基向量

平移

数量积

正弦定理

余弦定理

不等式

算术平均数

几何平均数

比较法

综合法

分析法

直线

minimal positive period periodic function

amplitude of vibration frequency phase

initial phase arc sine arc cosine arc tangent directed line segment scalar quantity vector zero vector equal vector collinear vectors parallel vectors

multiplication of vector by scalar unit vector base

base vectors translation inner product sine theorem cosine theorem

arithmetic mean

geometric mean

method of compare

method of synthesis

method of analysis

倾斜角

angle of inclination 斜率

gradient 点斜式

point slope form 截距

intercept 斜截式

gradient intercept form 两点式

two-point form 一般式

general form 夹角

included angle 线性规划

linear programming 约束条件

目标函数

可行域

最优解

圆锥曲线

曲线

坐标法

解析几何

笛卡儿

标准方程

一般方程

参数方程

参数

圆锥曲线

椭圆

焦点

焦距

长轴

短轴

离心率

双曲线

实轴

虚轴

渐近线

抛物线

准线

constraint condition objective function feasible region optimal solution curve

method of coordinate analytic geometry Descartes

standard equation general equation parameter equation parameter point conic ellipse

focus, focal points focal length major axis minor axis eccentricity hyperbola real axis

imaginary axis asymptote parabola directrix

第五篇：语法常用词汇中英对照

语法常用词汇中英对照

主语： subject谓语： predicate宾语：object定语：attributive 状语： adverbial表语： predicative补语：complement

同位语：appositive construction形式主语：formal subject

词性：part of speech

名词：noun，singular/plural/collective/compound

动词：verb形容词：adjective副词：adverb代词：pronoun

介词：preposition 系动词：linking verb 连接词：conjunction 动词词组：phrasal verbs 及物动词：transitive verb不及物动词：intransitive verb 修饰语： modifier 非谓语：non-finite：不定式： infinitive，现在分词：present participle phrase，过去分词：past participle phrase动名词：gerund

词组： phrase 固定搭配： set phrase频率副词： adverb of frequency 疑问副词： interrogative adverb疑问代词： interrogative pronoun

主动语态：active voice被动语态：passive voice 虚拟语气：subjunctive mood 倒装：inversion独立主格： independent genitive 强调句：emphatic sentence 反义疑问句 tag question省略 abbreviation

时态： tense

现在时：present tense过去时：past tense 现在完成时：present perfect tense 现在进行时： present progressive tense过去进行时：past progressive tense 将来进行时： future progressive tense现在完成时： present perfect tense 过去完成时： past perfect tense将来完成时： future perfect tense 标点符号：punctuation

句号：full stop/end mark 逗号：comma 分号：semicolon 冒号：colon

引号：quotation mark大写字母：capital letter 缩写： abbreviation

从句：clause

名词性从句：nominal clause

1.主从：subject clause 2.宾从：object clause3.表从：predicative clause

4.同位语从句：appositive construction

定从： attributive clause/relative clause

状语从句：adverbial clause

1.原因： cause/reason 2.条件： condition 3.让步：concession 4.时间：time

5.目的： purpose6.结果：result7.方式：manner8.地点：place

9.比较： comparative

教育类常用词汇中英对照5篇

第一篇：教育类常用词汇中英对照

第二篇：教育类论文中英对照

第三篇：珠宝首饰词汇中英对照

第四篇：数学词汇中英对照

第五篇：语法常用词汇中英对照

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