高级英语6 lesson1课文的summary

第一篇：高级英语6 lesson1课文的summary

Summary of Sexism in School

According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom

sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom.Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning.It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet.Besides, the sexism with

far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place.Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study.Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.

第二篇：英语summary

Fate is sometimes not very kind to policemen like myself.Take as an example the recent trial in which I was involved.When I arrested the young lad I had felt sure he was guilty I had been following him around for a couple of hours and he conduct himself suspiciously.He had been wandering about and it seemed to me that he was looking for an opportunity to steal.When I arrested him, his casual manner only served to confirm my suspicions.I thought I had at last caught the thief who had been troubling the area for so long.However, my joy was only temporary.When I saw the brilliant solicitor the boy's father had hired to defend him, I knew we didn't stand a chance.It turned out that the boy was simply a student who was looking for temporary employment before going to university.If only he had been a bit more helpful when we arrested him, he could have saved us all a lot of time and trouble.It's enough to make one turn against students!

Despite the vast amount of data available for us to download from the worldwide web, we still face a problem in how to make the best use of it.Data on its own has its limitations.It is only when nature is exposed to fruitful questions that we can hope to uncover her secrets.The evolution of science shows this clearly, with many of the most notable discoveries relying on the ability to view matters rather than simply gathering more facts.In short, half the answer lies in thinking up the right question.To my mind, in any analysis of the professions, few can match teaching.One needs to be energetic, certainly, for occasionally it seems one hardly has time to catch his breath.It can mean staying up late in order to get lessons prepared on time.Nonetheless, I am convinced that the work is more stimulating than that of my administrative colleagues.I certainly would not wish to switch, even though the pay is higher.With teaching, the pace of life is more varied, allowing greater time for reflection and research.Yet most of all it is the chance to see the spark of a fresh idea taking hold in a student's mind that is the most rewarding aspect of the job, repaying all one's efforts

It is difficult not to be affected by the tale of Sarah Morris.While her physical conditions made it difficult to interpret her speech, from her writing it would be impossible to spot that she suffers from such a severe handicap.Writing slowly with the help of a pointer fastened to her head, her maximum writing speed is no more than eight words per minute.Yet she still manages to write extensively on the team she grew up following.Straining her neck in the gloom of her room, surrounded by her computer equipment and a TV set, she has managed to rise above her situation against all the odds.I recall that it was something of an embarrassment to have my son find me so upset on that Wednesday long ago.He had come home expecting to have the place all to himself, only to find me there, frantic with worry about losing my job.I had assumed that I could master typing in just a few sessions, but it took much longer than I had expected.Try as I might, it seemed I just could not catch on to it in time.I suppose I should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as I did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.I felt helpless and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end I just had to accept defeat and change jobs.Not that I gave up wanting to type.I went on practicing and eventually mastered it.The medicines the doctor prescribed for me tasted horrible.They were supposed to bring down my temperature, but when I heard how high it was I was terrified.I thought I was certain to die.I just didn't see how I could possibly overcome the illness.I couldn't stop worrying about it.All day I just gazed into space, feeling miserable.The fever made me shiver and gave my face a flush I couldn't take an interest in anything and felt very detached from everything around me.I thought my father must know I was going to die, but had said nothing, wanting me to keep from thinking about it.Finally I could bear it no longer and asked him how much longer I could live.When he explained my mistake, all my worries slid away.Only then was I really able to take it easy.I am still trying to figure out why we all behaved so badly on the night my neighbours tried to break into our family bomb shelter.It was frightening for us down there, hearing those we thought of as our friends heading for something to break down the shelter door.Even though we piled up all we could find against the door, I knew it would eventually give way.And it did.Should I hold it against them? After all, their reactions were born of fear and I would probably have behaved the same way in their shoes.Perhaps it would have been fairer to have drawn lots for who got to use the only shelter in the street, but I was never going to let that happen.I was as scared and selfish as the rest.It seems that underneath we are all more aggressive and greedy than we like to think.Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of success.They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers.Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits.Daydreaming of success, they claim, can contribute to success.One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be.Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true.Of course, you should not neglect necessary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.The beauty of the music was in sharp contrast with the reality of the lives led by the singers.Amid all their suffering, a group of Jewish prisoners had found the courage to stage performances of Verdi's Requiem.Despite the difficulties and dangers, they threw themselves enthusiastically into rehearsals, which had to be kept a secret.An additional difficulty was that they had only one instrument, an old harmonium.Their greatest triumph came when they performed before an audience containing the infamous Nazi official, Adolf Eichmann.Their voices swelled with passion as they threw in the faces of the Nazis words which sang of how they would have to pay for their crimes.If we look at the process of innovation, we will see how technology feeds on itself, accelerating the pace of technological advance in our own times.Technological innovation is comprised of three stages: invention, application and diffusion.One of the most important characteristics of advanced technology today is the fantastic speed that occurs between each of these stages.For example, nowadays the time it takes to put ideas to work has been greatly reduced.The progress in transportation is a case in point.Likewise, the time between the application and diffusion stages has been radically shorted.This accounts for the acceleration of present-day technology.And this, in turn, generates more feasible ideas.What sort of future will this process conjure up for us? Will the pace of change exceed our ability to cope with it? Or is it one of our characteristics that we have an impressive ability to adapt to change, no matter how frequent?

Dictation

One of the ways you can encourage children to be creative is to talk things over rather than to give instructions or make a model when they ask for help.If you show a child how to draw a flower or a person, they will try to draw one just like yours.This can be frustrating because no matter how hard children try, their pictures will not be as “good” as yours because they do not have the skill that you have.Chances are that children will compare the two pictures and not be happy with their own.They may even decide not to try.Be creative yourself and think of ways to encourage children's creativity.Baseball is America's national sport, played mainly by men.It developed in the mid 19th century from the British games of rounders and cricket.Baseball is also popular in Japan and several Latin American countries, and has been an Olympic sport since in 1972.Softball is similar but uses a large, softer ball and is popular with women.Many Americans play baseball for fun because players do not have to be strong like football players or tall like basketball players.Some people think baseball is too slow, but the team managers often change their players and plans during the game, and there are many exciting plays.Many American families enjoy going to a Sunday afternoon double-header, that is, two games between the same two teams in one day.The Terezin concentration camp was established by the Nazis in an 18th century fortress in Czechoslovakia on November 24, 1941.More than 150,000 Jews passed through the camp during its four-year existence, which was used as a holding area for eventual murder in Auschwitz.By 1943, rumors began circulating in the international community that the Nazis were exterminating Jews in gas chambers, and that the conditions of the concentration camps did not permit survival.The Nazis rebuilt parts of this camp to serve as a “showpiece” for propaganda purposes.Flowers were planted there.Shops, schools, and a cafe were built.When an investigating commission of the International Red Cross came to visit, they did not see a typical concentration camp.In July 1944 the Nazis made a documentary propaganda film about life in this camp.After the movie was completed, most of the Jewish “actors” were shipped to their death at Auschwitz.

第三篇：高级英语课文翻译

课文翻译

Once again, outside in the open air, I tore into little pieces a small notebook with questions that I'd prepared in advance for inter views with the patients of the atomic ward.Among them was the question: Do you really think that Hiroshima is the liveliest city in Japan? I never asked it.But I could read the answer in every eye.从医院出来，我又一次地撕碎了一个小笔记本，那上面记着我预先想好准备在采访原子病区的病人时提问的一些问题，其中有一个问题就是：你是否真的认为广岛是日本最充满活力的城市?我一直没问这问题，但我已能从每个人的眼神中体会出这个问题的答案。

Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined.I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心 目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在 漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫 气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲 剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途 是一片黑暗的人

Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12;his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion;the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months.His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis , Mrs.Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter., Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub.马克?吐温的一生都笼罩在悲剧的阴影之中，自己的亲人一个接一个地去世：他的父亲在他十二岁那年死于肺炎，他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇难；他的儿子朗顿才满十九个月即离开人世。他的大女儿苏茜死于脊膜炎；克莱门斯夫人在佛罗伦萨死于心脏病；而他的小女儿也因癫痫病的发作淹死在楼上的浴盆里。

Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean.After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick – and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below.After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming.I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U.S.Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap.Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or “pressure ridges ” of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide.But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them – indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world.As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin;and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.两年半以后，在地球的另一端，在寒冷至极的北冰洋上漂浮的一块十二英尺厚的冰板上搭起的小帐篷里我又体验到了在午的阳光下睡觉的滋味。饱吃了一顿早餐后，我和同伴们一起乘雪防滑汽车北行数英里，到了约定会合地点，那儿的冰层较薄--有三英尺半厚--水下有一艘核潜艇在那儿徘徊着。潜艇破冰上来，载上新的乘客后又潜了下去。我也就开始同那些正设法以高的精确度测量极地冰帽厚度的科学家们进行交谈。许多人认北极冰层由于地球气候的转暖而正在变薄。此前我刚刚通过谈使美国海军方面与研究北极冰层的科学家达成协议，向他们提由水下声纳系统探测得到的本来属于最高机密的有关资料，这资料有助于他们了解北极冰层所发生的情况。现在我想实地考一下北极极点。我们登上潜艇约八个小时后，潜艇冲破冰层浮上面。于是，我便置身于一片神奇瑰丽的冰雪世界中。雪原上寒风劲扫，银光闪耀，其边缘则是一道由连绵起伏的小冰丘或由冰席相撞、相互挤压而形成小型山脉的冰层“压脊”勾勒出的地平线。但即使在这儿，空气中二氧化碳的含量也在不断上升，最后气温也必然会随之上升--事实上，地球气候变暖会使南北极地区在气温上升的速度上远高于世界的其他地区。随着极地气温的升高，这里的冰层会融化变薄。由于南北极的冰帽对全球的气候有着至关重要的调节作用，它们的融化将会带来灾难性的后果。

But one doesn't have to travel around the world to witness humankind's assault(1.攻击, 猛袭, 突袭)(1.袭击, 殴打;强暴)on the earth.Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere.On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress.If the sky is clear after sunset--and it you are watching from a place where pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether--you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky.This “noctilucent cloud” occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness;shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural.And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere.(Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termite(1.白蚁)s that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities.)Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condense s at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.人们也不一定非要周游世界才能目睹人类对地球的破坏。今天的世界上，预示着地球生态危机的景象已是随处可见。在北方高纬度地区，夜晚的天空有时也会呈现出另一种预示地球上日趋严重的生态失衡的阴森景象。假如日落后天空明朗无云--而且你又置身于一个空气污染还没有严重到足以完全遮蔽夜空的地方进行观察的话--你会看见天空高处有时会出现一种奇异的云团。这种“夜光云团”偶尔出现于夜幕开始笼罩大地的时候，它呈半透明的白色，在高空中闪烁发光，看起来颇不像自然之物。其实，这种云团也确非自然之物：近年来由于大气中甲烷含量的大幅度增高，夜光云团的出现频率也随着上升了。(甲烷又称天然气，它产生于填土、煤矿、糠壳、新砍伐的林地里群聚的白蚁、燃烧生物以及人类许多其他的活动过程中。)虽说过去天空偶尔也出现过夜光云团，但大气层中所含的那些过量的甲烷会将更多的水蒸气带到高层大气中；水蒸气在更高处凝结，会形成更厚的云层，夜幕降临以后很久，这些位于高空的云层下方还在受着太阳光的照射。

Besides, I do not want to become involved in discussion.I observe with amusement how totally the concerns of the world, which once absorbed me to the exclusion of all else except an occasional relaxation with poetry or music, have lost interest for me eve to the extent of a bored distaste.Doubtless some instinct impels me gluttonously to cram these the last weeks of my life with the gentler things I never had time for, releasing some suppressed inclination which in fact was always latent.Or maybe Laura's unwitting influence has called it out.况且，我也不想陷入讨论的旋涡。我有趣地发觉，自己过去除偶尔借诗歌或音乐消遣放松一下外，一心专注的世界大事现在不仅是索然无味，而且简直是令人厌烦了。这无疑是自己受某种本能的驱使，要贪婪地用一些过去无暇享受的赏心乐事来填补自己生命中的最后几周，释放那些在过去虽受到压抑但一直潜伏在自己心中的欲望。也许是劳拉的无意的影响唤起了我心中的欲望。

The young moon lies on her back tonight as is her habit in the tropics, and as, I think, is suitable if not seemly for a virgin.Not a star but might not shoot down and accept the invitation to become her lover.When all my fellow-passengers have finally dispersed to bed, I creep up again to the deserted deck and slip into the swimming pool and float, no longer what people believe me to be, a middle-aged journalist taking a holiday on an ocean-going liner, but a liberated being, bathed in()mythological water s, an Endymion young and strong, with a god for his father and a vision of the world inspired from Olympus.今夜的一弯新月仰面斜躺在天空，这是月亮在热带地区常见的姿势。在我看来，这种姿势对一个少女来说虽说有些不雅，但却还是适宜的。没有哪一颗星星不愿飞射下来接受邀请做她的情人。当船上的其他乘客最后一个个都回舱就寝之后，我一个人又悄悄爬上空荡荡的甲板，滑入游泳池，在水面上浮游着。这时我已不再是人们所熟悉的那位在远洋海轮上度假的中年记者了，而是一个无拘无束的沐浴着天池神水的自由快乐的人，就像神话中那位有天神作父亲并有一双奥林匹斯山诸神所赐的观察人世的慧眼的年轻健壮的恩底弥翁。

In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other They were both Number One Men.But that was impossible.who, then, was Number One? Roosevelt stood a full head taller ,but he was pathetically braced on lifeless leg frames, clinging to his son's arm, his full trousers drooped and flapping.Churchill, a bent Pickwick in blue uniform, looked up at him with majestic good humor, much older, more dignified, more assured.Yet there was a trace of deference about the Prime Minister.By a shade of a shade, Roosevelt looked like Number One.Maybe that was what Hopkins had meant by "the changing of the guard.这两位领导人以一种奇特的方式贬抑对方。他们两位都是头号人物，但这又是不可能的，两个人不可能同时都是第一。那么，究竟谁是第一呢?罗斯福站着比丘吉尔高出一个头，然而他却是可怜地由两根没有生命的假腿支撑着，紧依在儿子的胳膊上，长裤空荡荡地迎风飘动着。丘吉尔呢，看起来像一个穿着蓝制服的驼背的匹克威克，他抬头看着罗斯福，神态庄重而又亲切。比起罗斯福来，他老成一些，神态更威严，也更自信。不过，从这位首相身上还是可以看出一些钦佩罗斯福的神色来。罗斯福看起来有那么一丁点儿更像第一号人物。或许这就是霍普金斯所说的“换岗”的意思吧。

The staffs got right to business and conferred all day.Victor Henry worked with the planners, on the level below the chiefs of staff and their deputies where Burne-Wilke operated, and of course far below the summit of the President, the Prime Minister, and their advisers.Familiar problems came up at once: excessive and contradictory requests from the British services, unreal plans, unfilled contacts, jumbled priorities, fouled communications.参谋人员立即开始工作，全天开会。维克多·亨利与作战计划人员一起开会，勃纳?沃克就参加这一层的会议，级别上低于参谋282长们及其副手们，当然比总统、首相及其顾问．的最高级会议低得多。一开始就碰到了熟悉的老问题：来自英国军方的要求太过分，又互相矛盾，计划不现实，合同没兑现，须优先照顾的顺序一团糟，通讯联络混乱不清。

The military men were talking together, except for Admiral King, who stood woodenly apart.Pug walked up to him, saluted, and in the fewest possible words recount-ed his talk with Burne-Wilke.The lines along King's lean Jaws deepened.He nodded twice and strolled away, without a word.He did not go anywhere.It was just a gesture of dismissal, and a convincing one.军官们都聚在一堆交谈，只有海军上将金神情木然地独立站在一旁。帕格走上前去，敬了个礼，然后尽量简明扼要地汇报了他同勃纳．沃克的谈话情况。金的瘦削的下巴上的皱纹加深了。他点了两下头，一言不发地走开了。他并不是要走到哪里去，他的那种动作只是为了示意让亨利离开，而且是一种坚决有力的表不。

第四篇：高级英语课文翻译

Never Give In, Never, Never, Never

Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master's kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs.The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the worldbut can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five or six months.We were poorly armed.We are not so poorly armed today;but then we were very poorly armed.We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack;and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up!

But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough.It is generally said that the British are often better at the last.They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis;they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war;but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes monthsthey do it.Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must “…meet with Triumph and Disaster.And treat those two impostors just the same.”

You cannot tell from appearances how things will go.Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are;yet without imagination not much can be done.Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist;certainly many more than will happen;but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination.But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this periodsurely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never-in nothing, great or small, large or pettyI wanted to do so last year, but I did not venture to.It is the line: “Not less we praise in darker days.”

I have obtained the Head Master's permission to alter darker to sterner.“Not less we praise in sterner days.”

Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days.These are not dark days;these are great days-the greatest days our country has ever lived;and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race.译文

绝不屈服，绝不，绝不，绝不

距离上次你们校长盛情邀请我来这里已经快一年了，上次来是为了通过演唱我们自己的校歌来鼓舞我自己以及其他一些朋友的心灵的。在过去的十个月里，世界上发生了许多极为悲惨的事情-----起起伏伏，多灾多难-------但今天下午，这个十月的下午，在座的有谁能对过去这段时间所发生的事情以及我们国家和家园所发生的巨大改进不充满感激之情？是啊，当上次我来这里的时候，我们都非常的孤独，充满了绝望的孤独，这种状况持续了大约五六个月。我们当时的装备很差，而如今我们的装备已不再这么差了；但当时我们的装备的确非常差。我们受到了敌人的巨大威胁，他们的空袭至今仍在我们头顶上轰鸣，你们大家一定经历过这种空袭；我想你们大家一定开始对目前的这种局面感到烦躁，因为这种局面已经持续了很久而毫无转机。

但我们必须学会正确对待这两种情况：不管是短暂激烈的，还是长期艰难地。人们通常都认为英国人总是在最后表现得最好。他们不想从一种危机转入另一种危机；他们不会总是期待战争每一天都会出现好的转机；但当他们慢慢下定决心要结束这一切的时候，那么，即使是要花费几个月，甚至数年的时间，他们也会做的。

让我们把思绪拉到十个月之前我们在此相遇的情景，然后再转到现在。另外一个我想我们可以吸取的教训是，表面的东西往往具有欺骗性。正如吉普林所说的，我们必须“去面对胜利和灾难，并对这两种具有欺骗性的东西保持同样的态度。”

你很难从事情的表面判断它的走势。尽管离开了想象力就做不了多少事情，但想象有时候会让事情看起来比实际情况更糟。那些富有想象力的人会发现很多也许根本就不存在的危险；也许会有更多的危险发生，但这些人同时也要祈求能被赐予额外的勇气来承受这种深远的想象力。但对所有人来说，毫无疑问，我们在这段时期所经历的-------我要告诉你们--------从这10个月的经历中所得到的经验就是：绝不屈服，绝不屈服，绝不，绝不，绝不，绝不------屈服于任何东西，不管它是伟大还是渺小，庞大还是细微-------除了对荣誉和机智外，都绝不屈服。不屈从于暴力，不屈从于表面上气势汹汹的敌人。一年前我们孤军奋战，对许多国家来说，我们的命运似乎终止了，我们似乎完蛋了。我们所有的传统，我们的歌曲，我们学校的历史，这个国家的这一段历史，似乎都要随风而去了。

如今大家的心情已完全不同。其他国家都认为英国已经翻开了新的一页，但其实我们的国家是站在一个缺口上。没有退缩，没有屈服的念头；这些对于英伦三岛以外的人来说都是奇迹般的事情，我们自己从来没有怀疑过，我们发现自己现在正处在这种局势中，就是我所说的，坚持就是胜利。

你们今天唱了一段校歌：你们唱了特别为我所做的那段，你们今天一起重复了那段，我深感荣幸。但其中有一个词我想改一下--------去年我就想改了，但当时没敢改。就是那句：“即使对最黑暗的日子，我们也要赞颂它。”

我已经征得了校长的同意，将“更黑暗”改为“更严峻”。“即使是对更严峻的日子，我们也要称颂它。”

让我们不要再谈及那些更黑暗的日子，而谈及那些更严峻的日子吧。这段时光并不是黑暗的日子；这些是伟大的日子-----我们国家所经历的最伟大的一段日子；我们每个人都该感谢上帝能够允许我们参与其中，我们都各负其责，使这段日子在我们人类历史上留下永恒的印迹。

第五篇：高级英语课文译文

Lesson2

The Game of the Name

By Peter Farb

Here comes John Smith walking toward me.Even though he is but a passing acquaintance, the American greeting ritual demands that I utter a few words to reassure him of my good will.But what form of address should I use? John? Smith? Dr.Smith? A decision such as this is usually made unconsciously.As native speakers in the American speech community, we have grown up learning the rules of address at the same time that we were acquiring the grammatical rules of American-English.At first thought, it might seem a trivial pursuit to examine the ways in which we address one another.But forms of address reveal many assumptions we make about members of our speech community.Our initial decision about the appropriate address form is based on relative ages.If the person being addressed is a child, then almost all the rules that we have unconsciously assimilated can safely be ignored, and we use the simple formula First Name.The child, in turn, addresses an adult by using the formula Title plus Last Name(TLN).But defining a “child” is not always easy.I address my son's roommate at college by Uneven though he is an adult under the law.I, too, have the relative age of a child to a 75-year-old acquaintance who calls me Pete.Let us assume that John Smith is not a child who can be addressed by FN but is either my contemporary or my elder.The next important determiner for the form of address will then be the speech situation.If the situation is a formal one, then I must disregard all other rules and use social Identity plus Last Name.John Smith will always be addressed as Dr.Smith(or sometimes simply as Doctor, with Last Name understood)in the medical setting of office or hospital.(I am allowed to call him if my status is at least as high as his or if we are friends outside of our social roles, but the rest of my utterance must remain respectful.)

We are also obliged to address certain other people by their social Identity in formal situation: public officials(Congressman: Your Honor),educators(Professor or Doctor),leaders of meetings(Mr.Chairman),Roman Catholic priests(Father Daffy)and nuns(Sister Anna),and so forth.By the way, note the sexist distinction in the formulas for priests and nuns.The formula for a priest is Father plus Last Name, but for a nun it is Sister plus Religious Name(usually an FN).Most conversations, however, are not carried on in formal speech situations, and so the basic decision is when to use FN to TLN.A social acquaintance or newly hired colleague of approximately the same age and rank is usually introduced on an FN basis.“Pete, I’d like you to meet Harry.” Now a problem arises if both age and rank of cone of the parties are higher：“Pete, I’d like you to meet Attorney Brown.”

Attorney Brown may, of course, at any time signal me that he is willing to suspend the rules of address and allow an FN basis.Such a suspension is his privilege to bestow, and it is usually handled humorously, with a remark like,“I answer quicker to Bruce.”

Complications arise when relative age and relative rank are not both the same.A young doctor who joins a hospital finds it difficult to address a much older doctor.They are equal in rank(and therefore FN should be used)but the great disparity in ages calls for TLN.In such cases, the young doctor can use the No-Name(NN)formula, phrasing his utterances adroitly to avoid using any term of address at all.English is quite exceptional among the world's languages in this respect.Most European languages oblige the speaker to choose between the familiar and formal second person singular(as in the French tu and vous), as English once did when“thou”was in use.This is the basic American system, but the rules vary according to speech situations, subtle friendship or kin relationships between the speakers, regions of the country, and so forth.Southern speech, for example, adds the formula Title plus First Name(Mr.Charlie)to indicate familiar respect.Southerners are also likely to specify kin terms(as in Cousin Jane)whereas in most of the United States FN is used for cousins.Address to strangers also alters some of the rules.A speaker usually addresses a stranger whose attire and behavior indicate higher status by saying sir.But sometimes speakers with low status address those with obviously higher status by spurning this rule and instead using Mac or buddy—as when a construction worker asks a passing executive, socially identified by his attaché case, “You got a match, buddy?”

第二课 名字游戏

约翰·史密斯正朝我走过来。虽然他只是我的一个很平常的熟人，但按照美国人的问候习惯，我得说出那么几个字来（如：“你好！”或“早上好！”之类的话。）向他表示我的好意。然而，我该怎么叫他呢？叫他约翰？或是史密斯？或者史密斯医生？像这样的问题在平常，是不用思考的事情。

对于在美国土生土长讲美语的人来说，我们长大后，学会语法规则的同时也学会了称呼别人的规则。乍一想，我们会认为仔细去考察我们称呼的方式是一件不值得做的事情，然而正是这些称呼的方式揭示了我们对同一个语言社区的人们的主观看法。

首先，我们会用讲话者的年龄关系去判断使用的称呼是否合适。如果我们招呼的是个孩子，那么我们就可以毫无顾虑地忽略那些无意之中学来的规则，而简单地直呼其名（FN）。然而，孩子却要用“头衔+姓氏”的方式来招呼大人。

但“孩子”一词却不是那么容易界定的。我直呼其名地招呼我儿子的大学室友，即使他已经是法定的成人了。我也一样，相对一个叫我乳名（Pete）的75岁的老人来说，我也是个孩子。

假定约翰·史密斯不是一个可以直呼其名的孩子，他既不是我的同龄人，也不是我的长者，那么怎么招呼他就主要看语境了。

如果是在一个很正式的场合，我们就会用“社会身份+姓氏”的方式来招呼他，而不会考虑其他规则。这样一来，在与医学有关场合，如医生办公室或医院里，约翰·史密斯就会被称呼为“史密斯医生”（或者有时，在已知姓氏的情况下，直接叫他“医生”）（如果至少与他地位相当或者除开社会地位的因素我们是朋友，而且我对他的称呼又要保持一份敬意，这时我就可以叫他“Doc”）

在正式的场合，我们还不得不用社会身份来称呼其他的某些人：如出入公众视野的官员（议员；阁下），教育工作者（教授或博士），会议的领导（主席先生），罗马天主教的牧师（达夫神父）和修女（安娜姊姊）等等。顺便提一下，要注意，对牧师和修女的称呼差异中存在着性别歧视的倾向。对牧师的称呼是Father（父亲）+ 姓氏，而对修女的称呼却是Sister（姐妹）+ 教名（通常情况下就是名字）。

然而，大多数谈话都不是在正式的场合进行的。因此我们最基本的考虑就是什么时候直呼其名，什么时候用“头衔+姓氏”的方式。如果是一个社会上的熟人或刚刚雇来的一个与你年龄和级别相仿的同事，就有可能用直呼其名的方式介绍他：“皮特，过来见见哈里”如果那个人的年龄比你大，级别比你高，这样介绍也是没有问题的：“皮特，请过来见见布朗律师。”

当然,布朗律师任何时候都有可能向我表示愿意抛开那些客套的规矩, 让我直呼其名。这种放弃是他的一种特权，通常用一种幽默的方式来处理。比如说句这样的话：“你如果叫我布鲁斯，我会反应快些。”

当彼此的年龄和级别这两个方面不是都相仿的时候，事情就变得复杂了。一个刚到医院来的的年轻医生就会感到不太好称呼一个年龄比他大很多的医生。他们级别相当（因此应该直呼其名），但是他们年龄的差异又要求他用“头衔+姓氏” 的方式打招呼。在这样的情况下，这个年轻医生就可以用避开姓名的方式打招呼，巧妙地措辞，完全避开那些称呼的形式。

英语在这方面是世界其他语言不可比拟的。大多数欧洲语言都要求说话的人对第二人称单数作出“随和用语”和“正式用语”的选择（比如法语就用“tu”和“vous”这两个词分别表示非正式场合和正式场合中的“你”）,就如英语曾经用过“thou”这个词一样。

上面所谈到的只是美国人打招呼的基本规则。根据说话双方微妙的朋友或亲缘关系，语境以及地区差异等因素，这些规则也有所改变。

例如，南方话就用“头衔+名字”的形式（如：查理先生）来暗示关系亲近。同时，南方人也会使用很确切的亲缘名称（如：简表妹），而在美国大多数地方，表兄妹常常是直呼其名的。给陌生人打招呼时，这些规则也会发生变化。当那个陌生人的衣着和行为举止显示他的地位高一些的时候，说话的人就会用“sir”（阁下）去称呼他。但是，有时，一个地位低一点的人也可能忽视这个规矩，用“老兄“”“伙计”等语言去招呼一个明显比他低位高些的人——比如，当一个经理走过来，一个建筑工人凭社会经验从他夹着公文包看出了他的身份, 而他却这样打招呼:“你有火吗? 老兄!”