本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范[五篇模版]

第一篇：本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范

本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文）

5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译

（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名

[C].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。

要求有外文原文复印件。

（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范

第一部分：封面

1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。普通A4纸打印即可。第二部分：外文翻译主题

1.标题

一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

2.正文

小四号字，宋体。

第三部分：版面要求

论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）

版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边

距：18mm

字符间距：标准

行距：1.25倍

页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译

题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中）

装订顺序是：封皮、中文翻译、英文原文复印件。

第二篇：建筑学本科毕业设计外文翻译

本科毕业设计外文翻译 题目： 德黑兰城市发展

学 院: 专 业: 学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师:

城市建设学院 建筑学

日 期: 二零一一年六月

First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran

Ali Madanipour 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Tehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran，Ali Madanipour，ISBN：0471957798，Press： New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。

第一章：德黑兰市的发展

阿里.马丹妮普尔

德黑兰：一个大都市的建造，第一章：德黑兰市的发展，阿里.马丹妮普尔，书号：0471957798，纽约John Wiley出版社，1998，第五页到第十一页。

德黑兰市的发展

全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性，以这样的程度，空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性，并为城市总体规划做准备。

第二次世界大战后，在盟军占领国家的期间，有一个时期的民主化，在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后，它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。这个时期已经结束于1953年，结果 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

是由政变产生了伊朗王，那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移，德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。到1956年，德黑兰的人口上升到150万，到了1966至300万，1976至450万，其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。

从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源，需要流通和经济的吸收。50年代中期，特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口，这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市：到新的产业，到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界，去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。德黑兰的角色是国家的行政，经济，文化中心，它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。德黑兰战后的城市扩张，是在管制、私营部门的推动，投机性的发展下进行的。房屋一直供不应求，并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本，因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展，土地和财产的价格不断上涨。这个城市成长为一个在某种意义上道路对外脱节的，城镇和乡村一体化的，郊区不断增长的新的定居点。这加强了社会的孤立性，破坏了郊区的花园和绿地，并使城市管理者的感到无能为力。1962年一位副市长在德黑兰表示：“建筑物和居民点已经满足人们所想要的无论何处何种样子”，创造了一个“事实上城镇相互连接的方式不当”的城市（Nafisi, 1964,第426页）。有许多事情迫切需要做，但市政府并没有法律上或经济上有能力处理这进程。

1966年市政法第一次规定了城规最高委员会的法律体制和土地利用规划公司的综合计划。还有他一系列法律，以支持德黑兰市的新的法律和体制安排，使住房和其他管理工作在城市中发展起来。最重要的一步是策划的德黑兰综合计划于1968年被批准。它是由一个伊朗规划师Fereydun Ghaffari领导下的美国的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同产生的（Ardalan，1986）。该计划确定的城市的问题是：城市密度过高特别是城市中心、主要道路沿线商业活动的膨胀、污染、不完善的基础设施，贫困地区广泛的失业和低收入群体不断地迁移到德黑兰。解决的办法是城市自然社会和经济结构的转型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不过该提案大多主张形态上的变化，试图强调一个现代化的理念，强加这个复杂的都市的秩序。设想这个城市的未来可向西形成一个线性多中心的形式，减少密度和市中心的挤塞情况。全市将形成10个地区，其他各区由绿化带隔开，每个地区约50万居民，并设置拥有高楼的商业及工业中心。各个地区（mantagheh）将分为若干区域（nahyeh）和社区（mahalleh）。每个区域人口约1.5到3万，有一所中学和商业中心以及其他必要设施。每个社区有大约5000居民，有一所小学和一个当地的商业中心。这些地区和区域将有相连的交通运输网络，包括高速公路，捷运路线及巴士路线。过境路线的站点会迅速发展为活动度高居住密度高的节点。重建及改善计划中将有60万人离开中心地区(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。

几乎所有这些措施可以追溯到那个拥有时尚规划理念的时代，这主要是受英国新城镇的影响。在Victor Gruen的《我们城市的心脏》（1965）书中，曾设想未来的中心大 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

都市会由10个城市包围，每个国家都有它自己的中心。这很像Ebenezer Howard’s（1960年，第142页）提到的，那个四周被园林城市群包围着的中心城市：“社会的城市”。在德黑兰的规划中，这一概念的直译版被使用。另一个在英国新城镇被使用的概念，比如Redditch和 Runcorn，是把公共交通路线作为城市的骨架的重要性，其停车点是它的重点服务中心。使用邻里中心和小学来限制邻里单元人口，这被广泛应用于这些新市镇，这是一个曾在20世纪20年代在美国发展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。这些思想依然存在，但是，主要是在纸面上。该计划已执行，已在美国城市规划中有根深蒂固的想法，包括了用高速公路网的不断延伸去连接城市的脱节部分;在不同地区的社会管理和物理性质的基础上进行区划;引进容积率的控制发展的密度。

在20世纪70年代进行的其他主要规划工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部发展新城镇，以及Shahestan依照英国顾问Llewelyn–Davies提出的规划新的城市行政中心，虽然这被当做正在上升的革命浪潮后来从未实施过。

革命和后革命时期可分为三个阶段：革命（1979-1988年），重建（1989-1996年）和改革（1997-2004），每个都展示了德黑兰城市规划中不同的做法。

德黑兰和其他城市经过两年大量实证，1979年有代表性的是一个革命的到来推翻了伊朗君主，由议会共和制和神父统治的不稳定结合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在国王的发展模式导致了许多冲突，现代与传统，经济发展与政治发展，全球市场力量和地方资产阶级力量，外国势力和民族主义，腐败和自满中坚分子与不满的群众。像1906年的革命一样，许多隐藏意见的累积使1979的革命成为可能。在第一次革命，维新已占了上风，而在第二次，传统主义者赢得了领导。然而，无论革命的态度还是他们掌握政权之后的一系列重大问题，包括城市发展都显示出现代化的偏好。从这个意义上讲，该国的这两个爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在动荡中逐步转型所作的努力（Madanipour，1998，2003）。革命是在与伊拉克长期战争（1980-1988）之后，其间停止了经济的发展。在城市发展方面的投资减少，而农村地区和省城受到革命政府的青睐，同时遏制从农村向城市迁移并与大城市公平对待。在此期间主要规划干预是对白天城市中心的私家车活动的限制。同时，战争和新政府的免费或低费用的设施，吸引了更多的人承诺向首都城市移民，到1986年人口达600万。从20世纪50年代城市人口的增长速度已开始减慢，而直到80年代中期首都的增长都更快，但是它的增长率也开始下降（Khatam, 1993）。在革命和战争后，正常化和重建时期开始了，其中大部分持续到上世纪90年代。这期间见证了德黑兰城市规划的若干努力。但是没有一个有效的框架来管理剧烈的城市发展。综合计划在革命后遭到攻击，因为它被认为无法适应变化。1998年，市长批评它主要是形态上的发展规划、植根于前政权的政治框架、并没有足够重视实际操作问题（Dehaghani，1995）。

综合计划的25年寿命在1991年结束。一个伊朗顾问公司（A-Tech）受委托于1985年筹备1986-1996期间的规划。经过多次延迟，在1993年，该计划最终被城市规划高级理事会批准。该计划还注重增长的管理和线性空间战略，利用了城市区域，次区域，地 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

区，小区和邻里尺度。它促进保护、权力下放、多中心发展，有五个卫星新市镇，并发展住宅增加城市密度。该协会建议，城市在5个亚区中被划分成22个区，每个区都拥有自己的服务中心（Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004）。

1993年的计划不受市政当局欢迎，不同意它的估价和优先次序，认为它不现实、昂贵、无法实施。1996-2001年期间市政当局自己做了一个战略规划，它被认为是德黑兰市政的第一个规划或是德黑兰80。它强调对一个城市提出战略和政策来实现他们的第一个规划，而不是以介绍土地利用规划为目标。它把城市的主要问题确定为能提供服务的资源短缺、城市发展模式和速度、环境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主义。然后市政府对城市的未来远景概述了六个主要特征：一个清洁的城市，建设便于运动的城市公园和绿化带，新的文化和体育设施，改革发展的城市组织，以及对城市空间的改善，包括土地利用和保护的全面和详细的计划的编制规划(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。

全市实施了1968年的计划中提出的一部分建议，诸如增加南方的绿色开放空间，或是兴建高速公路网;开放城市的大部分地区使之得到新的发展以缓解全城的运作。继承1993年计划的意见，市政府放宽容积率限制，并允许热闹地带有更高的密度。然而，这并非基于规划的考虑，主要是为了使市政当局的财政独立。这在发展产业区广受欢迎，但受到公民的争议。开发者可以通过向市政府缴纳罚款建立更高的建筑物，而不必考虑对周围环境的影响，这个政策俗称“密度销售”。该城市的面貌，特别是在其北部地区，是在短期内改变的，其中包括中通过宽阔的街道和高速公路连接高楼大厦。在较贫穷的南部，一个大型的重建项目Navab穿过密集而破旧的建筑物建造高速公路，建立庞大的上层建筑的各个方面。这个城市的行政边界扩大了两次，一次向外，一次向西，涵盖了700平方公里的22个区市。

这个时期的重建争议随着民主的改革而产生，它重新启动了城市市议会的选举，这首先造成了市长和市政府关系的制度混乱。该会于2001年公布了自己的城市构想作为德黑兰宪章，这总结了大会上安理会成员、非政府组织和市政专家之间原则上同意的问题。该宪章主要采纳了可持续性和民主性原则，被用于开发自然和处理环境、交通、社会、文化、经济问题、城市管理战略、区域性城市，国家和国际角色。

Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km² in 1934 to 250 km² in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment.The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to high-rise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways.In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side.The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to encompass 22 district municipalities in 700 km².This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which re-launched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality.The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2001, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, non-governmental organizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject.The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles.

第三篇：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)

毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文）

NEWAPPLICATIONOFDATABASE

Relational databases have been in use for over two decades.A large portion of the applications of relational databases have been in the commercial world, supporting such tasks as transaction processing for banks and stock exchanges, sales and reservations for a variety of businesses, and inventory and payroll for almost of all companies.We study several new applications, which have become increasingly important in recent years.First.Decision-support system

As the online availability of data has grown, businesses have begun to exploit the available data to make better decisions about increase sales.We can extract much information for decision support by using simple SQL queries.Recently however, people have felt the need for better decision support based on data analysis and data mining, or knowledge discovery, using data from a variety of sources.Database applications can be broadly classified into transaction processing and decision support.Transaction-processing systems are widely used today, and companies have accumulated a vast amount of information generated by these systems.The term data mining refers loosely to finding relevant information, or “discovering knowledge,” from a large volume of data.Like knowledge discovery in artificial intelligence, data mining attempts to discover statistical rules and patterns automatically from data.However, data mining differs from machine learning in that it deals with large volumes of data, stored primarily on disk.Knowledge discovered from a database can be represented by a set of rules.We can discover rules from database using one of two models:

In the first model, the user is involved directly in the process of knowledge discovery.In the second model, the system is responsible for automatically discovering knowledge from the database, by detecting patterns and correlations in the data.Work on automatic discovery of rules has been influenced strongly by work in the artificial-intelligence community on machine learning.The main differences lie in the volume of data handled in databases, and in the need to access disk.Specialized data-mining algorithms have been developed to handle large volumes of disk-resident data efficiently.The manner in which rules are discovered depends on the class of data-mining application.We illustrate rule discovery using two application classes: classification and associations.Second.Spatial and Geographic Databases

Spatial databases store information related to spatial locations, and provide support for efficient querying and indexing based on spatial locations.Two types of spatial databases are particularly important:

Design databases, or computer-aided-design(CAD)databases, are spatial databases used to store design information about how objects---such as buildings, cars or aircraft---are constructed.Other important examples of computer-aided-design databases are integrated-circuit and electronic-device layouts.Geographic databases are spatial databases used to store geographic information, such as maps.Geographic databases are often called geographic information systems.Geographic data are spatial in nature, but differ from design data in certain ways.Maps and satellite images are typical examples of geographic data.Maps may provide not only location information-such

as boundaries, rivers and roads---but also much more detailed information associated with locations, such as elevation, soil type, land usage, and annual rainfall.Geographic data can be categorized into two types: raster data(such data consist a bit maps or pixel maps, in two or more dimensions.), vector data(vector data are constructed from basic geographic objects).Map data are often represented in vector format.Third.Multimedia Databases

Recently, there has been much interest in databases that store multimedia data, such as images, audio, and video.Today multimedia data typically are stored outside the database, in files systems.When the number of multimedia objects is relatively small, features provided by databases are usually not important.Database functionality becomes important when the number of multimedia objects stored is large.Issues such as transactional updates, querying facilities, and indexing then become important.Multimedia objects often have descriptive attributes, such as those indicating when they were created, who created them, and to what category they belong.One approach to building a database for such multimedia objects is to use database for storing the descriptive attributes, and for keeping track of the files in which the multimedia objects are stored.However, storing multimedia outside the database makes it harder to provide database functionality, such as indexing on the basis of actual multimedia data content.It can also lead to inconsistencies, such a file that is noted in the database, but whose contents are missing, or vice versa.It is therefore desirable to store the data themselves in the database.Forth.Mobility and Personal Databases

Large-scale commercial databases have traditionally been stored in central computing facilities.In the case of distributed database applications, there has usually been strong central database and network administration.Two technology trends have combined to create applications in which this assumption of central control and administration is not entirely correct:

1.The increasingly widespread use of personal computers, and, more important, of laptop or “notebook” computers.2.The development of a relatively low-cost wireless digital communication infrastructure, base on wireless local-area networks, cellular digital packet networks, and other technologies.Wireless computing creates a situation where machines no longer have fixed locations and network addresses.This complicates query processing, since it becomes difficult to determine the optimal location at which to materialize the result of a query.In some cases, the location of the user is a parameter of the query.A example is a traveler’s information system that provides data on hotels, roadside services, and the like to motorists.Queries about services that are ahead on the current route must be processed based on knowledge of the user’s location, direction of motion, and speed.Energy(battery power)is a scarce resource for mobile computers.This limitation influences many aspects of system design.Among the more interesting consequences of the need for energy efficiency is the use of scheduled data broadcasts to reduce the need for mobile system to transmit queries.Increasingly amounts of data may reside on machines administered by users, rather than by database administrators.Furthermore, these machines may, at times, be disconnected from the network.Summary

Decision-support systems are gaining importance, as companies realize the value of the on-line data collected by their on-line transaction-processing systems.Proposed extensions to SQL, such as the cube operation, help to support generation of summary data.Data mining seeks to discover

knowledge automatically, in the form of statistical rules and patterns from large databases.Data visualization systems help humans to discover such knowledge visually.Spatial databases are finding increasing use today to store computer-aided design data as well as geographic data.Design data are stored primarily as vector data;geographic data consist of a combination of vector and raster data.Multimedia databases are growing in importance.Issues such as similarity-based retrieval and delivery of data at guaranteed rates are topics of current research.Mobile computing systems have become common, leading to interest in database systems that can run on such systems.Query processing in such systems may involve lookups on server database.毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（译文）

数据库的新应用

我们使用关系数据库已经有20多年了，关系数据库应用中有很大一部分都用于商业领域支持诸如银行和证券交易所的事务处理、各种业务的销售和预约，以及几乎所有公司都需要的财产目录和工资单管理。下面我们要研究几个新的应用，近年来它们变得越来越重要。

1、决策支持系统

由于越来越多的数据可联机获得，企业已开始利用这些可获得的数据来对自己的行动做出更好的决策，比如进什么货，以及如何最好的吸引顾客以提高销售额。我们可以通过使用简单的SQL查询语句提供大量用于决策支持的信息。但是，人们最近感到需要使用多种数据源的数据，以便在数据分析和数据挖掘（或知识发现）的基础上，更好的来做决策支持。

数据库应用从广义上可分为事务处理和决策支持两类。事务处理系统现在正被广泛使用，并且公司已经积累了大量由这类系统产生的信息。

数据挖掘这个概念广义上讲是指从大量数据中发现有关信息，或“发现知识”。与人工智能中的知识发现类似，数据挖掘试图自动从数据中发现统计规则和模式。但是，数据挖掘和机器学习的不同在于它处理的是大量数据，它们主要存储在磁盘上。

从数据库中发现的知识可以用一个规则集表示。我们用如下两个模型之一从数据库中发现规则：

● 在第一个模型中，用户直接参与知识发现的过程

● 在第二个模型中，系统通过检测数据的模式和相互关系，自动从数据库中发现知识。有关自动发现规则的研究很大程度上是受人工智能领域在知识学习方面研究的影响。其主要的区别在于数据库中处理的数据量，以及是否需要访问磁盘。已经有一些具体的数据挖掘算法用于高效地处理放在磁盘上的大量数据。

规则发现的方式依赖于数据挖掘应用的类型。我们用两类应用阐述规则发现：分类和关联。

2、空间和地理数据库

空间数据库存储有关空间位置的信息，并且对高效查询和基于空间位置的索引提供支持。有两种空间数据库特别重要：

● 设计数据库或计算机辅助设计（CAD）数据库是用于存储设计信息的空间数据库，这些信息主要是关于物体（如建筑、汽车或是飞机）是如何构造的。另一个计算机辅助设计数据库的重要例子是整合电路和电子设备设计图。

● 地理数据库是用于存储地理信息（如地图）的空间数据库。地理数据库常称为地理信息系统。

地理数据本质上是空间的，但与设计数据相比在几个方面有所不同。地图和卫星图像是地理数据的典型例子。地图不仅可提供位置信息，如边界、河流和道路，而且还可以提供许多和位置相关的详细信息，如海拔、土壤类型、土地使用和年降雨量。地理数据可以分为两类：光栅数据（这种数据由二维或更高维的位图或像素图组成）、矢量数据（由基本几何对象构成）。地图数据常以矢量形式表示。

3、多媒体数据库

最近，有关多媒体数据（如图像、声音和视频）的数据库的研究很热门。现在多媒体数据通常存储在数据库以外的文件系统中。当多媒体对象的数目相对较少时，数据库提供的特点往往不那么重要。但是当存储的多媒体对象数目较多时，数据库的功能就变得重要起来。总之，事务更新、查询机制和索引也开始变的很重要。多媒体对象常常有描述属性，如指明它们是何时创建的、谁创建的，以及它们属于哪一类。构造这种多媒体对象的数据库的方法之一是用数据存储描述属性，并且跟踪存储这些媒体对象的文件。

但是，将多媒体数据存储在数据库之外，使得难于提供数据库的功能，譬如基于实际多媒体数据内容的索引。此外这种情况还会造成不一致，譬如一个文件在数据库中做了记录，但其内容却丢失了；或其相反情况。因此我们更希望将数据本身存储在数据库中。

4、移动性和个人数据库

大型商用数据库传统上是存储在中央计算设备上的。在分布式数据库应用中，通常有强大的中央数据库和网络管理。然而以下这两个技术趋势的结合产生了一些应用，这些应用使中央控制和管理不再完全正确：

● 个人计算机越来越广泛的使用，其中更重要的 是便携式或“笔记本”计算机的使用。● 基于无限局域网、蜂窝数字包网络，以及其他技术成本相对低廉的无线数字通信基础设

施的发展。

无线计算使得计算机不必有固定的位置和网络地址这使得查询处理更加复杂，因为它难于决定实体化查询结果的最佳位置。某些情况下，用户的位置是一个查询参数。例如，一个旅客信息系统提供关于酒店、路边服务的信息及类似信息给乘车的旅客。有关当前道路前放服务的查询必须根据用户的位置、移动的方向及速度进行处理。

能源（电池能源）对应动计算机来说是有限的资源，这一限制影响了系统设计的许多方面。能源效率需求最有趣的结果之一的使用计划的数据广播来减少传输查询中移动系统的需求。越来越多的数据会放在由用户管理、而不是由数据库管理员管理的计算机上，并且这些计算机有时可能与网络断开连接。

5、总结

随着企业认识到联机事务处理系统收集的联机数据的价值，决策支持系统也越发变得重要了。现已提出SQL扩展，如cube操作，能帮助系统生成汇总数据。数据挖掘致力于从大数据库中自动发现统计规律和模式等知识。数据可视化系统帮助人们从视觉上发现这些知识。

目前，空间数据库正越来越多的被应用于存储计算机辅助设计数据和地理数据。设计数据基本上是以矢量数据的形式存储，而地理数据则包含矢量数据和光栅数据。

多媒体数据库正变得越来越重要。基于相似性的查询以及按可以确保的速率传送数据是当前研究的重要课题。

移动计算系统的普及使人们对这类系统上运行的数据库产生了浓厚的兴趣。在这类系统上的查询处理可能会设计在服务器端数据库上的查找。

第四篇：毕业设计外文翻译

外文原文

Overview of JSp Technology

Benefits of JSp

JSp pages are translated into servlets.So, fundamentally, any task JSp pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets.However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSp pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios.The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other.After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language.But it still matters which you choose.JSp provides the following benefits over servlets alone:

•It is easier to write and maintain the HTML.Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.•You can use standard Web-site development tools.Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSp can be used because they simply ignore the JSp tags.•You can divide up your development team.The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code.The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer.On large projects, this division is very important.Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSp instead.By no means.Almost all projects will use both.For some requests in your project, you will use servlets.For others, you will use JSp.For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture.You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.Advantages of JSp Over Competing Technologies

A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology.Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language.Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington.During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology.The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea.He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual “embrace and extend” strategy.At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected “You mean disgrace and distend.”

Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes.But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here.The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags.For example, ColdFusion did it years earlier.Even ASp(a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager)popularized this approach before JSp came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon.In fact, JSp not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASp did.So, the question becomes: why use JSp instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone should.Several of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some situations.In other situations, however, JSp is clearly better.Here are a few of the reasons.Versus.NET and Active Server pages(ASp)

.NET is well-designed technology from Microsoft.ASp.NET is the part that directly competes with servlets and JSp.The advantages of JSp are twofold.First, JSp is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers;you aren't locked into deploying on Windows and IIS.Although the core.NET platform runs on a few non-Windows platforms, the ASp part does not.You cannot expect to deploy serious ASp.NET applications on multiple servers and operating systems.For some applications, this difference does not matter.For others, it matters greatly.Second, for some applications the choice of the underlying language matters greatly.For example, although.NET's C# language is very well designed and is similar to Java, fewer programmers are familiar with either the core C# syntax or the many auxiliary libraries.In addition, many developers still use the original version of ASp.With this version, JSp has a clear advantage for the dynamic code.With JSp, the dynamic part is written in Java, not VBScript or another ASp-specific language, so JSp is more powerful and better suited to complex applications that require reusable components.You could make the same argument when comparing JSp to the previous version of ColdFusion;with JSp you can use Java for the “real code” and are not tied to a particular server product.However, the current release of ColdFusion is within the context of a J2EE server, allowing developers to easily mix ColdFusion and servlet/JSp code.Versus pHp

pHp(a recursive acronym for “pHp: Hypertext preprocessor”)is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that is somewhat similar to both ASp and JSp.One advantage of JSp is that the dynamic part is written in Java, which already has an extensive ApI for networking, database access, distributed objects, and the like, whereas pHp requires learning an entirely new, less widely used language.A second advantage is that JSp is much more widely supported by tool and server vendors than is pHp.Versus pure Servlets

JSp doesn't provide any capabilities that couldn't, in principle, be accomplished with servlets.In fact, JSp documents are automatically translated into servlets behind the scenes.But it is more convenient to write(and to modify!)regular HTML than to use a zillion println statements to generate the HTML.plus, by separating the presentation from the content, you can put different people on different tasks: your Web page design experts can build the HTML by using familiar tools and either leave places for your servlet programmers to insert the dynamic content or invoke the dynamic content indirectly by means of XML tags.Does this mean that you can just learn JSp and forget about servlets? Absolutely not!JSp developers need to know servlets for four reasons:

1.JSp pages get translated into servlets.You can't understand how JSp works without understanding servlets.2.JSp consists of static HTML, special-purpose JSp tags, and Java code.What kind of Java code? Servlet code!You can't write that code if you don't understand servlet programming.3.Some tasks are better accomplished by servlets than by JSp.JSp is good at generating pages that consist of large sections of fairly well structured HTML or other character data.Servlets are better for generating binary data, building pages with highly variable structure, and performing tasks(such as redirection)that involve little or no output.4.Some tasks are better accomplished by a combination of servlets and JSp than by either servlets or JSp alone.Versus JavaScript

JavaScript, which is completely distinct from the Java programming language, is normally used to dynamically generate HTML on the client, building parts of the Web page as the browser loads the document.This is a useful capability and does not normally overlap with the capabilities of JSp(which runs only on the server).JSp pages still include SCRIpT tags for JavaScript, just as normal HTML pages do.In fact, JSp can even be used to dynamically generate the JavaScript that will be sent to the client.So, JavaScript is not a competing technology;it is a complementary one.It is also possible to use JavaScript on the server, most notably on Sun ONE(formerly iplanet), IIS, and BroadVision servers.However, Java is more powerful, flexible, reliable, and portable.Versus WebMacro or Velocity

JSp is by no means perfect.Many people have pointed out features that could be improved.This is a good thing, and one of the advantages of JSp is that the specification is controlled by a community that draws from many different companies.So, the technology can incorporate improvements in successive releases.However, some groups have developed alternative Java-based technologies to try to address these deficiencies.This, in our judgment, is a mistake.Using a third-party tool like Apache Struts that augments JSp and servlet technology is a good idea when that tool adds sufficient benefit to compensate for the additional complexity.But using a nonstandard tool that tries to replace JSp is a bad idea.When choosing a technology, you need to weigh many factors: standardization, portability, integration, industry support, and technical features.The arguments for JSp alternatives have focused almost exclusively on the technical features part.But portability, standardization, and integration are also very important.For example, the servlet and JSp specifications define a standard directory structure for Web applications and provide standard files(.war files)for deploying Web applications.All JSp-compatible servers must support these standards.Filters can be set up to apply to any number of servlets or JSp pages, but not to nonstandard resources.The same goes for Web application security settings.Besides, the tremendous industry support for JSp and servlet technology results in improvements that mitigate many of the criticisms of JSp.For example, the JSp Standard Tag Library and the JSp 2.0 expression language address two of the most well-founded criticisms: the lack of good iteration constructs and the difficulty of accessing dynamic results without using either explicit Java code or verbose jsp:useBean elements.10.4 Misconceptions About JSp

Forgetting JSp Is Server-Side Technology

Here are some typical questions Marty has received(most of them repeatedly).•Our server is running JDK 1.4.So, how do I put a Swing component in a JSp page?

•How do I put an image into a JSp page? I do not know the proper Java I/O commands to read image files.•Since Tomcat does not support JavaScript, how do I make images that are highlighted when the user moves the mouse over them?

•Our clients use older browsers that do not understand JSp.What should we do?

•When our clients use “View Source” in a browser, how can I prevent them from seeing the JSp tags?

All of these questions are based upon the assumption that browsers know something about the server-side process.But they do not.Thus:

•For putting applets with Swing components into Web pages, what matters is the browser's Java version—the server's version is irrelevant.If the browser supports the Java 2 platform, you use the normal AppLET(or Java plug-in)tag and would do so even if you were using non-Java technology on the server.•You do not need Java I/O to read image files;you just put the image in the directory for Web resources(i.e., two levels up from WEB-INF/classes)and output a normal IMG tag.•You create images that change under the mouse by using client-side JavaScript, referenced with the SCRIpT tag;this does not change just because the server is using JSp.•Browsers do not “support” JSp at all—they merely see the output of the JSp page.So, make sure your JSp outputs HTML compatible with the browser, just as you would do with static HTML pages.•And, of course you need not do anything to prevent clients from seeing JSp tags;those tags are processed on the server and are not part of the output that is sent to the client.Confusing Translation Time with Request Time

A JSp page is converted into a servlet.The servlet is compiled, loaded into the server's memory, initialized, and executed.But which step happens when? To answer that question, remember two points:

•The JSp page is translated into a servlet and compiled only the first time it is accessed after having been modified.•Loading into memory, initialization, and execution follow the normal rules for servlets.Table 1 gives some common scenarios and tells whether or not each step occurs in that scenario.The most frequently misunderstood entries are highlighted.When referring to the table, note that servlets resulting from JSp pages use the _jspService method(called for both GET and pOST requests), not doGet or dopost.Also, for initialization, they use the jspInit method, not the init method.Table 1.JSp Operations in Various Scenarios

JSp page translated into servletServlet compiledServlet loaded into server's memoryjspInit called_jspService called

page first written

Request 1YesYesYesYesYes

Request 2NoNoNoNoYes

Server restarted

Request 3NoNoYesYesYes

Request 4NoNoNoNoYes

page modified

Request 5YesYesYesYesYes

Request 6NoNoNoNoYes

中文翻译

JSp技术概述

一、JSp的好处

JSp页面最终会转换成servler。因而，从根本上，JSp页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servler来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servler和JSp页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。

和单独使用servler相比，JSp提供下述好处：

JSp中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSp中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。

能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使对那些对JSp一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSp标签（JSp tags）。

可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层（presentation layer）上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离（weaker separation）和强分离（stronger separation）。

在此，这个讨论并不是让您停止使用servlets，只使用JSp。几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。针对项目中的某些请求，您可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不能填满您的工具箱。

二、JSp相对于竞争技术的优势

许多年前，Marty受到邀请,参加一个有关软件技术的小型(20个人)研讨会.做在Marty旁边的人是James Gosling---Java编程语言的发明者。隔几个位置,是来自华盛顿一家大型软件公司的高级经理。在讨论过程中,研讨会的主席提出了Jini的议题,这在当时是一项新的Java技术.主席向该经理询问他的想法.他继续说,他们会持续关注这项技术,如果这项技术变得流行起来,他们会遵循公司的“接受并扩充(embrace and extend)”的策略.此时, Gosling随意地插话说“你的意思其实就是不接受且不扩充(disgrace and distend)。”

在此, Gosling的抱怨显示出，他感到这个公司会从其他公司那里拿走技术,用于他们自己的目的.但你猜这次怎么样?这次鞋子穿在了另一只脚上。Java社团没有发明这一思想----将页面设计成由静态HTML和用特殊标签标记的动态代码混合组成.。ColdFusion多年前就已经这样做了。甚至ASp(来自于前述经理所在公司的一项产品)都在JSp出现之前推广了这种方式。实际上,JSp不只采用了这种通用概念,它甚至使用许多和ASp相同的特殊标签。

因此,问题变成:为什么使用JSp,而不使用其他技术呢?我们的第一反应是我们不是在争论所有的人应该做什么。其他这些技术中,有一些也很不错,在某些情况下也的确是合情合理的选择.然而,在其他情形中,JSp明显要更好一些。下面给出几个理由。

与.NET和Active Server pages(ASp)相比

.NET是Microsoft精心设计的一项技术。ASp.NET是与servlets和JSp直接竞争的技术。JSp的优势体现在两个方面。

首先,JSp可以移植到多种操作系统和Web服务器,您不必仅仅局限于部署在Windows 和IIS上尽管核心.NET平台可以在好几种非Windows平台上运行，但ASp这一部分不可以。您不能期望可以将重要的ASp.NET应用部署到多种服务器和操作系统。对于某些应用，这种差异没有什么影响。但有些应用，这种差异却非常重要。

其次，对于某些应用，底层语言的选择至关重要。例如，尽管.NET的C#语言设计优良，且和Java类似，但熟悉核心C#语法和众多工具库的程序员很少。此外,许多开发者依旧使用最初版本的ASp。相对于这个版本,JSp在动态代码方面拥有明显的优势。使用JSp,动态部分是用Java编写的,而非VBScript过其他ASp专有的语言,因此JSp更为强劲,更适合于要求组件重用的复杂应用。

当将JSp与之前版本的ColdFusion对比时，您可能会得到相同的结论。应用JSp，您可以使用Java编写“真正的代码”，不必依赖于特定的服务器产品。然而，当前版本的ColdFusion满足J2EE服务器的环境，允许开发者容易的混合使用ColdFusion和Servlet/JSp代码。

与pHp相比

pHp（“pHp：Hypertext preprocessor”的递归字母缩写词）是免费的、开放源代码的、HTML嵌入其中的脚本语言，与ASp和JSp都有某种程度的类似。JSp的一项优势是动态部分用Java编写，而Java已经在联网、数据库访问、分布式对象等方面拥有广泛的ApI，而pHp需要学习全新的、应用相对广泛的语言。JSp的第二项优势是，和pHp相比，JSp拥有极为广泛的工具和服务器提供商的支持。

与纯Servlet相比

原则上，JSp并没有提供Servlet不能完成的功能。实际上，JSp文档在后台被自动转换成Servlet。但是编写（和修改）常规的HTML，要比无数println语句生成HTML要方便得多。另外，通过将表示与内容分离，可以为不同的人分配不同的任务：网页设计人员使用熟悉的工具构建HTML，要么为Servlet程序员留出空间插入动态内容，要么通过XML标签间接调用动态内容。

这是否表示您只可以学习JSp，将Servlet丢到一边呢？当然不是！由于以下4种原因，JSp开发人员需要了解Servlet：

（1）JSp页面会转换成Servlet。不了解Servlet就无法知道JSp如何工作。

（2）JSp由静态HTML、专用的JSp标签和Java代码组成。哪种类型的Java代码呢？当然是Servlet代码！如果不了解Servlet编程，那么就无法编写这种代码。

（3）一些任务用Servlet完成比用JSp来完成要好。JSp擅长生成由大量组织有序的结构化HTML或其他字符数据组成的页面。Servlet擅长生成二进制数据，构建结构多样的页面，以及执行输出很少或者没有输出的任务（比如重定向）。

（4）有些任务更适合于组合使用Servlet和JSp来完成，而非单独使用Servlet或JSp。

与JavaScript相比

JavaScript和Java编程语言完全是两码事，前者一般用于在客户端动态生成HTML，在浏览器载入文档时构建网页的部分内容。这是一项有用的功能，一般与JSp的功能（只在服务器端运行）并不发生重叠。和常规HTML页面一样，JSp页面依旧可以包括用于JavaScript的SCRIpT标签。实际上，JSp甚至能够用来动态生成发送到客户端的JavaScript。因此，JavaScript不是一项竞争技术，它是一项补充技术。

JavaScript也可以用在服务器端，最因人注意的是SUN ONE（以前的iplanet）、IIS和BroadVision服务器。然而，Java更为强大灵活、可靠且可移植。

与WebMacro和Velocity相比

JSp决非完美。许多人都曾指出过JSp中能够改进的功能。这是一件好事，JSp的优势之一是该规范由许多不同公司组成的社团控制。因此，在后续版本中，这项技术能够得到协调的改进。

但是，一些组织已经开发出了基于Java的替代技术，试图弥补这些不足。据我们的判断，这样做是错误的。使用扩充JSp和Servlet技术的第三方工具，如Apache Structs，是一种很好的思路，只要该工具带来的好处能够补偿工具带来的额外复杂性。但是，试图使用非标准的工具代替JSp则不理想。在选择一项技术时，需要权衡许多方面的因素：标准化、可移植性、集成性、行业支持和技术特性。对于JSp替代技术的争论几乎只是集中在技术特性上，而可移植性、标准化和集成性也十分重要。例如，Servlet和JSp规范为Web应用定义了一个标准的目录结构，并提供用于部署Web应用的标准文件（.war文件）。所有JSp兼容的服务器必须支持这些标准。我们可以建立过滤器作用到任意树木的Servlet和JSp页面上，但不能用于非标准资源。Web应用安全设置也同样如此。

此外，业界对JSp和Servlet技术的巨大支持使得这两项技术都有了巨大的进步，从而减轻了对JSp的许多批评。例如，JSp标准标签库和JSp 2.0表达式语言解决了两种最广泛的批评：缺乏良好的迭代结构；不使用显式的Java代码或冗长的jsp:useBean元素难以访问动态结果。

三、对JSp的误解

忘记JSp技术是服务器端技术

下面是Marty收到的一些典型问题（大部分问题不止一次的出现）。

我们的服务器正在运行JDK1.4。我如何将Swing组件用到JSp页面中呢？

我如何将图像放到JSp页面中？我不知道读取图像文件应该使用哪些Java I/O命令。

Tomcat不支持JavaScript，当用户在图像上移动鼠标时，我如何使图像突出显示呢？

我们的客户使用不理解JSp的旧浏览器。我应该怎么做？

当我们的客户在浏览器中使用“View Source”（查看源代码）时，如何阻止他们看到JSp标签？

所有这些问题都基于浏览器对服务器端的过程在有所了解的假定之上。但事实上浏览器并不了解服务器端的过程。因此：

如果要将使用Swing组件的applet放到网页中，重要的是浏览器的Java版本，和服务器的Java版本无关。如果浏览器支持Java 2平台，您可以使用正常的AppLET（或Java插件）标签，即使在服务器上使用了非Java技术也须如此。

您不需要Java I/O来读取图像文件，您只需将图像放在存储Web资源的目录中（即WEB-INF/classes向上两级的目录），并输出一个正常的IMG标签。

您应该用SCRIpT标签，使用客户端JavaScript创建在鼠标下会更改的图像，这不会由于服务器使用JSp而改变。

浏览器根本不“支持”JSp----它们看到的只是JSp页面的输出。因此，如同对待静态HTML页面一样，只需确保JSp输出的HTML与浏览器兼容。

当然，您不需要采取什么措施来阻止客户看到JSp标签，这些标签在服务器上进行处理，发送给客户的输出中并不出现。

混淆转换期间和请求期间

JSp页面需要转换成servlet。Servlet在编译后，载入到服务器的内容中，初始化并执行。但是每一步发生在什么时候呢？要回答这个问题，要记住以下两点：

JSp页面仅在修改后第一次被访问时，才会被转换成servlet并进行编译；

载入到内存中、初始化和执行遵循servlet的一般规则。

表1列出一些常见的情形，讲述在该种情况下每一步是否发生。最常被误解的项已经突出标示出来。在参考该表时，要注意，由JSp页面生成的servlet使用_jspService方法（GET和pOST请求都调用该函数），不是doGet或dopost方法。同样，对于初始化，它们使用jspInit方法，而非init方法。

表1 各种情况下的JSp操作

将JSp 页面转换成servlet编译Servlet 将Servlet 载入到服务器内存中调用jspInit 调用_jspService

页面初次创建

请求 1有有有有有

请求 2无无无无有

服务器重启后

请求3无无有有有

请求 4无无无无有

页面修改后

请求 5有有有有有

请求 6无无无无有

第五篇：本科毕业设计（论文）规范

毕业设计（论文）是人才培养过程中的一个重要环节。加强对本科毕业设计（论文）全过程的组织与管理，建立规范化的管理制度，是保证毕业设计（论文）质量的重要前提。

一、毕业设计（论文）的组织管理

（一）毕业设计（论文）工作的组织与管理职责

....学校、系、专业教研室三级分工负责毕业设计工作的管理、指导、检查、考核和总结。

1．教务处的职责

....教务处作为学校教学管理的职能部门，负责毕业设计（论文）的总体管理工作。其主要职责是：

（1）制定本校毕业设计（论文）工作的有关政策、制度及规定；

（2）组织对毕业设计（论文）工作的检查和监督；

（3）审核毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会名单；

（4）负责全校毕业设计（论文）经费的分配；

（5）协调校内有关部门，为毕业设计（论文）工作的顺利进行提供保证；

（6）组织对毕业设计（论文）工作的考核、总结、评估等。

2．各系的职责

....各系负责本系毕业设计（论文）全过程的管理。明确一名系主任负责毕业设计（论文）的领导工作，教学秘书负责毕业设计（论文）过程中的日常管理工作。各系的主要职责是：

（1）组织有关教研室根据教学计划和本系具体情况拟定毕业设计（论文）工作计划和具体实施措施，组织落实本系毕业设计（论文）的具体工作，如确定下达毕业设计（论文）任务的时间、本系对毕业设计（论文）的具体要求等；

（2）组织对毕业设计（论文）工作的中期检查；

（3）确定本系各专业毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会名单上报教务处；

（4）负责本系学生毕业设计（论文）的成绩管理；

（5）检查本系毕业设计（论文）答辩工作；

（6）负责本系毕业设计（论文）经费的管理。

3．专业教研室的职责

....专业教研室作为直接组织和指导学生进行毕业设计（论文）的基层单位，其主要任务是：

（1）审核确定毕业设计（论文）题目及指导教师；

（2）负责组织学生的选题工作；

（3）按要求审定毕业设计任务书；

（4）检查学生毕业设计（论文）进度、质量和纪律，检查指导教师对学生的指导情况；

（5）提出毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会组成；

（6）组织对学生答辩资格的审查和毕业设计（论文）的评阅、答辩及成绩评定工作；

（7）收集、整理、保存毕业设计（论文）有关资料及毕业论文、图纸等，评选优秀毕业设计（论文），总结毕业设计（论文）工作。

4．其它

....在校外进行的毕业设计（论文），各系视具体情况可以指派指导教师，也可单独委托对方单位具有中级及以上职称的技术人员指导，但毕业答辩必须按学校的统一要求安排在校内进行。

（二）毕业设计（论文）工作程序

....毕业设计（论文）工作的程序是：

选题---下达毕业设计（论文）任务书---中期检查---评阅、答辩资格审查---答辩---评定成绩---论文收存

1．毕业设计（论文）的选题

....选题关系到毕业设计工作的质量，它是保证教学基本要求的重要环节。

我校理工类毕业设计（论文）主要有以下几种类型：工程设计型、产品开发型、实验研究型、软件开发与仿真型、综合型等。文科、管理类专业本科毕业论文可以是理论性论文、应用软件设计或调查报告。

....无论何种类型的毕业设计（论文），必须符合“华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）工作暂行规定”中有关选题的要求。

选题程序：

....指导教师选定毕业设计（论文）题目报专业教研室---专业教研室集体研究审定毕业设计（论文）题目---教研室组织学生选题---教研室主任批准---毕业设计（论文）题目报系、教务处备案。

2．指导教师下达毕业设计（论文）任务

....指导教师应提前做好毕业设计（论文）的准备工作，为指导的每个学生认真填写毕业设计（论文）任务书，经教研室审定后，在毕业设计（论文）开始前发给学生，并提供有关的参考资料。

....为了充分发挥毕业设计（论文）在人才培养中的作用，各系及教研室根据具体情况或学校要求，可提前半年及以上下达毕业设计（论文）任务。

3．中期检查

....为确保毕业设计（论文）质量，使其真正达到预期目的，校、系、专业教研室三级都要加强对毕业设计（论文）全过程的管理，尤其要进行毕业设计（论文）的中期检查。教研室领导、系领导不定期地检查毕业设计（论文）情况，教务处则随机抽查。各级检查的主要内容有：

（1）学生毕业设计（论文）进度是否正常；

（2）是否按毕业设计（论文）任务书安排的预定计划进行；

（3）指导教师是否认真负责，是否经常亲临现场检查、指导毕业设计（论文），听取学生对毕业设计（论文）工作的汇报；

（4）学生毕业设计（论文）的态度和纪律如何；

（5）发现问题及时解决。

4．毕业设计（论文）评阅和答辩资格审查

....毕业论文或毕业设计说明书撰写完后，学生应在毕业答辩前提前一周将自己的毕业论文、毕业设计说明书、图纸等交指导教师审查、修改和评阅。指导教师结合毕业设计（论文）的全过程对学生进行全面考核，对每个学生的毕业设计（论文）作出事实求是的评价，写出评语。考核的主要内容有：

（1）学生是否较好地掌握了课题所涉及到的基础理论、基本技能和专业知识；

（2）学生是否按毕业设计（论文）指导书所提出的设计内容和时间，独立完成了毕业设计（论文）各环节所必须完成的任务；

（3）毕业设计（论文）完成的质量和在完成过程中所表现的创造性工作情况，独立思考、独立工作、组织管理、文字及口头表达能力、与他人合作能力等情况；

（4）毕业设计中所表现出的学习态度、学习纪律等情况。

毕业答辩资格审查按华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）工作的有关规定执行。

5．毕业设计（论文）答辩与成绩评定

....毕业设计（论文）完成后要在规定的时间内组织答辩，以检查学生是否达 到毕业设计（论文）的目的和基本要求。

....毕业答辩由各系按专业组成的答辩委员会负责组织，各专业答辩委员会名 单于答辩前张榜公布，同时公布答辩地点、时间和学生答辩顺序。答辩委员会参考“华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）工作暂行规定”中毕业设计（论文）成绩评定标准和比例评定学生的毕业设计（论文）成绩并写出评语。成绩评定中，要注重体现学生的独立见解、创新性和实践能力。

毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会的职责：

（1）在系主任领导下组织并主持毕业答辩工作；

（2）讨论和确定学生毕业设计（论文）的最后成绩及评语。

为了把好毕业设计（论文）答辩关，系和专业教研室可根据本系的具体情况，从已进行了答辩的学生中再抽取不同成绩层次的学生进行毕业设计（论文）质量监控性质的二次答辩。

6．毕业设计（论文）总结

....为客观地反映毕业生在知识、能力、素质等方面的情况，改进教学工作，提高教学质量，规范教学管理，在每届毕业设计（论文）工作

结束之后，各专业教研室应从毕业设计（论文）改革、选题情况、巩固学生所学知识、提高基本技能、培养学生的创新意识和能力、科学的工作方法和工作态度、毕业设计（论文）反映出的学校的本科教育教学质量以及存在的问题、对今后教学工作的建议、本届毕业生的水平等方面认真作好总结，不断改进毕业设计（论文）工作。

二、毕业论文的撰写规范及要求

（一）毕

责任者.出版地:出版者,出版年,文献数量

示例:夏小华,高为柄.非线性系统控制及解耦.第2版.北京:科学出版社,1997

(2)期刊

顺序号 作者.题名.其他责任者.刊名,年,卷(期):在原文献中的位置

示例:高为柄,程勉,夏小华.非线性控制系统的发展.自动化学报,1991,17(4):513～52

3(3)论文集

顺序号 作者.题名.见:编者.文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年.在原文献中的位置

示例:Fox R L, Willmert K D.不等式约束的连杆曲线最优化设计.见:机构学译文集编写组.机构学译文集.北京:机械工业出版社,1982.232～2

42(4)技术标准

顺序号 标准代号 标准顺序号—发布年 标准名称

示例:GB3100～3102—93 量和单位

(5)学位论文

顺序号 作者.题名:[学位论文].保存地:保存者,年份

示例:陈淮金.多机电力系统分散最优励磁控制器的研究:[学位论文].北京:清华大学电机工程系,1988

(6)会议论文

顺序号 作者.题名.会议名称,会址,会议年份

示例:夏小华,高为柄.稳定设计中的分解和参数化方法.全国控制与决策会议,黄山,1993

文后参考文献表式样见附件六。

10．附录

....未尽事宜可将其列在附录中加以说明。原始测定结果、分析报告、图表、测试报告单、译文等，均可列在附录中，附录序号用“附录A、附录B”等字样表示。式样见附件七。

附 件1中文摘要式样 附件2英文摘要式样 附件3目录式样 附件4正文式样

附件5图表式样 附件6参考文献式样 附件7附录式样