第一篇：一1-英语作文赏析
1.How can students of average intellegence be top students without additional work? 中等智力的学生如何才能在不增加学习负担的情况下成为优等生？
2.Improving your study habits can help you to be a top student without much additional work.改进学习习惯能使你不必增加太多学习负担而成为优等生。
3.Studying shouldn''t occupy all of your spare time/free time/leisure hours.It is important to set aside time for
relaxation,hobbies and entertainment.学习不应当把业余时间全部占去，还得给休息、业余爱好和娱东活动留出时间，这一点很重要。
4.Making a study plan can make us more aware of how we are going to spend our time.制定学习计划能使你更有意识地去支配时间。
5.The purpose of skimming is to find out the main idea of the passage.略读的目的是找出一篇文章的中心思想。
6.Making full of time in class means we can spend less time after class.充分利用上课霎时间意味着课外少花时间。
7.We have to double our efforts if we want to be successful in our studies.如果我们想在学习上取得成功，我们必须加倍努力。
8.Regular review can make our new knowledge permannent.定期复习能帮助巩固新知识。
9.The teacher is explaining what we were confused about.老师正在讲解我们原因混淆不清的问题。
10.The problem remains untouched.这个问题还是无人过问。
11.We should share happiness and sorrow with our friends.我们应当与朋友同甘共苦。
12.Qualified college students should develop morally,intellectually and physically.合格的大学生应当德、智、体全面发展。
13.Reading has added great pleasure to our college life.阅读增加我们大学生活的乐趣。
14.I tried my best to have finished that assigement ahead of time.我尽力终于提前完成了任务。
15.It is no use worrying excessively about a single failure, we should draw some useful lessons form it.过分地担心一次考试的失败是没有用的，我们应当从中听取有用的教训。
16.The purpose of a test is to show both the teachers and students how they are getting along with their work.考试的目的是让老师和学生了解他们教与学的情况。
17.I am very sorry that I don’t have adequate time for both work and studies.我非常遗憾没有充分的时间学习与工作。
18.The teacher wrote what she had said on the blackboard so that he could make their students more clearly understood.为了使学能听得更加明白，老师把它所讲的写在板上。
19.We should make good use of our time in class and concentrate on what the teacher says.我们应该充分利用上课时间，集中精力听课。
20.Be sure to set aside at least an hour a day for sports。It will make you healthy and energetic.务必每天至少留出一个小时参加体育活动，这会使你身体健康，精力充沛。
21.It has taken me three hours to finish writing the 2500-word composition.我花了三个小时写好一篇2500字的作文。
22.Children should not depend on their parents too much.They ought todo what they can do by themselves/on their owm.。
孩子们不应该过多依靠父母，他们要自己努力做力所能及的事。
23.I could not understand a single sentence without an English dictionary.我那时离开字典就看不懂一个英文句子。
24.I couldn''t help thinking of his parents at the sight of the orphan.一看到那个孤儿，我就情不自禁地想起了他的父母。
25.With days passing by, I get to know the importance of taking notes.随着时光的流逝，我逐渐认识到记笔记的重要性。
26.That is the rate at which the population in Asia has raised in recent years.这就是最近几年亚洲人口的增长率。
27.We will accomplish nothing all our life unless we work hard enough.我们如果不足够努力，必将终生一事无成。
28.People complain that there is too much violence and sex on TV screens.人们抱怨电视屏幕上暴力和色情太多。
29.In the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines , the disabled have given us new pride.在人类如此依赖机器的时代，残疾人给我们带来了新的自豪。
30.We are to study in this university for four years, during which we shall prepare ourselves well for the society.我们将在大学学习四年，在此期间，我们要为进入社会做好准备。
31.Francis Chichester said that it was always satisfying to do sth that no one else had done.Francis Chichester说，做前人从未做过的事总是会令人满足的。
32.What they had seen and heard in China made deep impression on them.在中国的所见所闻给他们留下了深刻的印象。
33.The whole voyage from England and back was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.从英国出发，又返回到英国，整个航程比以往单人驾舟航海的最远航程还远一倍多。
34.In the modern age, people depend more and more on computers to solve problems of various kinds.当代人越来越依靠计算机解决各种问题了。
35.Chichester’s voyage began because he was terrified of Cape Horn.Chichester正是因为对合恩角的恐惧才开始他的那次航行的。
36.He set off once more in spite of his friends'' attempts to dissuade him.尽管他的朋友尽力劝阻，他还是再度起航了。
37.He isn''t a very good basketball player in spite of his height.尽管他很高但他不是位很好的篮球运动员。
38.The old man looks both ways before crossing the street.老人左右看了看才橫过街道。
39.One meaning of punctuality is that we must not put off what we can do today till tomorrow.守时性的意思是：今日事，今日毕。
40.Jack was late for the meeting.Moreover，he didn''t even apologize or give any explanation.杰克开会迟到了，而且，他既不道歉也不解释。
41.Enid made every effort to make her mother happy.伊妮德尽力让她母亲高兴。
42.The old lady seemed content to look after the children for her neighbors.老太太似乎很乐意为邻居照看小孩。
43.A contented person is happy with what he has.知足常乐.44.The monitor has arranged for over ten students to clean the conference hall for the English speech contest.班长安排了十多个同学去打扫会议厅，为英语演讲比赛做准备。
45.Dick was sent to the hospital because of a minor injury in the traffic accident.迪克在那场交通事故中受了点轻伤，被送进了医院。
46.If help did not come then,the soldiers must endure to the end.那时如果无人求援，士兵必须忍耐到底。
47.A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.羽毛比石头落得快，只是因为空气对羽毛的阻力要比对石头的大。
48.Is there anything interesting in today''s newspaper?
今天的报纸有什么趣闻吗？
49.The boy tore a page from the calendar and drew a bunch of grapes on it.那男孩撕下一页日历，在上面画了一串葡萄。
50.If you work hard at other times you won''t have to sit up all night before the exam.你要是平时努力学习，考前就不用整晚开夜车了。
第二篇：一-英语作文赏析
一 ~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二 Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三 ~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四 There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否认的……）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五 It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道……）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六 There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫无疑问的……）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七 An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（……的优点是……）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create(produce)any pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八 The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（……的原因是……）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九 So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此……以致于……）
例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十 Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然……）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.(by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不)虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一 The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈……愈……）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二 By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借着……，能够……）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三 ~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V（使……能够……）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四 On no account can we + V ~~~（我们绝对不能……）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五 It is time + S + 过去式（该是……的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。
Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
Brief: 文章“简为贵”，要抓住要点，简明扼要。
Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。
Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。
Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。
Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。
Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。
Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。
Relevant: 文章一定要要题。
Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。
Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。
Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。
Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
Theme: 选题得当，主题突出
1.增补(Addition)
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and Effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and Space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of I.用于文章主题句
1.不用说¸…
It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否认的¸成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…
I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各种…之中¸… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …
例︰在各种运动中¸我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved(that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized
例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法¸…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句
例︰就我的看法¸打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每个人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句(B)就我所知¸…
As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知¸下列方法对我帮助很大。
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫无疑问地¸… There is no doubt(that)子句
例︰毫无疑问地¸近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根据我个人经验¸…
According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …
例︰根据我个人经验¸微笑已带给我许多好处。
According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我认识的人当中¸也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例︰在我认识的人当中¸也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求学过程中¸我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget …
例︰在我的求学过程中¸我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)随着人口的增加¸… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展¸许多社会问题产生了。
With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在这信息的年代¸…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工业社会中¸…是生命不可或缺的。In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在这信息的年代¸计算机扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.15.在讨论…¸一个人不得不承认…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句
例︰在讨论未来的职业¸一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。
In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是适当的 It is proper that S(should)V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每当我听到…¸我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做…¸ 我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到…¸我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇…¸我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪¸我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.据说… It is said(that)子句 一般认为… It is thought(that)子句 大家都知道… It is known(that)子句 据报导… It is reported(that)子句 一般预料… It is expected(that)子句 一般估计… It is estimated(that)子句 一般相信… It is believed(that)子句
例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。
It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是… The main reason why …..is(that)子句
例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗语说得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, “…”
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), “…” = An old saying goes, “…” = It's an old saying(that)子句 例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。
As an old saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.” 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三个主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…¸至少我们可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人们学外语有三个理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.(C)为了维护健康¸我们每天至少可做三件事。To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承转句 23.那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …
例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说¸早睡早起¸戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于这个理由¸… For this reason, …(B)为了这个目的¸… For this purpose, …
例︰基于这个理由¸我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe(that)子句 例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事实上¸… As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …
例︰事实上¸健康才是最重要。As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如¸… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如¸我们盲目地提高生活水准¸却降低生活品质。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外¸我们不应忽视…
Besides(In addition), we should not neglect …
例︰此外¸我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地¸… on the contrary, … = by contrast, …
例︰相反地¸少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面¸… on the other hand, …
例︰政府应严格执法¸另一方面¸大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.31.然而¸很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句
例︰然而¸很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.换言之¸… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之¸我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.别人可能认为这是事实¸但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句 例︰别人可能认为这是事实¸但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.从此之后¸我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that子句 例︰从此之后¸我已发现… Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.这样说来¸假如...¸当然毫无疑问地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句
例︰这样说来¸假如我们能善用时间¸当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更严重的是¸…。
What is more serious is(that)子句 例︰更严重的是¸我们不珍惜野生动物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鉴于社会的实际需要¸…。
In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鉴于社会的实际需要¸愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章结论句 38.如果能实践这三点¸…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点¸…。If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做这些简单之事¸我们一定可以…。By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做这些简单之事¸我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此¸我相信…。In this way, I believe(that)子句
例︰如此¸我相信大家能够像我一样¸享受乘坐公车的乐趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.实践这些¸…。
By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰实践这些¸在智育方面我一直能不断进步。
By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三项要求¸我们才能…。Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作¸我们才能…。Only with combined efforts, can we ….例︰唯有通力合作¸我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后¸但并非最不重要¸…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后¸但并非最不重要¸教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于这些理由¸我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于这些理由¸我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.总而言之¸…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …
例︰总而言之¸好国民应该遵守交通规则。In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此¸我们能下个结论¸那就是…。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句 例︰因此¸我们能下个结论¸那就是世上自由罪珍贵。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我们能做到如上所述¸毫无疑问地¸…。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句 例︰如果我们能做到如上所述¸毫无疑问地¸我们就能精通英语。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此¸这就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此¸这就是我重感冒的原因。Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以¸我们应该了解…。Therefore, we should realize(that)子句
例︰所以¸我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此¸由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion(that)子句 例︰因此¸由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.从～观点来看¸…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根据～的看法¸…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰从政治的观点来看¸这是一个很复杂的问题。
From the political point
1.词语选择的重要性
在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.“
显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用冥思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2.词语选择的可能性
实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：
Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.3.词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。
1)择语的准确性
准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.著名美国作家马克·吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug.)
为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：
He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和”引申意义“(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。
选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如
labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。试比较：
A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2)择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而，鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：
A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for(不用perform，accomplish)，用end／finish a letter(不用terminate，conclude)。
B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：
mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back)from abroad，etc.3)择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness)，它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风，这是应当避免的。
I.用于文章主题句 1.不用说?…
It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否认的?成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。
There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…
I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。
I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各种…之中?… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …
例︰在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved(that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。
It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized
例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法?…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句
例︰就我的看法?打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每个人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句(B)就我所知?… As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知?下列方法对我帮助很大。
As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫无疑问地?… There is no doubt(that)子句
例︰毫无疑问地?近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。
There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根据我个人经验?…
According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …
例︰根据我个人经验?微笑已带给我许多好处。
According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …
例︰在我认识的人当中?也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求学过程中?我忘不了…
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget …
例︰在我的求学过程中?我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。
In the course of my schooling.I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)随着人口的增加?… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展?许多社会问题产生了。
With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在这信息的年代?…扮演重要的角色。
In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工业社会中?…是生命不可或缺的。In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在这信息的年代?计算机扮演非常重要的角色。
In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.15.在讨论…?一个人不得不承认…。
In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句
例︰在讨论未来的职业?一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。
In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。
Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是适当的 It is proper that S(should)V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。
It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每当我听到…?我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做…? 我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到…?我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇…?我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪?我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.据说… It is said(that)子句 一般认为… It is thought(that)子句 大家都知道… It is known(that)子句 据报导… It is reported(that)子句 一般预料… It is expected(that)子句 一般估计… It is estimated(that)子句 一般相信… It is believed(that)子句
例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。
It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是…
The main reason why …..is(that)子句
例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。
The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗语说得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, ”…“
= As an old saying goes(runs, says), ”…“ = An old saying goes, ”…“ = It's an old saying(that)子句 例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。
As an old saying goes, ”Honesty is the best policy.“ 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三个主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…?至少我们可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。
I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人们学外语有三个理由。
People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.(C)为了维护健康?我们每天至少可做三件事。
To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承转句 23.那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …
例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说?早睡早起?戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于这个理由?… For this reason, …(B)为了这个目的?… For this purpose, …
例︰基于这个理由?我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe(that)子句 例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事实上?… As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …
例︰事实上?健康才是最重要。As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如?… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如?我们盲目地提高生活水准?却降低生活品质。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外?我们不应忽视…
Besides(In addition), we should not neglect …
例︰此外?我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地?… on the contrary, … = by contrast, …
例︰相反地?少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面?… on the other hand, …
例︰政府应严格执法?另一方面?大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。
The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.31.然而?很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句
例︰然而?很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.换言之?… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之?我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句 例︰别人可能认为这是事实?但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.从此之后?我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that子句 例︰从此之后?我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.这样说来?假如...?当然毫无疑问地…。
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句
例︰这样说来?假如我们能善用时间?当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更严重的是?…。What is more serious is(that)子句 例︰更严重的是?我们不珍惜野生动物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鉴于社会的实际需要?…。
In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鉴于社会的实际需要?愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章结论句 38.如果能实践这三点?…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点?…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做这些简单之事?我们一定可以…。By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做这些简单之事?我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此?我相信…。In this way, I believe(that)子句
例︰如此?我相信大家能够像我一样?享受乘坐公车的乐趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.实践这些?…。
By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰实践这些?在智育方面我一直能不断进步。
By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三项要求?我们才能…。Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作?我们才能…。Only with combined efforts, can we ….例︰唯有通力合作?我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后?但并非最不重要?…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后?但并非最不重要?教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于这些理由?我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于这些理由?我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.总而言之?…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …
例︰总而言之?好国民应该遵守交通规则。
In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此?我们能下个结论?那就是…。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句 例︰因此?我们能下个结论?那就是世上自由罪珍贵。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?…。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句 例︰如果我们能做到如上所述?毫无疑问地?我们就能精通英语。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此?这就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此?这就是我重感冒的原因。Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以?我们应该了解…。Therefore, we should realize(that)子句
例︰所以?我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion(that)子句 例︰因此?由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.从～观点来看?…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根据～的看法?…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰从政治的观点来看?这是一个很复杂的问题。
From the political point
写作素材
01 The Language of Music
A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.02 Schooling and Education
It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.03 The Definition of ”Price“
Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ”system“ of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ”price“, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ”package“ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.05 The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the ”acting area“ and the ”auditorium.“ In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.06 Television
Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word ”television“, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visio: sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.07 Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.”He who dies rich, dies disgraced,“ he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American Revolution
The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.09 Suburbanization If by ”suburb“ is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.Types of Speech
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms ”standard“ ”colloquial“ and ”slang“ exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.连接词汇
1.增补(Addition)
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.2.比较(Comparison)
in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and Effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus 5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and Space)
afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
常用短句
Money is not everything.There's Mastercard and Visa.钞票不是万能的，毕竟有时还需要信用卡。
One should love animals.They are so tasty.每个人都应该热爱动物，因为它们很好吃。
Save water.Shower with your girlfriend.要节约用水，所以尽量和女友一起洗澡。
Love the neighbor.But don't get caught.要用心去爱你的邻居，不过不要让她的老公知道。
Behind every successful man, there is a woman.And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two or more.每个成功男人的背后，都有一个女人。每个不成功男人的背后,都有两个或更多。
Every man should marry.After all, happiness is not the only thing in life.再快乐的单身汉迟早也会结婚，毕竟幸福不是永久的嘛。
The wise never marry.聪明人都是未婚的。
Success is a relative term.It brings so many relatives.成功是一个相关名词，它会给你带来很多不相关的亲戚。
Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today.不要等明天交不上差再找借口，今天就要找好。
Love is photogenic.It needs darkness to develop.爱情就像照片，需要大量的暗房时间来培养。
Children in backseats cause accidents.Accidents in backseats cause children.后座上的小孩会生出意外，后座上的意外会生出小孩。
”Your future depends on your dreams.“So go to sleep.现在的梦想决定着你的将来，所以，还是再睡一会吧。
There should be a better way to start a day than waking up every morning.应该有更好的方式开始新的一天，而不是千篇一律地在每个上午都醒来。
”Hard work never killed any body."But why take the risk？
努力工作不会导致死亡。但为什么要冒险呢？
第三篇：作文赏析一
缓缓品生活
狄更斯在《双城记》中写道：“这是最好的时代。这是最坏的时代。”这句话同样适用于现在，并且我认为还可再添上一句话：“这是需要慢一点的时候。”因为许多人都在奔忙，为名为利为富贵„„
我曾经看到过一篇文章，说香港少有咖啡馆，多是油腻腻、甜滋滋的餐厅。为了维持在某地区排行榜上的前列，香港全民都在奋斗，根本无暇在咖啡馆中与朋友聊天、消磨时光。香港是很富裕，可是香港人整天皆在为名利奔忙，难道不觉乏味疲累？难道不觉被工作填满的生活枯燥无味？台湾作家龙应台说过：“奔忙，使思想家变成名嘴，使名嘴变成娱乐家，使娱乐家变成聒噪的小丑。”一味奔忙的人生看似充实，实则是个悲剧。
相比之下，台湾人则智慧得多，在台湾，转角即是咖啡馆，台湾的咖啡文化不需刻意即已形成，这也就不难解释为什么香港多富豪而台湾多启人心智的作家了。
在内地，在我们中国的大陆上，生活正在往香港模式前进，这一点，从“国考”的激烈程度中可窥一斑。做公务员，既有好听的名声又可获得铁饭碗，实在是当今中国社会上大多数人梦寐以求的事。可是，正如周国平先生所说，那些在名利场上折腾的人，他们既然听不见自己的声音，就更听不见灵魂的声音了。川端康成便是一个不幸的例子。川端康成获得诺贝尔文学奖后，采访者和慕名而来者络绎不绝，他既获得了名，也获得了利。却失去了更为珍贵的“静”，因此晚年几乎无所成就，只能在慨叹“太拥塞了”后无奈地结束自己的生命。
为名利奔忙。为名利所扰会使我们失去自己的本心，失去生命本应有悠闲的欢乐。而当我们慢一点，甚至停下来小憩一会，我们便会惊觉。原来生命如此丰富多彩。
远离名利场，才有了陶渊明“采菊东篱下”的悠然，才有了王维“空山新雨后”的寂静，才有了梭罗瓦尔登湖畔诗意的栖居，才有了钱钟书这样的大家。现在的中国，真真需要慢一慢，享受片刻悠闲的生活。
古人说“陌上花开，可缓缓归也。”我想说，生活如此美好，可缓缓行也。远离名利场，真正地感受生活的美好吧！
[简评]
本文能扣住材料内涵行文立意——“远离名利，感受生活的美好和悠闲”。举例信手拈来、恰当自然，论证充分。更难能可贵的是，作为一篇议论文，语言绝无刻意为之的生硬，自然流畅，显示出很强的写作功底。不足之处是，文题“缓缓品生活”，其“缓缓”二字突显的是生活节奏的问题，不切合材料。综合考虑，本文评为一类中64分。
绝望之处孕育的新生
高档的裙子被一个小小的烟头烧出了一个窟窿，看着完美作品转眼成空的你如何是好呢？或许你会咒骂那承担了千古罪名的烟头毁了你艺术的高峰，或许你会终日想着如何把它复原到起初无瑕的完美而再无新作诞生„„可是他却不一样，谁说这窟窿不是上帝仁慈的扶持？复制几个，饰以金边，一条“金边凤尾裙”把这裁缝推上了更高的云端。世界上很多时候就是这样，正如《无望井》一书里让我感触最深的一句话：“在最深的绝望中，你会看到最美丽的希望的星空。”绝望与希望本来就只差一线，以勇气挣开绝望的束缚，用心去拓展希望的疆域，一个人总能创造出意料之外也是情理之中的奇迹。
敌军的第五次围剿终于冲破了我军战士们死守的防线，人民的军队陷入了最大的危机中，这是令人绝望的黑暗。可是深知历史发展的我们都清楚，正是这次危机促成红军壮烈的二万五千里长征。在毛主席的领导下，人民军队在陕甘宁地区凭着地形的优势从此站稳了脚跟。更不用说，后来还在那里团结了西北人民强大的力量，成立了敌后根据地，给予了日本侵略者最沉重的打击。如此看来，这一危机不也是让党的军队真正扎根于广大农民群众的转机吗？
绝望的危机总能激发人最深最尖锐的智慧，而往往正是
逼近中、压力下迸发出的思考反而照亮了漆黑一片的夜空。我很佩服中国人民“置诸死地而后生”的见识与睿智，正如小说中虚竹的那一步棋，失了一大片疆土的同时却换得柳暗花明的新局面。人是应该有点放手的胸襟，为什么非要保住大手大脚的占地呢？为什么非要死守原来的绝妙呢？死守的结果可能是连原有的高度也不能保证，但敢于尝试新的路向却可能给予你更意想不到的“洞天之所”！又想起那孔明闻名于世的“空城计”，原有的势单力薄是绝望，但这位智者并没有因此放弃，带着对司马懿的了解与放手一搏的信心，他大开城门，焚香弹琴，以出人意料的计谋赢得了漂亮的胜利。
挣开绝望吧，你就能看到希望的新光！
评语：本文以“绝望之处孕育的新生”为题，把握住裁缝在坏事出现后摆脱不利的局面，变废为宝这一材料重点，审题准确。文中组织多个材料，均扣住人们在绝望处如何通过主观努力，巧妙地化腐朽为神奇这一题意，论述语言自然流畅，语句使用准确到位，思路清晰，内容环环相扣。美中不足的是文章后半部分由于时间掌握不好，显得较仓促。
【样文二】
柳暗花明又一村
生命是一条没有回程的单行线。随着时间齿轮地滚动向前，有时我们会滚进“山重水复疑无路”的窘境，但我们没有退路，无法回到从前。因此，只有用智慧，用努力，用永
不言弃，才能“柳暗花明又一村”。
我们要用智慧去面对残局困境。有一位粗心的裁缝在裁制高档裙子时不小心在上面烧了个窟窿，眼看就要损失惨重，他灵机一动，凭着他的智慧和高超手艺使裙子别具特色，备受追捧，生意自然也就十分红火。从这个故事里我们可以得到启发，假如在残局困难面前，不发挥智慧，那么就不是“山重水复疑无路”，而是“山重水复必无路”了。我们要用努力去扭转残局，克服困难。不通过努力，再多的智慧也只能付诸东流，再多的智慧也无法扭转残局，走出困境。我们说霍金是一个有智慧的人，但与其说他有智慧，不如说他努力。他很小的时候已经残疾，下半身动弹不了，即便是一个很有智慧的人面对这样的困境，抛弃努力又如何成功呢？因此，我们说努力是扭转残局，克服困难的重要因
素。
我们更要用永不言弃态度去改变残局困境。试想一个人在山重水复疑无路时，高举双手向命运投降，这无异于等死！贝多芬作为一名音乐家，失聪对他来说无异于把他逼进“无路”之境，是什么令他坚持下来了？是什么让他凭着手感“摸”出音乐来？是什么令他在失聪以后还能创作出家喻户晓、广为流传的不朽作品？我想，正是他那永不言弃的积极态度帮他改变了残局，克服了困难，终于换来“柳暗花明又一村”。著名的残疾作家张海迪也是凭着她那在困难面前不低头，残局面前不气馁的积极态度，改变了一个又一个残局，克服了一个又一个困难，从而向世人诉说了身残志坚的励志道理。经历风雨，又见彩虹。
生命继续进行着，时间的齿轮继续滚动着，当我们陷入“疑无路”之困境，不要只会后悔，不要只会气馁，用智慧，用努力，用永不言弃的态度，定能“柳暗花明又一村”！评语：这篇文章立意准确，结构层次清晰。题目引用诗句，切合材料，并且在文章中多次扣题，灵活的运用表现了作者对材料理解得非常到位。论述过程中对三个分论点的论证有理有据，条理清晰。但美中不足的是文章语言表达还显平淡，文采不足。
【样文三】
意外与困难的门扉之后
当你不小心走上了计划外的道路，请相信“条条大路通
罗马”的古语，满怀信心地往前走吧。
当被意外的风吹离了计划的航线，请看到陌生却又光亮的灯塔，清醒勇敢地掌好舵吧。
当被错误的地图带进了死胡同，请思考忽略的可能性吧，冷静、沉着地越过阻碍。
因为，意外并不可怕，可怕的是向意外与困境投降。一位裁缝将高档裙子上烧出来的窟窿装饰一番，成为时髦的“金边凤尾裙”。你看，像这样的事情时有存在。因此，我们不必向意外与困难投降，只要我们愿意挑战。以一颗信心，迎着未知的意外与困难前进。麦哲伦完成环球航行，当中的惊险可想而知，然而在遇到困难及海上疾病时，他并没有放弃，甚至当机立断地改航道，意外地发现许多海峡海岛。画错的细节往往让画家们无所适从，然而妙手一挥，也可促成点睛之笔。关键是信心，信自己，也信生
活，信这个机遇遍布的世界。
以一双亮眼，察觉意外与困难中潜藏的奇迹。炼丹师们造成的爆炸本是意外本是失败，却有人从中看到了可能，进而发明了火药。商机也是这样，善于观察，善于了解细节的眼盯上的，像刚开始不被看好的高科技产业、电脑市场，却能被有识之士看上。关键是敏锐的眼光，看细节，看世界，看这个广阔的未来。
以一身智慧，思索意外中埋藏着的道理与意义。尽管灵感是促成意外向成功转化的主要因素，但更多时候，灵机一触不及深思熟虑可靠。从“推”与“敲”的思考中，我们了解到意外而来的难题，就像诗歌中的炼字，需要去想而不是横冲直撞。百事可乐公司总裁也曾陷入要将公司卖给可口可乐集团的困境，然而苦心经营几载，终于还是用思想、用智慧垒起了公司的基业。关键是智慧的头脑，想问题，想方法，想这个世界的法则。
生活本身就是意外。有人去算了一个人诞生于世的几率，分母可以用无限大去形容。生活不可能摆脱意外。既然我们意外降生，从而活了下来，困境与意外，又有什么可怕的呢？走吧。当生活向你开了一扇意外的、甚至是不好的门，面对艰难的前路，走下去，也总是有未来的。
门扉之后，将是一个新世界。
评语：本文在立意上属于切合题意，三个分论点能做到切合材料，其中所使用的事实论据能够支撑论点，但第二个分论点的论述稍有偏差。在表述上明显感受到该生在平时语言表达时能力不错，如文章的题目、开头前三段和结尾都相当有
文学味道，但有些繁复晦涩，造成表意不够流畅，不够明确。
第四篇：英语诗词赏析(一)经典励志诗
Unit 2 Poems
英语诗词赏析
（一）经典励志诗
Learning aims:
1．To learn about some simple forms of English poems.3．To develop the reading ability by skimming and scanning the passage.4．To deepen students’ literature quality.Step 1 Enjoy a famous English poem.The Road Not Taken
---by Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood黄色的树林里分出两条路And sorry I could not travel both可惜我不能同时去涉足And be one traveler, long I stood我在那路口久久伫立And looked down one as far as I could我向着一条路极目望去To where it bent in the undergrowth直到它消失在丛林深处Then took the other, as just as fair但我却选了另外一条路And having perhaps the better claim它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂Because it was grassy and wanted wear;显得更诱人、更美丽Though as for that the passing there虽然在这两条小路上Had worn them really about the same都很少留下旅人的足迹And both that morning equally lay虽然那天清晨落叶满地In leaves no step had trodden black两条路都未经脚印污染
Oh, I kept the first for another day!呵，留下一条路等改日再见！Yet knowing how way leads on to way, 但我知道路径延绵无尽头I doubted if I should even come back.恐怕我难以再回返
I shall be telling this with a sigh也许多少年后在某个地方Somewhere ages and ages hence:我将轻声叹息把往事回顾Two roads diverged in a wood, and I---一片树林里分出两条路I took the one less traveled by,而我选了人迹更少的一条And that has made all the difference从此决定了我一生的道路
Step 2 Read the comments of this poem 评论1
Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey life.There is never a straight path that leaves one with but a sole direction in which to head.Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, “The Road Not Taken”, has left its readers with many different interpretations.It is one's past, present and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines the shade of the light that he will see the poem in.In any case however, this poem clearly demonstrates Frost's belief that it is the road that one chooses that makes him the man who he is.“And sorry I could not travel both...” It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on.There is a strong sense of regret before the choice is even made and it lies in the knowledge that in one lifetime, it is impossible to travel down every path.In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler “looks down one as far as I could”.评论2
The Road Not Taken tells about life choice.Man’s life is related to a journey filled with twists and turns.One has to consider a lot before making a wise choice.Though the diverged roads seem identical, they actually lead to different directions, which symbolize different fates.2.1 See over one road
In part one, the speaker faced with two roads in the autumnal wood and feel puzzled over which one to choose.“Two roads diverged in a yellow wood”, He stood there for a long time and mused on one of them, which was taken by many people.Unfortunately, he was unable to find out which place the，road would take him to, for it is far beyond his ability to know where the road would lead.However, he must choose to take.2.2.The other one
In part two, he stepped on the other road, “Then took the other, as just as fair”, It was grassy and not taken.His choice would affect every other subsequent choice, and there was no turning back.From his choice for the less trodden road, it could be concluded that he did not like to follow the steps of other people, he wanted his own life choired by himself.2.3 Helpless
In part three, he decided to choose the less traveled one, but he was aware that he could never have a chance to return to the first road.“I doubted if I should never come back” showed he is helpless.2.4 Chose the less traveled road
In part four, “I shall be telling this with a sign”, he articulated why he chose the less traveled road, for he expected his life to be unusual and different.But there was no way to foretell the consequences of his choice.All in all, for the speaker, the road of life was accident and mystical, and his very choice was crucial in determining the consequences of his life.The ordinary people follow other’s choice, while the exceptional ones choose their unique roads of life.3.Conclusion3.1 Everyone is a traveler
Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey.There is never a straight path but a sole direction in which to head.It is one's past, present and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines the shade of the light.In any case however, this poem clearly explained Frost's belief that it is the road that one chooses that makes him the man who he is.It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on.It is impossible to travel down every path.The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice in life.As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches, eventually it surpasses his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead.It is the way that he chooses here that sets him off on his journey and decides where he is going.It was something that was obviously not for everyone because it seemed that the majority of people took the other path.There is simply a narrator who makes a decision in his life that had changed the direction of his life from what it may have otherwise been.It allows all readers from all different experiences to relate to the poem.3.2 Human beings are so weak
In a word, the poem The Road Not Taken is a very beautiful and excellent poem.It is set in a rural natural environment where always inspire the speaker to think of life.It is based on a metaphor in which the journey through life is compared to a journey on a road.And the speaker of the poem has to choose one path instead of another.Even though the two paths look equally attractive, the speaker knows that his choice at this moment may have a significant influence on his future.He does make a decision, hoping that he may be able to visit this place again, yet realizing that such an opportunity is impossible.He imagines himself in the future telling the story of his life, and claiming that his decision to take the road less traveled by, the road few other people have taken, has made all the difference.This thesis intends to explore Frost’s own view of life.He told us that human beings are so weak when compared with nature and the destiny.Though human beings have made great progress in the past several centuries, there will forever exist something that is far beyond their control.For human, it is unable to do anything useful when he is in conflict with the impersonal force.And it’s also unable to control his own
destiny;on the contrary, his fate and destiny are in the charge of something mysterious beyond him.In this sense, life is a tragedy to human.So it could be said that Frost conveyed his sense of tragedy common to human through this simple but beautiful poem.It is simple in form but profound in meaning.Step 3 learn how to write a summary of a poem
Summary The speaker stands in the woods, considering a fork in the road.Both ways are equally worn and equally overlaid with un-trodden leaves.The speaker chooses one, telling himself that he will take the other another day.Yet he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so.And he admits that someday in the future he will recreate the scene with a slight twist: He will claim that he took the less-traveled road.
第五篇：英语赏析
***
01 Life is a chess-board
The chess-board is the world:the pieces are the phenomena of the universe;the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature.The player on the other side is hidden from us.We know that his play is always fair, just and patient.But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance.By Thomas Henry Huxley
参考译文
棋盘宛如世界：一个个棋子仿佛世间的种种现象：游戏规则就是我们所称的自然法则。竞争对手藏于暗处，不为我们所见。我们知晓，这位对手向来处事公平，正义凛然，极富耐心。然而，我们也明白，这位对手从不忽视任何错误，或者因为我们的无知而做出一丝让步，所以我们也必须为此付出代价。
02 Best of times
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times;it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness;it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity;it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness;it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair;we had everything before us, we had nothing before us;we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.Excerpt from A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
参考译文
这是一个最好的时代，也是一个最坏的时代；这是明智的年代，这是愚昧的年代；这是信任的纪元，这是怀疑的纪元；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春日，这是失望的冬日；我们面前应有尽有，我们面前一无所有；我们都将直下地狱……
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