每个人都必须掌握的演讲技巧[五篇模版]

第一篇：每个人都必须掌握的演讲技巧

领导者发表演说，通常是为了推动变革、推广理念，以及改变大家的想法。想要学会领导者般的演说风格，就不能只是纯粹报告数据而已，而是必须学习好好设计你的诉求。领导是不好当滴，让人心服口服的领导更是需要经历尖端的磨砺（其实很多领导的心态是——我是领导我怕谁！谁敢不听我的？……呵呵）。

■认识你的听众

如果你真的希望能展现出领导者般的演说风格，就要事先针对可能的听众做些功课。在你同意演说之前，先弄清楚：

听众到底会是哪些人，他们又有哪些共通性？

听众的知识背景如何、对你的演讲主题了解多少？

听众是会支持你的立场，还是会在刚开始的时有点反对的态度？

听众有哪些共同的迫切恐惧和忧虑？

他们偏好什么样的学习方式？

哪些议题是禁忌，不该提起？

这群人平常在讨论事情时，有没有偏好使用什么术语？

卓越领导者最明显的标记之一，就是他们在步上讲台之前，会尽量努力了解他们的听众。如果你这么做，就更可能有精采的表现。演说要让人佩服，并不只是看你懂多少和你如何表达，能否让人佩服，取决于听众听到什么、了解到什么、感受到什么，以及需要什么。事先分析你的听众，就可以让情势对你有利。

■记住「wiifm？」的原则

「wiifm？」就是「我能够从中获得什么？」的缩写，这是当你踏上讲台开始简报的时候，所有听众都在想的问题。而且他们在你的演讲结束很久之后，还是会以同样的标准来评断你演说的内容。在你准备演讲内容时，要锁定以下这个关键问题：

「为什么各位听众会想要我想要的东西？」

如果你无法回答这个问题，就无从得知自己该准备和构思什么样的演讲内容。听众往往会希望你做到下列几件事：

针对他们共同的问题提出解决方案；

提出可行的方法，让他们可以达成他们设定的目标，或是完成对他们很重要的工作。

解释为何某种作法和他们的价值观、渴望或梦想相符。

卓越领导者一定会回答听众「wiifm？」这个问题，他们会将演说的重心，放在解决问题、达成目标以及满足需求之上。

■创造鲜活景象

可以运用4种技巧，在听众的脑海中创造出鲜活的景象：

利用具体的名词和动词——而不是模糊或空泛的用语。以积极的态度说明你目前在做的事，而不是你未来想做的事。在讲述内容中加进动态的感觉。

提出范例并直接做比较——也就是一些可以让听众想象出画面的事物，然后再连结到你所叙述的内容。

用实际物品当作道具——将这些物品带上讲台，添加一些戏剧效果。

说故事——就像是在听众的脑海中播放电影一样。故事会是演说当中最有力的元素，要挑选有影响力和启发性的故事。

■打动人心

要做到真正让人佩服的演说，并不需要一大堆的冠冕堂皇的理念或词句，而是要在情感上引起听众的共鸣，你和你的听众之间一定要产生火花。

要打动听众，必须具备3项要素：

相互尊重——听众必须尊重你的背景，而你则必须尊重他们的时间、价值观与兴趣。

专注——你必须尽量去了解听众，依据他们的需求和关切的事量身订做你的诉求，让他们感觉受到重视。

爱戴——你必须先爱戴听众，他们才会喜欢你。

结合了尊重、专注及爱戴，你就可以和听众建立起关系。然后他们就会专注在你的演说上并跟你合作，而这正是你要感动他们所必须的条件。要成为领导者，就要能熟练地让你的简报对象产生共鸣。

第二篇：不是每个人都必须成为“忍者”

不是每个人都必须成为“忍者”

春晚上曾有这样一出经典的小品，赵本山饰演的黑土因为妻子白云说假话炫富而龇牙咧嘴地捂着肚子，问他怎么了，他说：“胃疼”，白云立刻强势回击：“忍着！”他就只能忍着了。观众们一笑了之，谁可曾想过这种忍着痛不说的感觉是多么痛苦。

小品中因为妻子浮夸，让黑土内心倍受折磨而觉得痛苦，却又不能说，当脱离了表演，有多少痛是让我们用比这种痛还要痛几十倍的痛苦给憋了回去?

我从小就不是能忍痛的人。小时候打针，戳到一半我就大哭大闹，使出浑身解数想要逃离，有一次竟然真的跑掉，父母和护士上上下下地跑追到我戳完了另一半。我真的怕痛，小时候读到关羽“刮骨疗毒”的故事，我就会头皮发麻，闭上眼睛就想象着骨头被刮到的声音“吱啦吱啦”，很可怕。

随着年龄的增长，我没有再跑楼梯，打针还是那么痛，叫声却没有再喊出喉咙。“你是男子汉，怎么能哭呢？”

“都多大的孩子了，打针怕是什么疼呢？”

“这小伙子真棒，打针都不喊疼了。”

或许很多人都和我一样，因为长大了，因为怕被嘲笑，因为想获得赞赏，因为觉得说“痛”是一种胆怯，一种懦弱，一种不成熟的表现。

小痛且不言，大痛更不说。

是否有人权衡过憋痛之痛与说痛快感二者的得失？

有时候并不是不想说“痛”，而是不敢说痛。如果我不小心做了一件错事，酿成大祸，我找谁诉说？

对父母说，我会被责怪，我会被毒骂，我会被训斥，我不敢。

对朋友说，我会被讽刺，我会被嫌弃，我甚至怕被出卖，我不敢。

我会真的羡慕那些有虔诚信仰的教徒。

如果我是基督教徒，我会痛哭流涕向神父忏悔。

如果我是穆斯林，我会跪拜在清真寺中虔诚悔改。

如果我是佛教徒，我会双手合十对着释迦摩尼哭诉，得到佛祖的神佑。

可是我都不是。

我只能忍着，成为万千忍者中苦痛的一个，极其普通的一个。

史铁生残疾之痛，鲁迅对于民族兴衰存亡之痛，林则徐对于懦弱中国之痛。哪个人没有怒吼一声，说出疾痛。

他们或许没有信仰，但无一不有着坚定的信念：“说”。

问渠那得清如许？人间正道是沧桑。

说出痛的警醒，下次就不会再痛。世界不需要那么多“忍者”。

第三篇：TED演讲：每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧

TED演讲：每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧

I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.Imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home.I'd like you to notice the color of the door, the material that it's made out of.Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.They are competing in a naked bicycle race, and they are headed straight for your front door.I need you to actually see this.They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty, they're bouncing around a lot.And they crash straight into the front door of your home.Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you, spokes end up in awkward places.Step over the threshold of your door into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side, and appreciate the quality of the light.The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.Cookie Monster is waving at you from his perch on top of a tan horse.It's a talking horse.You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.Walk past him.Walk past him into your living room.In your living room, in full imaginative broadband, picture Britney Spears.She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table, and she's singing “Hit Me Baby One More Time.” And then follow me into your kitchen.In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road and out of your oven are coming towards you Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Scarecrow and the Lion from “The Wizard of Oz,” hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.Okay.Open your eyes.I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest that is held every spring in New York City.It's called the United States Memory Championship.And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back as a science journalist expecting, I guess, that this was going to be like the Superbowl of savants.This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies, widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.(Laughter)

They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers, looking at them just once.They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.They were competing to see who could memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.I was like, this is unbelievable.These people must be freaks of nature.And I started talking to a few of the competitors.This is a guy called Ed Cook who had come over from England where he had one of the best trained memories.And I said to him, “Ed, when did you realize that you were a savant?” And Ed was like, “I'm not a savant.In fact, I have just an average memory.Everybody who competes in this contest will tell you that they have just an average memory.We've all trained ourselves to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory using a set of ancient techniques, techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece, the same techniques that Cicero had used to memorize his speeches, that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books.” And I was like, “Whoa.How come I never heard of this before?”

And we were standing outside the competition hall, and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant, but somewhat eccentric English guy, says to me, “Josh, you're an American journalist.Do you know Britney Spears?” I'm like, “What? No.Why?” “Because I really want to teach Britney Spears how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards on U.S.national television.It will prove to the world that anybody can do this.”

(Laughter)

I was like, “Well I'm not Britney Spears, but maybe you could teach me.I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?” And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.I ended up spending the better part of the next year not only training my memory, but also investigating it, trying to understand how it works, why it sometimes doesn't work and what its potential might be.I met a host of really interesting people.This is a guy called E.P.He's an amnesic who had, very possibly, the very worst memory in the world.His memory was so bad that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem, which is amazing.And he was this incredibly tragic figure, but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are.The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.This is Kim Peek.He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie “Rain Man.” We spent an afternoon together in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books, which was scintillating.(Laughter)

And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises, treatises written 2,000-plus years ago in Latin in Antiquity and then later in the Middle Ages.And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.One of the really interesting things that I learned is that once upon a time, this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.Once upon a time, people invested in their memories, in laboriously furnishing their minds.Over the last few millenia we've invented a series of technologies--from the alphabet to the scroll to the codex, the printing press，photography, the computer, the smartphone--that have made it progressively easier and easier for us to externalize our memories, for us to essentially outsource this fundamental human capacity.These technologies have made our modern world possible, but they've also changed us.They've changed us culturally, and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.Having little need to remember anymore, it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.One of the last places on Earth where you still find people passionate about this idea of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory is at this totally singular memory contest.It's actually not that singular, there are contests held all over the world.And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.A few years back a group of researchers at University College London brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.They wanted to know: Do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours? The answer was no.Are they smarter than the rest of us? They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests, and the answer was not really.There was however one really interesting and telling difference between the brains of the memory champions and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.When they put these guys in an fMRI machine, scanned their brains while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes, they found that the memory champions were lighting up different parts of the brain than everyone else.Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using, a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this?

The sport of competitive memorizing is driven by a kind of arms race where every year somebody comes up with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly, and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.This is my friend Ben Pridmore, three-time world memory champion.On his desk in front of him are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards that he

is about to try to memorize in one hour, using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.He used a similar technique to memorize the precise order of 4,140 random binary digits in half an hour.Yeah.And while there are a whole host of ways of remembering stuff in these competitions, everything, all of the techniques that are being used, ultimately come down to a concept that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox known as the Baker/baker paradox, which goes like this: If I tell two people to remember the same word, if I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy named Baker.” That's his name.And I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy who is a baker.” And I come back to you at some point later on, and I say, “Do you remember that word that I told you a while back? Do you remember what it was?” The person who was told his name is Baker is less likely to remember the same word than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.Same word, different amount of remembering;that's weird.What's going on here?

Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.It is entirely untethered from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.But the common noun baker, we know bakers.Bakers wear funny white hats.Bakers have flour on their hands.Bakers smell good when they come home from work.Maybe we even know a baker.And when we first hear that word, we start putting these associational hooks into it that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.The entire art of what is going on in these memory contests and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers into lower-case B bakers--to take information that is lacking in context, in significance, in meaning and transform it in some way so that it becomes meaningful in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.It came to be known as the memory palace.The story behind its creation goes like this: There was a poet called Simonides who was attending a banquet.He was actually the hired entertainment, because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party, you

didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door, and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses, kills everybody inside.It doesn't just kill everybody, it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.Nobody can say who was inside, nobody can say where they were sitting.The bodies can't be properly buried.It's one tragedy compounding another.Simonides, standing outside, the sole survivor amid the wreckage, closes his eyes and has this realization, which is that in his mind's eye, he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.And he takes the relatives by the hand and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.What Simonides figured out at that moment is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know, which is that, as bad as we are at remembering names and phone numbers and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues, we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.If I asked you to recount the first 10 words of the story that I just told you about Simonides, chances are you would have a tough time with it.But I would wager that if I asked you to recall who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse in your foyer right now, you would be able to see that.The idea behind the memory palace is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye and populate it with images of the things that you want to remember--the crazier, weirder, more bizarre, funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is, the more unforgettable it's likely to be.This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years to the earliest Latin memory treatises.So how does this work? Let's say that you've been invited to TED center stage to give a speech and you want to do it from memory, and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.What you might do is picture yourself at the front door of your house.And you'd come up with some sort of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about is this totally bizarre contest.And then you'd

go inside your house, and you would see an image of Cookie Monster on top of Mister Ed.And that would remind you that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.And you go into your kitchen, and the fourth topic you were going to talk about was this strange journey that you went on for a year, and you have some friends to help you remember that.This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches--not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up, but topic-for-topic.In fact, the phrase “topic sentence,” that comes from the Greek word “topos,” which means “place.” That's a vestige of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric in these sorts of spatial terms.The phrase “in the first place,” that's like in the first place of your memory palace.I thought this was just fascinating, and I got really into it.And I went to a few more of these memory contests.And I had this notion that I might write something longer about this subculture of competitive memorizers.But there was a problem.The problem was that a memory contest is a pathologically boring event.(Laughter)Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.I mean, the most dramatic it gets is when somebody starts massaging their temples.And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds, but I don't have access to it.And I realized, if I was going to tell this story, I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes every morning before I sat down with my New York Times just trying to remember something.Maybe it was a poem.Maybe it was names from an old yearbook that I bought at a flea market.And I found that this was shockingly fun.I never would have expected that.It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better at creating, at dreaming up，these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.And I got pretty into it.This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.It's a pair of earmuffs and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over except for two small pinholes, because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.And I had this notion that I might enter it, sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.Problem was the experiment went haywire.I won the contest, which really wasn't supposed to happen.(Applause)

Now it is nice to be able to memorize speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists, but it's actually kind of beside the point.These are just tricks.They are tricks that work because they're based on some pretty basic principles about how our brains work.And you don't have to be building memory palaces or memorizing packs of playing cards to benefit from a little bit of insight about how your mind works.We often talk about people with great memories as though it were some sort of an innate gift, but that is not the case.Great memories are learned.At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.We remember when we are deeply engaged.We remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience and figure out why it is meaningful to us, why it is significant, why it's colorful, when we're able to transform it in some way that it makes sense in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds, when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.The memory palace, these memory techniques, they're just shortcuts.In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.They work because they make you work.They force a kind of depth of processing, a kind of mindfulness, that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.But there actually are no shortcuts.This is how stuff is made memorable.And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with, it's what E.P., the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem, left me with, which is the notion that our lives are the sum of our memories.How much are we willing to lose from our already short lives by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones, by not paying attention to the human being across from us who is talking with us, by being so lazy that we're not willing to process deeply?

I learned firsthand that there are incredible memory capacities latent in all of us.But if you want to live a memorable life, you have to be the kind of person who remembers to remember.Thank you.(Applause)

第四篇：求全社会各行各业每个人都必须

求全社会各行各业每个人都必须

信息不对称理论

详细内容：

信息不对称理论(Asymmetric Information theory)

目录什么是信息不对称理论?信息不对称理论产生背景信息不对称理论的作用信息不对称理论的重要启示本条目相关链接

什么是信息不对称理论?

信息不对称理论是指在市场经济活动中,各类人员对有关信息的了解是有差异的;掌握信息比较充分的人员,往往处于比较有利的地位,而信息贫乏的人员,则处于比较不利的地位。信息不对称理论是由三位美国经济学家——约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨、乔治·阿克尔洛夫和迈克尔·斯彭斯提出的。该理论认为:市场中卖方比买方更了解有关商品的各种信息;掌握更多信息的一方可以通过向信息贫乏的一方传递可靠信息而在市场中获益;买卖双方中拥有信息较少的一方会努力从另一方获取信息;市场信号显示在一定程度上可以弥补信息不对称的问题;信息不对称是市场经济的弊病,要想减少信息不对称对经济产生的危害,政府应在市场体系中发挥强有力的作用。这一理论为很多市场现象如股市沉浮、就业与失业、信贷配给、商品促销、商品的市场占有等提供了解释,并成为现代信息经济学的核心,被广泛应用到从传统的农产品市场到现代金融市场等各个领域。

信息不对称理论产生背景

信息不对称这一现象早在70年代便受到三位美国经济学家的关注和研究,它为市场经济提供了一个新的视角。现在看来,信息不对称现象简直无处不在,就像周身遍布的各种名牌商品。按照这一理论,名牌本身也在折射这一现象,人们对品牌的崇拜和追逐,从某种程度上恰恰说明了较一般商品而言,名牌商品提供了更完全的信息,降低了买卖双方之间的交易成本。这一理论同样也适应于广告,在同质的情况下,花巨资广而告之的商品因为比不做广告或少做广告者提供了更多的信息,所以它们更容易为消费者接受。

信息不对称理论的意义当然不止于此。它不仅要说明信息的重要性,更要研究市场中的人因获得信息渠道之不同、信息量的多寡而承担的不同风险和收益。三位经济学家分别从商品交易、劳动力和金融市场三个不同领域研究了这个课题,最后殊途同归。最早研究这一现象的是阿克尔洛夫,1970年,他在哈佛大学经济学期刊上发表了著名的《次品问题》一文,首次提出了“信息市场”概念。阿克尔洛夫从当时司空见惯的二手车市场入手,发现了旧车市场由于买卖双方对车况掌握的不同而滋生的矛盾,并最终导致旧车市场的日渐式微。在旧车市场中,卖主一定比买主掌握更多的信息。为了便于研究,阿克尔洛夫将所有的旧车分为两大类,一类是保养良好的车,另一类是车况较差的“垃圾车”,然后再假设买主愿意购买好车的出价是20000美元,差车的出价是10000美元,而实际上卖主的收购价却可能分别只有17000美元和8000美元,从而产生了较大的信息差价。由此可以得出一个结论:如果让买主不经过旧车市场而直接从车主手中购买,那将产生一个更公平的交易,车主会得到比卖给旧车市场更多的钱,与此同时买主出的钱也会比从旧车市场买的要少。但接下来会出现另外一种情况,当买主发现到自己总是在交易中处于不利位置,他会刻意压价,以至低于卖主的收购价,例如好车的出价只有15000元,差车价只出7000元,这便使得交易无法进行,面对这种情况,旧车交易市场的卖主通常会采取以次充好的手段满足低价位买主,从而使得旧车质量越来越差,最后难以为继。

信息不对称现象的存在使得交易中总有一方会因为获取信息的不完整而对交易缺乏信心,对

于商品交易来说,这个成本是昂贵的,但仍然可以找到解决的方法。还是以旧车交易市场为例,对于卖主来说,如果他们一贯坚持只卖好车不卖一辆“垃圾车”,长此以往建立的声誉便可增

加买主的信任,大大降低交易成本;对于买主而言,他们同样也可以设置更好的策略将“垃圾车”

剔除出来。本诺贝尔经济学奖的另外两个得主斯宾塞和斯蒂格利茨,则提供了企业和消

费者如何从各式各样的商品中去芜存精的方法

斯宾塞的研究着重于劳动力市场,他从长期的观察发现,在劳动力市场存在着用人单位与应聘

者之间的信息不对称情况,为了谋到一个较好的单位,应聘者往往从服装到毕业文凭挖空心思

层层包装,使用人单位良莠难辨。在这里,斯宾塞提出了一个所谓的“获得成本”概念,他举例

说,对于用人单位而言,应聘者如果具有越难获得的学历就越具可信度,比如说拥有哈佛文凭

应聘者的才能,就比一般学校的毕业文凭更有可信度。对于人才市场的信息不对称现象,斯宾

塞在其博士论文《劳动市场的信号》中做了详尽的表述。无论是个人、企业还是政府,当它

们不能直接了当地传达其个人偏好或意图时,“信号法”可以提供较大的帮助。例如举债经

营传达出来的一个信号是:公司对未来收益有着良好的预期。名牌商品向消费者传达的一个

准确无误的信号是:它是一种高含量的创造,就是应该比一般商品更贵也更值钱。当然如果品

牌要保持自身阳春白雪的地位,必须限量生产。这一理论也同样可以解释,为什么企业喜欢向

员工分红派息而不是派现金,从信号理论的角度而言,分红派息强烈地表达了公司良好的前景。

斯蒂格利茨在三位获奖人中名气最大,他在几乎所有的经济学领域都有贡献,包括宏观经济学、货币经济学、公共理论及国际事务乃至发展经济学,都卓有建树。斯蒂格利茨今年5月在来

深圳参加“脑库论坛”时,欣然接受了本报记者的采访,表达了他作为当今世界著名经济学家

对中国经济发展的关注和看好,并特地签名向本报读者问好。斯蒂格利茨将信息不对称这一

理论应用到保险市场,他指出,由于被保险人与保险公司间信息的不对称,客观上造成一般车

主在买过车险后疏于保养,使得保险公司赔不胜赔。斯蒂格利茨提出的解决问题的理论模型

是,让买保者在高自赔率加低保险费及低自赔率加高保险费两种投保方式间作出抉择,以解决

保险过程中的逆向选择问题。其实,信息不对称现象在现代金融领域的表现更为普遍和突出,尤其在新兴市场和东南亚地区乃至中国大陆,企业骗贷、出口骗退和银行呆坏账的涌现,无不

与此紧密相关。斯蒂格利茨还是一个颇有趣的人物,他曾在耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、牛津

大学、斯坦福大学和哥伦比亚大学等多间名校任教,也曾担任过美国前总统克林顿经济委员

会主席,1999年他在担任世界银行首席经济师期间,由于对IMF在拯救东南亚金融危机中的做

法提出了猛烈的批评被迫辞职,轰动一时。斯蒂格利茨一向个性张扬,口无遮拦,尤其喜欢为贫

困国家说话,是炮击“华盛顿共识”的主攻手。他出生于印第安那州的加里,位于美国中西部

一个脏兮兮的工业城市,这里曾诞生了另一个伟大的经济学家萨缪尔森,所以有人开玩笑说,明年的诺贝尔经济学奖得主可能还会从这里冒出。

三个学者以研究信息不对称理论荣膺桂冠,从另一个侧面说明了发展中国家经济学家的无能。

由信息不对称导致的各种问题和风险,在发展中国家向市场经济的转型中尤为突出和严重,但

丰富的实践却没有产生先进的理论,这是值得深思的。而信息不对称的背后隐藏的其实又是

道德风险。在发展中国家信息化高调甚嚣尘上的时候,市场经济所要求的人的素质却没能紧

紧跟上,或者说人心向恶,时时都要重典伺候。这说明科技可以解技术问题,但也只能解决技术

问题,它对道德或个人偏好无能为力。三位经济学家得出的所谓“市场不是万能的”,“信息

是有价值的”,“信息本身也是市场”,“市场中存在摩擦和交易成本”,乃至斯蒂格利茨所说的 “亚当·斯密不是唯一的王牌”等等,现在看来在理论上毫无新意,因为它丝毫不能解决市

场经济需要的制度问题。

信息不对称理论的作用

1、该理论指出了信息对市场经济的重要影响。随着新经济时代的到来,信息在市场经济中所

发挥的作用比过去任何时候都更加突出,并将发挥更加不可估量的作用。

2、该理论揭示了市场体系中的缺陷,指出完全的市场经济并不是天然合理的,完全靠自由市场

机制不一定会给市场经济带来最佳效果 ,特别是在投资、就业、环境保护、社会福利等方面。

3、该理论强调了政府在经济运行中的重要性,呼吁政府加强对经济运行的监督力度,使信息尽

量由不对称到对称,由此更正由市场机制所造成的一些不良影响。

信息不对称理论的重要启示

1、充分认识新经济的特点,高度重视信息对未来经济社会可持续发展的重大影响。我们正在进入由信息业推动,以生命科学、超级材料、航天技术等新知识和新技术为基础的新经济时

代。这是一个充满不确定性、高利润与高风险并存、快速多变的“风险经济”的时代。在这

个时代里,市场经济中的信息不对称现象比比皆是,问题的关键是各行各业的决策者怎样努力

掌握与了解比较充分的信息,研究生产力发展的规律和趋势,把握住经济、技术和社会的发展

动向。可以预见,在新经济时代,过去的“大鱼吃小鱼”将不再是一般规律,取而代之的将是“快的吃慢的”、“信息充分的吃信息不充分的”,速度是新经济的自然淘汰方式。只有及时掌握

比较充分的信息,才能胸有成竹,变不确定为确定,认准方向,加快发展。

2、在政府职能转变的过程中,应注意政府对经济运行发挥作用的方式、方法的研究。市场经

济不排除政府对市场的干预,关键是要研究什么地方需要干预,用什么手段干预以及怎样干预,才能完善和发展市场经济。经济手段、法律手段和行政手段的运用,都应以相关信息的收集、研究为前提, 一切唯书、唯上、照抄、照搬是不行的。特别是加入WTO、与国际接轨后,在利用市场法则方面,我们处于信息不充分的不利地位,更应早做准备,尽量避免或少走弯路。

3、重视信息资源的开发利用工作,扶持信息服务业的发展。要不断地发掘信息及其他相关要

素的经济功能,并及时将其转化为现实的信息财富,努力开拓其在经济社会发展中的用途。要

克服知识和观念方面的障碍,树立正确的信息意识。目前,世界上经济发达国家都把占有、开

发和利用信息资源作为一项基本国策,对信息资源的开发利用工作十分普及。信息业就业人

数占全社会就业人数比重,美国、欧共体国家已经超过50%,澳大利亚、日本也接近50%。相

比之下,我国尚处于起步阶段。为此,应积极采取措施,促进信息市场体系的构造和形成,大力扶

持信息服务业的发展。特别对高新技术领域的技术信息和经济信息资源开发利用工作,更要

组织自然科学和社会科学方面的专家学者,只争朝夕,知难而上,奋力开拓,努力争创高新技术的新优势,以此带动整个经济社会的发展。

本条目相关链接

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图书 相关105种

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关心和参与。图书馆作为国家文化、知识和信息收藏、教育和传递的职能部门，在全社会还

存在相当严重的信息不对称和广泛的弱势群体的状况下，应当自觉地承当起自己应有的责任，对他们进行“信息扶贫”，维护弱势群体的信息知情权、信息拥有权、信息使用权，缩小城

乡、地区、阶层以及个体间过大的信息贫富差距，在构建和谐社会中充分发挥图书馆的功能，做出应有的贡献。3图书馆信息扶贫的战略思考与对策一切成功之事大都始于科学合理的规

划。2l世纪是知识、信息和网络的世纪，生产力的发展更多地依赖于知识、依赖于信息、依

赖于知识和信息通过网络的传播与利用。这为图书馆的信息扶贫提供了良好的环境。另一方

面，图书馆作为知识的海洋和网络信息中心与知识教育的辐射中心，必然要求对信息弱势群

体不断地提供最新的知识和信息以满足他们的需要。所谓图书馆信息扶贫战略主要是指：图

书馆为保证和提高弱势群体信息扶贫质量和满意度，利用图书馆的文献、知识、信息、设备、馆员、技术、方法、手段和环境等一切资源，建立健全信息扶贫的战略体系、质量保障体系，服务监控体系、结果反馈体系及其质量评估体系，以提高图书馆在构建和谐社会过程中的社

会形象而所做的信息扶贫系统工程总体规划。由于我国图书馆长期享受着国家事业单位保工

资和无偿固定拨款办馆的优越条件之原因，加之图书馆条块分割，各自为政，文献信息资源

分布极不平衡，被动僵化的服务模式和缺乏搞活创新的管理体制处处皆是，办馆效益评价体

系很不完备，所以，信息扶贫战略规划制定容易而付诸实践还要做大量的工作。目前需抓好

以下几项工作：3．1培养信息扶贫专业化人才队伍图书馆是一个专业化的组织，在这个组

织中，其任何一个岗位都应当是专业化的，其中包括馆长的专业化、馆员的专业化和信息服

务对象的专业化。否则，图书馆信息扶贫的战略就难以得到实施。所以，笔者认为，传统图

书馆向现代图书馆转型的过程就是非专业化馆员走向专业化馆员的过程。目前我国教育行政

部门和一些高校规定，图书馆只能进具有博士、硕士学位人才的做法，让我们看到了图书馆

营造专业人才的曙光。但是，还很不够，还需要我们做大量艰苦的、细致的和具有创新意义的人才建设工作。目前在这方面首先应做好几件事情：第一，把好图书馆进人关，严格按《普

通高校图书馆规程》的要求即图书馆工作人员必须为大专以上学历，而本科生要达到60％

以上，且学历结构必须合理；第二，对图书馆工作人员必须进行资格认证；第三，制定“图

书馆专业技术队伍发展战略规划”，对图书馆工作人员进行在职在岗各种形式的业务培训，促其提高素质，尽快适应计算机和网络环境下图书馆工作的新要求；第四，引人竞争机制，建立奖惩制度，健全图书馆各类岗位工作标准及其绩效评价体系，实行优升劣淘，不断提高

图书馆专业人才的整体水平。；3．2对各阶层弱势群体进行广泛的信息素质教育弱势群体是

一个规模庞大、结构复杂、分布广泛的群体。有人把弱势群体定义为：弱势群体是指由于自

然、经济、社会和文化方面的低下状态而难以像正常人那样去化解社会问题造成的压力，导

致其陷入困境、处于不利社会地位的人群或阶层。说白了主要指那些没钱、没权、没325

中国图书馆学会编.中国图书馆学会年会论文集 2006年卷.北京图书馆出版社,2006年07月

第1版.

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第五篇：每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧

每个人都能掌握的记忆技巧（双语）

Joshua Foer Ted英语演讲：

kira86 于2013-05-23 为什么有些人似乎天赋异能，能够过目不忘在短时间内记下一本书的内容或是繁多的数字？是否他们的脑袋和我们的不一样，或他们更聪明？科技栏作家Joshua Foer给您详细讲解这种记忆方法 —— 他称其为“记忆宫殿” —— 并向您证明他的重点是: 任何人都可以拥有绝佳的记忆里，包括他自己。这个答案就是“精细编码“——他们把没有前因后果 没有重要性 没有涵义的信息 用某种方法转化为 有意义的内容 跟脑海里的其他记忆串联起来。

Feats of memory anyone can do 英语演讲稿带中文翻译： I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.请大家跟我一起闭上眼睛，象一下。

Imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home.I'd like you to notice the color of the door, the material that it's made out of.Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.They are competing in a naked bicycle race, and they are headed straight for your front door.I need you to actually see this.They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty, they're bouncing around a lot.And they crash straight into the front door of your home.Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you, spokes end up in awkward places.Step over the threshold of your door into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side, and appreciate the quality of the light.The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.Cookie Monster is waving at you from his perch on top of a tan horse.It's a talking horse.You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.Walk past him.Walk past him into your living room.In your living room, in full imaginative broadband, picture Britney Spears.She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table, and she's singing ”Hit Me Baby One More Time.“ And then follow me into your kitchen.In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road and out of your oven are coming towards you Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Scarecrow and the Lion from ”The Wizard of Oz,“ hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.你站在，自己家门口的外面，请留心一下门的颜色，以及门的材质，现在请想象一群超重的裸骑者，正在进行一场裸体自行车赛，向你的前门直冲而来，尽量让画面想象得栩栩如生近在眼前，他们都在奋力地踩脚踏板 汗流浃背，路面非常颠簸，然后径直撞进了你家前门，自行车四下飞散 车轮从你身旁滚过，辐条扎进了各种尴尬角落，跨过门槛，进到门厅、走廊 和门里的其他地方，室内光线柔和舒适，光线洒在甜饼怪物身上，他坐在一匹棕色骏马的马背上，正向你招手，这匹马会说话，你可以感觉到他的蓝色鬃毛让你鼻子发痒，你可以闻到他正要扔进嘴里的葡萄燕麦曲奇的香气，绕过他 绕过他走进客厅，站在客厅里 把你的想象力调到最大档，想象小甜甜布兰妮，她衣着暴露 在你咖啡桌上跳舞，并唱着”Hit Me Baby One More Time“，接下来 跟着我走进你的厨房，厨房的地面被一道黄砖路覆盖，依次钻出你的烤箱向你走来的是，《绿野仙踪》里的多萝西 铁皮人，稻草人 和狮子，他们手挽着手蹦蹦跳跳地向你走来，Okay.Open your eyes.好了 睁开眼睛吧，I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest that is held every spring in New York City.It's called the United States Memory Championship.And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back as a science journalist expecting, I guess, that this was going to be like the Superbowl of savants.This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies, widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.我要给你们讲一个每年春天在纽约，都会举办的奇异竞赛，叫做全美记忆冠军赛，几年前我作为一名科技类记者，去报道这项竞赛，心里想着 大概那儿得像，怪才的”超级碗冠军赛“一样热闹吧，一大堆男人和屈指可数的女性，从小孩儿到老人 有些还不怎么注意个人卫生，(Laughter)(大笑)，They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers, looking at them just once.They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.They were competing to see who could memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.I was like, this is unbelievable.These people must be freaks of nature.有的奋力在只看一次的情况下，记下上百个任意列出的数字，有的在努力记住成群的陌生人的名字，有的想在几分钟内努力背下整篇诗歌，还有的在比赛谁能以最快速度，记下一整副打乱的牌的顺序，我当时觉得 这太不可思议了，这些人肯定天赋异禀。

And I started talking to a few of the competitors.This is a guy called Ed Cook who had come over from England where he had one of the best trained memories.And I said to him, ”Ed, when did you realize that you were a savant?“ And Ed was like, ”I'm not a savant.In fact, I have just an average memory.Everybody who competes in this contest will tell you that they have just an average memory.We've all trained ourselves to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory using a set of ancient techniques, techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece, the same techniques that Cicero had used to memorize his speeches, that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books.“ And I was like, ”Whoa.How come I never heard of this before?“ 所以我开始采访参赛者，这位叫Ed Cook，是从英格兰来的，他在那儿接受了最好的记忆训练，我问他 ”Ed 你是什么时候开始意识到，自己是记忆天才的?“，Ed答道 “我并不是什么专家，其实 我的记忆力很一般，来参赛的每一个人，都会告诉你他们的记忆力只是一般水平，我们都在训练自己后才能，完成这些奇迹般的记忆游戏，我们运用了一系列古老的技巧，这些技巧是希腊人在两千五百年前发明的，西塞罗正是用了这些技巧，来记忆他的演讲稿的，中世纪学者用这种技巧来背诵正本书籍的内容”，我惊讶不已 “哇噻 怎么我从来没听说过呢?”，And we were standing outside the competition hall, and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant, but somewhat eccentric English guy, says to me, “Josh, you're an American journalist.Do you know Britney Spears?” I'm like, “What? No.Why?” “Because I really want to teach Britney Spears how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards on U.S.national television.It will prove to the world that anybody can do this.” 我们站在竞技大厅外，聪明过人 令人惊叹，而又稍有些古怪的英国人Ed，对我说 “Josh 你是个美国记者，你知道小甜甜布兰妮吧?”，我茫然不解 ”什么? 当然 为什么要问这个?“，“因为我真的很想在，美国国家电台上教会布兰妮，怎样记住一整副打乱的牌的顺序，就能证明这是人人都可以做到的了”，(Laughter)(哄笑)，I was like, “Well I'm not Britney Spears, but maybe you could teach me.I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?” And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.我说 “虽然我不是布兰妮，但你也可以教教我呀，总得找个人开教嘛 不是吗?”，接着 一段非常奇特的历程在我面前展开了序幕，I ended up spending the better part of the next year not only training my memory, but also investigating it, trying to understand how it works, why it sometimes doesn't work and what its potential might be.结果 第二年的大部分时间，我都花在了训练自己的记忆力，同时调查研究记忆上，我想尝试理解产生记忆的原理，为何有时会记了又忘，及其它到底隐藏着什么样的潜力，I met a host of really interesting people.This is a guy called E.P.He's an amnesic who had, very possibly, the very worst memory in the world.His memory was so bad that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem, which is amazing.And he was this incredibly tragic figure, but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are.途中我遇到了很多有趣的人，其中一个叫E.P.，他患有健忘症 他的记忆力，恐怕是世界上最差的了，他的记忆能力差到，甚至记不得自己有健忘症，真的很神奇，虽然他是个悲剧角色，但通过他 我们能了解到，记忆在何种程度上塑造了我们的人格，The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.This is Kim Peek.He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie “Rain Man.” We spent an afternoon together in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books, which was scintillating.情况的另一个极端是 我遇到了这样一个人，他叫Kim Peek，他是Dustin Hoffman在电影《雨人》里的角色的原型，我和他花了一下午，在盐湖城公共图书馆里背电话簿，让我大开眼界，(Laughter)(大笑)，And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises, treatises written 2,000-plus years ago in Latin in Antiquity and then later in the Middle Ages.And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.One of the really interesting things that I learned is that once upon a time, this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.Once upon a time, people invested in their memories, in laboriously furnishing their minds.回家后 我读了许多关于记忆的论文，写于两千多年前的论文，用拉丁文写的 从古代，一直到后来中世纪期间，我学到很多很有意思的事儿，其中一个就是，曾经，训练 规束 培养记忆力的这种概念，完全不像如今那样陌生，曾几何时 人们寄希望于自己的记忆，能不遗余力地装饰自己的心灵，Over the last few millenia we've invented a series of technologies--from the alphabet to the scroll to the codex, the printing press, photography, the computer, the smartphone--that have made it progressively easier and easier for us to externalize our memories, for us to essentially outsource this fundamental human capacity.These technologies have made our modern world possible, but they've also changed us.They've changed us culturally, and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.Having little need to remember anymore, it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.近几千年来，人类发明了一系列技术，从字母表到卷轴，到法典 印刷机 摄影技术，电脑 智能手机，让我们能越来越轻松地，外化记忆能力，让我们从根本上，把这种基础的人类能力拱手让出，这些技术让现代生活变为可能，但同时也改变了我们，不仅在文化上，我觉得也在认知上，不再需要费劲去记忆，有时会觉得我们已经忘了如何去记忆，3 One of the last places on Earth where you still find people passionate about this idea of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory is at this totally singular memory contest.It's actually not that singular, there are contests held all over the world.And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.在这片地球上已经很少有地方，能让你觉得人们仍热衷于，训练 规束 培养记忆力了，那非同寻常的记忆大赛算是一个，其实它也没有那么非同寻常，世界各地都开始举办这样的竞赛，我对此深深着迷 想要知道这些人是怎么做到的，A few years back a group of researchers at University College London brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.They wanted to know: Do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours? The answer was no.Are they smarter than the rest of us? They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests, and the answer was not really.几年前 伦敦大学学院的一组研究人员，请来一批记忆大赛的冠军接受研究，他们想要弄明白，这些人的大脑，是否跟我们其他人在解剖学上的结构不一样?，答案是否定的，那他们比我们都聪明吗?，他们给研究对象实施了一系列认知测试，依旧得出了否定结论，There was however one really interesting and telling difference between the brains of the memory champions and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.When they put these guys in an fMRI machine, scanned their brains while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes, they found that the memory champions were lighting up different parts of the brain than everyone else.Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using, a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this? 但对比受控制的比对目标的大脑，记忆大赛冠军们的大脑，确实有一处很有趣的不同 很说明问题，这些人被送去做功能磁共振，扫描大脑时，当他们在记忆数字或人脸或雪花图案时，研究人员发现记忆大赛冠军们，的大脑激活的区域，跟普通人不太一样，值得注意的是 他们看来是在用，脑中在空间记忆和导航时会用到的部分，为什么? 我们可以从中得出什么样的结论呢?，The sport of competitive memorizing is driven by a kind of arms race where every year somebody comes up with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly, and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.竞争性记忆的较量，被一种类似军事比赛的方式推向了白热化，每年都会有人，带着更有效的记忆方法现身赛场，而其他人就必须迎头赶上，This is my friend Ben Pridmore, three-time world memory champion.On his desk in front of him are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards that he is about to try to memorize in one hour, using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.He used a similar technique to memorize the precise order of 4,140 random binary digits in half an hour.Yeah.这是我的朋友Ben Pridmore，赢得过三次国际记忆大赛冠军，在他的台前，有三十六副打乱顺序的牌，他要在一个小时内记下全部，用的是一种他自己发明的 也只有他会的技巧，用与此类似的方法，他曾一字不差地背下了，4140个任意排列的二进制数，只用了半个小时，很牛吧，And while there are a whole host of ways of remembering stuff in these competitions, everything, all of the techniques that are being used, ultimately come down to a concept that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.参赛者在这些竞赛中，运用过很多不同的记忆方法，各式各样 被运用到的所有技巧，4 最终都能归化为一个概念，心理学家称之为“精细编码”，And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox known as the Baker/baker paradox, which goes like this: If I tell two people to remember the same word, if I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy named Baker.” That's his name.And I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy who is a baker.” And I come back to you at some point later on, and I say, “Do you remember that word that I told you a while back? Do you remember what it was?” The person who was told his name is Baker is less likely to remember the same word than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.Same word, different amount of remembering;that's weird.What's going on here? 这个概念能用一则幽默的悖论完美诠释，叫做Baker/baker悖论，简单说来就是，假设我让两个人去记同一个词，我跟你说，“记住有个人叫Baker”，Baker是人名，我又来告诉你 “记住有个人是面包师(baker)”，过了一段时间我又回来找到你们，问 “还记得我之前，叫你们记住的那个词吗?”，”还记得是什么词吗?“，被告知人名是Baker的人，记住这个词的可能性远不如，被告知职业是面包师的那个人，同样的词 导致不同的记忆程度，到底是为什么呢，Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.It is entirely untethered from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.But the common noun baker, we know bakers.Bakers wear funny white hats.Bakers have flour on their hands.Bakers smell good when they come home from work.Maybe we even know a baker.And when we first hear that word, we start putting these associational hooks into it that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.The entire art of what is going on in these memory contests and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers into lower-case B bakers--to take information that is lacking in context, in significance, in meaning and transform it in some way so that it becomes meaningful in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.是因为 人名Baker没有任何特殊含义，没法跟你脑海里，零碎繁杂的记忆产生任何联系，但是面包师(baker)作为一个常用名词，我们都知道面包师是什么，面包师带着搞笑的白帽子，他们手上沾满了面粉，他们下班回到家带着扑鼻的烤面包香，甚至可能有些人有朋友就是面包师，我们初次听到这个词时，马上就会产生各种各样的联想，这使我们能在一段时间后还能回忆起来，其实 要理解记忆竞赛中的，一切奥妙，或在日常生活中改善记忆力的秘诀，仅仅在于想办法把Baker中的大写B，变为面包师(baker)中的小写b，把没有前因后果，没有重要性 没有涵义的信息，用某种方法转化为，有意义的内容，跟脑海里的其他记忆串联起来，One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.It came to be known as the memory palace.The story behind its creation goes like this: There was a poet called Simonides who was attending a banquet.He was actually the hired entertainment, because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party, you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door, and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses, kills everybody inside.It doesn't just kill everybody, it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.Nobody can say who was inside, nobody can say where they were sitting.The bodies can't be properly buried.It's one tragedy compounding another.Simonides, standing outside, the sole survivor amid the wreckage, closes his eyes and has this realization, which is that in his mind's eye, he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.And he takes the relatives by the hand and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.这种精确记忆的技巧，在两千五百年前的古希腊就已出现，后来将其称为记忆宫殿，发明这种技巧的过程如下，有个叫做Simonides的诗人，他要去参加一个晚宴，其实他算是被请去做表演嘉宾的，因为在那个年代 炫酷派对的标准，不是请D.J.来打碟 而是要请诗人来颂诗，他站起来 背出了他的全篇诗作 然后潇洒离去，他刚走出门口 晚宴大厅就塌了，砸死了里面所有的人，不仅全体死亡，所有的死者都被砸得面目全非，没人说得清死者都有些谁，没人说得清谁坐在哪儿，导致死者的尸体没法得到合适的殉葬安置，这又加重了整件事的悲剧色彩，Simonides站在外面，作为废墟中的唯一幸存者，闭上眼睛 猛然意识到，在他的脑海中，他眼前出现了所有宾客所坐的位置，他就牵着亲属们的手，穿过废墟 把他们带到了亲人身边，What Simonides figured out at that moment is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know, which is that, as bad as we are at remembering names and phone numbers and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues, we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.If I asked you to recount the first 10 words of the story that I just told you about Simonides, chances are you would have a tough time with it.But I would wager that if I asked you to recall who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse in your foyer right now, you would be able to see that.Simonides当时猛然醒悟的事，大概我们大家也都猜到了，其实是 不管我们，有多不善于记住姓名 电话号码，或是同事的每句指令，我们都拥有异常敏锐的视觉或空间记忆能力，要是我让你们逐字逐句地重述，我刚才讲的Simonides故事的前十个字，应该没几个人会记得，但我敢打赌，如果我让你们现在回想下，在你的门厅里 坐在会讲话的棕色骏马上的，是谁，你们就明白我刚才说的意思了，The idea behind the memory palace is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye and populate it with images of the things that you want to remember--the crazier, weirder, more bizarre, funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is, the more unforgettable it's likely to be.This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years to the earliest Latin memory treatises.记忆宫殿的原理，就是在你的脑海里建立一栋想象大厦，并让你想记住的东西，的影像充满其中，越是疯狂 古怪 奇诡，荒诞搞笑 乱七八糟 招人厌恶的影像，就越容易记住，这个建议来自于两千多年前，拉丁最早的记忆学者，So how does this work? Let's say that you've been invited to TED center stage to give a speech and you want to do it from memory, and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.What you might do is picture yourself at the front door of your house.And you'd come up with some sort of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about is this totally bizarre contest.And then you'd go inside your house, and you would see an image of Cookie Monster on top of Mister Ed.And that would remind you that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.And you go into your kitchen, and the fourth topic you were going to talk about was this strange journey that you went on for a year, and you have some friends to help you remember that.那么 这种说法的原理到底是什么呢，假设你被邀请，站上TED的中心讲台演讲，而你想脱稿完成，如西塞罗在两千年前在TEDx罗马上的演讲一般，他就会这么霸气走一回 而你也想这样，你要做的就是，想象自己站在自家门前，然后凭空想象出，一段完全荒诞疯狂难忘的景象，用来提示你上台要提的第一件事，就是这场诡异的裸骑大赛，然后你走进房子里，想到甜饼怪物，坐在Ed先生背上的样子，这个景象会提醒你，要介绍你的朋友Ed Cook，6 然后你脑海里出现了小甜甜布兰妮的样子，你就会想起要讲那个关于布兰妮的小故事，然后你走进厨房，你要说到的第四个话题是，你花了一整年走过的奇妙历程，通过绿野仙踪就可以联想得到，This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches--not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up, but topic-for-topic.In fact, the phrase “topic sentence,” that comes from the Greek word “topos,” which means “place.” That's a vestige of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric in these sorts of spatial terms.The phrase “in the first place,” that's like in the first place of your memory palace.这就是罗马演说家背诵演讲稿的秘诀，并非一字不差 逐字背诵只会平添麻烦，而是记住一个个主题，其实 短语“主题句”，就来源于希腊词“topos”，意思是“地点”，这是古时候，人们谈到演讲或是修辞时，会用到的空间术语，短语 “第一”，就意味着你的记忆宫殿的第一层，I thought this was just fascinating, and I got really into it.And I went to a few more of these memory contests.And I had this notion that I might write something longer about this subculture of competitive memorizers.But there was a problem.The problem was that a memory contest is a pathologically boring event.(Laughter)Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.I mean, the most dramatic it gets is when somebody starts massaging their temples.And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds, but I don't have access to it.这简直太有意思了，我对这起了很大的兴趣，后来我又去了更多记忆大赛，我开始萌发了要更详细描写，这种竞技记忆文化的念头，但有一个问题，问题是记忆大赛，其实过程很无聊的，(大笑)，真的 就像一群人坐那儿高考一样，最最激动人心的时刻，也不过就是有人揉了揉太阳穴，我是个记者 总得有东西可写呀，我知道这些人脑子里肯定是惊涛骇浪，但我作为外人无法得见，And I realized, if I was going to tell this story, I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes every morning before I sat down with my New York Times just trying to remember something.Maybe it was a poem.Maybe it was names from an old yearbook that I bought at a flea market.And I found that this was shockingly fun.I never would have expected that.It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better at creating, at dreaming up, these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.And I got pretty into it.我意识到 若我真的想报道这事儿，一定得亲身体验才行，所以我开始尝试着每天早上坐下来看纽约时报前，花上十五到二十分钟，尝试记忆一些事，背背小诗，背背我在跳蚤市场买来的，旧年鉴里的人名，我惊奇地发现这其实非常带劲，要不去尝试根本想不到，有趣在于 其实目标并不是要通过训练提高记忆力，而是你在努力培养改善，创造力 想象力，在你的脑海里凭空造出，那些完全滑稽荒诞胡乱 最好是难忘的影像，而它成为了我的乐趣，This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.It's a pair of earmuffs and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over except for two small pinholes, because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.这是我戴着标准竞赛记忆者训练套装的样子，它有一对耳塞，一副护目镜 镜面全部遮黑，就留了两个小孔，因为竞技记忆者最大的敌人就是注意力分散，I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.And I had this notion that I might enter it, sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.Problem was the experiment went haywire.I won the contest, which really wasn't supposed to happen.最后 我再次回到了一年前报道的那场竞赛场上，我一时冲动 也想报名参加，就当做参与性新闻报道的实验了，我当时想 到时能在前言里调侃一下自己也好，问题是 实验最后得到了意想不到的结果，那场竞赛我赢了，真是完全出乎我预料之外，(Applause)(鼓掌)，Now it is nice to be able to memorize speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists, but it's actually kind of beside the point.These are just tricks.They are tricks that work because they're based on some pretty basic principles about how our brains work.And you don't have to be building memory palaces or memorizing packs of playing cards to benefit from a little bit of insight about how your mind works.对我来说现在，背演讲稿 电话号码 或是购物单，都是小菜一碟 倒是很不错，但其实这些都不重要了，这些都是小伎俩，这些记忆伎俩之所以有效，是因为它们依仗人类大脑运转的，一些基本原理，并不用真的去建立记忆宫殿，或记下几副牌的顺序，你也完全可以从了解大脑运转原理中，获得一些益处，We often talk about people with great memories as though it were some sort of an innate gift, but that is not the case.Great memories are learned.At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.We remember when we are deeply engaged.We remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience and figure out why it is meaningful to us, why it is significant, why it's colorful, when we're able to transform it in some way that it makes sense in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds, when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.我们总会议论记忆力很好的人，总觉得那些人是天赋异禀，事实并不是这样，强大的记忆力是可以习得的，从最根本的说起 专心致志就能记住，全心投入时就能记住，只要能想办法把信息和经历，转化为有意义的事，就能记住，想它为何重要 为何多彩，当我们能把它转化成为，有前因后果的事，并跟我们脑海中繁杂琐碎的其他事产生联想时，当我们能把人名Baker转化为面包师baker时，The memory palace, these memory techniques, they're just shortcuts.In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.They work because they make you work.They force a kind of depth of processing, a kind of mindfulness, that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.But there actually are no shortcuts.This is how stuff is made memorable.记忆宫殿 或是那些记忆技巧，都只是捷径而已，其实 说到底它们都不能算捷径，这方法有效是因为它迫使你思考，它迫使你往更深层次去想，让你更加专注，大部分人平时并不会费力去训练这个，其实捷径并不存在，这一直就是我们能记住事物的原因，And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with, it's what E.P., the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem, left me with, which is the notion that our lives are the sum of our memories.How much are we willing to lose from our already short lives by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones, by not paying attention to the human being across from us who is talking with us, by being so lazy that we're not willing to process deeply? 有一件事我希望你们能记住，就是E.P.，那个连自己患了健忘症都想不起来的人，让我深思，得出了一个感想，人生就是我们个人记忆的合集，在短暂的人生里，你还愿意因为黑莓 iPhone，丧失多少瞬间，忽略对面坐着的人，在跟我们交谈的人，变得越发懒惰 不愿意，深究任何事？，8 I learned firsthand that there are incredible memory capacities latent in all of us.But if you want to live a memorable life, you have to be the kind of person who remembers to remember.通过亲身经历 我发现，我们的身体里潜藏着，不可思议的记忆能力，但若你想活得难忘，就得做那种，记得时常记忆的人，Thank you.谢谢，(Applause)(鼓掌)，En8848原版英语学习网