第一篇:2014中考易·物理(广东专版)预测卷(一)
2014年广东省高中阶段学校招生考试
物理预测卷
(一)一、单项选择题(本大题7小题,每小题3分,共21分。在每小题列出的四个选项中,只有一个是正确的)1.下列关于原子、原子核和核能的说法中正确的是()
A.原子由质子和电子组成B.原子核由质子和中子组成C.核能清洁无污染,利用核能有利无害D.核能是我国当前利用的最主要能源
2.甲、乙两物体同时同地向东做匀速直线运动,它们的s-t图象如图1所示。由图象可知()A.甲的速度小于乙的速度B.经过6 s,甲在乙前面1.2 m处C.以甲为参照物,乙向东运动D.以乙为参照物,甲向东运动
3.如图2所示是一个标有“3 V15 mA”字样的无线光电鼠标,将接收器插入电脑,就可用鼠标操控电脑了。下列有关说法错误的是()..A.鼠标正常工作时的电压是3 V
B.鼠标和接收器之间通过电磁波联系 C.鼠标工作时部分电能转化成光能
D.鼠标做成“鼠”形可以增大与手掌的接触面积,减小压力
4.如图3是某取暖器的工作电路图。为了安全起见,取暖器一般都要安装一个跌倒开关S,使取暖器倾倒时整个电路断开。则跌倒开关S应安装在()A.a处B.b处C.c处D.d处5.如图4所示装置可以用来演示物理现象,则下列表述正确的是()
图
3图4 A.图甲用来演示电磁感应现象
B.图乙用来演示磁场对电流的作用 C.图丙用来演示电流的磁效应
D.图丁用来演示电磁铁的磁性强弱与电流大小的关系
6.甲吊车比乙吊车的机械效率高,当它们分别把相同质量的物体匀速提升相同高度时,则()A.甲吊车的电动机做的有用功较多B.乙吊车的电动机做的额外功较多 C.甲吊车的电动机做的总功较多D.甲、乙两吊车的电动机做的总功相同 7.如图5所示电路中,当开关S闭合时,电压表测的是()A.L1的电压 B.L2的电压
C.L1和L2总电压 D.电源和L1总电压
图
5图
图
2二、填空题(本大题7小题,每空1分,共21分)
8.“中国好声音”比赛现场,吉他手弹奏电吉他时不断用手指去控制琴弦长度,这样做的目的是为了改变声音的;琴声是通过传播到现场观众耳中的;观众在听音乐时都要把手机关机或把铃声调成振动,目的是为了在减弱噪声。
9.滑板车深受青少年的喜爱,如图6所示,小明正“驾驶”滑板车向前滑行。图中小明一只脚站立其上,另一只
脚不时用力向后蹬地,使滑板车前进,这说明力的作用是。小明发现路旁的草地往后退,他是以为参照物。当小明蹬地后双脚离地,滑板车由于向前滑行一段距离。
图
710.如图7是小球在水平面上运动的频闪照片(闪光灯每隔0.02 s闪亮一次),观察图中小球的位置,可以判断
小球在竖直方向上受到力和力,这两个力是一对平衡力。小球在水平方向上受到的力是(选填“平衡力”或“非平衡力”)。
11.如图8所示,滑轮(选填“A”或“B”)可以看作是等臂杠杆;若物体所受重力均为20 N且处于
静止状态,不计摩擦和滑轮重力,力F2的大小为N;物体上升时,它的重力势能(选填“增大”、“减小”或“不变”)。
12.如图9所示的电路中,已知电阻R1∶R2 =1∶3。若甲、乙两表均为电压表,则当开关S闭合时,R1与R2 的连
接方法是联,此时,两表的示数之比U甲∶U乙=;若甲、乙两表均为电流表,则当开关S断开时,两表的示数之比I甲∶I乙=。
13.光从空气斜射到水面时,将同时发生和现象,折射角入射角(选填“大
于”、“小于”或“等于”)。
14.小清同学利用电磁继电器设计了一个自动恒温加热鱼缸,如图10所示。A为一段软导线,左侧的温度计是电
接点水银温度计,B为一个小型电热器,其铭牌如表所示。该装置能使鱼缸中的水温大致保持在℃,用水银温度计是因为水银是。装置某次连续正常工作2min,电热器可放出J的热量。
甲 乙
图8图9图
三、作图题(共7分)15.(1)(3分)如图11所示,水平地面上一块质地均匀的方形木板在力F1的作用下处于静止状态,若把它看作
一个以O点为支点的杠杆,请你画出阻力F2及动力F1的力臂l1。(2)(2分)请根据近视眼的成因和矫正方法,在图12所示的方框内画出矫正近视眼所需的透镜,并完成光路图。
(3)(2分)如图13所示,请在图13中画出通电螺线管的绕法及磁感线的方向。
图11图12图13
四、实验题(本大题3小题,共20分)16.(6分)(1)如图14所示,请你读出图中两种测量工具的测量值,写在对应的空格处。甲 乙
图1
4图甲中的物体长度是cm;图乙中的电能表的示数是kW·h。
(2)如图15所示的仪器叫;用带电体接触它的金属球,就有一部分电荷转移到两片金属箔上,两
片箔就张开,则两片箔上带的是(选填“同种”或“异种”)电荷。
(3)如图16所示,闭合开关,观察到金属杆ab向右滚动;断开开关,将电源两极对调后重新闭合开关,可
观察到金属杆向滚动。说明通电导体在磁场中运动方向与有关。
图15 图16
17.(7分)某同学利用如图17所示的装置探究“液体内部压强的特点”。
图17
(1)U形管相当于一个。向图甲中的U形管内注入适量的红墨水,当红墨水静止时U形管左右两
侧液面的高度。
每次的深度及相应的U形管左右两侧液面的高度差。这是为了探究。同一深度,液体向各个方向的压强。
(3)他换用其他液体探究液体压强与液体密度的关系,当探头在下列液体中的深度相同时,U形管左右两侧
液面的高度差最大的是(选填字母)。
3A.酒精(ρ酒精=0.8×10kg/m)3
B.植物油(ρ植物油=0.9×10kg/m)3
C.盐水(ρ盐水=1.1×10kg/m)
(4)若图乙中U形管左右两侧红墨水面的高度差h=10cm,则橡皮管内气体的压强与大气压之差约为3
Pa。(ρ红墨水≈1.0×10kg/m)(2分)
18.(7分)在复习课上,老师提出:“如何测量用电器的电功率?”下面是两位同学各自提出的不同实验方案。(1)小青设计用伏安法测额定电压(已知小灯泡的电功率)。
图18
①根据图18中所给元件,用笔画线(不能交叉)在图上连接实物电路;
②实验原理为P =UI,实验前,滑动变阻器滑片P应移至端;
③当测量小灯泡额定功率时,应注意观察电压表,并移动滑动变阻器滑片P,使;如图18所示,灯泡正常发光时电流表示数为A。
(2)小宁设计在家庭电路中用电能表测出一个电炉的电功率。
①除电能表,电炉等器材外,还需要的测量工具是;
②测量时关闭其他用电器,只让电炉单独工作,需要测量的物理量有:。
五、计算题(本大题2小题,共13分)
19.(6分)有一个弹簧测力计挂着一个实心圆柱体,当圆柱体逐渐浸入装有水的烧杯过程中(如图19所示),试根据表中所给数据求:(g=10N/kg)
(1)当圆柱体浸入深度为3.0cm时其底面所受的压强;(2)圆柱体的质量;(3)圆柱体的密度。
图19
20.(7分)如图20所示电路,电源电压为6V且保持不变,电阻R1 =30Ω,电流表A仅有一个0~0.6A的量程。
(1)根据图22甲可知,该物质在B点时的内能(选填“大于”、“小于”或“等于”)在C点时的求:
(1)通过电阻R1的电流;
(2)滑动变阻器R2的滑片P在最右端时,R2消耗的功率为0.72 W,求R2的最大阻值;(3)在保证电流表安全工作的情况下,R2连入电路的最小阻值。
图20
六、综合能力题(本大题3小题,共18分)
21.(6分)在探究“影响电磁铁磁性强弱的因素”实验中,小明制成简易电磁铁甲、乙,并设计了如图21所示的电路。
图
21(1)当滑动变阻器滑片向左移动时,电磁铁甲、乙吸引大头针的个数(选填“增加”或“减少”),说明电流越,电磁铁磁性越强。(2)根据图21所示的情境可知,(选填“甲”或“乙”)的磁性强,说明电流一定时,电磁铁磁性越强。
(3)根据右手螺旋定则,可判断出乙铁钉的上端是电磁铁的极。(4)电磁铁吸引的大头针下端分散的原因是。
内能,理由是;
(2)根据图22甲中坐标信息可知,该物质在AB 段和CD段的比热容分别为c1、c2,则c1∶c
2=;(2分)
(3)根据图象信息,请在图22乙中粗略画出该晶体熔化时的时间—温度图象。(2分)
/min
温度/℃
甲乙
23.(6分)阅读下面的短文,回答问题。
图22
石墨烯——改变世界的神奇新材料
一片碳,看似普通,厚度为单个原子,却使两位科学家海姆和诺沃肖洛夫赢得2010年度诺贝尔物理学奖。这种全新材料名为“石墨烯”。
石墨烯不仅“最簿、最强”,作为电导体,它和铜有着一样出色的导电性;作为热导体,它比目前任何其他材料的导热效果都好。利用石墨烯,科学家能够研发出一系列具有特殊性质的新材料。比如,石墨烯晶体管的传输速度远远超过目前的硅晶体管,因此有希望应用于全新超级计算机的研发;石墨烯还可以用于制造触摸屏、发光板,甚至太阳能电池。如果和其他材料混合,石墨烯还可用于制造更耐热、更结实的电导体,从而使新材料更薄、更轻、更富有弹性。从柔性电子产品到智能服装,从超轻型飞机材料到防弹衣,甚至未来的太空电梯都可以以石墨烯为原料。因此其应用前景十分广阔。(1)这种新材料属于(选填“导体”或“绝缘体”)。
(2)石墨烯有希望应用于超级计算机的研发,是因为。(3)石墨烯的应用领域十分广泛,请你从材料中找出两例。
第二篇:2016广东中考模拟卷一
2016广东中考语文模拟卷
说明:1.全卷共8页,满分为120分。考试用时为120分钟。
2.答卷前,考生务必用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔在答题卡填写自己的准考证号、姓名、考场号、座位号。用2B铅笔把对应该号码的标号涂黑。
3.答题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答,答案必须写在答题卡各题目的指定区域内相应的位置上;如需改动,先划掉原来的答案,然后再写上新的答案;不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4.本试卷设有附加题,共10分,考生可答可不答;该题得分作为补偿分计入总分,但全卷最后得分不得超过120分。
5.考生务必保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束时,将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、基础(24分)
1.根据课文默写古诗文。(10分)
⑴博学而笃志,□□□□□,仁在其中矣。(《论语•子张》)(1分)⑵□□□□□□□,化作春泥更护花。(龚自珍《己亥杂诗》)(1分)
⑶陶渊明的《饮酒》中通过写景表现作者闲适恬静、悠然自得心境的语句是□□□□□,□□□□□。(2分)
⑷□□□□□□□?曹刘。□□□□□□□。(辛弃疾《南乡子•登京口北固亭有怀》)(2分)⑸把孟浩然的《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》默写完整。(4分)八月湖水平,涵虚混太清。□□□□□,□□□□□。欲济无舟楫,端居耻圣明。□□□□□,□□□□□。2.根据拼音写出相应的词语。(4分)
⑴“唉,你们qiâ yì得很!这椅子给我坐的?”他不待我们回答,一屁股坐在藤椅上,剧烈地摇晃他的两脚。
⑵无论是那远古时代的神圣的传言,都不能激起我心中的wâi jiâ的幻梦。
⑶站在罗布泊边缘,你能看清那一道道肋骨的排列走向,看到cāng hǎi sāng tián的痕迹,你会感到这胸膛里面深藏的痛苦与无奈。
⑷人类的智慧与大自然的智慧相比实在是xiāng xíng jiàn chù。3.下列句子中加点的词语使用不恰当的一项是()(3分)...A.四面都还是严冬的肃杀,而久经诀别的故乡的久经逝去的春天,却就在这天空中荡漾了。..
B.他住在一个荒僻的小山村中,没有吃的,没有喝的,日子过得很艰苦。..C.春节期间,在泰州老街、桃园、望海楼等景区内,具有鲜明地方特色的民俗表演让人们流.连忘返。...D.虎门镇交警队招聘了许多交通协管员,在他们的协助下,交通拥堵的现象戛然而止。....4.下列对病句修改不正确的一项是()(3分)...A.只有密切接触社会,联系群众,才能对国家安危和人民忧乐提出具有真知灼见的意见。(“真知灼见”与“意见”语义重复,删掉“具有真知灼见的”)B.随着智能手机的普及,使得我们周围出现了大量的“低头族”。(删去“随着”或“使得”)C.我认为,应该尽可能使用简化字,不要滥用繁体字,这样会给汉字规范化和青少年学习增加困难。(把“困难”改为“麻烦”)D.有了“互联网+”,“一带一路”不再是一个普通的地理概念,而且是一个又一个用新技术、新理念组建而成的新生态系统。(删掉“且”)
5.仿照画波浪线的句子,在横线上续写一句话,使之构成排比。(4分)
中国的传统节日背后都有着节日的美好情怀和人生关怀。我们欢度节日,不能在除夕只听到震耳的炮竹声,而找不到“剪红裁绿闹春意”的民俗;(1)_____ _______,____ _________;(2)_______ ______,_____ ________;而无论时代如何变迁,传统节日中表现出来的中华民族对美好生活的不懈追求,对家庭团圆、社会和谐的永恒企盼的美好情怀是不能改变的。
二、阅读(46分)
(一)(10分)醉翁亭记 欧阳修
环滁皆山也。其西南诸峰,林壑尤美,望之蔚然而深秀者,琅琊也。山行六七里,渐闻水声潺潺而泻出于两峰之间者,酿泉也。峰回路转,有亭翼然临于泉上者,醉翁亭也。作亭者谁?山之僧智仙也。名之者谁?太守自谓也。太守与客来饮于此,饮少辄醉,而年又最高,故自号曰醉翁也。醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也。山水之乐,得之心而寓之酒也。
若夫日出而林霏开,云归而岩穴暝,晦明变化者,山间之朝暮也。野芳发而幽香,佳木秀而繁阴,风霜高洁,水落而石出者,山间之四时也。朝而往,暮而归,四时之景不同,而乐亦无穷也。
至于负者歌于途,行者休于树,前者呼,后者应,伛偻提携,往来而不绝者,滁人游也。临溪而渔,溪深而鱼肥。酿泉为酒,泉香而酒洌;山肴野蔌,杂然而前陈者,太守宴也。宴酣之乐,非丝非竹,射者中,弈者胜,觥筹交错,起坐而喧哗者,众宾欢也。苍颜白发,颓然乎其间者,太守醉也。
已而夕阳在山,人影散乱,太守归而宾客从也。树林阴翳,鸣声上下,游人去而禽鸟乐也。然而禽鸟知山林之乐,而不知人之乐;人知从太守游而乐,而不知太守之乐其乐也。醉能同其乐,醒能述以文者,太守也。太守谓谁?庐陵欧阳修也。6.解释下列加点词语在句子中的意思。(3分)⑴醉翁之意不在酒()⑵杂然而前陈者()⑶而不知太守之乐其乐也()...7.把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(4分)⑴山水之乐,得之心而寓之酒也。
⑵野芳发而幽香,佳木秀而繁阴,风霜高洁,水落而石出者,山间之四时也。
8.下列对文章的分析理解,不正确的一项是()(3分)...A.“醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也”一句为写景抒情定下基调。“醉”是表象,“乐”是实质。
B.游记着力写太守与滁人沉醉于山水之间的情状,意在表现作者因仕途不得意而借游山玩水排谴内心郁闷的人生态度。C.文章写“滁人游”、“太守宴”、“众宾欢”、“太守醉”均围绕“乐”字展开,既写出太守与民同乐,又表现了当时滁州的政治清明。
D.文章骈散结合,句式整齐又富有变化,尤其是“也”和“而”字的灵活运用,使得语言具有回环往复的音韵美。
(二)(9分)
吴王浮于江,登乎狙①之山。众狙见之,恂然②弃而走,逃于深蓁③。有一狙焉,委蛇④攫搔⑤,见巧乎王。王射之,敏给搏捷矢。王命相者趋射之,狙执⑥死。
王顾谓其友颜不疑曰:“之狙也,伐其巧,恃其便以敖予,以至此殛⑦也。戒之哉!嗟乎,无以汝色骄人哉!”颜不疑归而师董梧以助其色去乐辞显三年而国人称之。
《庄子•徐无鬼》
【注释】①狙(jū):猕猴。②恂然:恐惧的样子。③蓁:荆棘,草木丛。④委蛇(wēi yí):弯曲身体。⑤攫搔(juãzào):从容转身,手舞足蹈的样子。⑥执:立刻。⑦殛:杀戮、杀死。
9.下列各组句子中,加点词语意思相同的一项是()(3分)..A.颜不疑归而师董梧∕吾谁与归 B.王命相者趋射之∕尝趋百里外 ....C.王顾谓其友颜不疑曰∕三顾臣于草庐之中 D.众狙见之∕才美不外见 ....10.请用三条“∕”给文中画线的句子断句。(3分)
颜 不 疑 归 而 师 董 梧 以 助 其 色 去 乐 辞 显 三 年 而 国 人 称 之。11.简要说说本文的寓意。(3分)
(三)(10分)成大事者必有静气
陈常青
①“每临大事有静气”,这是晚清两代帝师翁同龢教导弟子时所言。他认为:圣贤之人越是遇到惊天动地的大事、险事,越能沉得住气。古往今来,凡成大事者必有静气。
②淝水之战,谢安率领东晋不足十万的兵力抵御百万虎狼之师,形势不可谓不凶险。可谢安在后方军帐里依然不慌不忙地下棋,可谓“险不惊于心”。前线军报传来,他只随意地看了一眼,又继续下棋。旁边的人实在忍不住了,上前询问前方战况。谢安轻描淡写地说道:“小儿辈已破敌。”可谓“成不喜于色”。谢安用他的表现很好地诠释了静气的内涵!
③那么,一个人的静气从哪里来呢?
④首先,养静气需要不断地去历练和积累。航天英雄杨利伟,在飞船里戴着航空手套,手持操作棒按电脑键盘,做到了200多次操作没有一次失误。载誉归来时,面对记者,他吐露真情:只有经过十几年如一日地刻苦训练,不断积累经验,才能镇定从容地完成这样的操作。
⑤其次,养静气需要多读书。有些人之所以一遇大事就惊慌失措,很大程度是因为心里没底,也就是没有驾驭大事的能力和本领。如何拥有这种能力和本领呢?其中的一个途径就是多读书。俗话说,手中有粮,心中不慌。书籍是人类的精神食粮,通过读书,我们可以汲取前人的智慧,增长才干,克服恐慌。林语堂先生说的好:“读书本是一种心灵的活动。”读书可以安顿好我们那颗动荡不安的心。所以,越是博学的人,视野越开阔,头脑越冷静,处事越镇静。
⑥养静气还要善养正气。只有正气在身,才能淡泊名利,才能不为进退滋扰,做到宠辱不惊。其实静气和正气是相互滋养的,正如诸葛亮在《诫子书》中写道:“夫君子之行,静以修身,俭以养德,非淡泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远。”
⑦草静生于缝隙,树静立于风雨,人静行于世间。人不能没有静气,就像傲视苍穹的红杉不能没有坚固的根基,就像芳香四溢的鲜花不能没有普照的阳光。有静气的人,就如同巍峨的大山,任脚下花开花落,任世间风云变幻,岿然不动,坚定泰然。12.下面对文章的分析理解,不正确的一项是()(3分)...A.第②段用淝水之战谢安率领东晋抵御百万虎狼之师的例子,诠释了静气的“险不惊于心”“成不喜于色”的内涵。
B.第④段用杨利伟在飞船里手持操作棒200多次按电脑键盘零失误的例子,有力地论证了养静气需要不断地去历练和积累。
C.第⑤段引用俗语“手中有粮,心中不慌”和林语堂先生的话“读书本是一种心灵的活动”论证了“越是博学的人,头脑越冷静,处事越镇静。”
D.结尾画线的句子“有静气的人,就如同巍峨的大山,任脚下花开花落,任世间风云变幻,岿然不动,坚定泰然”,形象地论述了人行世间静气的重要。13.下面材料不能证明文中“古往今来,凡成大事者必有静气” 这个观点的一项是()..(3分)
A.达摩面壁,静坐九年,影嵌入壁,始悟大道,终开少林寺一脉。
B.司马迁忍受宫刑之苦,踏遍祖国河山,查阅各种资料,誓不放弃,终成大作《史记》。C.“板凳甘坐十年冷”,袁隆平克服浮躁,一头扎进田间地头,静下心来研究,被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。
D.居里夫人抛弃浮华,与丈夫埋头实验,平心静气,终于在几百吨废料垃圾中发现了“镭”这一放射性元素。
14.联系全文,请结合实际谈谈自己应该怎样“养静气”?(4分)
(四)(17分)
樱 桃 米吉安尼
⑴樱桃成熟了,通红通红的,像年轻的山区女人的血液。而在山区女人的心房下面,爱情的果实也成熟了。山区女人坐在自己茅屋的门坎上,在她苍白的面孔上有着鲜红的嘴唇,就像枝上的樱桃一样。
⑵樱桃长得多好啊!累累的果实把树枝都坠得垂下来了,随时都有折断的危险。山区女人心房下的重荷使她感到很难受,她无力站起来去折樱桃枝„„
⑶樱桃树和山区女人都因自己的果实变得沉重了,大自然对她们满意地微笑。⑷但是谁看见了大自然的微笑呢?山区女人想尝尝鲜红的果实以解除饥饿,因为她早就没有玉米了。剩下的一点玉米是做种子用的。明天就要把它们撒到地里,等待新的收成。
⑸唉,能吃点樱桃也好!这个有如生气蓬勃的春天的山区女人,这个有着像天空一样蔚蓝色的眼睛,有着像樱桃一样鲜红的嘴唇的山区女人,在忍受着痛苦„„她在忍受着饥饿的痛苦。她的眼光是困倦而忧郁的。整个世界都使她感到憎厌,但她并不憎厌生活。在没有粮食吃的贫困中,生活在她看来仍然是可爱、欢乐和微笑的。她身上的果实,变成了沉重的、但却是幸福的重荷,重荷紧连着她的心。她看着樱桃,但是没法把它摘下来,樱桃挂得太高了。山区女人在沉思,由于弄不到樱桃而发愁。但当她想到弄不到樱桃是由于身怀重荷,而身怀重荷的原因又是由于夜晚的欢乐,她的烦恼就消失了,代之以愉快的感觉。
⑹面色忧闷的老婆婆站在茅屋的门坎上,眯缝着眼睛,春天的光亮使她睁不开眼。年轻的女人想说摘樱桃的事,但是她感到害羞。她站起来,慢慢地,有如风平浪静的天气里的小帆船,向樱桃树走去,拿着一根长杆子,想把樱桃树枝打断。但是她未能成功。她浑身出冷汗,抛掉杆子,坐在樱桃树下的地上了。
⑺山区女人叹了口长气,腹内一阵剧烈的疼痛。“如果是个女孩还不错„„上帝保佑!„„而如果是个男孩呢,也没有什么„„等他长大了,挣一袋钱,替自己买个老婆。”
⑻“妈妈!”
⑼“干什么,孩子?” ⑽“我丈夫快回来了吗?” ⑾“他到哪儿去了?”
⑿媳妇的眼光没离开樱桃树,饥饿在折磨着她。由于饿,她最后的一点气力也失去了。⒀“妈妈!你能不能替我摘点樱桃,非常想吃东西。” ⒁“我不能够,孩子,等你丈夫回来吧。”
⒂媳妇感到自己的心在收缩。她发出了呻吟声。身体内有什么东西在颤动。憎恨,无对象的、无情的憎恨涌上心头,扼住了她的喉咙,紧压住她的心,总也不肯松开„„只有当她苍白的面孔上泪如雨下的时候,憎恨心才缓和下来。
⒃一个饥饿的、不幸的、怀孕的妇女,她能不能把孩子生下来?她的孩子能不能成为大自然的爱子?
⒄山区女人坐在地上呻吟。老婆婆慢慢地向她走去。在母亲的痛苦的号泣声里很快就加入了婴儿的哭泣声。他向世界宣称他的出现,在宇宙的这个不受注意的角落里,他向人类宣告自己的到来。
⒅春天的大自然在欢笑,因为鲜红的樱桃成熟了,穷人的孩子出生了。15.文章以“樱桃”为题,作者这样写有什么作用?(4分)
16.联系上下文,品味下列画线句子,分析其表达效果。(4分)
⑴这个有如生气蓬勃的春天的山区女人,这个有着像天空一样蔚蓝色的眼睛,有着像樱桃一样鲜红的嘴唇的山区女人,在忍受着痛苦„„她在忍受着饥饿的痛苦。(2分)
⑵憎恨,无对象的、无情的憎恨涌上心头,扼住了她的喉咙,紧压住她的心,总也不肯松开„„(2分)
17.请结合文本,分析山区女人的形象特点。(4分)
18.文章以“春天的大自然在欢笑,因为鲜红的樱桃成熟了,穷人的孩子出生了” 简洁收尾,请结合全文,谈谈你的理解。(5分)
三、作文(50分)
19.阅读下面文字,按要求作文。
生活中,许多人和事的意义不是单一的。比如,成长,不只是年龄的增长,更是心智的成熟;出发,不只是为了到达,更是为了沿途的风景;父母,不只是生养我们的亲人,更是精神成长的引路人;家,不只是“港湾”,更是一种责任与义务„„
请联系自己对自然、社会和生活的思考和感悟,以“,不只是 ”为题写一篇文章。
要求:⑴先将题目补充完整;
⑵自选文体; ⑶不少于750字;
⑷写出真情实感,但不要出现真实的姓名和校名。
附加题(10分)
阅读下面名著选段,完成l-3题。
【A】跟前大多是些庸俗乏味的男孩和土里土气、却又高傲自大的蠢女孩。„„
如今,在这淫雨连绵、泥泞遍地的深秋季节,在这寂寞无聊的小城里,我对这个邋里邋遢的小火夫的突发之情竟充满了我的全部身心,装点着周围灰蒙蒙一片的生活。„„
我熟悉的那些年轻人中,没有一个有他那样坚强的意志,那样明确无误而又别具一格的生活见解,没有一个。而我和他的友谊本身也是非同一般的。正是因为追求夺目的光彩,也因为我异想天开地要“考验考验”他,有一次我差点没要了他的小命。这件事眼下回想起来,我都觉得十分惭愧。
【B】“你好,保夫鲁沙!坦白地说,我没想到你会弄成这个样子。难道你不能在政府里搞到一个比挖土强一点的差事吗?我还以为你早就当上了委员,或者委员一类的首长呢。你的生活怎么这样不顺心哪„„”
“我也没想到你会变得这么„„酸臭。”保尔想了想,才找到了这个比较温和的字眼。冬妮亚的脸一下子红到了耳根:“你还是这么粗鲁!”
保尔把木锨往肩上一扛,迈开大步向前走去。走了几步,他才回答说:“说句不客气的话,我的粗鲁比起您的彬彬有礼来,要好得多。我的生活用不着担心,一切都正常。但是您的生活,却比我原来想象的还要糟。两年前你还好一些,还敢跟一个工人握手。可现在呢,你浑身都是臭樟脑丸味。说实在的,我跟你已经没什么可谈的了。”
1.请结合原著简要概述【A】段中冬妮亚“差点没要了他的小命”与【B】段中让冬妮亚觉得保尔“生活怎么这样不顺心”这两个情节的内容。(3分)
2.保尔和冬妮亚这两个曾经亲密无间的恋人为什么会“已经没什么可谈的了”?从【B】段中,可见保尔有怎样的个性特点?(4分)
3.结合选段,简要分析原著的一个艺术特色。(3分)
参考答案
一、基础(24分)
1.(10分)(每空1分,错一字扣1分)(1)(1分)切问而近思(2)(1分)落红不是无情物
(3)(2分)采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。(4)(2分)天下英雄谁敌手?生子当如孙仲谋。
(5)(4分)气蒸云梦泽,波撼岳阳城。坐观垂钓者,徒有羡鱼情。2.(4分)(每空1分,错一字扣1分)
(1)惬意(2)慰藉(3)沧海桑田(4)相形见绌 3.(3分)D 4.(3分)C 5.(4分)示例:不能在端午只吃到天价粽子,而领悟不到诗人“路漫漫其修远兮”的悠远情怀;不能在中秋只见到豪华月饼,而体会不到亲人“千里共婵娟”的美好祝愿;不能在清明只见到奇葩祭品,而感受不到古人“路上行人欲断魂”的深沉怀念。
二.阅读(46分)
(一)(10分)
6.(3分)意:情趣 陈:摆开 乐:以„„为乐
7.(4分)(1)欣赏山水的乐趣,领会在心里,寄托在喝酒上。(2分)
(2)野花开放,散发出清幽的香气;好的树木枝叶繁茂,浓阴遍地;天高气爽(金风送爽),霜色洁白;山溪水落,石子露出水面,这就是山间的四季景色。(2分)
8.(3分)B
(二)(9分)
9.(3分)B 10.(3分)颜不疑归而师董梧∕以助其色∕去乐辞显∕三年而国人称之。
11.(3分)深刻地揭露了本领、智慧不可夸耀的道理,告诫人们锋芒太露往往会招来祸害,为人处世应该谦虚谨慎。
(三)(10分)
12.(3分)C 13.(3分)B 14.(4分)围绕“养静气需要不断地去历练和积累、养静气需要多读书、养静气还要善养正气”三方面结合自身实际来谈即可。
(四)(17分)
15.(4分)①以“樱桃”为线索贯穿全文,与山区女人的活动紧密相连,使文章浑然一体;②文章主要围绕樱桃成熟,山区女人怀孕即将生子,却为了解除饥饿而去摘樱桃这一故事展
开;③既指樱桃树上的樱桃成熟了,又暗指山区女人成熟的爱情果实;④表现了山区女人对未来生活充满希望。(答到任意3点,给满分4分)16.(4分)(1)运用比喻的修辞手法,生动形象地描写了山区女人身上透露出来的生气蓬勃,同时,又反复强调她正忍受饥饿的痛苦,二者形成鲜明的对比,突出了她对樱桃的无比渴望。(2分)
(2)运用心理描写,“扼住”、“紧压”等词语,生动形象地写出了山区女人无法解决饥饿时那种痛苦的感觉,表现她对饥饿的无情憎恨,为下文写她生孩子作铺垫。(2分)17.(4分)①热爱生活,积极乐观:整个世界都使她感到憎厌,但她并不憎厌生活。在没有粮食吃的贫困中,生活在她看来仍然是可爱、欢乐和微笑的;②生性豁达,聪明明理:虽然为弄不到樱桃而发愁,但她想到是由于自己身怀重荷而释然愉快;③勇敢坚强:忍受饥饿的痛苦及面对饥饿、贫穷的折磨,生下孩子;④对未来充满希望:在饥饿、贫困中,没有绝望,盼望丈夫回来,孩子长大。(答到任意3点,给满分4分)18.(5分)①点明题目,揭示主旨,流露出作者对于贫苦的人民的无限同情和悲悯的情怀;②简洁收尾,言已尽而意无穷,给读者留下深深的思考;③在美好的春光中,穷人孩子出生了,然而饥饿、贫穷在折磨着山区女人一家,只有大自然给予了欢笑,令人心酸、感慨,深化主题,发人深思;④作者将樱桃的喻意衍化为一种实实在在的精神,一种对美好生活的憧憬——孩子的将来可能如现在一样贫穷,但并不代表其前途一片黑暗,因为他们仍然存在着希望,表达了作者对山区女人的祝福。(答到任意3点,给满分5分)
19.作文评分建议:按中考作文评分标准执行,建议平均分38分左右。一类文:45—50;二类文:40—44;三类文:35—39;四类文:35分以下。
附加题(10分):
1.(3分)【A】段“差点没要了他的小命”是指冬妮亚为了考验保尔对自己的感情,让他从悬崖上跳进湖里,保尔毫不犹豫地照办;【B】段“生活怎么这样不顺心”是指保尔为了保证城市木材供应,带领队友,冒着严寒,修筑简易铁路。
2.(4分)因为保尔已成长为一个平凡而刚强的革命战士,但冬妮亚却变成一个只顾个人利益,瞧不起劳动人民的小资产阶级分子,所以保尔同她决裂。(2分)从B段可见,保尔具有爱憎分明的阶级立场,崇高的道德风貌、高昂的革命激情、冷静坚决的革命态度。(2分)
3.(3分)示例:①在叙事和描写中,穿插内心独白(心理活动),使人物形象有血有肉。如:A段中冬妮亚的心理活动,表现了她对保尔的爱慕和赞许。
②通过精彩的语言、动作描写展示人物个性。如:B段中通过保尔和冬妮亚针锋相对的语言交锋,展现了两人因思想变化而产生的严重隔阂。(答到任意1点且结合选段分析,给满分3分)
第三篇:2013广东中考英语作文预测及
(1)关于环境保护(水资源节约)的话题
Our environment is very important for our lives.We need the fresh air, the clean water and so on.In the past, there were many trees around us ,the air was fresh and the river was clean.But now,people cut down many trees.Air pollution and water polloution are very serious.The environment around us becomes very terrible.We should protect our environment.First, we should plant many trees to keep water.Second , we can ride a bike or walk to the school and work..Third , we shouldn‟t throw the dirty water into the river.Fourth, we shouldn‟t use the plastic bags.Finally, we can ask more people to join us.环保作文典型句子
1.It‟s our duty to save wate 2.As we know , water is very important to man, 3.we can‟t live without water.4.The amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less.5.But some people don‟t care about it.6.Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.Something must be done to stop the pollution.7.It's our duty to protect our environment。
8.It is very important to take care of our environment 9.We should not throw litter onto the ground 10.We should not spit in a public place/ cut down the trees 11.We should plant more flowers and trees。
12.We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin 13.If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful。
15.Trees are very helpful and important for us.17.We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future.It is everyone‟s duty to love and protect the environment.(2)校园生活(My School Life)
My school life is very interesting.I usually get up at a quarter past six.After washing face, I read English about half an hour.I think it‟s a good habit.I always go to school by bike, eat lunch at school and have a short sleep in the classroom.The classes always end at about 5 o‟clock.After school, we often play basketball or do some sports on the playground happily.I go home at about five forty.After supper, I watch TV for a while, Then I finish my homework.I go to bed at about 9: 30.(3)回顾初中三年成长过程,你一定有很多感受,从学习,生活,爱好等方面作出自我评价(毕业 回顾评价)
I have studied in my middle school for three years.I have learned a lot.I have learned not only how to make friends but also how to talk to others.I have many hobbies.I like sports.I often play basketball, football and volleyball with my friends.Football is my favorite.Of all my subjects, I do best in English and Chinese.But my math and physics are a little weak.I think I will try my best to learn them well.I hope I can study in No.1 High School.(4)关于学习英语的话题
How to learn English well? English is one of the most important languages in the world.It‟s necessary to learn it well.How do you study? Everyone learns English in different ways.The best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills.They are listening, speaking, reading and writing.We should practice them every day.It‟s very good for you if you are interested in English.You will find studying English is interesting and helpful.One more thing, remember” Practice makes perfect”!
(5)我的爱好(My hobby)
My hobby is reading books when I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like reading books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books.Books can also teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself.(6)家乡或祖国变化(Great changes in China)
Great changes have taken place in China.Many new buildings have been built in cities, towns and villages.The more cars we have, the more crowed the roads are.So the roads become wider and wider.Many overpasses(立交桥)have been built in big cities.Chinese people‟s life is much better than ever before.We have Tv sets, washing machines, fridges, even computers, cars etc.We‟ll study harder and make our countrry stronger and more beautiful.(7)保护我们的城市(Saving Our City)
It is very important to deal with the rubbish in cities.Rubbish must be thrown away or reused properly.Or it may cause a lot of problems.It may pollute the air and water.People may get ill when they breathe the polluted air or drink the polluted water.Our city has started to face the problem.Some rubbish is sorted and sent to a certain place.Waste water is cleaned before it is poured into rivers.People should be prevented from throwing rubbish everywhere.We should try our best to take care of our environment and fight against pollution.(8)如何与同学相处(How To Get On With Classmates)How do you get on with your classmates?I think it„s easy to answer that question.If you meet your friends, you can say, hello!your friends must be happy, they will think that you are a polite girl or a boy!If your friends have some questions, you should help them.They will thank you for your help.My classmates are very helpful and polite.if one of my classmates has some problems, my classmates will help them solve it.so they are excited.we help each other and take care of each other.I hope you can be a polite and helpful child, and i hope you can get on well with all of your classmates.(9)体育运动的好处和坏处(Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports)a.体育运动的好处
b.体育运动可能带来的副作用
c.我参加体育活动的体会
Sports do us good in many respects.It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength.In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation.While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit.Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work.However, as the saying goes, “there are two sides to everything”, and sports is without exception.We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities.What's more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically.It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people.So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.(10).卫生健康饮食:健康一直是人们关注的问题我校要举行以“关爱健康”为题的主题班会,请根据下表内容谈谈你的看法,写一篇80字左右的演讲槁。
保持健康的重要性
保持健康的方法
保持健康的结论(你的看法?)1.多吃水果蔬菜保持饮食平衡避免含糖高脂肪高的食物2.多锻炼健身强体;3.鄙弃不良习惯(你的看法?)How to stay our health /fit? Dear boys and grils :
I‟m talking about / Here is my advice about how to keep health/fit? As a middle shool studentfirst you‟d better do more exercise such as playing ball games running swimming and jumping rope.Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals Don‟t eat too much meat and suger but more vegetables and fruit.Third you need enough sleep or rest.Nextkeep yourself happy.As people often say smiling makes younger.Last you mustn‟t drink wine or smoke.They are bad for your health.That is my advice.I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life.Thank youbye!健康问题典型例句
1.It is very important to keep healthy。2.How can we keep healthy? 3.We can't go to sleep too late.We can't get up too late。4.We should eat the food healthily。5.We should do more exercise。
6.Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head。7.I didn't feel like eating anything。8.I decided to see the doctor。
9.In the doctor's office, the doctor looks over me carefully。
10.He said :“Nothing serious.” And he told me to take a rest and drink more water。11.A nurse gave me an injection.It was a little painful。
12.The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day。
13.A few days later, I felt better.From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world。
(11)关于中学生使用手机的不同意见
Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.In my opinion, we can bring mobile phones to school.As we know, the 21st century is a modern age and full of information.A mobile phone is one of the quickest tools for us to exchange information.The mobile phone is a fashionable and useful invention, so we ought to make the best use of it.Suppose there‟s a sudden accident, it is more convenient for us to dial for help immediately.There‟re also some games in the mobile phone.We can relax ourselves by playing them when we‟re tired of our studies.In my opinion, it‟s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way.五、网上购物 Shopping Online With the help of the Internet, shopping is not a difficult job.Just click your mouse to choose the article you like, and the shopping is finished.You needn't step out of the room.It seems easy and quick.But there's always a trap(陷阱)online.If you are careless, it will bring you some trouble.You may find the color of the article is different from what you want, or the size is either too small or too big.If you want to be different, you'd better not buy clothes online.Once you put on the clothes you bought online and go out, you will find many people wear the same clothes in the street.So you must be careful, because everything has two sides.六、关于中学生使用手机
Dear Editor,Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.Some students think that it is easy to use them to keep in touch with parents and classmates.Also, they can be used to listen to music or take photos.Suppose there‟s a sudden accident, it is more convenient for us to dial for help immediately.But others think that we don‟t need to talk with parents and classmates with mobile phones, because we meet them every day.And if we bring mobile phones to school, it may influence our study.In my opinion, it‟s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way.Yours truly, Wang Lin
七、与父母相处的话题:这类作文难度较大,掌握基本句式,背诵范文非常必要。假如你是Han Mei, 下面是一封你的笔友Alice 给你发来的e-mail,请你根据e-mail 的内容给她写一封回信,与她交流看法,并帮她排忧解难。提示词语:listen to, mother's love, care about, communicate with, get along with, smile 写作要求:1.语句通顺,书写工整;2.可用所给提示词语,也可以适当发挥;3.词数在80左右 Dear Han Mei, I'm afraid I've got a big problem recently.My mother talks too much to me.She always tells me, “Be careful while crossing the street.” “Put on more clothes.” “Did you do a good job at school?” and so on.I'm annoyed.What shall I do?
Alice 例文:Dear Alice, As a teenager, I met the same problem as you.But now I can get along better with my mother.Here are some ideas for you.Your mother talks much, because she cares about you.Maybe it's not a good way, but it shows your mother's love.So I think youshould listen to her.If your opinions are different from your mother's, you can communicate with her, and tell her what you are thinking about.If your mother doesn't take your advice, just keep silent and give her a smile.I hope what I say here can help you a lot.
第四篇:2014广东中考英语作文预测及
1.是什么构成一篇好文章?
1.高级的词汇及短语。
Eg.I like basketball and football.-» I am fond of basketball as well as football.He is a good student.-»He is an excellent student.2.复杂的句型。
Eg.I can‟t go with you tomorrow.I have no time.-» I can‟t go with you tomorrow because I have no time.3.好的连贯性。
使用连接词,过渡自然,连贯通顺, 并列 and, also, as well, as well as,or, too, not only...but also, both...and,either...or, neither...nor
原因because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to(由于) 结果so, as a result, then, consequently, thereby, therefore, hence, thus, so
that…, so...that…, such...that…
转折but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary(相反),although, in spite of, unlike, nevertheless(然而), not only...but also, on the one hand...on the other hand, 递进besides, in addition/additionally, moreover, what‟s more, more
importantly, furthermore, what‟s worse(更糟糕的是)
举例for instance, for example, like, such as
表陈述事实的过渡词:
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth
表总结的过渡词:
in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary
4.好的内容
4.如何处理句子的衔接?
表时间的过渡词语:now, than, soon, before long, just now, just then, suddenly, immediately等。范例:
一天下午,一些男孩在操场上踢足球,突然有个孩子跌倒了且伤了腿。
One afternoon some boys were playing football on the playground.Suddenly one of them fell over and hurt his leg.=One afternoon some boys were playing football on the playground when one of them fell over and hurt his leg.= One afternoon when some boys were playing football on the playground, one of them fell over and hurt his leg.表顺序及过程的过渡词语:first(ly), first of all, second(ly), at first, then, next, at last, finally等。范例:
每天早晨起床后我有很多事要干,首先刷牙洗脸,接着读书,最后吃饭。
I have a lot of things to do after I get up every morning.First I brush my teeth, wash my face, then
do some reading, at last/finally have breakfast.= I have a lot of things to do after I get up every morning.Firstly I brush my teeth, wash my face, secondly do some reading, finally have breakfast.表转折和让步的过渡词语:but,(and)yet, instead, however, although, though, otherwise, or else, in spite of等。
范例:
爸爸虽然很忙,但他总是乐于帮我学英语。
Though/Although my father is very busy, he always likes to help me with my English.=Though my father is very busy, yet he always likes to help me with my English.= My father is very busy, however, he always likes to help me with my English.表结果和原因的过渡词语:thus, therefore, so, so...that, so that, as a result, because等。范例:
我认为学好英语很重要,因为世界上许多国家都使用它。
I think it is important to learn English well because it is used in many countries in the world.=English is spoken in many countries in the world so I think it is important to learn English well.表总结的过渡词语:finally, in a word, in short, in the end, in all等。
范例:
你知道,在我的老师帮助下,我在学习方面取得了很大进步。
As you know, with the help of my teachers, I have made great progress in my studies.= As you know, I have made great progress in my studies with the help of my teachers.二.典例分析
1.应用文
应用文包括启事、通知、书信、日记、电子邮件等形式。下面举例说明其写作思路和方法。
(1)关于环境保护(水资源节约)的话题
Our environment is very important for our lives.We need the fresh air, the clean water and so on.In the past, there were many trees around us ,the air was fresh and the river was clean.But now,people cut down many trees.Air pollution and water polloution are very serious.The environment around us becomes very terrible.We should protect our environment.First, we should plant many trees to keep water.Second , we can ride a bike or walk to the school and work..Third , we shouldn‟t throw the dirty water into the river.Fourth, we shouldn‟t use the plastic bags.Finally, we can ask more people to join us.环保作文典型句子
1.It‟s our duty to save wate
2.As we know , water is very important to man,3.we can‟t live without water.4.The amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less.5.But some people don‟t care about it.6.Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.Something must be done to stop the pollution.7.It's our duty to protect our environment。
8.It is very important to take care of our environment
9.We should not throw litter onto the ground
10.We should not spit in a public place/cut down the trees
11.We should plant more flowers and trees。
12.We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin
13.If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much
more beautiful。
15.Trees are very helpful and important for us.17.We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future.It is everyone‟s duty to love and protect the environment.(2)校园生活(My School Life)
My school life is very interesting.I usually get up at a quarter past six.After washing face, I read English about half an hour.I think it‟s a good habit.I always go to school by bike, eat lunch at school and have a short sleep in the classroom.The classes always end at about 5 o‟clock.After school, we often play basketball or do some sports on the playground happily.I go home at about five forty.After supper, I watch TV for a while, Then I finish my homework.I go to bed at about 9: 30.(3)回顾初中三年成长过程,你一定有很多感受,从学习,生活,爱好等方面作出自我评价(毕业 回顾评价)
I have studied in my middle school for three years.I have learned a lot.I have learned not only how to make friends but also how to talk to others.I have many hobbies.I like sports.I often play basketball, football and volleyball with my friends.Football is my favorite.Of all my subjects, I do best in English and Chinese.But my math and physics are a little weak.I think I will try my best to learn them well.I hope I can study in No.1 High School.(4)关于学习英语的话题How to learn English well?
English is one of the most important languages in the world.It‟s necessary to learn it well.How do you study? Everyone learns English in different ways.The best way to improve your English is to improve your English skills.They are listening, speaking, reading and writing.We should practice them every day.It‟s very good for you if you are interested in English.You will find studying English is interesting and helpful.One more thing, remember” Practice makes perfect”!
(5)我的爱好(My hobby)
My hobby is reading books when I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like reading books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books.Books can also teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself.(6)家乡或祖国变化(Great changes in China)
Great changes have taken place in China.Many new buildings have been built in cities, towns and villages.The more cars we have, the more crowed the roads are.So the roads become wider and wider.Many overpasses(立交桥)have been built in big cities.Chinese people‟s life is much better than ever before.We have Tv sets, washing machines, fridges, even computers, cars etc.We‟ll study harder and make our countrry stronger and more beautiful.(7)保护我们的城市(Saving Our City)
It is very important to deal with the rubbish in cities.Rubbish must be thrown away or reused properly.Or it may cause a lot of problems.It may pollute the air and water.People may get ill when they breathe the polluted air or drink the polluted water.Our city has started to face the problem.Some rubbish is sorted and sent to a certain place.Waste water is cleaned before it is poured into rivers.People should be prevented from throwing rubbish everywhere.We should try our best to take care of our environment and fight against pollution.(8)如何与同学相处(How To Get On With Classmates)
How do you get on with your classmates?I think it„s easy to answer that question.If you meet your friends, you can say, hello!your friends must be happy, they will think that you are a polite girl or a boy!If your friends have some questions, you should help them.They will thank you for your help.My classmates are very helpful and polite.if one of my classmates has some problems, my classmates will help them solve it.so they are excited.we help each other and take care of each other.I hope you can be a polite and helpful child, and i hope you can get on well with all of your classmates.(9)体育运动的好处和坏处(Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports)
a.体育运动的好处b.体育运动可能带来的副作用c.我参加体育活动的体会
Sports do us good in many respects.It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength.In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation.While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit.Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work.However, as the saying goes, “there are two sides to everything”, and sports is without exception.We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities.What's more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically.It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people.So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.(10).卫生健康饮食:健康一直是人们关注的问题我校要举行以“关爱健康”为题的主题班会,请根据下表内容谈谈你的看法,写一篇80字左右的演讲槁。
保持健康的重要性保持健康的方法保持健康的结论(你的看法?)
1.多吃水果蔬菜保持饮食平衡避免含糖高脂肪高的食物2.多锻炼健身强体;3.鄙弃不良习惯(你的看法?)
How to stay our health /fit?
Dear boys and grils :
I‟m talking about / Here is my advice about how to keep health/fit? As a middle shool studentfirst you‟d better do more exercise such as playing ball games running swimming and jumping rope.Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals Don‟t eat too much meat and suger but more vegetables and fruit.Third you need enough sleep or rest.Nextkeep yourself happy.As people often say smiling makes younger.Last you mustn‟t drink wine or smoke.They are bad for your health.That is my advice.I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life.Thank youbye!
健康问题典型例句
1.It is very important to keep healthy。
2.How can we keep healthy?
3.We can't go to sleep too late.We can't get up too late。
4.We should eat the food healthily。
5.We should do more exercise。
6.Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head。
7.I didn't feel like eating anything。
8.I decided to see the doctor。
9.In the doctor's office, the doctor looks over me carefully。
10.He said :“Nothing serious.” And he told me to take a rest and drink more water。
11.A nurse gave me an injection.It was a little painful。
12.The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day。
13.A few days later, I felt better.From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world。
(11)关于中学生使用手机的不同意见
Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.In my opinion, we can bring mobile phones to school.As we know, the 21st century is a modern age and full of information.A mobile phone is one of the quickest tools for us to exchange information.The mobile phone is a fashionable and useful invention, so we ought to make the best use of it.Suppose there‟s a sudden accident, it is more convenient for us to dial for help immediately.There‟re also some games in the mobile phone.We can relax ourselves by playing them when we‟re tired of our studies.In my opinion, it‟s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way.五、网上购物 Shopping Online With the help of the Internet, shopping is not a difficult job.Just click your mouse to choose the article you like, and the shopping is finished.You needn't step out of the room.It seems easy and quick.But there's always a trap(陷阱)online.If you are careless, it will bring you some trouble.You may find the color of the article is different from what you want, or the size is either too small or too big.If you want to be different, you'd better not buy clothes online.Once you put on the clothes you bought online and go out, you will find many people wear the same clothes in the street.So you must be careful, because everything has two sides.六、关于中学生使用手机
Dear Editor,Nowadays mobile phones are becoming more and more popular among the middle school students.Some students think that it is easy to use them to keep in touch with parents and classmates.Also, they can be used to listen to music or take photos.Suppose there‟s a sudden accident, it is more convenient for us to dial for help immediately.But others think that we don‟t need to talk with parents and classmates with mobile phones, because we meet them every day.And if we bring mobile phones to school, it may influence our study.In my opinion, it‟s not wrong to follow the fashion, but the most important thing is how to use the mobile phone in a right way.Yours truly,Wang Lin
七、与父母相处的话题:这类作文难度较大,掌握基本句式,背诵范文非常必要。假如你是Han Mei, 下面是一封你的笔友Alice 给你发来的e-mail,请你根据e-mail 的内容给她写一封回信,与她交流看法,并帮她排忧解难。提示词语:listen to,mother's love, care about, communicate with, get along with, smile 写作要求:1.语句通顺,书写工整;2.可用所给提示词语,也可以适当发挥;3.词数在80左右
Dear Han Mei,I'm afraid I've got a big problem recently.My mother talks too much to me.She always tells me, “Be careful while crossing the street.” “Put on more clothes.” “Did you do a good job at school?” and so on.I'm annoyed.What shall I do?
Alice
例文:Dear Alice,As a teenager, I met the same problem as you.But now I can get along better with my mother.Here are some ideas for you.Your mother talks much, because she cares about you.Maybe it's not a good way, but it shows your mother's love.So I think youshould listen to her.If your opinions are different from your mother's, you can communicate with her, and tell her what you are thinking about.If your mother doesn't take your advice, just keep silent and give her a smile.I hope what I say here can help you a lot.
第五篇:中考物理易错知识点归纳
中考物理易错知识点归纳
---(针对20个选择题80个选择项判断题)
声学
1、()课堂上能听到老师讲课声,是由于空气能够传声
2、()用大小不同的力先后敲击同一音叉,音叉发生的音调会不同
3、()“闻其声而知其人”主要是根据音色来判断的
4、()根据音色可以辨别不同乐器发出的声音
5、()公路旁安装隔音墙是为了在传播途径上减弱噪声
6、()物体振动停止了,声音也停止了
7、()声音在空气中的传播速度比在固体中的大
8、()调节用手指按压二胡的不同琴弦,目的是为了改变响度
9、()能用超声测出到月球的距离
10、()探究声音的传播条件时用的是实验加推理法,即是逐渐逼近法
光学
11、()人看到物体成的虚像时,并没有光线射入眼睛
12、()阳光透过树叶缝隙在地面形成的圆形光斑是太阳的像
13、()光线从空气斜射入水中时,折射角一定小于入射角
14、()在岸上看到水里的鱼比它的实际位置浅一些
15、()在发射和折射过程中,光路是可逆的,漫反射中入射角也等于反射角
16、()反射角、折射角、入射角等都是它们与法线(虚线)的夹角
17、()一束绿光照到红色的花上,被照到花成绿色
18、()近视眼成像在视网膜的后面,应佩戴凹透镜矫正
19、()探究光的反射定律和折射规律时用到的可折转的光屏是为了探究“三线”是否在一平面上
20、()黑板反光导致一些同学看不到字是由于黑板发生了漫反射
热学
21.()炎热的夏天,雪糕周围出现的“白气”是雪糕冒出的水蒸气液化形成的
22.()在房间抽烟时,整个房间都油烟味,说明分子在不停地做无规则运动
23.()打扫卫生时房间内尘土飞扬,这种现象说明分子在不停地做无规则运动
24.()糖放水中,过一段时间后整杯水都变甜了,表明分子在不停地做无规则运动
25.()长时间压在一起的铅板和金板互相渗入,这种现象是扩散现象 26.()扩散现象说明物质的分子在永不停息地做无规则运动 27.()铁丝很难被拉断,说明分子之间只存在引力
28.()塑料吸盘能牢牢地吸附在玻璃上,主要是由于分子间存在着引力 29.()铁块很难被压缩,是因为分子间存在着斥力 30.()0℃的冰没有内能,分子不运动 31.()物体的温度越高,所含的热量越多 32.()物体温度降低,一定是物体放出了热量 33.()物体温度不变,它的内能一定不变 34.()热值大的燃料,完全燃烧放出的热量多 35.()摩托车上的热机工作时提供动力的是做功冲程 36.()在“摩擦生热”的过程中,内能转化为机械能 37.()同种物质的比热容随物态变化而发生改变
38.()用水作汽车发动机散热器的冷却剂,其原因之一是水的比热容较大 39.()水壶里的水沸腾时,水蒸气把壶盖顶起,内能转化为机械能 40.()用锯条锯木板,锯条的温度升高,是由于锯条从木板吸收了热量
力学
41.()做功快的机械,其械效率一定大
42.()蹦床运动员在比赛中从蹦床弹向空中,在下落到最低点时运动员的动能最小
43.()跳伞运动员从空中匀速下落过程中,他的重力势能减小,机械能不变
44.()做匀速直线运动的汽车受到的合力一定为零 45.()误差就是测量中产生的错误
46.()特技演员驾车冲向空中,在空中减速上升时,演员和车的惯性小于重力
47.()热机在做功冲程将机械能转化为内能
49.()用桨向后划水船会前行,说明物体间力的作用是相互的 50.()踢向空中的足球,不考虑空气阻力,球只受重力作用 51.()在空中下落的排球,运动得越来越快,是因为排球具有惯性 52.()将锤柄在石墩上撞击几下,松动的锤头就紧套在锤柄上,这是利用了锤柄的惯性
53.()人用水平方向的力推桌子,桌子没动是因为推力小于摩擦力 54.()竖直向上抛出的小球,考虑空气阻力,则上升时受到的合力大于下降时受到的合力
55.()鸡蛋掉到地板上摔破了,地板对鸡蛋的作用力大于鸡蛋对地板的作用力
56.()人躺在“死海”水面上看报,海水给人的浮力大于重力
57.()做引体向上静止不动时,人对单杠的拉力和单杠对人的拉力是一对平衡力
58.()物体的运动状态发生改变,该物体一定受到力的作用 59.()一个物体受到力的作用,它的运动状态一定改变 60.()有用功一定时,额外功少的滑轮组机械效率一定高
电学
61.()金属导体中的电流方向与其中自由电子定向移动方向相反
62.()电炉子工作时,电炉丝热得发红,而连接电炉子的导线并不太热,是因为导线的电阻比电炉丝的电阻小
63.()在家庭电路中,同时工作的用电器越多,总电阻越小,消耗的总功率越大 64.()家庭电路中总电流过大,一定是由于电路中用电器的实际功率过大引起的
65.()不可以靠近落在地上的高压线
66.()更换灯泡时,先断开开关
67.()发现有人触电,要立即用手把人拉开 68.()通电导体在磁场中一定受到力的作用
69.()发电机是利用电磁感应现象制成的,工作时将电能转化为机械能 70.()磁体具有磁性,磁极是磁体上磁性最强的部分
71.()看不见的磁场是客观存在的72.()磁场是由疏密不同的磁感线组成的 73.()磁体之间的相互作用是通过磁场发生的
74.()磁场中某点的磁场方向是由放在该点的小磁针决定的
75.()中国古代四大发明之一的指南针,静止时其N极指上 地理的南极 76.()在磁场中,小磁针静止时北极所指的方向为该点的磁场方向 77.()奥斯特实验说明了电流周围存在磁场 78.()放在磁场中的导体一定受到磁场力的作用
79.()导体在磁场中做切割磁感线运动,导体中一定会有感应电流通过 80.()电磁波传播的速度是3×108m/s 初中物理60个重要知识点总结:
1.匀速直线运动的速度一定不变,是一个定值,与路程、时间不成正比。2.平均速度不是速度的平均值,只能是总路程除以这段路程上花费的所有时间,包含中间停的时间。
3.密度不是一定不变的。密度是物质的特性,和质量、体积无关,但和温度有关,尤其是气体密度跟随温度的变化比较明显。
4.天平读数时,游码要看左侧,移动游码相当于在天平右盘中加减砝码。
5.受力分析的步骤:确定研究对象;找重力;找接触物体;判断和接触物体之间是否有压力、支持力、摩擦力、拉力,阻力,电磁吸引力等其它力。
6.平衡力和相互作用力的区别:平衡力作用在一个物体上,相互作用力作用在两个物体上。
7.物体运动状态改变,一定受到了力;受力,运动状态不一定改变。力是改变物体运动状态的原因。受力也包含受平衡力,此时运动状态就不变。
8.惯性大小和速度无关。惯性大小只跟质量有关。速度越大只能说明物体动能大,能够做的功越多。
9.惯性是属性不是力,惯性是物体的固有属性。不能说受到惯性,只能说具有惯性。
10.物体受平衡力作用(即合力为零),物体处于平衡状态(静止或匀速直线运动)。物体受非平衡力(即合力不为零),运动状态一定改变。
11.电动机原理:通电线圈在磁场中受力而转动,或磁场对电流的作用,把电能转化成机械能。外电路有电源,例如,电动机、动圈式扬声器等。发电机原理:电磁感应,把机械能转化成电能,外电路无电源,例如,发电 机、动圈式话筒,变压器等。
12.月球上弹簧测力计、天平都可以使用,太空失重状态下天平不能使用,而弹簧测力计还可以用,例如用测拉力等除重力以外的其它力。
13.滑动摩擦力跟压力有关,但静摩擦力只跟和它平衡的力有关,拉力多大摩擦力多大。
14.两个物体接触不一定发生力的作用。还要看有没有挤压,相对运动等条件。
15.摩擦力和接触面的粗糙程度有关,压强和接触面积的大小有关。
16.画力臂的方法:一找支点(杠杆上固定不动的点,杠杆绕着转动的点),二画力的作用线(把力延长或反向延长),三连距离(过支点,做力的作用线的垂线)、四标字母。
17.求作最小动力,力臂应该最大。力臂最大作法:支点到力的动力作用点的长度就是最大力臂。
18.液体压强跟液柱的粗细和形状无关,只跟液体的深度有关。深度是被研究的点液体的自由表面(与空气的接触面)的竖直距离,不是高度。(1)固体压强先找到压力,再运用p=F/S计算压强;
(2)液体压强先运用p=ρgh计算压强,再运用F=pS计算压力。(3)特殊固体可用p=ρgh计算,特殊液体可用p=F/S算。
19.托里拆利实验水银柱的高度差和管子的粗细、倾斜等因素无关,只跟当时的大气压有关。
20.浮力和深度无关,只跟物体浸在液体中的体积有关。求浮力(1)要首先确定物体的运动状态。
(2)若漂浮或悬浮则直接根据F浮=G物计算
(3)若有弹簧测力计测可以根据F浮=G物—F拉来测。
21.有力不一定做功。有力有距离,并且力、距离要对应才能做功。22.机械效率不是固定不变的。也不是越省力的效率越高,效率越高的功率不一定大。滑轮组的机械效率
(1)同一滑轮组的机械效率除了跟动滑轮的重力有关外还跟所提升物体的重力有关,物体越重,拉力也越大,机械效率越高。
(2)不同滑轮组的机械效率,如果所提升物体的重力相同,机械越重,效率越低。在不变中寻找变化的量的影响是关键。
23.物体匀速水平运动时,动能和势能不一定不变。此时还要考虑物体的质量是否发生变化,例如洒水车,投救灾物资的飞机,他们的机械能在减小。24.机械能守恒时(机械能没有转化为其他形式的能,其他的能也没转化为机械能),动能最大,势能最小。可以由容易分析的高度和形变大小先判断势能,再判断动能的变化。
25.分子间的引力和斥力是同时存在,同时增大和减小。只是在不同的变化过程中,引力和斥力的变化快慢不一样,导致最后引力和斥力的大小不一样,最终表现为引力或斥力。
26.分子间引力和大气压力的区别:分子力凡是相互吸引的都是因为分子间有引力,但如果伴随着空气被排出或大气压强的变化则说明是大气压力。例:两块玻璃沾水后合在一起分不开是大气压力,水面上提起玻璃弹簧测 力计示数变小是因为分子间有引力。
27.物体吸热内能增大时,温度不一定升高(晶体熔化、凝固,液化沸腾);物体内能增加,不一定是热传递(还可以是做功)。改变物体能能的两种方法:做功和热传递。
28.内能和温度有关,机械能和物体机械运动情况有关,它们是两种不同形式的能。物体一定有内能,但不一定有机械能。
29.热量只存在于热传递过程中的,离开热传递说热量是没有意义的。热量对应的动词是:吸收或放出。不能说物体具有、或含有热量。
30.比热容是物质的一种属性,是固定不变的。比热容越大:吸收相同热量,温度变化量小(用人工湖调节气温);升高相同温度,吸收热量多(用水做冷却剂)。比热容大的升温或降温都难。
31.内燃机一个工作循环包括四个冲程,曲轴转动二周,对外做功一次,有两次能量转化,1:4:1:2:2:2 32.太阳能电池是把太阳能转化为电能。并不是把化学能转化为电能。33.核能属于一次能源,不可再生能源,当前人们利用的主要是可控核裂变(核反应堆)。太阳内部不断发生着核聚变。
34.音调一般指声音的高低,和频率有关,和发声体的长短、粗细、松紧有关。
响度一般指声音的大小和强弱,和振幅有关,和用力的大小和距离发声体的远近有关。
音色是用为区别不同的发声体的,和发声体的材料和结构有关(生活中也有些用高低来描述声音的响度的,要特别注意,如:不敢高声语,高指的 是响度。小沈阳:“起高了”高指音调)。35.回声测距要注意除以2.36.光线要注意加箭头,要注意实线与虚线的区别。实像的光线是实线。法线、虚像光线的延长线是虚线。
37.反射和折射总是同时发生的,漫反射和镜面反射都遵守光的反射定律。因为都是反射。
38.平面镜成像:一虚像,要画成虚线,二等大的像。人远离镜,像大小不变,只是视角变小,感觉像变小。
39.(1)照像机的物距:物体到镜头的距离。像距:底片到镜关的距离或暗箱的长度,底片是不能动的,所以调整相距是通过伸缩镜头完成的。(2)投影仪的物距:胶片到镜头的距离,像距:屏幕到投影仪的距离。40.照相机原理:u>2f,成倒立、缩小的实像;投影仪原理:2f>u>f,成倒立、放大的实像。
41.(1)透明体的颜色由透过的色光决定,和物体顔色相同的光可以透过,不同的色光则被吸收。
(2)不透明物体只反射与它相同的色光,其他不同的色光则被吸收。42一定要区分开:
(1)液化:雾、露、雨、“白气”。(2)凝华:雪、霜、雾淞。
(3)凝固:冰雹,房顶的冰柱。都是放热。
43.(1)汽化的两种方式:蒸发(任何温度下进行)和沸腾(一定温度下进行)。(2)液化的两种方法:降低温度(高温的水蒸气遇冷温度降低液化,不是遇热液化)
和压缩体积(气体打火机,液化石油气)。
44.(1)沸腾时,气泡上升变大(变浅液体压强减小,体积变大),(2)沸腾前,气泡越往上越小(温度降低,遇冷液化)。45(1)晶体有熔点(海波,冰,石英,水晶和各种金属)。(2)非晶体没有熔点,(蜡、松香、沥青、玻璃)。
46.六种物态变化。由硬变软要吸热(固→液→气),反之要放热。47.晶体熔化和液体沸腾的两条件:(1)达到一定的温度(熔点和沸点);(2)继续吸热。
48.金属导电靠自由电子,自由电子移动方向和电流方向相反。49.串联和并联是针对用电器与电源的关系。串联电路电流只有一条路径,没有分流点,并联电路电流多条路径,有分流点。
50.判断电压表测谁的电压可用圈法:把要分析的电压表当作电源,从一端到另一端看圈住谁就测谁的电压。
51.连电路时,(1)开关要断开,(2)滑片放在接入阻值最大的位置,(3)电流表、电压表的量程选择要合理,(4)滑动变阻器要一上一下,并且要看题目给定的条件确定,(5)电压表一定要放在最后再并在所测用电器的两端。(6)电流表相当于导线,电压表相当于开路。
52.电路中有电流一定有电压,但有电压不一定有电流(电路还得闭合)。
53.电阻是导体的属性,一般是不变的(尤其是定值电阻),但它和温度有 关,温度越高电阻越大,灯丝电阻与温度的关系表现最为明显。
54.(1)串联分压:电压与电阻成正比,也就是电阻大,分得电压大,电阻大的功率也大。
(2)并联分流:电流和电阻成反比,也就是电阻大,电流小,电功率也小。
55.测电阻和测功率的电路图一样,实验器材也一样,但实验原理不一样(分别是R=U/I和P=UI)。(1)测电阻需要多次测量求平均值,减小误差。(2)测功率时功率是变化的,求平均值没有意义。
56.电能表读数是两次读数之差,最后一位是小数。可用电能表与钟表测用电器实际电功率。
57.额定功率和额定电压是固定不变的,但实际电压和实际功率是变化的。但在变化时,电阻可以认为是不变的。可根据R=U2/P计算电阻,建立联系,公式用的非常多。
58.家庭电路中开关必须和灯串联,开关必须连在火线御用电器之间,灯口螺旋要接零线上,保险丝只在火线上接一根就可以了,插座是左零、右火、上接地。
59.磁体上S极指南(地理南级是地磁北极,平常说的是地理的两极)N极指北。
60.奥斯特发现了电流的磁效应(通电导体周围有磁场),制成了通电螺线管(安培定则)→电磁铁。法拉第发现了电磁感应现象,制成了发电机。通电导体在磁场中要受到力的作用制成了电动机。沈括发现了磁偏角。汤姆生发现了电子。卢瑟福建立了原子核式结构模型,贝尔发明了电话。初中物理常用探究思维方法:
一、考试中高频内容
1、控制变量法。
2、转换法(放大现象法)。
3、等效替代法(并联电阻、合力)。
4、类比法(电流类比水流)。
5、图像法。
6、实验推理法。
7、模型法(光线,磁感线,力的示意图,杠杆,原子核式结构)。
8、累积法(测一张纸的厚度)
二、其他的:
归纳法、比较法(汽油机和柴油机,电流表和电压表)、分类法(晶体和非晶体)、观察法(马德堡半球试验)、比值定义法(密度、压强等)、多因式乘积法、逆向思维法、极端思维法等