第一篇:一般过去时与现在完成时,过去完成 的区分
一般过去时与现在完成时用法比较
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例:
I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?(强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)
She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.---Will somebody go and get Dr.White?
---He's already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.一般过去时与过去完成时
一般过去时与过去完成时的 11 个测试点
一般过去时与过去完成时都可表示过去的动作或状态,它们既有联系又有区别,极易混淆。
1.表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算,用过去完成时。常用的动词有 intend , mean , hope , expect , suppose , think , want 等。
I had meant to call on you , but was prevented from doing so.我本打算给你打电话,但被其它事给耽搁了。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来打算能来看望你。
They had wanted to help her but couldn’t get there in time.他们本想帮她的忙,却没有及时赶到那里。
过去完成时的这种用法也可以换为:
Had + hoped(…)= hoped + to + have + done
I had wanted to see you , but found you were out.= I wanted to have seen you , but found you were out.2.在由 told , said , knew , heard , thought 等动词后的宾语从句中常用过去完成时。She said she had never been to Paris.3.注意在句型 hardly … when , no sooner … than 的主句中用过去完成时。当 hardly 和 no sooner 谓语句首时主句要用倒装结构。
She had hardly sat down when she heard her name called by the monitor.= Hardly had she sat down when she heard her name called by the teacher.4.表达过去两个动作如第一个动作完成后才能引起第二个动作,则第一个动作用过去完成时,第二个用一般过去时。
When he had drunk all the wine , he left his house.When he reached home , he found his house had been broken into and lot of things stolen.5.若句中有表示过去的时间时,在由 had rather ; I wish 后的宾语从句中用过去完成时。I would rather you had told me the truth last time.我宁愿你上次把实话告诉我。
She wished she had been there yesterday.(事实是: She wasn’t there)
6.在与过去相反的虚拟语气中,条件句用过去完成时。特别要注意该结构省if 后的倒装结构。If John had studied hard last term , he would have made great progress.Had he known that you were busy last week , he wouldn’t have given you so much trouble.7.在过去某时之前的继续动作,表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间,则用过去完成时,并与for , since 等词连用。
He had been ill for a week when he was went to the hospital.他被送医院时已病了一星期了。He said he had worked in that factory since 1984.他说他从 1984 年以来 一直在那家工厂工作。
8.两个或两个以上的动作,用 and , then 或 but 等连接,按照动作发生的顺序表达时,用一般过去时,表示过去发生的连续的动作。
The man got up , put on his cap and went away.那人站了起来,戴上帽子走了。
I lost the hat which I had bought.9.过去完成时以过去某时间为起点,表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。也就是,过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它。
一般过去时以现在时间为起点,表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。He died three years ago.他三年前死了。
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema.我到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
We had learned 1000 English words by the end of last term.到上学期末我们已学了 1000 个英语单词。
10.在间接引语中,以过去完成时代替直接引语中的一般过去时和现在完成时。但是如果叙述的是历史事实时,只用一般过去时,不用过去完成时。
She said that she had seen the film.她说她已看过这个电影。
He asked me whether I had done it the night before.他问我昨天是否做了那件事。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered(不用 had discovered)America in 1492.我们老师告诉我们哥伦布是 1492 年发现美洲的。
由 before , after , as soon as 等引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已表示出时间的先后比较紧凑,所以可用过去时来代替过去完成时。
After he closed the door , he left the house.他关上门,离开了屋子。
We(had)arrived home before it rained.下雨前我们到家了。
试比较下列两句的时态:
The train started just before we reached the station.The train had gone when we arrived the station.另外,常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有 already , still , yet , just , ever , never , hardly , scarcely 以及由 by , before , since , for ,after , until , as soon as 等构成的短语或从句。
常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有: yesterday , last night , then , at that time , just now , a few days ago, in 1960 , once upon a time 以及由when , while , after , before 等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句。
现在完成时与过去完成时的比较用法
一:两种完成时的主要用法
A现在完成时的主要用法:
1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一对现在造成的影响或结果的动作。例如:
-Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?
-Yes,Ihavejusthadit.2)表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态。可以表示从过去从某一事可延续到现在(包括”现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用.此时动词多是延续性动词。例如:
Ihavebeenat this schoolfor2years.-Iamsorrytokeepyou waiting.-Oh, notatall.Ihavebeenhereonlyfewminutes.B过去完成时的主要用法如下:
1)过去完成时至一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成或结束,即发生在”过去的过去”。例如:
When Iwokeup, ithasstopraining.2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才能使用。
Hetoldmehehadwrittenanewbook.3)过去完成时通常需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already/yet/still/before/just/never等时间adv及 by/at/before/until等引导词的组或从句连用。
Before dark yesterday we had repaired all the broken desks.4)过去完成时某一动作或状态在过去某时间之前已经开始,一直延续到这已过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year he had taught in this school for 20 years.5)在wish引导的宾语从句中,若表示过去的一种难以实现的愿望时,常用过去完成时。I wish had not made a single mistake in last exam.6)动词如hope/expect/think/mean/suppose/want等后接不定式或宾语从句,若表示过去为实现的愿望,打算或意图,尝使用过去完成时,其后的分句则通常用一般过去时。
I had wanted to see you, but I was too busy to get away.二 两种时态的判断依据
A.现在完成时的判断依据:凡表示过去发生或已经完成且对现在造:凡表示过去发生或已经完成且对现在造成影响或结果的动作;或过去已经开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态,可以用现在完成时。
I have washed my clothes.B.过去完成时判断的依据:
1)过去完成时的句子中一般都以一个明确的时间或装于从句来表示过去某一个时间点;而在含有宾语从句的句子中,主语的动词就表示过去的某一时间点。也就是说时间点就是过去完成时判断依据.Jims aid that he had seen the film twice.注意过去的过去这种逻辑关系有时需要通过上下文体现,而不一定受时间状语的限制.There had been someone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.2)过去完成时常用于一些固定的关系中.如意为”一„„就”,其主句多使用过去完成时.Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.3)在没有明确的过去时间状语标志时,位于东磁发生的时间的先后顺序依据上下文来判断;后发生的用一般过去时.Jim had not studied hard, so he did not pass the exam.4)当两个获两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,安事件发生顺序,可用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在等引导的从句中,由于这些词本身已经表示出时间的先后, 所以也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时.He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down.I(had)called him before left here.
第二篇:比较一般过去时与现在完成时
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。?
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。?
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,?last?week,…ago,?in1980,?in?October,?just?now等,皆为具体的时间状语。?
现在完成时的时间状语:for,?since,?so?far,?ever,?never,?just,?yet,?till/until,?up?to?now,?in?past?years,?always等,皆不确定的时间状语。?
共同的时间状语:this?morning,?tonight,?this?April,?now,?already,?recently,?lately?等。?
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,?teach,?learn,?work,?study,?know.。?
4)一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,?go,?leave,?start,?die,?finish,?become,?get?married等
例如:?
I?saw?this?film?yesterday.?(强调看的动作发生过了)?
I?have?seen?this?film.?(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)?
Why?did?you?get?up?so?early??(强调起床的动作已发生过了)?
Who?hasn't?handed?in?his?paper??(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)?
He?has?been?in?the?League?for?three?years.?(在团内的状态可延续)?
He?has?been?a?League?member?for?three?years.?(是团员的状态可持续)?
5)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,?last,?week,?in?1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。?
(错)Tom?has?written?a?letter?to?his?parents?last?night.?
(对)Tom?wrote?a?letter?to?his?parents?last?night.
第三篇:一般过去时与现在完成时
一般过去时 与 现在完成时
▲侧重点不同:
现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响或结果
一般过去时侧重于动作发生在过去时间
▲时间状语不同:
现在完成时already,yet,just,never,everbeforefor+时间段,since+时间点// 一般过去时句子一般过去时时间段+ago,just now,yesterday,last week 等表过去的时间状语▲基本结构不同:
一般过去时主语+ was/were//主语+ V.过去式现在完成时主语+ have/has+ P.P.
第四篇:一般过去时和现在完成时
一.一般将来时: _____________________________________The door bell is ringing.Ok, I will answer the door.Mom is busy cooking.I will help.Be going to 表将来:
(1)Basketball is my favorite.I am going to be a basketball player someday.(2)Debbie is going to swim across the England channel tomorrow.(3)She is going to set out from the French coast at five o’clock._____________________________________
(4)Look at the clouds.There is going to be a storm.(5)These two groups of people are angry here.They are going to conflict with each other._____________________________________
(6)He is staying in his cousin’s for a week.(7)I am leaving for London next week._______________________________.二._____________________在时间或条件状语中的_____ 表将来
(1)Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims to England.(2)I will be meeting her at the station when she arrived tomorrow.(3)If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.(4)if he lets you go without a ticket, you will be very lucky.三._____________ 在 _____________中表将来
(1)The sports meeting takes place On October 18.(2)The train leaves at eight every morning from this station.四.现在完成时(have/has done)
表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。
We have had our breakfast.我们已经吃完饭了。
表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态。常与since, for连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。HHHHHHHHHHHHjjj Hjkasjfklasjfklasdjl;fj he He has been in Hong Kong for ten years.He has learned English for six years.He has learned English since 1997.强调不久前刚刚完成的动作。常与yet(用于否定和疑问句), just, already连用,谓语动词是终止性动词。
He has just gone out.I have already finished my lunch.与一般过去时的区别。一般过去时表示事情发生在过去,不强调与现在的关系,与表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时强调与现在的关系、对现在的影响,不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)。动作从过去开始,一直延续到现在。How long have you been collecting shells? Have you been skating for five hours?
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
没有时间状语时,前者表示动作__________,后者表示动作___________。The students have been preparing for the exam.The students have prepared for the exam.有时间状语时,前者表示动作__________,后者则不知道是否________ We have been living here for ten years.We have lived here for ten years.
第五篇:一般过去时和现在完成时
1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对“现在”产生的影响。如:He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间,现在干什么和你和我和大家无关,只是说明他以前去过.)
2.现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如:Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(是过去买的,但着重点是现在,现在有了一台新电脑了.已经买了,不用再买了.)
3.两种时态的区分
(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词have /has +过去分词”。
(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?
① Have you seen the film?(A)
Did you see the film?(B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。
② How has he done it?(A)
How did he do it?(B)
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)
He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。
如果你只是要陈述你做了什么,陈述的东西和目前状况没有太大影响,就用一般过去时。比如说 i washed the plate.我洗盘子了,topic基本到此打住,基本没有下文。还有一种最简单的过去时情况就是,如果别人用过去时问你,你自然要用过去时回答。
但是你要用现在完成时,效果就不一样了。
i have washed the plate.我已经洗好盘子了。强调做过,完成了。还有意思是,既然我已经洗好盘子了,我就该干什么什么了,或者你就应该履行什么承诺之类的,你可以好好感觉一下,这个语感是和汉语通用的,我感觉。
过去完成时就是强调,在过去的那个点,我已经完成了
现在完成时用法解析
1.构成现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。
2.用法
(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes,I have.I've just had it.你(已经)吃午饭了吗? 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I have't seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last
Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
a.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如:We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如:I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days.近几年他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如:-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.今天你见过他吗?我 没有。
How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去过那里多少次?
(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I haven't seen him for two years.但是,像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:
arrive→be herebegin(start)→be on
die→be dead
fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be upgo out→be out
finish →be overput on→wear 或be on
open→be openjoin→be in或 be a member of…
close→be closedgo to school→be a student
borrow→keepbuy→have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)get to know →know
begin to study→studycome to work→work等
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years.我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。试比较:
I have lost my new book.我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday.我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
5.几点注意事项
(1)have been(to)与have gone(to)的区别:have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。
(2)如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for twoyears.他父亲去世已有三年了。
(3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这
when, while和as的用法:
(1)三者均可表示“当……的时候”,如果主句谓语动词表示的是短暂的动作,而从句表示的是一段时间,三者可以通用。例如:
I met an old friend of mine as / when / while I was walking along the street.(当我沿街散步时,碰见了我的一个老朋友。)
(2)as和when引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词可以是终止性动词,while引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词一般是延续性动词。例如:
It was raining hard when we got to the airport.(当我们到达机场时,天正下着大雨。)(不能用while 引导)
(3)as强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生;while强调主句谓语动词表示的动作持续于while从句所指的整个时间内;when可以指主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的动作同时或先后发生。例如:
She sang as she went along.(她边走边唱。)
Please listen to me carefully while I read.(我朗读的时候,请仔细听。)
When he reached home, he had a little rest.(回到家以后,他休息了一会儿。)
also,too
这两个词都是副词,又都表示“也是”的意思,但在修辞意味和使用场合上有所不同。它们的区别如下:
(一)一般说来,also用于比较正式(formal)的场合,语气比too庄重; too是惯熟(familiar)的用语,使用范围较广。
(二)also在句中的位置要紧靠动词; too在句中的位置比较灵活,有时插入句中,前后用逗号分开,有时放在句末。
(三)too只能用在肯定句中,不可用于否定句内。在否定句中,只能用either;also则可以用在否定句中。
下面请看例句:
The Hong Kong Chief Executive also heads the university as Chancellor.
香港行政长官也以(大学)校监身份领导大学。
Reading books is learning,but application is also learning and the more important form of learning. 读书是学习,买践也是学习,而且是更重要的学习。
We have not heard such a thing.,we also have never seen such a scene.
我们没有听见过这种事情,我们也从来没有见过这种场面。
请注意,一般说来,also在句中的位置应紧靠动词,但有时为了强调其意,也可以将它放在句首或句末。Here,too,the colon must be followed by a dash.
这里也一样,应当在冒号之后加破折号。
Mary,too,can play the piano.
玛丽也会弹钢琴。
Could you speak Japanese?—Yes,and Spanish too.
您会说日语吗?——会的,还会说西班牙语哩。
Also虽然和too同义,但前者大都用于书面语,后者大都用于口语。例:
The lady washed the children and also gave them dinner.(书面语)
The lady washed the children and gave them dinner too.(口语)
as well as也;和…一样;不但…而且
作并列连词相当于not only…but also和no less…than,但not only…but also侧重在后项,no less…than 侧重在前项。例如:
We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side or things.A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted.我们必须学会全面地看问题,看到它的反面正面的或事情。
一个真实的人应该是实用性以及具有前瞻性。
在否定句中,as well as 的位置不同,句意往往有很大差别。比较下面的句子:
He, as well as she, will not come.他将不来,她也将不来。
He will not come as well as she.她将来,但他将不来。(否定前者,肯定后者)
Henry, as well as his brother, doesn''t work hard.亨利同他弟弟一样,工作不努力。
Henry doesn''t work hard as well as him brother.亨利工作不努力,但他弟弟努力。
as well as 连接的应是平等成分,都作主语或都作宾语等。例如:
She was there as well as me.(误)
She was there as well as I.(正)
else与other的区别
other 是形容词性,所以other修饰名词。other people。
other
主要地是adj, pron
剩余的,其余的,多 余的;其他的;不同的Where's my other glove?
我的那只手套在哪儿?
John and the others are here.约翰和其他人都在这儿。
I haven't brought many cakes.Could you get some others?
我没有多买糕点,你有多余的吗?
Think of others as well as yourself.不仅要想到自己,也要想到别人。
else 只修饰两类词
修饰 不定代词 如 someone / someplace/ anything来指代另外一个,而不特别指明哪一个。如: i had nothing else to do
修饰 wh-word。如what /who/where等
如 what else do i need to do我需要做什么其他的?
else多用于特殊疑问词后。
而other主要修饰名词,放在名词前面