八年级上期末作文要求5篇

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第一篇:八年级上期末作文要求

八年级上期末作文要求

1.新年计划或新学期计划。

2.谈论自己的理想职业。What am I going to be when I growup ? 3.写邀请信。4.写拒绝的信 5.制作牛肉三明治 /火鸡等。6.What am I going to do if I have a lot of money.1.春节将至,马上又是新的一年。俗话说“一年之计在于春”,在新的一年里,你有什么计划呢?有没有需要该改正的习惯?有没有新的愿望要在新的一年里实现呢?请根据下面的提示以“MyNew Year’s Resolutions”为题,写一篇70词左右的作文,介绍一下你的新年计划。内容提示:1.努力学习;2.经常打篮球;3.花更多的时间和家人相处;4.改掉不好的习惯(get over bad habits)

My New Year’s Resolutions

The spring festival is coming soon, I have some plans for the new year.I’m going to work hard and get good grades.I’m going to practice basketball every day to keep fit.I’m going to spend more time with my family and be good with them.I’m going to get over some bad habits , I will never eat junk food.I think it’s very important for us to keep them.I hope to improve myself.If I do these , My parents and teachers will be happy.2.周末,同学们准备开一次聚会,在聚会上,大家想自己动手制作一些喜欢吃的东西,许多同学爱吃牛肉三明治,你会做吗?请你根据下面所给的材料,写出制作牛肉三明治的过程。2 slices of bread;1 teaspoon of cheese;1 green pepper;1 onion;mushrooms;slices of beef;2 teaspoons of relish

【写作过程】

1.审题。本篇作文要求写如何制作牛肉三明治,注意祈使句的用法。2.列出相关的短语和句子: 全面用到上面所列出的短语,及不可数名词表示计量的方法(数字 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词)。3.谋篇。注意使用句型,特别是first,next,then,finally 四个副词的用法。4.注意。某些动词的使用,如:put...on...;cut up;add...to...等。5.写作 现在同学可以按照上面的写作过程来写作啦!

First,put the cheese on a slice of bread.Then cut up a green pepper and an onion.Add these to the sandwich.Next, put some mushrooms and the beef slices on the sandwich.Put the relish on the beef.Finally, put the other slice of bread on the top.划线词显示了作者的水平,3.你知道感恩节这天,人们会吃什么吗?请根据本单元知识叙述一下这种食物的制作过程.Here is one way to make turkey for a Thanksgiving dinner.First, mix together some bread pieces, onions, salt and pepper.Next, fill the turkey with this bread mix.Then, put the turkey in a hot oven and cook it for a few hours.When it is ready, place the turkey on a large plate and cover it with gravy.Finally, cut the turkey into thin pieces and eat the meat with vegetables like carrots and potatoes.4.你去Marry家,想问问她去不去参加你的生日聚会,但是她不在家,你给她留了便条。任务:

请你用英语给Marry写一个50词左右的便条。内容包括:

1.明天是我的生日,你会参加我的生日聚会吗?聚会晚上6:30开始; 2.我的家人、朋友及同学都会来,你可以见到他们; 3.如果你来,就打电话给我,我很希望你能来。Dear Marry:

I'm XXX(你的名字).Tomorrow is my birthday, I want to invite you to come to my birthday party, can you come tomorrow? The party will begin at half past sixin the evening.My parents, friends and classmates will come, you can see them in the party.If you come to my birthday party, please make a phone call to me, I will be pleased that you can come.Yours,XXX

5.假如你的好友邀请你去参加生日聚会,但因为你下周的日程已经排满,不能前往。请根据提示给她回信婉言谢绝,并表达你的谢意。

Hi Ann,Thank you for your invitation.I am sorry I can't come to your birthday party this week.I am really busy.On Monday, I am going to the movies with my friends.On Tuesday, I am going to visit my aunt.On Wednesday, I have to help my mother.On Thursday, I am going to my sister's birthday party.On Friday, I am going to Ning Bo on vacation with my parents.Please call me after the vacation.Candy

6.每个人对未来都会有梦想。请围绕下面的几个问题,谈谈你心目中的工作。内容可适当发挥,不少于60词。

1.What is your dream job?2.Where would you like to work?3.How are you going to work4.Why do you like your dream job?

When I grow up, I‘m going to be a journalist.(新闻工作者)I think it is interesting.Next year, I'm going to write some articles and send them to magazines and newspapers.I'm going to study hard and try my best to go to a famous university.I'm going to learnjournalism.I hope to work by car as a journalist in a TV station in Beijing one day.7.请你以“My dream job”为题,根据以下提示写一篇100词左右的作文。1.你的理想职业是什么;2.你做出这个选择的理由;3.你为实现理想职业应做的努力;4.„„.My dream job

I want to be an English teacher in Beijing in the future.First, English is becoming more and more useful and important and being an English teacher is exciting, too.If I am an English teacher, I can help my students with their English study.Second, I like being with children because it makes me feel young.Last,Beijing is the capital of China.I can meet many English speakers and improve my English by talking with them.To make my dream come true, I will study English hard every day and speak English as often as possible.I will do more listening in the morning.I'm sure I'll love my job and my students and be a friend of them.8.根据以下原材料,向你的朋友介绍做牛肉三明治的过程。不少于60词。(开头已给出,不计入总词数)

原材料:1 green onion, 3 slices of beef, 2 teaspoons of relish, lettuce, 2 slices of bread, 1 tomato, 1 teaspoon of butterWould you like to eat beef sandwiches?Do you know how to make them?Let me tell you.Would you like to eat beef sandwiches?Do you know how to make them?Let me tell you.First, put the butter on a slice of bread.Then cut up an onion and a tomato.Add these to one slice of bread.Next, put some lettuce and the beef slices on the bread.Put the relish on the beef.Finally,put another slice of bread on the top.OK!It must be delicious!

9.假如你是Nelly,你的朋友Nick邀请你去参加他的生日聚会,但你整个星期都很忙。请给他发一份电子邮件,告诉他你不能去的原因。Hi, Nick

Thanks a lot for your invitation.I'm sorry I can't come to your party.On Monday, I have to go to see the dentist.On Tuesday, I have tennis training with the school team.On Wednesday,I have to help my mom.On Thursday,I'm studying for my math test.And on Friday,I'm going to the movies with my classmates.Can you come here with us on Friday? Write soon.10. 根据提示以“If I have a lot of money, I will„”为题写一篇英语作文。词数:80词左右。文章的开头已给出,不计入总词数。提示:1.帮助贫困儿童上学;2.让父母过上好的生活;

3.为保护环境(environmental protection)贡献一份力量。If I have a lot of money, I will do manythings.If I have a lot of money, I will do many things.First, I will help the poor children go to school.I hope they will not only change themselves in the future, but also change the world around them.Second, I will help my parents enjoy their lives.They work very hard to give me a good life, and I want to do something for them, too.At last, I will start a group to help with the environmental protection.The pollution is really serious nowadays, and I hope I can do something to help.11.你以后可能会有很多钱,想一想,如果你有了钱,你会用它做什么?以If I have a lot of money为题写一篇60词左右的短文.IfI havea lot of money I'll travel around the world and I'll stay at the best hotels.If I have a lot of money , I will buy a big house with a beautiful garden for my parents , I want them to live a happy life.Also, I will buy a sports carfor my father and give my mothermanyfashion clothes.If I have a lot of money , I will give some money to charities and help the poorstudents.So they can go to school and get a good education again.I am sure, one day, my dreams will come ture.

第二篇:八年级上期末英语作文

八年级上期末英语作文

1. How to make the beef sandwich ? I want to make the beef sandwich for my classmates at the

coming party.First , cut two slices of bread and put the butter on a slice of bread.Then cut up an onion and a tomato.Add these to the bread.Next , put some lettuce and the beef slices on the bread.Put the relish on the beef.Finally , put the other slice of bread on the top.And the beef sandwich is OK.We can enjoy it at the party.2. We all know it's very hot in summer.We probably want to eat something cool.I think most

of us would like the classical Chinese dish---tomato with sugar.It is very delicious.Now let me tell you how to make it.We need three tomatoes and two teaspoons of white sugar.First , wash the tomatoes and cut the tomatoes into pieces.Next , put them into a plate.Then add some white sugar to them.Finally mix them up.Now you can eat them.3. How’s your weekend ? I had a great time on my last day off.My cousin got to Beijing last

week , so I took her to visit some places of interest in Beijing.We went to visit Tian’an Men Square , the Palace Museum , and the Great Wall.My cousin bought lots of souvenirs for her friends.We also visited the Bird’s Nest and the Water Cube.We ate one of the most famous foods---Beijing Duck.It was a really busy day!See you soon!

4. I hope everything goes well with you.Last month we had English Corner in the library of our

school.Many students and two teachers took part in it.Some of us read English newspapers;others practiced spoken English.The teachers also taught us to sing some English songs.I talked with different students in English.After that , I find my spoken English improved.Now I can speak English in front of the class.How happy I am!Write to me soon.5. My English teacherTim Hand is our English teacher.He is about 30 years old.He comes

from Canada.He is a teacher in our school for five years.He likes reading and history.All of us love to listern to his classes , for he has a good way to make his lessons interesting.Mr Hand is kind to us , but he is very strict with us in our studies.We think of him not only as a good teacher but also a good friend.6. Today is Sunday.I went to visit my new friend Dick.His home is not far from mine , so I

walked there.I hear Dick's mother is a very good cook.She can cook Chinese food , American food and Italian food.I really want to eat her food.After getting to Dick's home , I played games with Dick.His mother was busy making food for us.Soon it was time for

lunch.I couldn't wait to sit at the table.The food was really delicious.7. Our classmates are going to visit the new zoo this Sunday.The zoo is a little far from our

school.So we are going to take a bus there.Boys are going to do something for the zoo.For example , they’re going to take out the trash and learn to look after the animals.Girls are going to take some food and some drink for lunch.I think we should keep the zoo clean and we shouldn’t give the animals food.8. Liu Xiang is a famous running star in the world.He was born on July 13th , 1983 in Shanghai ,China.He is 1.89 meters tall.Liu Xiang likes singing and one of his favorite singers is Zhang Xueyou.He liked sports and practiced running a lot.Liu Xiang got the gold medal of 110-meter hurdles in the 2004 Olympic Games.He also broke the 110-meter hurdles world record in Switzerland with a time of 12.88 seconds in 2006.We are proud of this Chinese flying man.9. Charles was born in 1970 in the USA.He began to draw pictures when he was four years old.His first picture was a beautiful house.It took the little boy about one day to finish it.His father thought Charles would be a successful artist in the future , so he asked a teacher to teach Charles to draw.Charles drew better and better.In 1986 , he won his first prize in New York.Later , he worked harder and won lots of prizes.Now he is a famous artist and teaches art in a university.10. My dream jobEveryone has his own dream job.My dream job is to be a reporter.A

reporter can meet a lot of different people , and I can learn a lot from them.Sometimes a reporter has to go somewhere dangerous.But I don’t mind.Because I love this job.Being a reporter may be difficult.It is necessary for a good reporter to know many subjects in everyday life.So I am going to study hard and do well in my schoolwork.11. Last Sunday I stayed at home all day.I got up at 7:00 am.After I washed my face and

brushed my teeth.I helped my mom buy something for breakfast.After that I did the dishes.Then my parents and I went to the supermarket and bought lots of things.After lunch I took out the trash.In the afternoon , I helped my father sweep the yard.Then I cleaned my room and did the homework.I think doing chores is interesting.It can help me exercise.12. There are three fast food restaurant near our school.Of all the three , I like Prizza best.It has the best food and the friendliest service , but it is a little more expensive than the other

two.The price of Ham is lower than Billy , but it has better food.I don't like Ham because it doesn't have friendly service at all.Billy is less expensive than Prizza and it has friendly service.So I like to eat there very much.13. Hello , everyone!I am Li Hua.I learnt a lot at the English Summer Camp.First of all ,I like sports very much , and basketball is my favorite.So I joined the basketball team.I learnt to with the teammates.We often helped each other.We usually beat other teams in the matches.I also like English , so I often went to the English corner.I improved my English a lot and made new friends.I really had a good time at the English Summer Camp.I think I did a good job.Thank you.14. Leila , Jane and Nick are my good friends.Leila was born on June 4.She admires her th

father , because he is a very successful teacher and she wants to do the same job as her father.Jane was born on the same day as Leila.She likes Deng Yaping very much.When she grows up , she wants to be a ping-pong player.Nick was born on September 12th.He likes studying computer.He admires Bill Gates.His dream is to be a computer programmer.15. The winter vacation is coming.All the students in my class have resolutions.Mike is

going hiking with his friends to the mountain and staying there for a week.Alice usually learns to dance during her holiday , and she plans to do so for two weeks this winter vacation.Jim is going to join the Taiji club.He's going to learn Taiji for twenty days.As for Linda , she is going to visit her grandparents in her hometown.But she plans to stay there for only ten days because she has to come back to practice English in a club.16. Becoming a good teacher is my dream job.As a teacher , I am going to get on well with

my students and make friends with them.I think they will be very happy.When they are in trouble , I will try my best to help them.I'm going to teach them how to study and how to be a good student.I want them to keep healthy.So I'm going to play sports with them and ask them not to eat junk food.17. There are 38 students in my class.Most of us do chores at home.20 students clean

their rooms every day.They think it is very interesting.They make their beds , sweep the floor and so on.10 students have to do the dishes after dinner every day.They hate doing them.They think it is so boring.5 students like doing the laundry.They think it's relaxing.3 students don't do any chores.Their parents do all the chores.I think it is bad for them.18. Last week we did a survey about good places in our city.And this is what we learned.Most of the middle schools are good , but No.5 Middle School is the best in our city.It has the best teachers and it's the most beautiful.People's Hospital is the best of all , because it has the most comfortable beds and the friendliest service.New Century Cinema has the biggest screens.The best clothing store is Guihe Clothing Store.It has the cheapest and the best quality clothes.19. We need more time to do exercise.Do you know what students do after class ? Here are

the results of the students' activity survey after class at Yu Ying School.Most students hardly ever do exercise.They always do their homework.They go to the clubs to study during vacation.Some students often do homework.Sometimes they do exercise.But they have to go to the clubs on weekends.Only a few students do exercise every day.They hardly ever do homework and never go to the clubs.Though study is very important , our health is more important.So I hope we could have less homework and more time to do exercise.We should do more exercise to keep healthy.20. My parents and I are going on vacation.I need your help when we are away.Could

you help take care of our flowers and water them every day ? Also , could you please take good care of my bird ? Please feed him twice a day and give him clean water.Clean his cage on time.If there is no food for him , please go to buy it in the store.The store is 500 meters away from my home.The bird food there is the best and the cheapest.See you next month.Thanks!

21. I am very glad to introduce myself to all of you.My name is Wang Ping.I am 16 years

old.I come from Shandong Province of China.At school I like English and science best.In my free time , I like going camping , drawing pictures of plants and enjoy the singing of birds in nature.I want to be a scientist when I grow up.I feel lucky to join you.I hope to make friends with you and improve my English at the same time.I also hope we will have a good time.That's all.Thank you!

第三篇:八年级上英语期末作文

My New Year`s Resolutions

Well, New Year`s Day is coming.Do you want to know what I am going to do next year? I will listen to the teacher carefully in class and review what I am leant after class.I will study hard so that I can get good grades.I will spend more time on English because I am weak in my spoken English and sometimes I am shy to speak in front of the class.I will try my best to help more people.I am going to do more sports because I think it's a good way of keeping healthy.Of course I will help my parents do more housework.I am going to leave my home for shanghaiwith my classmate.We are going to there by plane.And after we are getting there, we are going to eat delicious food, climb the mountains, visit the Jin Bang Park and the Fudan University.We are also going to go shopping , play basketball with my uncles at the same time.And we are going to stay there for a month.After a month , we are going to come back to our home.We will have a good time there.How about yours? What are you going to do next year?

Shortage ofwater

Life on earth depends on water, and it is very important for us.We must drink water everyday.We can’t live without water.Water is everywhere around us.At home, we use water to wash clothes, to wash dishes, to cook rice, to clean the flat, to have showers, to make drinks, to clean our teeth, to have a bath and so on.At work, people use water to put out fires, to grow vegetables, to make things in factories and so on.We also can swim in the sea.Water is important for us, isn’t it?

第四篇:八年级上历史期末复习材料

八年级上历史期末复习材料

第1课 鸦片战争的爆发

1.林则徐虎门销烟

(1)背景:19世纪上半期,英国成为强大的资本主义国家,把侵略矛头指向中国.英国为了打开中国市场,掠夺白银,向中国走私鸦片,给中华民族带来了深重的灾难,林则徐上书光绪帝请求严禁鸦片.(2)经过:1839年6月3日,林则徐下令将110多万千克鸦片在广州虎门海滩当众销毁.(3)影响:虎门销烟向全世界表明了中国人民反抗侵略的决心和勇气,振奋了民族精神,维护了民族尊严。林则徐是中华民族的民族英雄。

2、鸦片战争(时间:1840年6月------1842年8月)

原因:直接原因是以中国的禁烟运动为借口,保护鸦片贸易。

根本原因是为了开辟国外市场,推销工业品,掠夺廉价的工业原料。

3.中英《南京条约》

(1)时间: 1842年6月

(2)内容: ①开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海为通商口岸

②中国赔款2100万银元

③割让香港岛给英国

④英商进出口货物缴纳的税款,中国须同英国商定。

(3)影响:《南京条约》是中国近代第一个不平等条约。中国的国家主权和领土完整遭到破坏,丧失了独立自主的地位。鸦片战争后中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。鸦片战争是中国近代史的开端。

第2课 劫难中的抗争

第 1 页

1、第二次鸦片战争

原因:英国不满足已经攫取的权利,要求修改条约,扩大侵略权益。

时间:1856年10月-----1860年10月 英法为主凶,美俄为帮凶.结束:1860年,10月奕忻与英法两国签定《北京条约》

2.火烧圆明园 1860年10月,英法联军火烧圆明园,这是人类文明史上的一次浩劫.4、俄国侵占中国领土

第二次鸦片战争前后,俄国趁机割占中国领土150多万平方千米.,其中侵占我国领土最多的是《瑷珲条约》。

5、太平军痛打洋枪队

(1)1851年,洪秀全在广西金田村发动起义,建立太平天国,起义军称“太平军”。

(2)在浙江慈溪的战斗中,打死洋枪队的头目华尔.6、左宗棠收复新疆

①1875年,左宗棠被任命为钦差大臣,讨伐阿古柏。②1884年,清政府在新疆设立行省。.意义:新疆的收复,不仅打击了侵略者的气焰,而且维护了国家的利益,民族的尊严,同时对新疆的开发和建设有着重要的历史意义。

第3课 甲午中日战争

甲午中日战争

1、时间:1894年7月-----1895年4月

2、主要战役:黄海海战,威海卫之战

3、在黄海海战中,爱国将领:致远舰管带邓世昌英勇牺牲。4、1895年初,日军攻占威海卫,北洋舰队全军覆没。

5、结果:清朝战败, 签订《马关条约》

时间:1895年4月

内容: ①清政府割辽东半岛、台湾、澎湖列岛给日本

②赔偿日本军费白银2亿两

第 2 页

③开放沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州为通商口岸

④允许日本在通商口岸开设工厂

影响:《马关条约》是继《南京条约》以来最严重的不平等条约,它大大加深了中国的民族危机。割台湾等领土,不仅严重破坏了中国的领土完整,而且刺激了列强瓜分中国的野心;赔款是清政府举借外债使列强进一步控制了中国的财政经济;开埠通商,使日本的侵略势力深入到中国内地;允许开设工厂严重阻碍了中华民族工业的发展。中国半殖民地化的程度大大加深了。

第4课 八国联军侵华战争

1.八国联军攻占北京

1900年,义和团运动发展到京津地区,斗争矛头直指帝国主义.6月,为镇压义和团反帝爱国运动,英、俄、德、法、美、日、意、奥八国联军2000

多人队伍,由英国海军中将西摩尔率领从大沽经天津向北京进犯.7月中旬,攻陷天津, 8月中旬,攻陷北京.到处烧杀抢掠,无恶不作,对中国人民犯下滔天罪行。

2.《辛丑条约》:1901年9月,李鸿章与英、俄、德、法、美、日、意、奥签定。

内容: ①清政府向各国赔款白银4.5亿两,以海关税收作担保,②划定北京东交民巷为使馆界,允许各国派兵保护,不准中国人在界内居住。

③清政府保证严禁人民参加反帝活动。

④清政府拆毁大沽炮台,允许列强各国派兵驻扎北京到山海关铁路沿线要地。影响:《辛丑条约》的签定,西方列强完全控制了中国,清政府完全成为西方列强统治中国的工具,清政府变成了洋人的朝廷,这一条约的签定标志着中国半殖民地半封建社会统治秩序的完全确立,中国半殖民地半封建社会形成。

第6课近代工业的兴起

(一)洋务运动

1.背景:第二次鸦片战争后,清政府内外交困.统治集团中一些较为开明的官员主张

第 3 页 利用西方先进生产技术,强兵富国,摆脱困境,维护清朝统治,他们被称为“洋务派”。中央以奕忻为代表,地方以曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞等为代表.他们从19世纪60——90年代,掀起一场“师夷长技以自强”的洋务运动.2、内容(1)前期以自强为口号,创办军事工业。如:1865年,李鸿章在上海创办江南制造总局 1866年,张之洞在福州创办福州船政局,开办船政学堂。

(2)后期以求富为口号,创办民用工业 如:李鸿章创办的开平矿务局和上海机器织 布局; 张之洞创办的湖北织布官局和汉阳铁厂。

(3)为实现“自强”的目的,积极筹建陆海军 如:北洋、南洋、福建三支海军.(4)开办船政学堂,派遣留学生等。

3、近代军事与国防建设带动了交通和通讯事业的发展

如:1872年,轮船招商局在上海成立1880----1893年唐胥铁路竣工,中国开始有了自己的铁路 1880年,电报总局在天津设立.1881年天津至上海之间的电线架设完工.4.评价洋务运动

(1)性质:洋务运动是一次失败的封建统治者的自救运动.(2)目的:维护清王朝的封建统治,而不是把中国引向资本主义。

(3)作用:没有使中国富强起来,但引进了西方先进的科学技术,使中国出现了第一批近代企业。为中国近代企业积累了生产经验,培养了技术力量,客观地促进了中国资本主义的发展,为中国的近代化开辟了道路。

(二)状元实业家是张謇,他抱着实业救国的志向,在南通创办大生纱厂。他兴办实业的历程,成为中华民族工业曲折发展的一个缩影。

(三)铁路工程师是詹天佑,1909年建成京张铁路。评价:这是中国人自己设计和修建的第一条铁路干线。它的建成,振奋了民族精神,为中国工程界赢得了荣誉.第7课 维新变法运动

1、公车上书(时间:1895年春)

第 4 页 背景:《马关条约》的签定 主要人物:康有为、梁启超

作用:为维新变法运动拉开了序幕。

2、康有为称的“中国西学第一”指严复,他著有《天演论》把西方进化论学说介绍到中国.他是中国近代的启蒙思想家。.3.百日维新

(1)时间:1898年6月,光绪帝颁布“明定国是”诏书,到9月慈禧发动政变,前后103天,最终失败.(2)内容:(P39自我测评答案)

经济:发展工商业;军事:训练新式陆海军;政治:开放言论,取消多余的衙门和无用的官职;文化教育:开办新式学堂,培养新式人才,废除科举考试中的八股文,创办报刊。

(3)影响:在社会上起了思想启蒙作用,但不可能实现救亡图存的愿望,不可能是中国走向繁荣富强的道路。

第8课 辛亥革命

1.孙中山创立同盟会:

1894年11月,孙中山在檀香山建立兴中会,喊出了”振兴中华”的口号.为汇集革命力量,孙中山联合华兴会、光复会和兴中会的成员,成立了中国同盟会。

时间:1905年8月。地点:日本东京。领导人:孙中山为总理。

性质:这是第一个全国规模的资产阶级革命政党。

纲领:“驱逐鞑虏,恢复中华,创立民国,平均地权”

目标:推翻清朝统治,建立资产阶级民主共和国

革命旗帜(指导思想):三民主义(即民族主义、民权主义和民生主义)

影响:它的成立,大大推动了全国革命运动的发展。

2.武昌起义:时间:1911年10月10日晚 湖北武昌 3.中华民国成立:

时间:1912年1月1日

第 5 页 地点:南京。人物:孙中山。

颁布了具有资产阶级共和国宪法性质的《中华民国临时约法》。

4.辛亥革命的意义: 辛亥革命推翻了清朝的封建统治,结束了中国两千多年的封建帝制,建立了中华民国。

第9课 开启思想解放的闸门

背景:书P45(小字部分)

兴起的标志:1915年9月,陈独秀在上海创办《新青年》

宣传阵地:《新青年》杂志和北京大学两面大旗:民主和科学

代表人物: 陈独秀:创办《新青年》,掀起新文化运动,明确提出“文学革命”的口号

前期“四提倡”“四反对” 后期

宣传马克思主义

(P49自我测评)

胡适:发表《文学改良刍论》,提出文学改良“八不主义”主张用白话文代替文言文。

鲁迅:1918年,发表《狂人日记》,这是中国文学史上第一篇白话小说,用犀利的文字猛烈抨击封建礼教。

主要内容:提倡民主,反对专制;提倡科学,反对愚昧;提倡新道德,反对旧道德;提倡新文学,反对旧文学。

意义:是中国近代的一场声势浩大的思想启蒙和解放运动,为中国社会日后的发展提供了思想基础。

第10课 清末民初的文化和教育1、1872年,《申报》在上海创刊,它是中国近代第一份商业性报纸。

2、1897年,商务印书馆在上海创办,它是中国近代规模最大的文化出版机构之一。

3、1898年戊戌维新期间,光绪帝颁布诏书,设立京师大学堂,这是中国近代第一所国家建立的最高学府,也是百日维新留下的唯一成果。1912年,京师大学堂改名为北京大学。

第 6 页 4、1904年,清政府颁布《奏定学堂章程》,这是中国近代第一个以教育法令公布并在全国实行的学制。

5、1905年,清政府宣布废止科举制,这是中国教育史上的一件大事。

第11课 社会生活的变迁1、19世纪40年代,照相术传入中国.2、1905年,中国人自己拍摄了第一部影片《定军山》。

3、1912年,孙中山以大总统的名义颁布剪辫令,要求剪去辫子,做中华民国的新国民;还颁布法令,革除“大人”.“老爷”等前清官场的称呼,规定民国政府官员之间一律改称职务,.民间普通称呼改为“先生”或“君”

4、清末民初,西服成为男士在正式场合首选的服装。孙中山创制的中山装是这一时期最具特色的服装.在女士服饰方面,高领服装逐渐流行,它是现代中式旗袍的雏形。

第 7 页

第五篇:八年级上历史期末复习材料

八年级上历史期末复习材料

第1课 鸦片战争的爆发

1.林则徐虎门销烟

(1)背景:19世纪上半期,英国成为强大的资本主义国家,把侵略矛头指向中国.英国为了打开中国市场,掠夺白银,向中国走私鸦片,给中华民族带来了深重的灾难,林则徐上书光绪帝请求严禁鸦片.(2)经过:1839年6月3日,林则徐下令将110多万千克鸦片在广州虎门海滩当众销毁.(3)影响:虎门销烟向全世界表明了中国人民反抗侵略的决心和勇气,振奋了民族精神,维护了民族尊严。林则徐是中华民族的民族英雄。

2、鸦片战争(时间:1840年6月------1842年8月)

原因:直接原因是以中国的禁烟运动为借口,保护鸦片贸易。

根本原因是为了开辟国外市场,推销工业品,掠夺廉价的工业原料。

3.中英《南京条约》(1)时间: 1842年6月

(2)内容: ①开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海为通商口岸 ②中国赔款2100万银元

③割让香港岛给英国 ④英商进出口货物缴纳的税款,中国须同英国商定。

(3)影响:《南京条约》是中国近代第一个不平等条约。中国的国家主权和领土完整遭到破坏,丧失了独立自主的地位。鸦片战争后中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。鸦片战争是中国近代史的开端。

4、魏源和《海国图志》

魏源著《海国图志》,提出了“师夷长技以制夷”的主张。(师夷长技以制夷:学习外国的先进技术,用来抵抗外国的侵略)

第2课 劫难中的抗争

1、第二次鸦片战争

原因:英国不满足已经攫取的权利,要求修改条约,扩大侵略权益。

时间:1856年10月-----1860年10月 英法为主凶,美俄为帮凶.结束:1860年,10月奕忻与英法两国签定《北京条约》

2.火烧圆明园 1860年10月,英法联军火烧圆明园,这是人类文明史上的一次浩劫.4、俄国侵占中国领土

第二次鸦片战争前后,俄国趁机割占中国领土150多万平方千米.,其中侵占我国领土最多的是《瑷珲条约》。

5、太平军痛打洋枪队

(1)1851年,洪秀全在广西金田村发动起义,建立太平天国,起义军称“太平军”。

(2)在浙江慈溪的战斗中,打死洋枪队的头目华尔.6、左宗棠收复新疆

①1875年,左宗棠被任命为钦差大臣,讨伐阿古柏。②1884年,清政府在新疆设立行省。.意义:新疆的收复,不仅打击了侵略者的气焰,而且维护了国家的利益,民族的尊严,同时对新疆的开发和建设有着重要的历史意义。第3课 甲午中日战争

甲午中日战争

1、时间:1894年7月-----1895年4月

2、主要战役:黄海海战,威海卫之战

3、在黄海海战中,爱国将领:致远舰管带邓世昌英勇牺牲。

4、1895年初,日军攻占威海卫,北洋舰队全军覆没。

5、结果:清朝战败, 签订《马关条约》 时间:1895年4月

内容: ①清政府割辽东半岛、台湾、澎湖列岛给日本 ②赔偿日本军费白银2亿两

③开放沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州为通商口岸 ④允许日本在通商口岸开设工厂

影响:《马关条约》是继《南京条约》以来最严重的不平等条约,它大大加深了中国的民族危机。割台湾等领土,不仅严重破坏了中国的领土完整,而且刺激了列强瓜分中国的野心;赔款是清政府举借外债使列强进一步控制了中国的财政经济;开埠通商,使日本的侵略势力深入到中国内地;允许开设工厂严重阻碍了中华民族工业的发展。中国半殖民地化的程度大大加深了。

第4课 八国联军侵华战争

1.八国联军攻占北京

1900年,义和团运动发展到京津地区,斗争矛头直指帝国主义.6月,为镇压义和团反帝爱国运动,英、俄、德、法、美、日、意、奥八国联军2000多人队伍,由英国海军中将西摩尔率领从大沽经天津向北京进犯.7月中旬,攻陷天津,8月中旬,攻陷北京.到处烧杀抢掠,无恶不作,对中国人民犯下滔天罪行。

2.《辛丑条约》:1901年9月,李鸿章与英、俄、德、法、美、日、意、奥签定。

内容:

①清政府向各国赔款白银4.5亿两,以海关税收作担保,分39年还清,本息共计9.8亿两。②划定北京东交民巷为使馆界,允许各国派兵保护,不准中国人在界内居住。

③清政府保证严禁人民参加反帝活动。④清政府拆毁天津大沽到北京的炮台,允许列强各国派兵驻扎北京到山海关铁路沿线要地。

影响:《辛丑条约》的签定,西方列强完全控制了中国,清政府完全成为西方列强统治中国的工具,清政府变成了洋人的朝廷,这一条约的签定标志着中国半殖民地半封建社会统治秩序的完全确立,中国半殖民地半封建社会形成。

知识联想:中国是怎样逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会的?

答:开始沦为:鸦片战争———《南京条约》 大大加深:甲午中日战争——《马关条约》完全沦为:八国联军侵华战争——《辛丑条约》,列强通过发动战争,强迫清政府签订不平等条约,不断扩大侵略特权,使中国沦为其半殖民地,清朝政府成为他们统治中国的工具。

第6课近代工业的兴起

(一)洋务运动

1.背景:第二次鸦片战争后,清政府内外交困.统治集团中一些较为开明的官员主张利用西方先进生产技术,强兵富国,摆脱困境,维护清朝统治,他们被称为“洋务派”。中央以奕忻为代表,地方以曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞等为代表.他们从19世纪60——90年代,掀起一场“师夷长技以自强”的洋务运动.2、内容

(1)前期以自强为口号,创办军事工业。如:1865年,李鸿章在上海创办江南制造总局 1866年,张之洞在福州创办福州船政局,开办船政学堂。

(2)后期以求富为口号,创办民用工业 如:李鸿章创办的开平矿务局和上海机器织布局; 张之洞创办的湖北织布官局和汉阳铁厂。

(3)为实现“自强”的目的,积极筹建陆海军 如:北洋、南洋、福建三支海军.(4)开办船政学堂,派遣留学生等。

3、近代军事与国防建设带动了交通和通讯事业的发展

如:1872年,轮船招商局在上海成立1880----1893年,唐胥铁路竣工,中国开始有了自己的铁路 1880年,电报总局在天津设立.1881年天津至上海之间的电线架设完工.4.评价洋务运动

(1)性质:洋务运动是一次失败的封建统治者的自救运动.(2)目的:维护清王朝的封建统治,而不是把中国引向资本主义。

(3)作用:没有使中国富强起来,但引进了西方先进的科学技术,使中国出现了第一批近代企业。为中国近代企业积累了生产经验,培养了技术力量,客观地促进了中国资本主义的发展,为中国的近代化开辟了道路。

(二)状元实业家是张謇,他抱着实业救国的志向,在南通创办大生纱厂。他兴办实业的历程,成为中华民族工业曲折发展的一个缩影。

(三)铁路工程师是詹天佑,1909年建成京张铁路。评价:这是中国人自己设计和修建的第一条铁路干线。它的建成,振奋了民族精神,为中国工程界赢得了荣誉.第7课 维新变法运动

1、公车上书(时间:1895年春)

背景:《马关条约》的签定 主要人物:康有为、梁启超

作用:为维新变法运动拉开了序幕。

2、康有为称的“中国西学第一”指严复,他著有《天演论》把西方进化论学说介绍到中国.他是中国近代的启蒙思想家。.3.百日维新

(1)时间:1898年6月,光绪帝颁布“明定国是”诏书,到9月慈禧发动政变,前后103天,最终失败.(2)内容:(P39自我测评答案)

经济:发展工商业;军事:训练新式陆海军;政治:开放言论,取消多余的衙门和无用的官职;文化教育:开办新式学堂,培养新式人才,废除科举考试中的八股文,创办报刊。

(3)影响:在社会上起了思想启蒙作用,但不可能实现救亡图存的愿望,不可能是中国走向繁荣富强的道路。

第8课 辛亥革命

1.孙中山创立同盟会

1894年11月,孙中山在檀香山建立兴中会,喊出了”振兴中华”的口号.为汇集革命力量,孙中山联合华兴会、光复会和兴中会的成员, 成立了中国同盟会。

时间:1905年8月。地点:日本东京。领导人:孙中山为总理。性质:这是第一个全国规模的资产阶级革命政党。

纲领:“驱逐鞑虏,恢复中华,创立民国,平均地权” 目标:推翻清朝统治,建立资产阶级民主共和国

革命旗帜(指导思想):三民主义(即民族主义、民权主义和民生主义)

影响:它的成立,大大推动了全国革命运动的发展。

2.武昌起义:时间:1911年10月10日晚

3.中华民国成立:

时间:1912年1月1日 地点:南京。人物:孙中山。

颁布了具有资产阶级共和国宪法性质的《中华民国临时约法》。

4.辛亥革命的意义: 辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的封建反动统治,结束了中国两千多年的封建帝制,建立了中华民国。

第9课 开启思想解放的闸门

背景:书P45(小字部分)

兴起的标志:1915年9月,陈独秀在上海创办《新青年》

宣传阵地:《新青年》杂志和北京大学

两面大旗:民主和科学

代表人物: 陈独秀:创办《新青年》,掀起新文化运动,明确提出“文学革命”的口号

(P49自我测评)胡适:发表《文学改良刍论》,提出文学改良“八不主义”,主张用白话文代替文言文。

鲁迅:1918年,发表《狂人日记》,这是中国文学史上第一篇白话小说,用犀利的文字猛烈抨击封建礼教。

主要内容:提倡民主,反对专制;提倡科学,反对愚昧;

提倡新道德,反对旧道德;提倡新文学,反对旧文学。

意义:是中国近代的一场声势浩大的思想启蒙和解放运动,为中国社会日后的发展提供了思想基础。

第10课 清末民初的文化和教育 1、1872年,《申报》在上海创刊,它是中国近代第一份商业性报纸。

2、1897年,商务印书馆在上海创办,它是中国近代规模最大的文化出版机构之一。

3、1898年戊戌维新期间,光绪帝颁布诏书,设立京师大学堂,这是中国近代第一所国家建立的最高学府,也是百日维新留下的唯一成果。1912年,京师大学堂改名为北京大学。4、1904年,清政府颁布《奏定学堂章程》,这是中国近代第一个以教育法令公布并在全国实行的学制。5、1905年,清政府宣布废止科举制,这是中国教育史上的一件大事。

第11课 社会生活的变迁 1、19世纪40年代,照相术传入中国.2、1905年,中国人自己拍摄了第一部影片《定军山》。

3、1912年,孙中山以大总统的名义颁布剪辫令,要求剪去辫子,做中华民国的新国民;还颁布法令,革除“大人”.“老爷”等前清官场的称呼,规定民国政府官员之间一律改称职务,.民间普通称呼改为“先生”或“君”

4、清末民初,西服成为男士在正式场合首选的服装。孙中山创制的中山装是这一时期最具特色的服装.在女士服饰方面,高领服装逐渐流行,它是现代中式旗袍的雏形。

参考资料:百度,www.xiexiebang.com,八年级历史辅导书

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