第一篇：英语初二上u7-u12
1.It’s easy ___ an apple milk shake.Let me help you.A.do B.to do C.make D.to make
2.-___ cut up one more apple? A.Need we B.Do we need C.Do we need to D.Need we to
3.Please add an onion __ the tomatoes.A.to B.with C.in D.on
4.There __ too much salt in the noodles.A.be B.are C.is D.have
5.This piece of paper id beautiful.But it’s too small.Coula you give me a big __?
A.one B.pieces C.piece D.ones
6.I want ___ cjicken.It’s too much for me.A.some more B.many more C.much more D.no more
7.Mr Ted tells us ___ late for school.A.not to be B.not are C.are not D.not be
8.Mary is ___ tea for her guests at home.A.cooking B.doing C.boiling D.making
9.-What can I do next?-___ the noodles.A.Boil B.To boil C.Boiling D.Boils
10.There ___ a telephone call for you just now.A.is B.was C.is going to be D.beat
11.I’m sure our team will ___ the team form No.3 Middle School.A.win B.fail C.lost D.beat
12.-When did the meeting start? –Ten minutes___.A.beafore B.later C.ago D.after
13.-How long did he stay there?-________.A.Once a week B.Every week C.A week ago D.More than a week
14.___ umbrella is ____ useful thing when it rains.A.A;an B.The;an C.An;an D.An;a
15.Tow of the best students in our school will visit America next team and ___ some classes there.A.give B.do C.take D.get
16.Sorry ,I__ to tell you about my last school trip.A.forgeted B.remember C.remembered D.forgot
17.-I will have a night ___ this evening.Would you like to go shopping withme.–Sorry,I have to study for the math test.A.away B.of C.off D.with
18.Finally,___,we took the bus back home.A.tired and happy B.tired but happy C.execiting but happy D.tiring and happy
19.____ of the books are Jim’s.A.None B.No C.None one D.No one
20.____,she finished her work.A.In the end B.By the end C.At the end D.At the end of
21.He ___ down and and broke his his leg.A.feels B.fell C.felt D.falls
22.I helped my mom clean the house yesterday.___ it’s a bit boring, it made my mom happy.A.Because B.So C.But D.Althoudh
23.-There is ___ milk here.Can you go and get some?-OK.Wait a minute.A.some B.much C.little D.a little
24.You must ___ the blender after you finish making the milk shake.It is dangerous when it works with nothing in ti.A.open B.close C.turn on D.turn off
25.-How much sugar do you want?-One teaspoon ___sugar.A.about B.of C.for D.at
26.-Would you like ____ milk shake?-No,thanks.I just had ____.A.some;some B.some;any C.any;some D.any;any
27.-Why not ride a bike to school?-My mother says I am ___ young ___ ride a bike.A.so;that B.so;to C.too;not D.too;to
28.I have many frinds.____ of them are good at sports.A.Both B.All C.One D.First
29.-___ should you stay at school every day?-You know I'm busy,so I usually stay at school for about 11 hours every day.A.How long B.How C.When D.How often
30.-Could I drink ___ water?I am thirsty.-OK.Here you are.A.some B.many C.any D.little
31.-There are two shirts.Which one should I buy?-I think the green one is ___.Take it,please.A.the more beautiful B.the most beautiful C.more beautiful D.most beautiful
32.-Who is ___,Jack,Tim or Dave?-They are all ___.A.the funniest;funny B.most funny;funny C.the funniest;funniest D.funny;the funnniest
33.-Could you help me feed ____ the ducks?-Sure.Give me the duck food.A.to B.for C.with D./
34.____ did you spend your vacation last summer? A.When B.Who C.taking D.takes
35.-How far is it ___ your home ___ school?-About three miles.A.between;at B.form;to C.from;at D./;to
36.They walked for ten hours,___ they got to the town.A.but B.first C.next D.finally
37.How ___ cups of milk do you drink every day? A.much B.many C.often D.long
38.There were some dogs, ____ on the farm.A.some chicken and some sheep B.some chicken and some sheeps C.some chickens and some sheep D.some chickens and some sheeps
39.I want to watch TV.Can you _____? A.turn on it B.turn it on C.turn off it D.turn it off
40.____ the books in the bookcase,Jerry.A.Put B.To put C.Putting D.Puts
41.I want to watch the ball game.Can you ____ the TV? A.turn on B.turn off C.open D.close
42.When my parents ___ young,there ___ not so much food.A.are;is B.were;was C.are;was
D.were;is
43.You'd better stop ____ TV.It's time to go to bed.A.watching B.to turn on C.to watch D.turning off
44.He started ____ a bicycle when he was 5 years old.A.to learn riding B.to learn ride C.learning to ride D.learning
45.-Do you know the girl ____ Mary?-Yes,she is in Class 2.A.call B.calls C.called D.to call
46.Li Yundi won ___ prize and he was also ___ Chinese pianist to win the prize in the history of the competition.A.the first;first B.first;the first C.first;first D.the first;a first
47.-There ___ two soccer matches on tomorrow afternoon.-Really?That's great.A.will have B.are going to be C.is going to be D.are going to have
48.Tina practices ___ the piano every day.A.play B.playing C.to play D.plays
49.Everyone in our class ___ to Beijing this summer holiday.A.is going B.are going C.will go D.go
50.Shewas ___ angry ___ say a word.A.too;to B.too;not to C.very;to D.so;to
51.He isn't out today.He is not feeling well at the ____(片刻).52.Today we are going to learn the fifth ___(课程).53.Can you go to the Banjo Boys ___(音乐会).54.Our city has many ___(游客)every year.55.She ____(在……旅行)the US when she was fourteen.56.Does she ___(讨厌)to do the dishes?
57.He ____(忘记)to take the keys with him yesterday.What do young people think about places in town?We did a survey of our readers and this is what we learned.All the movie 58.____(剧院)are good, but the Screen City is the 59.____(最好的)in our town.It has the biggest 60.___(屏幕)is the cheapest,and the most 61.____(舒服的)
62._____(座位).However,Town 63._____(电影院)is the cheapest,and it is the 64.______(最近的).The most popular clothing store is Jason's.It has the best quality clothing.Funky fashions is the
65.____(最远的).It has really bad service and it plays the 66.____(喧闹的)music.As for
67._____(无线电广播)stations,most people think that Jazz 107.9 FM is really great.Dear Son:
I know you 68.____(憎恨)doing chores.But tomorrow I have to go to a 69._____(会议)I need your help.Could you please wash the 70._____(盘子)?Could you please 71.______(清扫)the floor?Could you please take 72.______(照顾)of your little sister and 73.______(喂养)the dog.After you finish these things,you can 74._______(邀请)your frinds to come and have a party.If you don't have 75.______(一些)money,you can 76._______(借)some from your father or you can use 77.______(我的),it's in the drawer.mother
78.They go home ______(两次)a month.79.A lot of begetables help you to keep _____(健康).80.Is that old man ______(活着)or dead?
First,81._____(检查)you have all the ingredients.Then put the 82._____(黄油)on a slice of
83._______(面包),cut up an onionand onion and a 84.______(西红柿).Add these to the
85._____(三明治).Next,put some lettuce and the slices of 86.______(鸭子)on it.Put in the relish(of course you should 87.______(混合)up the relish first).88.______(最后)put another slice of bread on the 89.______(上部).Now,you can enjoy it and have a 90.______(杯)of tea.It must be delicious.91.Drinking milk every day is good for my ____(健康).92.-I'm tired.-You should go to bed _____(早).93.You father ______(相信)you can get good grades.94.-Can I borrow your computer tomorrow?-Sorry.I'm _____(使用)it tomorrow.95.I'm ____(有空)these day.What about you?
96.I don't like Town Cinema,it has the _____(差的)srvice in our town.97.Two of my _____(牙齿)are not well enough.I have to see a dentist.98.-How are you going to be an ______(演员)?-I'm going to take an acting lesson first.99.Did you ____(旅行)Hong Kong ?
100.I _____(借)an interesting book from teacher yesterday.答案：
1~5DCACC 6~10DADAB 11~15DCDDC 16~20DCBAA 21~25BDCDB 27~30ACADC 31~35CADCB 36~40DBCBA 41~45ABACC 46~50CBBAA
51.amemt 52.lesson 53.concert 54.tourists 55.toured 56.hate 57.forget 58.theaters 59.best
60.screens 61.comfortable 62.seats 63.cinema 64.closest 65.fathest 66.loundest 67.radio 68.hate
69.meeting 70.dishes 71.sweep 72.care 73.feed 74.invite 75.any 76.borrow 77.mine 78.twice 79.fit
80.alive 81.check 82.butter 83.bread 84.tomatoes 85.sandwich 86.duck 87.mix 88.finally 89.top
90.cup 91.health 92.early 93.believe 94.using 95.free 96.worst 97.teeth 98.actor 99.tour 100.borrowed
第二篇：初二上英语作文
请以“Talking about English Learning”为题，用英语写一篇短文，谈谈你对英语学习的看法以及你学习英语成功的经验，并给学习有困难的同学提几条学好英语的建议。要点如下：
Why do you learn English?
How do you learn English?
Your suggestion(建议)。
要求: 1.短文应包括所有要点，要点顺序可以自己安排。词数80左右。短文开头已给出，不记入总词数。2.要求语句通顺连贯，能表达自己的真实思想。3.所提建议应不少于两条。
Talking about English Learning
English is the most important and useful language in the world.It is also one ofthe subjects in schools.So I have learn English for many years.In class, I try to listen to the teacher carefully and speak English as much as possible(尽可能多的).After class, I often go over the lessons, listen to English tapes, watch English programmes on TV, read English newspapers and so on.I study hard, so I’m good at it.By the way, here are some suggestions about how to learn English well for you.First, believe yourself, try to read or speak English loudly.Second, you had better learn English words by heart.Third, it is a good idea to use English as much as possible.Finally, why not find an English pen friend and write email messages to each other in English? Nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it.(世上无难事，只怕有心人)So I believe our English will be better and better.你的美国朋友John这个寒假要到中国来学习汉语，请你给他一些建议。告诉他如何能更好地学好汉语。可能会用到的词语：Chinese class, listen to, talk with, write emails.要求：语句通顺，书写工整，可用所给词语，也可适当发挥。字数80-100，不含已给出部分。
Dear John，I’m so glad to hear you will come to my country to learn Chinese in this winter holiday.______________________________________________________________ Dear John，I’m so glad to hear you will come to my country to learn Chinese in this winter holiday.I think it is the best way to improve your Chinese.When you get here, you may go to a Chinese language school.Remember to speak Chinese as much as possible in class.You can read some Chinese newspapers or books.You can see some famous Chinese films or listen to the radio in Chinese.It can improve your listening.Besides that(除此之外）, how about writing to me in Chinese? It is good for your writing.I hope I can give you some help.See you soon.Yours,Lin Tao
Dear John,I’m glad to hear you will come to Beijing.In your last letter, you asked me for some advice about how to learn Chinese.I think you’d better go to Chinese classes.You can make more friends there and read some Chinese newspapers.Why not buy a Chinese dictionary? If you don’t know the meaning of a word, it can help you./ you can look up the word in the dictionary.Of course, I can also help you.I think Chinese is easy and I’m sure you can learn it well.Good luck!
Yours,Lin Tao
我的家乡海盐（人口、气候、特产、人民）My hometown---Haiyan
It is famous for Nanbei Lake and Qi Garden.There are many famous places in Haiyan, such as Nanbei Lake and Qi Garden.There are many famous writers in haiyan, such as Zhang Leping and Yu Hua.The weather in Haiyan is nice all the year round.It is not very cold in winter.And in summer, it is not the hottest in China.The people in Haiyan are very friendly.If you come to my hometown/Haiyan, we will give you a warm welcome.寒假旅游计划（旅游地点、住宿、交通方式的选择）
1.Winter holiday is coming.I will have a holiday of about three weeks./I will have a three-week holiday.I want to go on a holiday with my family.Where will we go ? We decided to go to Hainan Island by plane at last.Why? As we know, Hainan Island is a place of interest(名胜).The weather there is sunny all year round and the temperature is about 17 degrees, so it is neither too hot nor too cold.What’s more, there are many beautiful beaches in Hainan Island.So we can do many things there, such as swimming and diving.We can also lie on the beach and enjoy the sunshine.The price of the hotel in Hainan is 300 yuan a night.Although the price is a little high, we don’t mind it./it doesn’t matter.After all(毕竟),a pleasant trip is the most important for us.Oh, I am looking forward to our pleasant trip to Hainan Island.I believe we will have a wonderful time there.2.Winter holiday is coming.I will have a three-week holiday.I want to go on a holiday with my family.Where will we go ? We decided to go to Harbin by plane at last.Why? As we know, the weather in Harbin is cold in winter and the temperature is about minus 5 degrees, so it snows a lot in winter and Harbin is like a white world in winter.I like snow.What’s more, we can do many things there, such as skiing, skating and making snowmen.I believe I must have fun playing with snow.The price of the hotel in Harbin is 240 yuan a night.It is neither too high nor too low.Oh, I am looking forward to our pleasant trip to Harbin.I believe we will have a wonderful time there.上学方式的调查报告
There are 615 students in our school.We get to school in different ways.240 of us get to school by bike, and it is the most popular way to get to school.190 of us walk to school.It is the cheapest and safest way.125 of us take buses to school, because going to school by bus is very fast.30 of us go to school by car and 30 by taxi.Going to school by car and taxi is the most comfortable way, but it is also the most expensive way.Nobody goes to school by train.I go to school on foot because my home is close to school.I enjoy walking to school every day because it is good for my health.学生零花钱的用途的调查报告
The chart shows how the 50 students in Class1, Grade8 use their pocket money.About half of them use their pocket money to buy fast food.12 of them spend their pocket money playing computer games.A few of them spend their pocket money in buying presents, clothes or seeing films.Only 7 of themspend their pocket money on books.From the chart, we find most of them spend their pocket money on fast food and computer games.But as we know, eating too much fast food is bad for our health and playing computer games is a waste(浪费)of time.So as students, we’d better spend our pocket money in the right way, such as buying books and something useful.如何写一个人的生平
Deng Chao（邓超）
Deng Chao is my favourite actor.He is one of the most popular actors in China.He was born was the main actor in many TV plays and movies.He is becoming more and more popular with young people now.he works hard and brings much happiness to us.People like his sweet smile.We hope he will have a bright future.Ba Jin（巴金）
Ba Jin is a famous writer and his really name is Li Yaotang.He is one of the greatest writers in Modern China.He was born in Chengdu, Sichuan In 1927, he went to France for study and returned to China in 1928.His first famous work is the Family, and he wrote it in 1933.Five years later, he wrote Spring.And Autumn came out in 1940.These books made him famous all over China.He died on October 17, 2005.Now people in China still like his works very much.动物保护
1.你最喜爱的动物，它们是否处于濒危之中？濒危的原因以及保护它们的建议
My favourite animal is pandas.They are white and black.They like climbing trees and walking in the forests.They feed on bamboo.They are very cute, but now pandas’ situation is becoming very difficult.They are in danger.First, pandas don’t have many babies and baby pandas often die.Second, pandas eat bamboo, but the bamboo forests are getting smaller.To protect animals is to protect ourselves.So we should make a better life for pandas.We can set up natures parks with lots of bamboo so that pandas can have enough food to eat.It is a good idea to raise money for them.2.为什么要保护动物？保护动物的建议
Animals are our friends.They are part of the nature.They are very important.And we can’t live in the world without animals.So we should be kind to them.But some people cut down lots of trees and kill some rare animals to make money, so some animals are in danger now.In order to keep the balance of the nature, we should stop people from killing them.It is our duty to protect animals.And in fact, protecting animals is protecting ourselves./ to protect animals is to protect ourselves.3.老虎处于濒危之中的原因、为什么要保护老虎、保护老虎的建议
Tigers have lived in the forest for thousands of years, but now they are in danger.People cut down lots of trees, so their living areas are getting smaller and tigers don’t have safe places to live in.And they don’t have enough food to eat, either.So the situation is becoming very difficult.As we know, tigers are part of nature and they are our friend, so protecting them is protecting ourselves.We should try our best to protect them.We can set up larger tiger reserves to save as many tigers as possible.We should stop people from killing tigers and let tigers and people live in peace together.Let’s take actions now!
童话故事—小红帽
Once upon a time, there was a little girl called Little Red-Cap.One day, her grandma was ill, so Little Red-Cap went to visit her.But the wolf first swallowed her grandma, and then it stayed in bed and waited for Little Red-Cap.When Little Red-Cap got there, he jumped up and ate her.At that time, a hunter passed by.He killed the wolf and cut the wolf’s stomach.At last, Little Red-Cap and her grandma were saved.学生用手机的优点和缺点（英语议论文）
As we know, mobile phones are important for us now.They bring great changes to our lives.Now many students have their own mobile phones.They can use them to make telephone calls to their parents, friends and teachers at any time.Mobile phones can tell them the time just like a watch.What’s more(而且)/Besides that(除此之外), they can use them to play games and chat on QQ.But some students spend too much time sending messages, playing games and chatting on QQ.It is bad for their study.Also, using mobile phones for a long time is bad for their health.And the prices of mobile phonesare usually high and students must pay much money for the phone bills(账单).Every coin has two sides.I think, we can make good use of mobile phones.On one hand(一方面), we can use them to do something good for ourselves.On the other hand(另一方面), we should control(控制)ourselves and we shouldn’t lose ourselves in playing games and chatting on QQ.In a word(总之), if we can control ourselves, mobile phones will make our life colourful.地震知识What to do in an earthquake?
An earthquake may hit any place at any time.Do you know what to do in an earthquake? Let me tell you!/Here is some advice.First, we should keep calm and be brave.Second, don’t run everywhere in a hurry and try to find a safe place to stay in.If we are inside, we should hide ourselves under something hard, such as a table and even a bed.When the ground stops shaking, leave the building quickly.But remember not to use the lift.If we are outside, find an open place and keep clear of cars and waterside.Don’t stand near street lights or under power lines.If we are driving a car, we must stop our car on the side of the road.In short, we should follow what we learned at school.We can be safe and we can also help save others.火灾知识 What to do in a fire?
Fires often happen suddenly.What should we do to keep safe in a fire? Here is some advice.First, we should keep calm and be brave.Second, call 119 for help and tell other people about the fire.Then leave the burning building as quickly as possible.But remember not to use the lift.Third, if there is smoke, cover our nose and mouth with a wet cloth.If our clothes are on fire, drop to the ground and roll(滚动).Finally, it is dangerous to go back into a burning building.In short, follow what we learnt in school and we can be safe.游学，天气，风俗习惯，学习中文建议
Dear Tom,I am glad to hear that you will come to my hometown this winter holiday.In winter, it is often a little cold and snowy in my hometown and the temperature is about zero degree, so you should bring some warm clothes.When you come here, we are celebrating the Spring Festival.So it’s important for you to know about our customs.For example, you mustn’t do any cleaning on the first day of the Spring festival.And you’d better not have your hair cut or say anything unlucky during the Spring Festival month.You asked me how to learn Chinese well.I think you can go to Chinese classes.The people in my home town are very friendly, so you can make friends with them and talk with them in Chinese.That can help you improve your Chinese.I’m looking forward to your coming and I can’t wait to see you.Yours,Tony
校园安全
How to keep safe in school?
Do you know that our school life could be dangerous if we are not careful enough? For example, one day, two students ran after each other in the hallway.Suddenly, one of them fell down and hurt his feet because of the wet floor.Therefore(因此), he had to stay in hospital for two weeks.So I think students should always walk carefully but not run /walk carefully instead of running in the hallway.And the teachers had better keep an eye on students /look after students(照顾)after class and stop them from running.At last, I hope all the students should pay attention to their safety in school.How to Keep Safe in School?
Do you know that our school life could be dangerous if we are not careful enough? For example, in last school sports meeting, something bad happened to Tom during the competition.He ran so fast that he couldn’t stop at all and then he fell down.At last his arms were broken and he had to stay in hospital for a month.So we should pay more attention to our safety in school.In my opinion, we shouldn’t run fast on the wet playground.Also, I think we should follow the teachers’ advice when we are having a P.E.class.We should be careful when we go downstairs.We had better not climb the wall in the school.We can’t have a happy life in school unless(如果不）we are safe.So let’s take care and keep ourselves safe in school!
假如你是John，你的英语笔友Jim要来中国参观，向你询问有关中国的天气情况以及来中国的最好时节等。请你给他写一封电子邮件，介绍一下中国的气候特点。
Dear Jim,I’m very glad that you’ll come to visit China.You asked me about the weather in China.There are four seasons– spring, summer, autumn and winter.Summer is the hottest season of the year.It often rains.And winter is the coldest.Sometimes it snows, especially in the north of China.If you like snow, you can come to China at this time of year.But I think the best time to visit China is in spring or autumn because it is neither too hot nor too cold.It is very pleasant to visit many places of interest in China, such as the Great Wall, the West Lake, Mount Yellow and so on.I believe you will enjoy yourself in China.I can’t wait to see you.Best wishes!
Yours truly,John
你知道你学校有那些规章制度吗? 请你用must/ mustn’t 写一写你们学校的规章制度，哪些是必须做到的，哪些是禁止做的，并且谈谈你对这些制度的看法。注意描述准确，观点阐述清晰，明确，语言简练。80词左右。
We have many rules in our school._____________________________________
1.We have many rules in our school.We must obey the school rules, for examples, we must listen to the teachers carefully in class.I think it is good for our study and it can make us learn better.And we mustn’t talk too loudly in the classroom, because we need to study quietly.Besides that, we must wear school uniforms at school.And we mustn’t fight.I think good manners are important for us in our life.We mustn’t come to school late.We must finish our homework on time.These can keep our school life better.I think school rules are useful.They can make us grow better.In my opinion, it is good for us to obey our school rules because everyone likes a person with good
manners and no one likes a person with bad manners, so we should always notice our manners.2.We have many rules in our school.First, we must arrive at school on time and we mustn’t be late for school.Second, we must wear school uniforms on weekdays.But we mustn’t wear a hat in the classroom because it is rude.Third, we must get on well with our classmates and we mustn’t fight with anyone.What’s more, we must be polite to our teachers.Fourth, we must keep quiet in the classroom.It is bad manners to make some noise.Finally, we must keep our school clean,so please don’t drop litter.In my opinion, these school rules are very important because they can help us to be a person with good manners.As a student, we must obey them.Our school is our second home, if we keep doing these, I believe we will have a happy life in our school.3.We have many rules in our school.For example, we must wear school uniforms, we mustn’t fight, we must listen carefully in class, we mustn’t drop litter, we must keep quiet in the library and so on.I think these rules are good for us, because they can make us be a person with good manners.If we do something wrong, we can correct our mistakes quickly because of the rules.What’s more, these rules can also make our school beautiful and clean.If all of us can keep doing these, we will become a student with good manners.我最喜欢的电影My Favourite Film
My favourite film is Titanic.I have seen it several times.The story takes place on a large and beautiful ship called Titanic.It is the story about Jack and Rose.Rose is a lovely girl from a rich family, but she is unhappy and she is tired of her life.She happens to meet Jack, a poor young man.Jack is poor but happy and humorous.They fall in love with each other.It is so moving.The best part of the film is the part when the ship is sinking.I also like the song My Heart Will Go On.I can even sing it in English.
第三篇：初二上评语
初二（10）班评语
吕越：你是班上最让老师放心的学生，学习态度认真，没有偏科，成绩优秀，用一个字来形容你就是“细”。常规细，从来没有扣分；劳动细，轮到你值日，班级是最干净的；学习细，你的作业质量无可挑剔（卷面还需要注意一下）。所以你是我们班中获荣誉最多的学生，也是班级中声望最高的学生。希望你以后不仅能做学习上的强者，更能做活动上的强者！
陈鑫：你是一个有抱负、有理想的好学生。你的父母对你寄予了很大的期望，同时，你也没有让他们失望。你的学习在班上一直名列前茅，尤其是你的理科成绩让很多男生都望尘莫及，文科成绩也在不断的进步。但你知道吗？一个好学生不仅仅要求学习好，更要求综合素质高，希望你能多参与活动，让自己的能力得到全面的发展。
周恩奇：太阳因灿烂而美丽，鲜花因盛开而迷人，人生因为有了追求才精彩。追求成功需要付诸勤奋，需要挥洒汗水。恩奇，你头脑聪明，成绩优秀，潜力巨大。海阔凭鱼跃，天高任鸟飞。老师相信你是翱翔蓝天的雄鹰。希望你珍惜美好的学习时光，专心致志，勇往直前，坚实地走好每一步，接受雨露的滋润，迎接更大的挑战，取得更大的突破。
李浩杰：大多数人想要改造这个世界，但却很少有人想超越自己，而你做到了。初二阶段学习稳定，成绩优良，有自强不息，积极进取的精神。学习的征途中你从没有失去信心和进取心，而是轻装上阵，力挽狂澜，在付出了不懈的努力后，你终于打了个漂亮的翻身仗，真是可喜可贺。你成功的超越了自己！更难能可贵的是，你的组员在你的长期真诚的帮助下也有了不同凡响的进步。希望保持良好的发展势头，坚韧不拔，向知识深度、广度推进，把成绩提高到更高的水平。相信你可以做到更好！
寿泽鹰：你为人诚实，学习认真，成绩稳中有进。有一种动物的眼睛里永远也看不到失败的气馁，因为它们知道不管经历过多少次失败，最后的成功一定是属于它们的。老师相信你也有那种潜质，你最终也会成功的。泽鹰，一条布满荆棘的大路，当汗水淹没荆棘的时候，你成功了；当荆棘淹没汗水的时候，你就平庸了。欲将这条大路变成成功之路，你有信心吗？
朱小涛：你有一颗纯真的心，笑容如春风洋溢；你有一颗上进的心，课上聚精会神地听讲。在老师的眼里，你是一个很优秀的学生，积极上进，能力又很强。小涛，乐观和真正的积极，是在看到结局之后，依然保持最初的微笑。奇迹，从不为迎合谁而改变，更不会因为我们的忽视而不存在，希望你细心些，踏实些，向更高更远的目标迈进，让所有人都看到你小宇宙爆发的那辉煌一刻，那一刻就是证明奇迹的一刻。
项非凡：成功对花儿说：“开得更灿烂些！”成功对大树说：“长得更茁壮些！”成功对你说：“进步再大些！”千里马是跑出来的，优秀的成绩是学出来的。你依靠自己的努力，借助小组的力量，一步一个脚印，取得了一些成绩。愿你在今后扬起自信的风帆，获取更大的进步。
屠家奇：壁立千仞，无欲则刚，成功永远青睐执着勤奋的人。诺贝尔发明火药靠的是执着，居里夫人发现镭靠的是坚持。用知识充实你的脑袋，靠勤奋实现你的理想，坚持就是胜利。希望你把更多的心思用在学习上。来年好好努力，你定能取得较大进步。
冯雷雷：自从你在写座右铭时用了这句话后，看到你我就会想到：“天将降大任于斯人也，„„”有的人一直在学习，可是一直不明确自己的努力方向，所以，进步甚微。而你从初二开始，思想就清晰起来了，知道自己的目标，也知道如何做才能实现自己的目标，由于你端正了态度，思想也日臻成熟，学习更得法、刻苦勤奋再加上追根求源、多思善问，让你取得了一定的成功。提醒你一句：“古之立大事者，不惟有超世之才，亦必有坚忍不拔之志”。我真的感觉你可以做一个有志、有度、有情、有为；有胆、有识、有魄、有成的人。加油！
方咪：你从不张扬，你总是默默的为这个班级做贡献，交代给你的任务每次都是又快又好的完成，可见你的办事能力很强。由于平时讲话很少，使得你在班里好像不太显眼，可你却时刻起着模范带头作用，给同学们作出表率。你学习较勤奋，课堂上那双求知的大眼睛总能把老师深深地感动！希望你在最后一学年中能加快步伐，争取考上一所理想的高中。
王颖超：你是一个积极要求进步的学生，也是一个有能力达到优秀的学生。你很聪明，跟你的同龄人相比你几乎是没有缺点。你比其他同学更能严格要求自己，渐渐的你变得勇敢了，当失败来临时，你没有自怨自艾，你勇敢地站了起来，面对学习的挑战，你没有半点退缩，凭这一点你让老师感动了很久。我相信，以你的能力在加上能持之以恒的态度，你一定会成为一个非常优秀的学生！
蔡娇娇：你沉静不失灵气，温雅不失坚强，你的眼睛写满乖巧和懂事，文静的你在各方面都能严格要求自己，不声不响地做着自己的工作。老师想跟你说，读书使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作使人严谨。今后要发扬优点，多与同学们接触，全面发展。再接再励，取得更优异的成绩。
徐宏彬：时光飞逝，转眼间，中学的路你已经走了一半。一年多来，你曾经有过收获，有过成功，这充分说明你是很有能力的！可本学期以来，虽然你能积极地出勤，也基本上能按时完成作业。可是，我们感到遗憾的是，你的成绩似乎在退步，老师们都替你着急，我相信，如果你上课的时候专注一点，用功一点，多动手，多动脑，多提问；课余有计划地安排学习、活动和休息时间，多读，多背，多写，多思，那你一定是能提高成绩的，试试吧！记得吧：没什么输不起的。加油啊！
何冬冬：自己丰富才感知世界丰富，自己善良才感知社会美好，自己坦荡才感受生活喜悦，自己成功才感悟生命壮观。“天道酬勤”是我们先辈，总结出的至理名言，学习是要靠勤奋的，有了勤奋，我们才有成功的希望。在新年里，老师还想跟你说“博彩众长”也是致胜法宝，希望你守住自己的梦想，一路前行！
丁佳楠：你是一个很懂事的女生，你知道你的能力与潜力，一直以来，你都能够按照老师的要求完善自己。积极上进的学习态度，认真踏实的学习作风，让你能一路高歌，你收获了你应得的成功！在你的帮助下，小组同学的成绩也有所提高，欲望以提升热忱，毅力以磨平高山。望你能够守住希望，守住坚持，去征服下一座高山！
陈怡婷：你是一个上进心强，自尊心也很强，聪明而且心地善良的女孩。你有一颗纯真的心，你的笑脸如春风洋溢，能与同学友爱相处。上课时专心听讲的神情，让人感到你的专注、认真。对于不明白的问题你能虚心请教他人，在参与班级的管理中，你的能力得到了很大的提升。但有时在你碰到挫折时候，缺乏克服困难的信心。你要知道在通往成功的路上长满了荆棘，望你克服困难，勇往直前！有一句话很有意思，送给你：播种的人，一定能收获。
沈东东：外面的世界太精彩，外面的诱惑何其多。要学会用理智战胜诱惑，用奋斗获取成功。当一个小团队为了一个共同的理念凝聚在一起的时候，感受到生命相互提携的快乐，心灵的泉水汇成河流的喜悦，我想置身其中的安全感和喜悦感会让我们满足。请不要让错过变成过错，让老师自豪地说，你值得老师喜爱的！
李沅翀：再好的千里马，如果不去跑，永远不知道路有多长；再好的鸟儿如果不飞翔，永远不知道天有多大。人生的路要靠自己铺就，人生的航向要靠自己把舵。在学习上你是不是存在着畏难的心理？如果学习内容简单，你会很有兴趣；可内容稍微复杂一点，你就会放弃。为什么会这样呢？所有人的成功都不是偶然的。不要那么不自信，人不可能一直生活在顺境中，希望你能够认清生活中随时也会有逆境，摆正好心态，加油，你的能力一定可以充分发挥出来的！
陈建飞：一棵树只有依靠发达的根系全力吸收底下的养分才能成其壮，大海只有汇聚众多的河流才能成其大。初二的你褪去了初一的稚嫩，变得有主见有思想了，工作的积极性也变高了，渴望为班集体贡献自己的力量。希望你继续努力，掌握学习方法，多汲取知识的养分，充实自己，提高自己，争取来年有更大的突破。
陈信杰：天上白云千万朵，人生之路有三条。一条是荆棘和汗水铺就的成功大道，一条是碌碌无为消极对待的平庸之路，一条是充满诱惑的危险之路。选好路是关键，选好了，就坚定地走下去，让人生不留遗憾。莺歌燕舞是春的前奏，万般红紫是春的盛幕，拉开你人生的盛幕，让每一个关注你的人看见你成功后的微笑。
丁虔诚：成功不是将来才有的，而是从决定去做的那一刻起，持续累积而成。从现在开始，只要能养成良好的学习习惯，勤奋认真地挑战困难，你就一定能取得进步，走向成功。希望聪明的你能够树立自信，勤奋学习，用自己的汗水铺就一条成功之路。
易雄：青春的光辉是如此灿烂，让人炫目，那种天不怕地不怕的冲劲真叫人羡慕，而这青春的光辉你拥有着，你就是天之骄子。你的欢笑像一支歌，你的热情像一团火，你对待工作认真负责，乐于助人，是一个有正义感的男孩，希望你继续努力，勇往直前，让你的人生绽放夺人光彩。
王煜煕：你性格活泼开朗，总是带着甜甜的笑容。你头脑聪明，思维敏捷，学习优秀。上苍给予你这般清澈且美丽的命运，于是，在你收获知识和友谊的同时，也收获了超越自己的快乐，获得了成功的喜悦，拥有满足的微笑，体验一切皆有可能的飞跃。希望你在新的一年里能扬长避短，争取更大进步。
高佳鑫：一个胸怀大志的人，应该在大海里扬帆远航，在天空中展翅翱翔。莫找借口失败，只找理由成功，成功之花需要辛勤的汗水浇灌。你聪明、诚实、热忱，如果再付诸努力，老师相信你一定能取得很大的进步，用今天的努力一定能够换取明日的成功。
王旭乐：把太阳放在宇宙中才发现自己不过是一颗粒子，把一滴水放在大海中才发现是何等的渺小，不要让青春，美丽，全部都凋谢在无声逝去的时光里。乐乐，知识就是力量。你没发现这个学期你更自信了，更活泼了吗？那是多么美好的起步啊，老师希望你挥洒勤奋的汗水，争取更大的成功。让老师及所有关注你的人，为你的每一次成功喝彩、赞美！
任洁露：伟人之所以伟大，是因为他与别人共处逆境时，别人失去了信心，他却下决心实现自己的目标。老师想和你分享一句话：欢乐与成功是一杯酒，喝完它，我们要永远铭记它的芬芳；苦恼与失败是一只鸟，放开它，就是为了让它永远不再来。聪明的你，只要付诸努力，挥洒汗水，明天灿烂的阳光会对你微笑。
厉柯楠：斯文秀气的你，写得一手漂亮的字。你的作业本总是那么干干净净，整整齐齐，使老师总是看了一遍又一遍。“真人不露相”这句话用在你身上最合适了，在你不爱说话的外表下，藏着一颗勤奋，努力，上进的心！要是你还能在大家面前大声地讲话，那我们就更喜欢你了。当然，在学习上，你还应该明白：人之所以能，是相信能。加油吧，增加自信，老师相信，你将会是一个很有出息的女孩！
谢煜欣：不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。学习不是一蹴而就，而是要靠长期不断的积累，请继续积累知识和宝贵经验。煜欣，要学会仰望，当我们的心灵不再渴望越过高山大川时，当我们被眼前的困难压倒时，仰望梦想就使我们的心灵再一次拥有了无穷的动力。希望你能养成良好的学习习惯，从点滴做起，刻苦勤奋，提高效率，老师相信你一定能取得更大的进步，给老师、家长更多的惊喜。
周钰兰：宝剑锋从磨砺出,梅花香自苦寒来。成功向来只青睐勤奋刻苦的人，愿你能够树立自信，披荆斩棘，不断走向成功，实现心中的远大理想。愿你在今后的学习中能继续努力，让自己的目标更高些，更远些！如果在好的基础上，再加快点速度，再多一份踏实，那样的你，就是无可挑剔的！送你一句名言：在科学上没有平坦大道，只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人，才有希望达到光辉的顶点。
沈立佳：战胜自己，就有可能超越自己。自信是一根柱子，能撑起精神的广漠的天空；自信是一片阳光，能驱散迷失者眼前的阴影。学习，工作你总能带着一股认真的劲儿，在你看似调侃的外表下，藏着一颗勤奋，努力，上进的心，再加上你的聪明，才智，你学什么东西都特别快。希望你自信面对一切，用勤奋和踏实造就属于你的一片天空。老师希望一直看见你自信的笑！
高逸帆：上帝关上一扇门，一定会为你打开另一扇窗。你心灵纯洁，乐于助人；你工作负责，责任心强，班级的图书角管理的有声有色。读书有三到：谓心到，眼到，口到。老师希望你能养成良好的读书学习的习惯，提高效率，争取在新的一年里取得更大的进步，给老师和家长更多的惊喜。
王迪娜：太阳因灿烂而美丽，鲜花因盛开而迷人，人生因为有了追求才精彩。神圣的事业总是痛苦的，但是，也惟有这种痛苦能把深度给予我们。你已经靠自己的执着和勤奋，取得了很大的进步。新年新起点，新年新气象，相信你已经有了你新的目标和方向，我想，只要你想达到，你就可以创造新的辉煌，实现你的愿望。老师祝你心想事成！
张雨露：每个生命何尝不是大自然中一次幸运的偶然。拥有生命，拥有感动，就是对我们最大的奖励！而我们要做的，就是好好珍惜这个奖励，让自己的人生更绚烂。所以，我们应该时常画一扇窗给自己，让自己看到人性的光辉，触摸到跳动的心弦，感受到爱的呵护和生活的美好。梦想与现实交轨在我们的生命中，让我们用虚怀若谷的情怀，书写现实中人生华美的篇章吧！老师希望聪明可爱、勤奋好学、发言积极的你，要永远谦虚谨慎。在新的一年里，佳绩频传。
沈淼：有的人，封面和内容一样高雅；有的人，封面和内容同样不值一提；有的人，封面不绚丽但内容很精彩。你性格活泼开朗，总是带着笑容，能与同学友爱相处，待人有礼，能虚心接受老师的教导，可贵的是，有很强的班级荣誉感，你在老师眼中是一个可爱又有点贪玩的孩子，要是自己再努力一些，勤奋一些，我想，我们可以看到一个真正长大了的沈淼，尽心尽力地为自己的将来打拼。淼，革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力！
厉佳楠：你言语不多，却总是面带自信的微笑。课堂上，大家都被难题难住而沉默不语时，你有时能给老师一个惊喜。如果是一个胸怀大志的人，你就应该在大海里扬帆远航，在天空中展翅翱翔。你如果能够把自己的潜力挖掘出来，我相信，一定会有惊人的突破。期待你的飞跃！
高圆圆：你是一个心地善良，是非分明，有责任心，对任何事都能尽职尽责地做好的学生。老师希望你在新的一年里能勇敢地面对学习中的任何困准，相信自己的能力，只要你像一只辛勤的小蜜蜂，在花园中采撷足够的花粉，就一定能酿出鲜美纯正的蜜来。
施念：鸟无翅膀不能飞，人无知识无所为，你为人谦逊，心地善良，如果能深入探究，以认真执著的态度对待学习，一定会学有所成。希望你能在以后的学习中多问，多想，多总结，上课能多举手发言，回家后能做到主动学习，争取让自己的成绩在新学期中有一个较大的飞跃。
屠家奇：壁立千仞，无欲则刚，成功永远青睐执着勤奋的人。诺贝尔发明火药靠的是执着，居里夫人发现镭靠的是坚持。用知识充实你的脑袋，靠勤奋实现你的理想，坚持就是胜利。希望你把更多的心思用在学习上。来年好好努力，你定能取得较大进步。
第四篇：初二上英语期末教学反思
初二上英语教学总结及反思
初中英语组：冯冬梅
通过这一学期的努力，在英语的教学上，我取得了一些进步，但同时我也还存在一些不足。以下几点，是我对这一学期的英语教学的总结及反思。在平时的教学中，我发现初二年级的学生成绩存在两极分化现象，这是个比较难以解决的一个问题。记得当时刚进校时的初一学生，对英语学习热情高，好奇心强，学习成绩较好。但是随着时间的推移，难度的加深，以及兴趣的减弱，一些学生的成绩一步步地落后掉队，而且落伍人数也相对地增加。到了初二年级，分化现象尤其突出，直接影响着学生在整个中学阶段的英语成绩，同时也阻碍了初中英语教学质量的提高。因此，如何防止分化，大面积提高教学质量，使学生在初中阶段获得较好的成绩，是我们英语教师必需重视和解决的问题。
首先，就两极分化的问题，我分析一下原因，主要是来自师生两方面，综合起来有以下几种情况：
1.学生学习目的不明确。有不少学生开始学英语时是从兴趣出发，随意性和方向性程度大。他们学英语只是一阵子，一旦遇到挫折，就容易丧失兴趣和信心，知难而退，不思上进，导致成绩直线下降。
2.学生学习方法欠佳。有些学生没有掌握好正确的学习方法。如：记单词，死记硬背；练句型，生搬硬套，不注意语言环境；写句子不遵循英语习惯，强行汉译英逐句逐词对译等。
3.学生不了解学习英语的关键和要点。不少学生误以为，英语是知识型、理解型的课程，仅满足于老师讲的内容听懂了，而没有把主要精力用在听、说、读、写实践练习上，所以就无法形成语言技能，不能熟练掌握，就会边学边忘，越学越困难，最终导致掉队。
4.学生忽视了语言学习的渐进性。学习英语一定要循序渐进、扎扎实实、逐步提高。单词学不好就无法组织句子，简单句掌握不好就难学复合句，听力差就不能说好英语。如果一段时期没有抓紧，连续出现缺漏，学生继续学习英语就困难重重，掉队就难以避免。
5.教师的教学问题。英语课堂教学是初中生学习英语的主要渠道，如果教师教学不得法，不严格遵循语言教学规律，不全面贯彻英语教学原则，教法单一呆板，只注重知识传授，不注意能力培养，只注重讲解，不注意实践，这样持续下去，学生就很自然地只满足于学好语法、背会单词、看懂课文、会做习题，而实际上没有达到熟练掌握，形成技能。
基于以上分析，为防止和杜绝两极分化现象的形成，在下一学年里，我将采取以下措施：
1.采取有效的教学方法来调动和爱护学生学习英语的积极性。不断改进教学方法，提高教学水平，把课上得生动有趣。认真地钻研教材与教法，坚持循序渐进、精讲多练的原则。在教学中，先要预测学生可能遇到的困难，并找出克服困难的方法，来帮助学生顺利地学会所教内容。教师要善于创造良好的英语环境，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。
2.教师要有高度的责任心。要对班上每一名学生负责。要特别关注中下游学生的学习，对他们所取得的点滴进步都要加以肯定，当他们出现学习困难时，随时帮助解决。要用高度的责任感和事业心来对待后进生，对他们既要解决思想问题，也要解决学习问题。决不可视他们为包袱，置之不理，放任自流。
3.交给学生学习方法。教师在传授知识的同时，应注意学习方法的传授。正确的学习方法是学习成功的保证，方法掌握得越好，效率越高。如：记单词应提倡词不离句、句不离文、文不离景，也可采用同义词、近义词、反义词、同音词及派生词、衍生词等 “ 葡萄式 ” 记忆法。
总之，在今后的英语教学中，我会不断努力，不断思考，主动与其他教师沟通交流，不断请教有经验的教师，争取能取得优秀的教学成果。
第五篇：初二上物理复习提纲
八年级上册物理知识点汇编
编题者： qiji5761
八年级上学期物理知识点汇编（光、透镜、物态变化、电流和电路）
第二章
光的传播
一、光源
：能发光的物体叫做光源。光源可分为 1、冷光源(水母、节能灯），热光源（火
把、太阳）； 2、天然光源（水母、太阳），人造光源（灯泡、火把）;3、生物光源（水母、斧头鱼），非生物光源（太阳、灯泡）
二、光的传播
1、光在同种均匀介质中沿直线传播； 2、光的直线传播的应用：
（1）
小孔成像：
像的形状与小孔的形状无关，像是倒立的实像（树阴下的光斑是太阳的像）
（2）取直线：激光准直（挖隧道定向）；整队集合；射击瞄准；
（3）限制视线：坐井观天（要求会作有水、无水时青蛙视野的光路图）；一叶障目；
（4）影的形成：影子；日食、月食（要求知道日食时月球在中间；月食时地球在中间）、光线：常用一条带有箭头的直线表示光的径迹和方向；
三、光速
1、真空中光速是宇宙中最快的速度；、在计算中，真空或空气中光速 c=3 × 10 8 m/s;3、光在水中的速度约为 4 3 c，光在玻璃中的速度约为 3 2 c ；、光年：是光在一年中传播的距离，光年是长度单位； 1 光年≈ 9.4 6 × 10 15 m ；
注：声音在固体中传播得最快，液体中次之，气体中最慢，真空中不传播；光在真空中传播 的最快，空气中次之，透明液体、固体中最慢（二者刚好相反）。光速远远大于声速，（如先
看见闪电再听见雷声，在 100m 赛跑时声音传播的时间不能忽略不计，但光传播的时间可忽 略不计）。
四、光的反射：
1、当光射到物体表面时，有一部份光会被物体反射回来，这种现象叫做光的反射。、我们看见不发光的物体是因为物体反射的光进入了我们的眼睛。
3、反射定律：在反射现象中，反射光线、入射光线、法线都在同一个平面内；反射光线、入射光线分居法线两侧；反射角等于入射角。
（1）、法线：过光的入射点所作的与反射面垂直的直线；
（2）入射角：入射光线与法线的夹角；反射角：法射光线与法线间的夹角。（入射光线与镜 面成 θ
角，入射角为 9 0 °－ θ，反射角为 9 0 °－ θ）
（3）入射角与反射角之间存在因果关系，反射角总是随入射角的变化而变化而变化，因而 只能说反射角等于入射角，不能说成入射角等于反射角。（镜面旋转 θ，反射光旋转 2 θ）
（4）垂直入射时，入射角、反射角等于多少？答：垂直入射时，入射角为 0 度，反射角亦 等于 0 度。
4、反射现象中，光路是可逆的（互看双眼）、利用光的反射定律画一般的光路图（要求会作）：
（1）、确定入（反）射点：
入射光线和反射面或反射光线和反射面或入射光线和反射光线的
八年级上册物理知识点汇编
编题者： qiji5761
交点即为入射（反射）点
（2）、根据法线和反射面垂直，作出法线。
（3）、根据反射角等于入射角，画出入射光线或反射光线 5、两种反射：镜面反射和漫反射。
（1）镜面反射：平行光射到光滑的反射面上时，反射光仍然被平行的反射出去；
（2）漫反射：平行光射到粗糙的反射面上，反射光将沿各个方向反射出去；
（3）镜面反射和漫反射的相同点：都是反射现象，都遵守反射定律；不同点是：反射面不 同（一光滑，一粗糙），一个方向的入射光，镜面反射的反射光只射向一个方向（刺眼）；而
漫反射射向四面八方；
（下雨天向光走走暗处，背光走要走亮处，因为积水发生镜面反射，地面发生漫反射，电影屏幕粗糙、黑板要粗糙是利用漫反射把光射向四处，黑板上“反光” 是发生了镜面反射）
五、平面镜成像
1、平面镜成像的特点：像是虚像，像和物关于镜面对称（像和物的大小相等，像和物对应 点的连线和镜面垂直，到镜面的距离相等； 像和物上下相同，左右相反
（镜中人的左手是人 的右手，看镜子中的钟的时间要看纸张的反面，物体远离、靠近镜面像的大小不变，但亦要
随着远离、靠近镜面相同的距离，对人是 2 倍距离）。、水中倒影的形成的原因：
平静的水面就好像一个平面镜，它可以成像（水中月、镜中花）；
对实物的每一点来说，它在水中所成的像点都与物点“等距”，树木和房屋上各点与水面的 距离不同，越接近水面的点，所成像亦距水面越近，无数个点组成的像在水面上看就是倒影 了。
（物离水面多高，像离水面就是多远，与水的深度无关）。
3、平面镜成虚像的原因：物体射到平面镜上的光经平面镜反射后的反射光线没有会聚二是 发散的，这些光线的反向延长线（画时用虚线）相交成的像，不能呈现在光屏上，只能通过 人眼观察到，故称为虚像（不是由实际光线会聚而成）
注意：进入眼睛的光并非来自像点，是反射光。要求能用平面镜成像的规律（像、物关于镜 面对称）
和平面镜成像的原理
（同一物点发出的光线经反射后，反射光的反向延长线交于像
点）作光路图（作出物、像、反射光线和入射光线）；
六、凸面镜和凹面镜
1、以球的外表面为反射面叫凸面镜，以球的内表面为反射面的叫凹面镜；
2、凸面镜对光有发散作用，可增大视野（汽车上的观后镜）；凹面镜对光有会聚作用（太阳 灶，利用光路可逆制作电筒）
七、光的折射
1、光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时，传播方向发生偏折。
2、光在同种介质中传播，当介质不均匀时，光的传播方向亦会发生变化。、折射角：折射光线和法线间的夹角。
八、光的折射定律
1、在光的折射中，三线共面，法线居中。
2、光从空气斜射入水或其他介质时，折射光线向法线方向偏折；光从水或其它介质斜射入 空气中时，折射光线远离法线（要求会画折射光线、入射光线的光路图）
八年级上册物理知识点汇编
编题者： qiji5761 3、斜射时，总是空气中的角大；垂直入射时，折射角和入射角都等于 0 ° , 光的传播方向不 改变
4、折射角随入射角的增大而增大
5、当光射到两介质的分界面时，反射、折射同时发生 6、光的折射中光路可逆。
九、光的折射现象及其应用
1、生活中与光的折射有关的例子：水中的鱼的位置看起来比实际位置高一些（鱼实际在看 到位置的后下方）
；由于光的折射，池水看起来比实际的浅一些；水中的人看岸上的景物的 位置比实际位置高些；
夏天看到天上的星斗的位置比星斗实际位置高些； 透过厚玻璃看钢笔，笔杆好像错位了；斜放在水中的筷子好像向上弯折了；（要求会作光路图）、人们利用光的折射看见水中物体的像是虚像（折射光线反向延长线的交点）
十、光的色散：
1、太阳光通过三棱镜后，依次被分解成红、橙、黄绿、蓝、靛、紫七种颜色，这种现象叫 色散；
2、白光是由各种色光混合而成的复色光；、天边的彩虹是光的色散现象；
4、色光的三原色是：红、绿、蓝；其它色光可由这三种色光混合而成，白光是红、绿、蓝 三种色光混合而成的； 世界上没有黑光； 颜料的三原色是品红、青、黄，三原色混合是黑色；、透明体的颜色由它透过的色光决定（什么颜色透过什么颜色的光）；
不透明体的颜色由它 反射的色光决定
（什么颜色反射什么颜色的光，吸收其它颜色的光，白色物体发射所有颜色 的光，黑色吸收所有颜色的光）
例：一张白纸上画了一匹红色的马、绿色的草、红色的花、黑色的石头，现在暗室里用绿光 看画，会看见黑色的马，黑色的石头，还有黑色的花在绿色的纸上，看不见草（草、纸都为 绿色）
十一、看不见的光：
1、太阳光谱：红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫这七种色光按顺序排列起来就是太阳光谱；
（从左往右其波长逐渐减小；散射逐渐增强；人眼辨别率依次降低）应用傍晚太阳是红的，晴天天是蓝的，汽车的雾灯是黄光。
2、红外线：红外线位于红光之外，人眼看不见；
（1）
一切物体都能发射红外线，温度越高辐射的红外线越多；（打仗用的夜视镜）
（2）
红外线穿透云雾的本领强（遥控探测）
（3）红外线的主要性能是热作用强；（加热）
3、紫外线：在光谱上位于紫光之外，人眼看不见；
（1）
紫外线的主要特性是化学作用强；（消毒、杀菌）
（2）
紫外线的生理作用，促进人体合成维生素 D（小孩多晒太阳），但过量的紫外线对人
体有害（臭氧可吸收紫外线，我们要保护臭氧层）
（3）
荧光作用；（验钞）
（4）
地球上天然的紫外线来自太阳，臭氧层阻挡紫外线进入地球；
第三章
透镜及其应用
一、透镜 : 至少有一个面是球面的一部分的透明玻璃元件（要求会辨认）
1、凸透镜、中间厚、边缘薄的透镜，如：远视镜片，照相机的镜头、投影仪的镜头、放大镜等等；、凹透镜、中间薄、边缘厚的透镜，如：近视镜片；
二、基本概念：
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