第一篇：英语训练课文
单词
treat招待novel小说dead死去punish 处罚
warmth 温暖spread传播put on增加lay out摆开；布置as a result结果end up 最终成为dress up 穿上盛装care about 关注in need 在危难中give up分发；散发not only…but also…不仅……而且……
The Spirit of Christmas
Many would agree that when think of Christmas, we probably think of
gifts, Christmas trees and Santa Claus.But behind all these things lies the true meaning of Christmas;the importance of sharing and giving love
and joy to people around us.The story in A Christmas Carol is perhaps
the best example of this.A Christmas Carol is a famous short novel written by Charles Dickens.It
is about an old man named Scrooge who never laughs or smiles.He is mean and only thinks about himself.he can make more money and he hates Christmas.One Christmas Eve, scrooge sees the ghost of Jacob Marley ,his dead business partner.Marley used to be just like Scrooge, so he was punished after he died.He warns Scrooge to change his ways if he doesn’t want to end up like him.He also tells Scrooge to expect three spirits to visit him.That night, three ghosts visit Scrooge.First, the Ghost of Christmas
Past takes him back to his childhood and reminds Scrooge of his happier days as child.Then the second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, takes him to see how others are spending Christmas this year.Everyone is happy ,even poor people.The last one ,the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come ,takes him to the future.Scrooge sees that he is dead ,but nobody cares.He is so scared that he wakes up in his bed and finds ort it is only the next morning –Christmas Day!
He decides to change his life and promises to be a better person.He happily celebrates Christmas with his relatives.He also gives gifts to people in need.He now treats everyone with kindness and warmth, spreading love and joy everywhere he goes.And that is the true spirit of Christmas!
第二篇：课文专项训练
中考语文课文专项训练题
一根据阅读体验，在下列空格处填上课文名称或人名。
1初中三年，我们与语文为伴，在文学的殿堂流连忘返：曾为朱自清的《牛毛的雨，暖如母爱的风所陶醉；为莫泊桑的《》主人公的遭遇叹惋；为英国戏剧家莎士比亚的作品《》中鲍西亚的机敏和智慧叫绝。
2在《》 中，我们听到了文化巨人梁启超对人生与事业关系的宣讲；在《 纪念伏尔泰逝世一百周年的演说》中，我们听到了文坛泰斗对另一位大师伏尔泰的礼赞；在《》 中，我们读到了著名学者傅雷和儿子傅聪的艺术交流； 在《》 中，我们读到了著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基对女儿的爱情启蒙。
3阅读一篇优秀之作，如同与一个高贵的灵魂对话，我们感受到的不仅是作者的情感，更是他的心灵寄托和生命渴望：我们在琦君芳香醇美的《》里品尝到 乡愁的滋味； 在掬你入口的“女儿绿”中感受到他对梅雨潭水挚爱的感情；在约客不来闲敲棋子的声声韵律中感受到他 的闲适心情；在流落荒岛历尽艰险的经历中感受到他顽强的精神……
4少年的生活丰富多彩，少年的情感真实美丽．少年的成长经历刻骨铭心„„英子在《》之后走向成熟，恩利科在《》中拥有了一颗博爱之心。海伦•凯勒在莎莉文老师爱的沐浴下《》，杜小康在《》中学会了坚强，胡适在《》的教导下学会了做人，鲁迅 《》中找到了童年的乐趣。
5一本语文课本，就是一趟奇妙的语文学习之旅。阅读一篇篇优秀之作，如同邂逅旅途中的一幅幅美景，让我们感受到生命的真情：我们在《》里品味到殷殷父子情；在莫泊桑的《》中感受到小诺瑟夫对于勒叔叔叹惋的感情；在曹文轩的《》中感受到少年杜小康成熟后的欣喜。
6经典滋养我们的精神，名著引领我们的人生。沐浴着母爱的光辉时，在《繁星﹒春水》中对母爱的深情歌颂引起了我们的共鸣；遇到挫折磨难时，《钢铁是怎样炼成的》的主人公的不屈意志激励我们去勇敢面对； 向往纯真的友谊时，鲁迅在《》中所写的“我”与小伙伴们偷吃罗汉豆的事情令我们羡慕不已；面对个人荣辱得失时，《》中的范仲淹的“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的胸怀令我们警醒。
7难忘老舍笔下的旧北京人力车夫在烈日暴雨下拉车的情景；难忘印度文学巨匠的智慧歌吟“生如夏花之灿烂，死如秋叶之静美”；难忘曹雪芹笔下的丫环《》时的痴心与精诚；难忘英国女作家夏洛蒂·勃郎特塑造的那位心灵纯洁的孤女——《》 8什么样的人才能称得上英雄？《三国演义》中以勇武助刘备建立一番功业的张飞固然是，《水浒传》里用谋略帮晁盖智取生辰纲的何尝不是？《》中不屈服于命运、坚持崇高理想追求的保尔·柯察金固然是，《名人传》中“扼住命运的咽喉”、创作了不朽乐章的音乐家又何尝不是？
9随同鲁迅的文学足迹，走进大自然，在江南放飞《；到平桥观看《； 回鲁镇目睹《》的萧索；居北国欣赏《》的壮美。初中语文教材真是一个万花筒。我们可以和流沙河一起畅谈人生的《》；可以和沈从文一起聆听《》；可以和叶圣陶一起在观赏独具建筑特色的《》；可以和刘成章一起体验黄土高原的精神元气——《。
二 根据阅读体验，在下列空格处填上合适的内容。在语文之旅中，走进承天寺，苏轼带我们欣赏优美的；走进大观园，曹雪芹为我们描绘香菱学诗的；走进济南城，向我们细说冬日的温情；走进鲁迅给我们讲述他在书塾读书的故事。阅读经典名篇，可以开阔我们的视野，陶冶我们的情操。读刘绍堂的《》，中国农民的人情美让我们回味不已；读杜甫的《》，老妇人的哭诉让我们唏嘘不已；读汪曾祺的《》，那高邮的蛋黄让我们怀想不已；读莎士比亚的《》，夏洛克的唯利是图、贪婪冷酷让我们见识了人生百态。经典作品不仅能丰富我们的见识，而且帮助我们了解社会、懂得人生。从张抗抗的《地下森林断想》中，我们体会到森林具有；从泰戈尔的《金色花》中，我们体会到；从郭沫若的《雷电颂》中，我们体会到诗人。14 初中三年，我们在一篇篇精美的文章中体会到人情的真、善、美。张森祥的《台阶》，让我们看到了一位普通农民的；鲁迅的《风筝》，让我们感受到一位严厉兄长的；刘绍棠的《》，让我们见识了“一丈青”大娘的善良泼辣。15 阅读可以丰富我们的情感体验，以优美的笔触描绘永嘉山川之美，让人陶醉其中；罗贯中笔下的（人名），恃才放旷招来横祸，让人感慨万千；《儒林外史》里后，却疯疯癫癫，让人啼笑皆非；《简 爱》中女主人公那 的精神，让人敬佩不已。文学作品富有情感，给了我们最宝贵的心灵体验，在傅雷父子两地的家书中，触人至深的情感是，在陶渊明的《桃花源记》中，我们可以感受到作者对生活的向往；在欧阳修的《醉翁亭记》中，我们可以感受到作者的情怀。成长的旅途中，我们在用文字构筑的爱的世界里漫游。在朱自清的《背影》里，我们感受到深沉的；在鲁迅的《藤野先生》中，我们体会到浓浓的；在杨绛的《老王》中，我们读到了作者对。爱伴随我们一路前行，让我们的心灵倍加柔软，让我们的生活更加美好。谁不爱祖国？谁不爱故乡？多少中外文学中，留下了许多脍炙人口的篇章。艾青在《我爱这土地》中，抒写了；余光中在《乡愁》中，抒写了； 戴望舒用的手掌，抚摸着被日本侵略者蹂躏的国土；韩麦尔先生在《最后一课》中，让我们深切的感受到失去国土时的心情。
中考语文课文专项训练题
参考答案：
1《春》《我的叔叔于勒》《威尼斯商人》
2《 敬业与乐业》雨果《 傅雷家书》《 致女儿的信》
3《春酒》朱自清赵师秀鲁滨孙
4《爸爸的花儿落了》《爱的教育》 《再塑生命》《孤独之旅》《我的母亲》
《从百草园到三味书屋》
5《 傅雷家书》《我的叔叔于勒》《孤独之旅》
6、冰心（谢婉莹、谢冰心）保尔·柯察金（保尔）《社戏》
7、祥子泰戈尔《香菱学诗》《简·爱》
8吴用《钢铁是怎样炼成的》贝多芬
9《风筝》《社戏》《故乡》《雪》
10《理想》《云南的歌会》《苏州园林》《安塞腰鼓》
11月色痴迷老舍三味书屋
12蒲柳人家石壕吏端午的鸭蛋威尼斯商人
13顽强的生命力母子情深对光明的向往
14勤劳朴实自我检讨（或反思）蒲柳人家仿句略
15陶弘景杨修范进中举自尊自爱、顽强独立
16父子深情和平美好与民同乐
17父爱师爱普通人的关爱仿句略
18恋土深情家国之思（爱国之情）残损的悲愤（沉痛）《岳阳楼记》
第三篇：英语课文（模版）
Unit1 One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do.The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor.Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired;there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge;on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.However, I do not want to overstate my case.There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present.And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West.When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent(the “Standing on the shoulders of giants” phenomenon).But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this:
Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills? Unit2 Yet I feel nothing more than a passing whim to attain the material things so many other people have.My 1999 car shows the wear and tear of 105,000 miles.But it is still dependable.My apartment is modest, but quiet and relaxing.My clothes are well suited to my work, which is primarily outdoors.My minimal computer needs can be met at the library.In spite of what I don’t have, I don’t feel poor.Why? I’ve enjoyed exceptionally good health for 53 years.It’s not just that I’ve been illness-free, it’s that I feel vigorous and spirited.Exercising is actually fun for me.I look forward to long, energizing walks.And I love the “can do” attitude that follows.I also cherish the gift of creativity.When I write a beautiful line of poetry, or fabricate a joke that tickles someone, I feel rich inside.I’m continually surprised at the insights that come through my writing process.And talking with so many interesting writer friends is one of my main sources of enjoyment.Unit4 I’d never realized how important daily routine is: dressing for work, sleeping normal hours.I’d never thought I relied so much on co-workers for company.I began to understand why long-term unemployment can be so damaging, why life without an externally supported daily plan can lead to higher rates of drug abuse, crime, suicide.To restore balance to my life, I force myself back into the real world.I call people, arrange to meet with the few remaining friends who haven’t fled New York City.I try to at least get to the gym, so as to set apart the weekend from the rest of my week.I arrange interviews for stories, doctor’s appointments — anything to get me out of the house and connected with others.But sometimes being face to face is too much.I see a friend and her ringing laughter is intolerable — the noise of conversation in the restaurant, unbearable.I make my excuses and flee.I re-enter my apartment and run to the computer as though it were a place of safety.I click on the modem, the once-annoying sound of the connection now as pleasant as my favorite tune.I enter my password.The real world disappears.Unit5 The runway felt different this time.It startled him for a brief moment.Then it all hit him like a wet bale of hay.The bar was set at nine inches higher than his personal best.That’s only one inch off the National record, he thought.The intensity of the moment filled his mind with anxiety.He began shaking the tension.It wasn’t working.He became more tense.Why was this happening to him now, he thought.He began to get nervous.Afraid would be a more accurate description.What was he going to do? He had never experienced these feelings.Then out of nowhere, and from the deepest depths of his soul, he pictured his mother.Why now? What was his mother doing in his thoughts at a time like this? It was simple.His mother always used to tell him when you felt tense, anxious or even scared, take deep breaths.So he did.Along with shaking the tension from his legs, he gently laid his pole at his feet.He began to stretch out his arms and upper body.The light breeze that was once there was now gone.He carefully picked up his pole.He felt his heart pounding.He was sure the crowd did, too.The silence was deafening.When he heard the singing of some distant birds in flight, he knew it was his time to fly.Unit6 Why are we so quick to limit ourselves? I’m not denying that most little girls love dolls and most little boys love videogames, and it may be true that some people favor the right side of their brain, and others the left.But how relevant is that to me, or to anyone，as
an
individual?
Instead of translating our differences into hard and fast conclusions about the human brain, why can’t we focus instead on how incredibly flexible we are? Instead of using what we know as a reason why women can’t learn physics, maybe we should consider the possibility that our brains are more powerful than we imagine.Here’s a secret: math and science don’t come easily to most people.No one was ever born knowing calculus.A woman can learn anything a man can, but first she needs to know that she can do it, and that takes a leap of faith.It also helps to have selective hearing.Unit7 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin.A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C.These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea.So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold.Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe.Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesar’s armies found in Britain.New words came with the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons, etc.— that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century.Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work.They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter Unit8 There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields.In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of colour that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines.Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the autumn mornings.Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wild flowers, delighted the traveller’s eye through much of the year.Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow.The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and autumn people travelled from great distances to observe them.Others came to fish the streams，which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay.So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells and built their barns.
第四篇：英语课文
Anna’s blog Hello everyone.Welcome to my blog.About me
My name is Anna.I'm from Germany.I'm 11 years old.I'm tall and thin.I have long hear.I live with my family in a house close to some mountains.My mum is an Art teacher.My dad is a doctor.I have an elder sister and an elder brother.About my school and my hobbies
Every day, I go to school by school bus.My favourite subjects are Maths, Art and Science.I like my school because the teachers are all very friendly.My dream is to be an engineer.I like many sports.I'm good at swimming and playing basketball.There are my favourite hobbies.I want to make friends with young people from all over the world!Email me , please!
A day at school By Sam
I am a junior high school student.I love going to school.My school is close to my home,so I always go to school on foot.Classes start at 8 a.m,and I am seldom late.My favourite subject is Geography.I enjoy learning about different places in the world.In the morning,we usually study Chinese, Maths and English.We have our morning break at 9:50am.When the bell rings,I run to the playground with my best friends Tom and Jack.We often play games.Break ends at 10:10 a.m.How short it is!Lunch is from 11:50a.m.to 12:30 p.m.Afternoon classes end at 3:30p.m.Then Tom,Jack and I take part in the school band practice.We make great music together.I always have a good time at school.Protect the Earth The Earth is a beautiful place.There are forests and rivers,mountains and fields.Some places are very hot，and some are very cold。There are many different plants.Some are large.Some are small.All plants need light and water.There are different animals on Earth too.Some live on the land.Some fly in the sky.Some live under the water.There are also many people like you and me on Earth.The Earth provides us with air，water and food.It is our home.Today，there is a lot of pollution.We burn things to make energy.This pollutes the air.We put our rubbish into the sea and under the ground.This pollutes the Earth and kills animals and plants.We must stop doing these things.It is important for us to protect the Earth for our future.The four seasons Spring In spring, the weather starts to get warm.The wind blows gently.It often rains.Plants start to grow.Everything turns green.It is exciting to take a trip in spring.Summer The weather is hot in summer.The Sun shines brightly.Many people like to go to the beach and swim in the sea.It is nice to eat ice cream in the hot weather.Autumn In autumn, everything changes.Leaves turn brown, red or yellow and start falling from the trees.It is nice to go on a picnic at this time of year because the weather is cool and dry.Winter Winter is often cold and snowy.Children love winter because they love to play in the snow.It is interesting to make snowmen.People usually spend time with their relatives during the Spring Festival.A trip to space By Jerry 10 October 2053 I am so happy!Tomorrow I will be one of the first students to travel into space.The spaceship will leave the Earth at 9 a.m.It will take us to the Moon.I can't wait!The Moon is around380000kilometres from the Earth,so it'll take us about four days to get there.There's no gravity in space,so we'll all be able to float around in the spaceship.We'll have to tie ourselves to our beds so that we won't float away in our sleep!Without gravity,our bodies may get weak ,so we'll have to do exercises every day.When we arrive,I'm going to walk on the Moon.I'll have to wear a spacesuit to help me breathe because there's no air on the Moon.I'm going to take as many photos as I can,that is ,if my camera still works up there......Visiting Shanghai
Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world.If you like sightseeing, you will love it!People’s Square
People’s Square is in the centre of Shanghai.It is a large public area with green grass, fountains and birds.If you visit People’s Square, you can also see famous buildings around it, such as the Shanghai Grand Theatre and the Shanghai Museum.The Bund
The Bund is where old Shanghai meets new Shanghai.If you walk along the Bund, you will see many old buildings.The Pudong New Area, just across the Huangpu River, has many modern buildings.At night, these tall buildings light up the sky in every direction.Yu Garden
Yu Garden is a traditional garden.If you enjoy history and natural beauty, you will love this garden.There are many beautiful buildings, bridges and ponds.You can also buy different snacks just outside the garden.The clubs fair Linda and Leo are new students at Rosie Bridge School.Last month, they attended the Clubs Fair.First, Linda and Leo learnt about the Rocket Club.“Our club will teach you how to build rockets.Then you can launch them into the sky,” a boy said.“Watch!” He took a rocket and launched it.The rocket disappeared into the sky.Linda and Leo were very surprised.“Will it go all the way into space?” Linda asked.“Of course it won’t,” a girl from another club shouted.“Our club is better.Come and join the Solar Power Club.”
“What do you do?” asked Leo.“We make wonderful machines.They only use solar power.Look!”
She took a toy car from the table and then used a remote control to drive it all around the playground.“It uses power from the Sun,” said Linda.“That’s amazing!”
Linda and Leo learnt about many clubs.After the fair, they felt very excited.“I want to join all the clubs,” said Linda.“Me too!” said Leo.Unusual collections Sam and Helen's grandparents collect almost everything.There are eight doorbells on their front door!“This silver doorbell is my favourite,” said Helen.She pushed it and and soon Grandpa opened the door.“Come in,my dear grandson and granddaughter!”he said.“Who started collecting doorbells,Grandpa? ”asked Sam.“Your grandma,” he answered.“She loves doorbells.” “What do you like collecting,Grandpa?” asked Helen.“I like collecting newspapers.” They went inside and saw newspapers everywhere.“Hello children!”called Grandma.“Let's have some tea.” The children followed her into the living room and saw lots of toys there.There was hardly any space for the children to sit down.“Whose toys are these?” asked Helen.“They're ours,” said Grandma.“We both like collecting toys.” “But remember,” said Grandpa,"we have a lot of free time!You have your school work to do,so you shouldn't
第五篇：英语课文翻译
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• 参考译文
第一单元
与自然力量抗争 课文A 就拿拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战
冰雪卫士
奈拉·B·史密斯
1812年，法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。
他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
1941年，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。
他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。拿破仑发起的战役
1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。这些士兵受过良好训练，作战力强，装备精良。这支军队被称为大军。拿破仑对马到成功充满自信，预言要在5个星期内攻下俄国。
不久，拿破仓的大军渡过涅曼河进入俄国。拿破仑期盼着的速决速胜迟迟没有发生。令他吃惊的是，俄国人并不奋起抵抗。相反．他们一路东撒，沿途焚毁庄稼和民居。大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。
到了8月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。可是俄国人仍能在自己的国土上继续后撤。拿破仑未能取得决定性的胜利。此刻他面临着一个重要抉择。是继续追击俄国军队，还足把军队驻扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那儿度过将到的冬天?
拿破仑孤注一掷，决定向远在448公里之外的莫斯科进发。1 812年9月7日，法俄两军在莫斯科以西112公里外的鲍罗季诺激战，夜幕降临时，3万名法国士兵以及4万4千名俄国士兵或伤或亡，倒在了战场上。
俄国军队再次撤往安全之处。拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫无意义的胜利。俄国人弃城而走。法国人进城不久，一场熊熊大火烧毁丁整个城市的三分之二。拿破仑向亚历山大一世提出停战，但沙皇深知他可以等待时机：“且让俄罗斯的严冬为我们战斗吧。”
拿破仑很快意识到，他无法在冬天向远在莫斯科的军队供应粮草、提供御寒衣物和宿营之地。1812年10月，他命令大军撤出莫斯科。
法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林，采用打了就跑的战术，向法国人发起攻击。刚出莫斯科城，气温就降到摄氏零下4度。11月3目降了初雪。困乏的马匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。装备只得被用作燃料焚烧。士兵们染病冻死。法国士兵拖着脚步行进，一路上留下无数死尸。
正当俄罗斯军队集聚兵力之时，法国人却不得不逃离俄国，以避免注定的失败。在别列兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥粱，差点将后撤的法军团于河边。侥幸的是，拿破仑居然突击造起两座桥。成千上万法国士兵得以逃脱，但却损失了5万人。渡过别列兹拿河，溃不成军的幸存者一瘸一拐地向维尔纽行进。
拿破仑发兵60万进入俄国，只有不到10万士兵返回。元气大伤的法国军队在欧洲继续西撤。不久，英国、奥地利、俄国以及普鲁士组成强大的联盟，攻击这些 1 • •
• •
散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破仑退位去过流放生活，他缔造的帝国随之灭亡。希特勒的入侵
到1941年初，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒已经控制了欧洲大部分地区。希特勒的德意志帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。1941年6月22曰，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决，预计这一战役不会超过3个月。他计划采用征服了欧洲其余地区的闪电式战略。入侵汁划包含三大目标：向列宁格勒与莫斯科进攻，并横扫乌克兰。
苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。农场和工厂被焚烧毁坏，或被弄得无法运转。在入侵的最初10个星期内，德国人一路东进。俄国人伤亡人数多达一百多万。
在北方，德国人包围了列宁格勒。尽管忍受着极大困苦，列宁格勒的人民绝不投降。列宁格勒保卫战一直持续到冬季，此时该市的处境变得危急。由于食品匮乏．人们死于饥饿与疾病。到了1941年和1942年之间的寒冬，几乎每天有4千人死于饥饿。列宁格勒之围造成近百万人死亡。
在俄国中部，希特勒的目标是占领莫斯科。由于德国人指望速战速决，他们没有准备过冬的补给。IO 月来临，大雨不停。“泥泞将军”拖延了德国人闪电式进攻的行动。
正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。气温降到摄氏零下48度。大雪纷飞。对俄国的严寒冬季毫无思想准备的德国士兵身着单薄的夏装，一个个被冻伤。德国人的坦克掩埋往深深的雪堆中。俄罗斯的冬季阻止了德国人的攻势。
到1942夏天，希特勒又发起两场新的攻势。往南方，德国人占领了塞瓦斯托波尔。希特勒随后向东推进到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏尔加河绵延48公里的一座大工业城市。尽管艰苦卓绝，苏联抵抗者拒绝放弃斯大林格勒。
到1942夏天，希特勒又发起两场新的攻势。往南方，德国人占领了塞瓦斯托波尔。希特勒随后向东推进到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏尔加河绵延48公里的一座大工业城市。尽管艰苦卓绝，苏联抵抗者拒绝放弃斯大林格勒。
1942年11月，俄国人发起了一场反攻。德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。进攻斯大林格勒的30万德国人只剩下9万忍饥挨饿的士兵。斯大林格勒一战的失利最终使希特勒时乖运蹇。部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季，德国人走向失败了。
在1943年与1944年期间，苏联军队将德军阵线往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，红军发起突然袭击，解除了列宁格勒长达3年之久的围困。列宁格勒那些英勇无畏的幸存者看着入侵者在两个早期内全部撤离。到了1944年3月，乌克兰的农村又回到了苏维埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波尔从德国人手中被解放出来。至此，俄国人向柏林进发。
就希特勒而言，对苏联的入侵成为一场军事灾难。对俄罗斯人民来说，这场入侵带来了无法形容的苦难。苏维埃在第一次世界大战中死亡的人数几乎达到2千3百万。
俄罗斯的冰雪卫士
任何军事行动都必须考虑到自然的因素。拿破仑和希特勒都低估了俄罗斯冬季的严酷。冰雪和极低的气温使两支侵略军付出惨重的代价。对俄罗斯人民而言，严冬是他们的冰雪卫上。• • • • • • • •
• •
• •
• •
第二单元
智能汽车 课文A
能看、能听，有知觉、具嗅觉、会说话的智能汽车?还能自动驾驶?这听起来或许像是在做梦，但计算机革命正致力于把这一切变为现实。
智能汽车
米基奥.卡库
即便是过去70年间基本上没有多少变化的汽车工业，也将感受到计算机革命的影响。
汽车工业是20世纪最赚钱，最有影响力的产业之一。目前世界上有5亿辆车，或者说每 lo人就有l辆车。汽车工业的销售额达一万亿美元左右，从而成为世界上最大的制造业。
汽车及其行驶的道路，将在主2l世纪发生重大变革。未来“智能汽车”的关键在于传感器。我们会见到能看、能听，有知觉，具嗅觉、会说话并能采取行动的车辆与道路，”正在设计未来智能汽车和智能道路的通用汽车公司ITS项目的技术主任比尔·斯普雷扎预言道。
美国每年有大约4万人死于交通事故。在汽车事故中死亡或严重受伤的人数太多，我们已经不屑在报纸上提及。这些死亡的人中至少有半数是酒后开车者造成的，另外许多死亡事故是驾驶员不小心所导致。智能汽车能消除绝大多数这类汽车事故。它能通过会感测空气中的酒精雾气的电子传感器捡测开车者是否喝醉酒，并拒绝启动引擎。这种车还能在遇窃后通报警方，告知车辆的确切地点。
能监控行车过程以及周围行车状况的智能汽车已经建造出来。藏在保险杠里的微型雷达能对周围的汽车作扫描。如果你发生重大行车失误(如变道时有车辆在你“盲点”内)，计算卫星从高空经过时发出能被汽车卜计算机里的接收器辨认的无线电信号。汽车上的计算机就会根据信号传来所花的时间汁算出卫星有多远。由于光速为人熟知，接收卫星信号时的任何时间迟缓都能折算出距离的远近。
在日本，具有某种导航能力的汽车已有一百万辆之多。(有些导航装置通过将方向盘的转动与汽车在地图上的位置并置来测定汽车的方位。)
随着微芯片价格的大幅度下降，未来对全球卫星定位系统的应用几乎是无限的。“制造这一商品的工业定会飞速发展，”生产导航系统的麦哲伦航仪公司的兰迪·霍夫曼说。盲人可以在手杖里装配全球卫星定位系统传感器，飞机可以通过遥控着陆，徒步旅行者可以测定自己在林中的方位——其潜在的应用范围是无止境的。
全球卫星定位系统其实只是叫做“远程信息学”的这一更大行动的一部分，这一行动最终将把智能汽车送上智能高速公路。这种高速公路的样品已经在欧洲问世，加州也在进行试验，在高速公路上安装计算机芯片、传感器和无线电发射机，以便向汽车报告交通拥挤堵塞情况。
在圣迭戈以北10英里的15号州际公路一段8英里长的路面上，交通工程师正在安装一个由麻省理工学院设计的引进“自动司机”系统。这一计划要求计算机在公路上埋设的数千
个3英寸长的磁钉的协助下，在车辆极多的路段完全控制车辆的运行。车辆会编成10辆或12辆一组，车距仅6英尺，在计算机的控制下一齐行驶。
这种计算机化的公路的倡导者对其未来的应用充满希望。到2010年，远程信息• • • • •
• • •
• • •
• • 技术很可能应用于美国的一条主要公路。如果成功的话，到2020年，当微芯片的价格降到一片一美分以下时，远程信息技术就会应用在美国成千上万英里的公路上。这对环保也会很有利，能节省燃油，减轻交通阻塞，减少空气污染污染，还可用作公路扩建的替代办法。
第三单元
求职面试
课文A
自己经营公司的哈维麦凯经常对求职者进行面试。文中他告诉我们关于雇主看重 什幺样品质的秘密，并提出4点建议，帮助你显得比众人突出。
得到你想要的工作
哈维·B·迈克
我经营着一家有350名左右员工的制造公司，我本人常常要对求职者进行面试，决定是否聘用。我喜欢与可能成为营业员的人交谈，因为他们会是我们与顾客联系的纽带。
不久前一个新近毕业的大学生到我办公室谋求一份销售工作。我问他为这次面试做过哪些准备。他说他在什么地方看到过有关本公司的些情况。
他有没有给麦凯信封公司的人打过电话，好了解更多有关我们的情况?没打过。他有没有给我们的供应厂商打过电话?还有我们的客户?都没有。
他可曾在就读的大学里查问过有没有校友在本公司就职，以便向他们了解一些情况’他可曾请朋友向他提问，对他进行模拟面试?可曾去图书馆查找过有关本公司的剪报?
他事先有没有写封信来介绍自己，告诉我们自己为这次面试在做哪些准备，自己何以能胜任此项工作?面试之后他是否打算再写一封信，表明自己加盟本公司的诚意?这封信会不会在面试后的24小时之内送到我们手上，也许甚至是亲自送来?
他对上述每一个问题的回答全都一样：没有。这样我就只剩一个问题要问了：如果此人代表本公司去见可能成为我们客户的人，他准备工作会做得怎样?答案不言自明。在笔者看来，如欲被聘用，应注意四个要诀：
1．准备去赢。“一日不练，自己知道，”音乐家中自这样的说法。“两日不练，音乐评论家
知道。三日不练，观众知道。”
我们在观看世界级音乐家或顶尖运动员的表演时，看到的并不是使他们变成出类拔萃人物的长年苦练。世界上诸如迈克尔-乔丹这样的顶尖人物无疑具有非凡才能，但他们在蓝球场上也是第一个到，最后一个走。同样的苦练适用于人类的各项活动。若想被聘用，就要准 备去赢。
我大学毕业时，我极有可能终身从事同一个工作。当时情况也的确如此。但如今已不再
是一生被聘去做一个工作了。指导就业的专家认为．今天的大学毕业生在他们的生涯中可能
|会经历多达10次的职业变动。
听上去似乎压力不小。然而，如果你作了准备，压力就是别人的——那些没做准备的人。
你不可能得到你想要的每份工作。最好的售货员也不可能每次都成交。迈克尔乔丹投篮
命中率勉强过半。但认真准备一次面试的时间不会多于马马虎虎准各五次面试的时间，而你
成功的可能性要多得多。
2永不中断学习。最近我和一位90高龄的老者搭档打双人网球。我琢磨着那会是什么结局；可我的担心是多余的。我们6：l击败对手。是6：1啊!
j
我们交换场地打第三局时，他对我说“我打反手击球你不介意吧?我向来喜欢多练练自
己的弱点。”好一个永不中断学习的精彩实例。顺便说一下，我们6：l赢 4 •
• • • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • • 了第三局。
走出赛场，我那90高龄的搭档笑着说：“你也许想知道我在85岁以上年龄段的美国网球双打排名第一!”他想的不是年届90，想的甚至也不是85岁高龄。他想的是第一。
如果你努力克服自己的弱点，发挥自己的优势．你同样可以做得那么好。要有能力竞争 就得终生学习。
3．相信自己，那怕没人相信你。还记得那4分钟跑英里的往事吗?几百年来，运动员
们一直试图实现这一目标，最终认定人类的身体无法做到。我们的骨结构不适应，我们的肺活量跟不上。
可是，有个人证明那些专家错了。奇迹中的奇迹是，在罗杰·班尼斯特打破4分钟一
英里的纪录6个星期之后，约翰-兰迪又以几乎快出整整2秒的成绩打破了班尼斯特的纪录。
此后，有大约800多名运动员打破了4分钟一英里的记录。
几年前，我和女儿米米参加了纽约马拉松比赛。发令枪一响．23,000名运动员冲出起跑线——最后有21,244名运动员到达终点。第一名是一位以2小时l1分钟零1秒跑完全程的肯尼亚人。第21,244名运动员是一位越战老兵。他用了3天9小时37分钟跑完全程。没有双腿的他坚持跑完了26．2英里。我和女儿在比赛的最初几分钟内超过了他．当时顿觉勇气倍增，定要跑完全程。
别听旁人说你不能实现自己的目标。谁说你不比你的竞争对手更坚强、更努力、更能干?
要知道，所谓目标就是有最后限期的梦想：写成文字，可测量，可确认，可实现。
4．想方设法显得与众不同。在我看来，纽约大多数的出租车司机即使不算无礼透顶．至
少也是不友好的。车辆大都十分肮脏，几乎所有的车都触目地装有难以穿透的防弹隔离装置。
可近日我在拉瓜迪亚机场跳上了一辆出租车，你猜怎么样?车子竟然干干净净。放着优美的音乐，而且没有隔离装置。
“请到帕克街酒店，”我对司机说。他笑容满面地说：“你好，我叫沃利，”他说着递给我一份保证书。一份保证书!上面写着他将安全、札貌、准时地将我送到目的地。
车开后，他拿出几份报纸说：“请随意翻阅。”他还让我随意品尝后座篮子里的水果。接着他又拿出手机说：“您要是想打电话，每分钟1美元。”
我大吃一惊，脱口问道：“你这么做有多久了?”他回答说：“有三、四年了。”
“我知道不该问，”我说，“可是，你能多挣多少小费?”
“一年12．000到14，000美元左右，”他得意地回答说。
他不知道他成了我心目中的英雄。他就是一个生动的例证，说明你总是可以争取到成功的机会。
我的良师益友柯特·卡尔森是明尼苏达州的首富，拥有一家酒店和旅行社，营业收入约达90亿美元。一次我要去纽约赴会，柯特慷慨地请我乘坐他的私人飞机。碰巧那天明尼苏达州遭受多年不遇的暴风雪袭击。明尼阿波利斯·圣保罗国际机场几十年来第一次关闭。
• • •
虽然暴风雪仍在肆虐，机场还是特地为小型飞机清出了一条跑道。我们正在跑道上滑行准各起飞时，柯特转过头来兴奋地说：“看哪，哈维，雪地上没有痕迹啊!”
柯特·卡尔森，当时年届70，富甲一方，竟然还会因为自己是第一个而如此兴奋。
在我看来，这些正是关键之所在，准备去赢。永不中断学习。相信自己，哪怕没人相信你。想方设法显得与众不同。然后就出发，在雪地上留下你自己的足迹。
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