新世纪大学英语综合教程3第八单元作者介绍

第一篇：新世纪大学英语综合教程3第八单元作者介绍

大学英语综合教程3第八单元作者介绍

Ford Motor began a manufacturing revolution with its mass production assembly lines in the early 1900s.Now the company has firmly established its status as one of the world’s largest makers of cars and trucks.It makes vehicles with such brands as Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury.Among its biggest successes are the redesigned Ford Mustang and F-Series pickup.Ford owns a 33% stake in Mazda and also controls the Land Rover, Jaguar, and Volvo nameplates through Premier Automotive Group.The Ford family owns about 40% of the company’s voting stock.So far General Motors(GM)has steered around competitors to remain the world’ s No.1 maker of cars and trucks, with brands such as Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Pontiac, Saab, and Saturn.GM also produces cars through its Holden, Opel, and Vauxhall units.GM also has stakes in Suzuki Motor, and GM Daewoo Auto & Technology.Subsidiary GMAC provides financing.GM has been selling off non-core assets including stakes in Fiat and Fuji Heavy Industries(Subaru), as well as its locomotive manufacturing business.Like its US counterparts Ford Motor and Chrysler, GM is in the midst of restructuring its sprawling North American operations.Wal-Mart Stores is an irresistible(or at least unavoidable)retail force that has yet to meet any immovable objects.Bigger than Europe’s Carrefour, Tesco, and Metro AG combined, it is the world’s No.1 retailer, with about 6,775 stores, including some 1,075 discount stores, 2,250 combination discount and grocery stores, and 580 warehouse stores(SAM’S CLUB).About 60% of its stores are in the US, but Wal-Mart is expanding internationally;it is the No.1 retailer in Canada and Mexico.It owns a majority stake in Japanese retailer SEIYU.Wal-Mart also has operations in Asia, Europe, and South America.Founder Sam Walton’s heirs own about 40% of Wal-Mart.Kmart is a chain of department stores in the United States, Puerto Rico and Guam.The chain merged with Sears in 2005, creating the Sears Holdings Corporation.Kmart also exists in Australia and New Zealand as Kmart Australia, although it now shares no current relation with the American stores except in name after US equity in the Australian business was purchased in the late 1970s.

第二篇：新世纪大学英语综合教程3课文翻译1-6

译文

第一单元 友谊的真谛

米歇尔·E·多伊尔

马克·K·史密斯 我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。在某一情境下，我们会把某个人称为朋友；然而，情境一旦变迁，朋友这个称呼就显得没那么贴切了。因此，人们对友谊的真谛的理解往往是非常肤浅的。为了帮助我们理解友谊的真正含义，我们需要回顾有关友谊的几种传统的看法。

一种传统的友谊观在古希腊著名的哲学家亚里士多德的著作里得以阐述。他将自己心目中真正的友谊同另外两种友谊截然分开。这两种友谊分别是：基于互利的友谊；基于愉悦的友谊。因此，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们可以将友谊分为三类：

建立在功利之上的友谊。|功利并非永恒，它依照环境而变化。友谊的根基一旦消失，友谊也随之破灭。这类友谊似乎在老人之间最为常见，因为上了年纪的人需要的不是愉悦而是实用。基于功利的友谊也同样存在于追逐个人利益的中年人和青年人中。这些人不会在一起消磨时光，因为他们有时甚至不喜欢对方，因而觉得除非可以互相利用，否则没有交往的必要。只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时

候，才会乐于呆在一起。

建立在愉悦之上的友谊。|年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。然而，他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化，他们交友容易，分手也干脆。年轻人的态度变化无常，甚至一日数变，难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始，又匆匆地结束。

建立在美德之上的友谊。|完美无瑕的友谊立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间建立的友谊才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行为是相同的，或者是类似的。爱和友谊多半在品行高尚的人之间发生，而且以最高雅的形式出现。这种友谊是罕见的，需要时间，需要交

往。常言道，真正的朋友必须同甘共苦，历经风雨。只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并获得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友谊却要慢慢培养。

另一种传统的友谊观可以在古罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗的著作里找到。西塞罗认为，真正的友谊只能在好人之间发生。他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”好人之间建立的这种友谊立足于美德，它确实可以带来物质利益，但决不以追求物质利益为目标。人类生活在以共同的理想为基础的社会。因此，在处理朋友关系和其他人际关系时，优越于他人的人必须平等地对待那些没那么幸运的人。美德创造友谊，美德使友谊之树常青。

我们由此可以看出，传统的友谊观由三个要素构成：朋友以相伴为乐；朋友必须彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事业。这些传统的友谊观告诉我们，两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的，因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德。因此，认识朋友就是认识自我，了解朋友就是了解自我。可 1 以说朋友就好比是一面镜子，每个人都可以从朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我们会对美德达成共识，共同为之不遗余力。这样的友谊是永恒的，因为朋友应该具备的一切品质都凝结在这种友谊关系中。

第二单元 你的爱有多深 有人认为爱如浮云 有人认为爱坚强如铁

有人认为爱是一种生活方式 有人认为爱是一种感觉 有人说爱要执着 有人说爱不要约束 有人说爱是生命的全部 有人说不知道爱为何物

在我们生命中的某个阶段，我们会经历难以名状的情 感。这种情感只能体会，无法用语言描述。莫大的喜悦伴随着丝丝的伤感一同降临，这就是爱。

在紧张忙碌的生活中，我们竟能找到时间，沉湎于感情之中，这的确令人感佩。然而，此时我想知道：我们是否懂得爱到底有多么深刻。记得上学的时候，我迷恋的对象真是数不清：我的数学老师、邻居的儿子、好朋友的弟弟，还有另外一些因为眼睛的颜色、胡子的形状或走路的姿势而让我倾慕的人。年少时的爱慕，不会带来伤害，如肥皂泡一样转瞬即逝。那些稚气、大胆的想法和行为，现在想来大可一笑了之。但是，在那时，对我来说，没有比恋爱更重要的事了。接着就进入了真正“谈”情“说”爱的阶段。

我在女子学校学习，和男孩子交往的机会寥寥无几，因此，我热切地期待着我们学校和男子学校举办的交谊会。交谊会上，一群精心打扮的年轻男子毫无顾忌地盯着我们。这三个小时中的点点滴滴，成了我们在以后四个星期中足够的谈资，我们在议论时，心情澎湃。即使是在那个时候，我也没有真正交男朋友的需要。

在我的成长岁月中，不知何故，我相信爱情该来的时候自然会来。事实果真如此。当我有了稳定的工作，有了长期的计划和比较安定的生活（我现在还不到25岁呢！）时，爱情降临了。我也比较成熟了，能够步入不贪图许多回报而需要大量付出的感情关系。

我的爱情是在友谊这块地基上建起的高楼大厦。爱情经过旷日持久的培养才开花。我和我的恋人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互关心，投入了丰富的感情，才使爱情发展到今天。爱情意味着情投意合。你也许会说，我属于浪漫的传统派。但是，依我看，爱情需要培养。我们必须把爱情同强烈而短暂的激情或身体的愉悦区别开来。

我们的父辈，接受了理想爱情的灌输。那是一个约束、压抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。长裙、娴静质朴的外表、卷曲的长发、恬静的气质、羞怯的目光——这一切常使人想起一个消逝久远的年代。那个年代，男女之间的距离无论如何都有助于维持爱情以及恋爱关系的神圣性。

年轻的一代人，由于观念开放，随着男女之间交往界线的消退，他们便急于赶浪头，匆忙恋爱，以至于难以区分身体的互相吸引与心灵的相投。我们从媒体中接触到的人和事，使我们的感情历程大大加速，要想慢慢地体会自己的感受，确实需要付出努力。

学校里的青少年在全然没有感情的关系中所背负的感情包袱，令我深感难过。也许有些人会把他们目前的感情状况归结为同龄人之间所施加的压力。但是，可曾有任何人停下来想一想同龄人之间的压力来自何处？我们是否尝试着弄清楚是谁造成了这样的转变？可曾有人费神去研究青少年的心理呢？

从这一代人处理个人生活的方式上，我们很容易看出他们的思想倾向。跟从前相比，现在有更多的情感在欲望的压力下扭曲。他们更注重外表的美丽而忽视内在的魅力。两性交往随便了，亲密无间却少了；激情多了，感情却少了；个人获得的多了，相互间分享的少了；寻机

获利的现象多了，无私的奉献少了。简而言之，“自我”多了，爱的分享少了。在这个竞争激烈的年代，我们已经变得麻木不仁，将恋爱的实质抛于脑后。作为恋爱中的人，不只是意味着把红色的玫瑰花和五毛钱一张的卡片送给恋人，我们要做的事情还很多。我们将自己的时间、陪伴、支持和友谊作为礼物送给自己的恋人了吗？我们是否确定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真诚地做好每一件事？我们是否先在情感上成熟起来，再尽情地追求爱情？我们是否给自己、给他人足够的时间和空间以巩固恋情的发展？我们是否为了追求有意义的、永恒的友谊而不遗余力？我们是否履行了自己的承诺？我们是否将自己的精力和感情倾注于终生不渝的关系而不是浪费在朝秦暮楚的关系中？

人的生命只有一次，我们必须去体验能使我们更为坚强的每件事。真正的爱情一生只有一次。我们任由轻佻的行为令自己身心疲惫，当真正的爱情到来时，我们却没有能力伸开双臂迎接它的降临。

第三单元

追求以公众利益为宗旨的幸福

在过去的50年里，我们西方国家的经济获得了史无前例的增长。我们的家园、车辆、假期、工作、教育，尤其是健康，均得以改善。依据标准经济理论，这些改善原本应该使我们更加幸福，然而，调查显示并非如此。英国人和美国人接受幸福程度的调查时说，在过去的50年里，他们的幸福程度并没有得到改善。抑郁症患者人数上升，同时犯罪率大幅增长也说明了人们对生活的不满足。

上述事实对我们个人以及社会优先考虑的诸多事情都提出了挑战。事实上，我们现在的处境是人类从未经历过的。当大多数人还在为温饱发愁时，物质条件的改善的确能令他们幸福一些。富庶国家（比如，人均年收入在两万美元以上）的人民比贫穷国家的人民幸福一些；而贫穷国家的人民，如果稍微富裕，也会幸福得多。然而，物质上的匮乏一旦消除，收入的增加便不如亲情、友情、邻里和睦等人际关系那么重要。但是，我们在追求更高的收入时牺牲了太多这样的关系，这很危险。

渴望幸福是人类本性的核心。人人都渴望这样一个社会：人们尽可能地幸福，每个人的幸福同等重要。这应当是我们这个时代的人生哲学，应当用来指导公共利益的维护准则和每个人 3 的行为，应当逐渐取代无法使我们更加幸福的极端的个人主义。

金钱的确是影响个人幸福的关键因素之一。但是，金钱本身能使我们最终获得幸福吗？在任何一个社会，富人往往比穷人幸福。然而，当一个西方国家越来越富有的时候，其人民的幸福程度在总体上并未得到改善。随着时间的推移，我们的标准和期望随着收入的增加而上升。盖洛普民意测验每年都向美国人提问：“一个四口之家至少需要多少钱才能在这个国家生活下去？”人们说出的数字上升的幅度与平均收入增加的幅度是一样的。因为人们总是拿自己的收入和他人的收入以及他们惯于拥有的收入相比较，只有当他们认为和平均水准相比有所上升时才感到幸福。

这一过程反而达不到预期的目的。我努力工作、赚更多钱的动力是：这会使我更幸福一些。其他的社会成员也同样如此，他们也关注自己相对的生活标准。既然社会整体无法以自己为参照物而提高自己的地位，那么社会成员为使自己更加幸福所付出的努力可以说是一种浪费

—— 当休闲与工作的天平偏向工作时，工作是“没有效率”的。

为了进一步证实这一论点，我从社会地位方面加以说明。人的地位可能来源于所挣得的收入或所花费的金钱。人们工作，至少部分原因是为了提高自己的地位。然而，地位是一种等级体系：第一，第二，第三，等等，所以当一个人的地位提高了，其他人的地位就同等程度地下降。这是一种得失平衡的游戏：从整个社会看，为了提高地位而牺牲个人的生活，是一种浪费。因此，永无止境的竞争极具破坏性：我们在追求一种总体不变的东西时失去了家庭生活和平和的心境。

在某种意义上，人们最渴望的是尊重。他们追求经济地位因为它可以赢来尊重。但是，我们可以重视也可以轻视经济地位。在一个竞争日益激烈的社会，如果我们不放宽尊重的标准，社会上能力偏低的人会感到生活更加艰辛。我们应该尊重那些同他人一起合作而自己没有获益的人，那些在各个阶层上施展才能、努力工作的人。因此，让每个人都能学会一种本领尤为重要。在英国，这意味着只要年轻人愿意，一定要确保他们每个人都学会手艺，使那些学业不成功的人也能在职业生涯中感到自豪，不会在长大成人时觉得自己是失败者。

人与人之间难免产生比较，因为等级体系的存在是必要的，不可避免的。有些人得到晋升，而另一些人却没有。此外，职位得以晋升的人薪水也要提高，因为他们有才华，雇主也乐意招贤纳士。所以，在人们挑选工作和选择雇主的关键时刻，薪水作为一个重要因素影响着他们的决定。存在的问题是，大部分的职业没有客观的标准来衡量个人的业绩，所以事实上只能拿一个人同自己的同事作比较才能得到评估。然而，这种等级评定的方法非常主观，从根本上改变了雇员与顾主、雇员与同事之间的合作关系。

如果我们渴望一个更加幸福的社会，我们就应该着重强调人们所珍视的经历——首要的是亲情关系、工作关系和邻里关系，人们珍视这些经历并非因为别人拥有它们，而是因为这些经历拥有内在的价值。我们当前享受的充分的舒适和安逸，看来有可能使我们的生活幸福一些，可是人与人之间关系的恶化又有可能降低了我们的幸福程度。

我们生活在一个空前的个人主义的时代。许多人都感到最重要的责任是充分发挥自己的才干，挖掘自己的潜力。这是一个可怕的、孤单的目标。当然，他们也感受到自己应该对他人承担的责任，但是在西方国家，这些责任缺乏一套清晰的理念。无论是古老的、虔诚的世界 4 观，还是战后社会的团结精神和国家的凝聚意识，皆荡然无存。我们全然丧失了公共利益或集体意义的概念。

我们要想幸福一些，必须在改变外在环境的同时改变我们内在的态度。我说的是一种永恒的人生哲学，它能使我们在自身找到积极的力量同时也能发现他人身上蕴涵的积极因素。这种对他人和自己怀有的同情心，是可以学会的，学校应该将这种同情心教给学生。每个城市都应该有这样的政策：在年轻人中间推广更健康的人生哲学，帮助他们区别肤浅的快乐和真正的幸福。

因此，我希望在这个新的世纪我们最终能够把人类的最大幸福当作我们的公益观。这可能有两个结果。这种人生观可以明确地指导政策的制定，但是更重要的是，在日常的生活中，它会激励我们因为别人幸福而感到更大的快乐，同时帮助他人获得更大的幸福。只有这样，我们才不会以自我为中心，才会更加幸福。

第四单元 如何变老

尽管文章的标题是“如何变老”，真正要谈的却是如何不老。在我这个年纪，讨论“如何不老”，着实更为重要。首要的一条忠告是，要慎重地选择祖先。虽然我的父母皆属早逝，但是考虑到我其他的祖先，我的选择尚好。我的外祖父在六十七岁风华正茂时早逝，这是事实，可我的外祖母，还有我的祖父、祖母，都活到了八十多岁。在那些与我血缘关系稍疏些的祖先中，我只发现有一位不长寿的，他死于一种当前罕见的病：被砍了头。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，活到九十二岁，其精神状态之好自始至终都让子孙们敬畏，一直到她撒手人寰的那天。我的外祖母，生养了十个孩子，其中一个夭折，另外九个健康成长。此外，她还有过多次小产。她守寡之后，即刻投身于妇女的高等教育事业。她是格顿学院的创始人之一，为促使医疗事业向妇女敞开大门而不遗余力。她过去常讲这样的一个故事：她在意大利遇见一个满面哀伤的老绅士，便询问他为何如此忧伤，老绅士说刚刚和自己两个孙子道别。“天哪！”她叫道，“我有七十二个孙子孙女，如果和其中的一个分别一次就伤心一次，那我的生活岂不太凄惨了！”“非同寻常的母亲啊！”老绅士回答道。

但是，作为七十二子孙中的一员，我更喜欢她的这一处世秘诀。外祖母八十高龄后感到入睡有些困难，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三点这段时间阅读科普书籍。我想，她无暇顾及自己是否老了。我认为这就是保持年轻的秘诀。如果你拥有广泛的、自己钟爱的兴趣和活动，又能从中体会自己老当益壮，你就没有理由从那些只有在统计学中才有意义的数字上考虑生命已经度过多少春秋，更没有理由担忧自己的未来也许很短暂。

说到健康，我很少生病，因此无法提供有用的建议。我随心所欲地吃喝，不能清醒时就睡觉。我做任何事情都不是因为这些事情对健康有利。不过，我喜欢做的事情实际上大多都有益于健康。

就心理而言，老年人应慎防两种危险。其一就是过度地沉湎于过去。人不能活在记忆中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而怅然若失中，也不能生活在缅怀已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必须放在未来上，想想可以有所作为的事情。这并非一件轻而易举的事：一个人经历的往事，渐渐变成一个沉重的包袱。人们很容易以为过去的情感比现在强烈，过去的头脑也比现在敏锐。倘若真的如此，我们就要忘却这个事实；如果忘却了这个事实，事实也许就不再是事实 5 了。

另一种要提防的危险是：依恋年轻人，希望从他们的勃勃生机中汲取活力。当你的孩子已长大成人，他们就想过自己的生活；如果你仍像他们小时候那样关注他们，你很可能就成了他们的包袱。动物在下一代能够自食其力时就不再给予关注；人类因幼年时期较长而很难做到这一点。

孩子已长大成人，叮嘱他们不犯错误已经没有意义，因为他们不再相信你的话，再说错误是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的兴趣无法摆脱个人感情的支配，你也许会发现，假如不关注子孙，生活就会空虚无望。在这种情况下，你必须意识到，虽然你仍可以给他们提供物质上的帮助，比如给他们一笔零花钱或为他们编织毛线外套，但是你绝不能期望他们会乐意和你呆在一起。

有些老人因害怕死亡而烦恼。年轻人有这种感受是可以理解的。年轻人害怕在战场上牺牲，这情有可原。他们认为，死亡会剥夺生活赋予的最美好的东西，这让他们深感痛苦。但是，饱尝人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潜力、实现了自己的抱负，倘若再对死亡产生恐惧之心，未免有些可耻。克服恐惧之心的最好的办法是 —— 至少我这样看 ——

开拓更广泛的、不局限于个人感情的兴趣，让包围自我的墙壁渐渐地消失，你的生活就渐渐融入人类的生活中。一个人的存在应该像一条河——初始为涓涓细流，裹在狭窄的岸

间，在岩石的缝隙中、在呼啸的瀑布上奔泻。河床渐渐变宽，河岸逐渐隐退，水流平缓，河水没有明显的停滞，最终融入海洋的怀抱，毫无痛苦地结束了独立个体的存在。上了年纪的人，倘若能以这种态度看待人生，就不会因为害怕死亡而不安，因为他所喜爱的一切将继续存在。而且，当生命力衰竭之时，疲惫感油然而生，长眠的念头并非令人厌恶。我希望在尚能劳作之时告别人世，知道他人会将我未竟的事业继续下去，同时回想这一生有可能做的事情，都尽力而为了，由此可以满意地安息了。

第五单元 网络教育

在最近的一次出差途中，有人问及我的职业，我说自己是从事编写和教授大学课程的。“哦？那在哪儿教书？”他问道。我不假思索，老老实实地答道：“虚无空间里”。

我说的是实情。1990年起，我就在被朋友称作“键盘大学”里教远程学位教育课程并提供辅导。我的课堂是在充满电荷的空间里，其间一端连着我的电话插座，另一端连着一群年龄偏大的大学生家里的电脑。

1990年，我筹建了美国第一个远程学习者在线辅导中 心。迄今为止，我已在线辅导了7000多个学生，其中只有几个人不及格，而我本人却从未与他们谋面。

由于无法更清楚地解释我的工作环境，我只能告诉这位问话者：我在虚拟空间教书，“是个虚拟大学的教师。”我试着向他解释“远程教育······在线学位课程······虚拟大学”等

等。

那人的脸上仍旧一片茫然。我不清楚他沉默不语到底是因肃然起敬所致，还是纯粹对此稀里糊涂。我猜想两个原因都有。于是，我就开始解释这些天来经常解释的事情：我认为，美国 6 的大学教育在衰退，而美国的教育新思维正在兴起。

远程教学（即师生不用谋面的教育课程）并不是件新生事物。英国巴斯大学的艾塞克·彼特曼爵士曾突发奇想，让乡村居民把圣经转换成速记文字，然后邮寄给他评阅，以这种办法教会他们文秘技能。1840年他就开始实施，从中赚取了大笔的金钱。我并不教速记，我教心理学和职业拓展。但还是和艾塞克爵士一样，很多课程是自己编写的。我的岗位是在万维网，我把作业张贴在电子布告栏上，把批阅过的试卷用电子邮件通过国际电话线发送出去，而且免交关税；必要时，把班级学生召集起来，在网上聊天室里在线讲课。

难道这种方式能够摒弃现实中的大学教育吗？学生难道不用整齐地坐在教室里聆听老师——讲坛上的圣人——讲课就能学到知识吗？

绝对可以，毫无疑问。事实上，很多人都认为没有校园的大学难以想象，可我现在却以为不在网络空间这块充满自由氛围的地方教书才是匪夷所思呢。

在网络空间里，我倾听、阅读、评价、思考学生们表述的观点——一次一个，轮流发言。他们必须书面把见解传输给我，他们不能坐在后排座位上，无所事事地打发时光。他们必须思考，最令他们头疼的是，他们必须写作。思考与写作，那不就是传统教育培养出来的人才所具备的特质吗？

我不是凭借他们的脸庞或是他们在宽敞教室里所坐位置来认识我的学生，而是通过他们每周作业里的文字和观点了解他们。这些文字与观点大家都能在线读到。我不是讲坛上的圣人——我更像是他们身边的向导。通常，学生们之间“说”的或写的东西、把自己工作和职业体会融入论文和辩论的方式，比起我能够提供的任何东西都更加实用，更有启迪性。

我学生的年龄一般是四十岁，还有不少五六十岁。他们通过网络来上学。因为他们不能或者不愿意辞去工作、离开儿女或孙辈们搬进大学校园——那样的大学无非就是一个依照中世纪修道院模式建立起来的教育实体。

他们大多数了解自己所谈论的东西，不仅如此，他们清楚自己为何返回大学学习。网络教育适合他们，因为网络教育尊重学员界定知识和追求知识的能力，鼓励他们抒发自己的观点和见解，没有教师干扰，因为教师可能会情不自禁地介入他们的争论，把原本很有启发性的课堂讨论“平息”或者“引到别的话题上去”。

学生们体验到的东西完全不同于依照传统工厂模式运作的美国教育。在传统教育中，生产线上的每个人接收到相同标准单位的信息（讲座和教材），然后必须通过同一质量检查（客观考试）。学生们坐在整齐排列的座位上，举手请求允许后才发言，不断地看着钟表学课本、听讲座，课本和讲座被分解成不相关联的知识玩意儿。没有证据显示，这样的工厂模式是有效的学习途径，而只能证明这是一种很便利的方式：大学在成绩报告单上记录下标准份量的知识已如期地传授。

或许，在虚拟环境下教大学文科课程对我来说特别有意义，因为它可以追溯到我当年所了解到的真正的大学文科教育。在希腊雅典研读哲学时，老师教导我，要学到东西就得扔掉课本和笔记本这些不过是记忆工具的东西，要依赖我们与生俱来的本领进行批判性思考。

我的网络学生的确是有教材，但那都是学习的辅助材料，不是他们汲取知识的唯一源泉。他们还将从网上辩论、会议和论文写作的合作中学到知识。学生们要为发言认真思考；他们每周来上课时，充分准备好辩论，通过键盘上的交流获取真知。

说也奇怪，虚拟大学兴许正是柏拉图这样的古典哲学家喜欢授课的地方——假如他那个时期有因特网的话。你问我本人的意见？我也认为教育应该比较少地在校园里开展，而更多地应该在参与者的脑子里进行。

第六单元 文化冲击

我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。

文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方式方法：与人会面时何时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人说的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语

言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你的心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境：“我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。”当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时 ——

可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美化美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛在了脑后，只记得故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。

人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感”，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来，因此任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结为民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外 8 却被视为一种民族特性：他那样做并非因为他是乔·多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，外国人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。

你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式，你同时就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。

接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。

你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。

有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们也会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式。

作文

第一单元

1.Bob and I became brother-like friends in our childhood.We played, dined and discussed our ambitions together.Once grown up, he started for the West to make his fortune while I became a policeman in New York.Before his departure, we had dinner together and we agreed that we would meet at the same place exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.Then came the day we were supposed to meet.I was on my beat then.Walking up to the appointed place which had been turned into a hardware store, I saw a man standing there with an unlighted cigar in his mouth.Before I could speak, he told me that he was waiting for a friend by the name of Jimmy Wells.When he struck a match to light his cigar, I saw a pale face with keen eyes and a scar.I recognized him immediately.It was Bob, and it was also the face of the man wanted by the Chicago Police.For a moment I felt like telling him to escape right away.After all, we had been friends for so many years and he had traveled all the way to see me!But then my sense of duty told me the right thing to do.I said good-bye to him and continued my patrol, his last words still ringing in my ear: “I’ll wait for half an hour.Jimmy will keep his promise if he’s alive…” I then sent for a plain clothes man and had Bob arrested.2.An Important Friend in My Life Li Qiang, one of my classmates, is fun to be with.He is always wearing a broad smile as if life is forever“sunshine and butterflies”.One day, I revealed to him my worries and anxieties: I, an ordinary-looking girl, was 177 centimeters tall, even taller than any of the boys in my class.I thought no boy would like to date me.Besides, I was very poor at my academic courses.He suggested that I should learn to be myself and then he introduced me to a fashion show team of the university.Encouraged, I decided to change myself.After a 3-month training program on weekends, I could perform beautifully as a model, and surprisingly, I could concentrate on the required academic courses as well.The applauses I won at each fashion show and the scholarship I earned proved that being myself was terrific.Since then, my life has changed a lot.Thus, Li Qiang became an important friend of mine.Last semester, we began to help young people who suffer pressures from physical defects, academic failures or financial problems.We set up a Confidence Club.Those who come to us for help find our work definitely beneficial.Our friendship has led me into a sparkling, rewarding life.第二单元

1.Male-female relations are indispensable to adults all through their lives.But different generations handle them differently.Our parents’ generation lived in an era of constraints, restraints, respect, admiration, and plenty of romance.They kept a distance from people of the opposite gender in order to preserve the holiness of love and relationships.My generation, on the other hand, began with countless crushes for the opposite sex just because of their superficial charm.Harmless as it was, the love was as brief as soap bubbles.As we grew up, we came to the stage of developing real relationships, believing that love demanded a lot of give and not so much of take.By comparison, the younger generation is more open-minded and less restricted in handling the matter of love and relationships.They jump on the bandwagon of love with so much haste that it is difficult for them to distinguish between physical attraction and mental compatibilities.In short, the younger generation focuses more on physical beauty, closeness and passion, and they tend to seek what they want from the relationships.The other two generations give priority to inner charm, intimacy, emotion and sharing in dealing with relationships.2.What Do Girl Students Look for in Love and Life? In order to know about girl students’ opinion about love and life, a survey with girl students was conducted in 2005 in two universities — Chongqing University of Technology and Business and East China Normal University.The survey sought answers to two questions: What do you look for first in a boyfriend? What’s the most important thing for a happy life? About one third of the students chose personality as the top factor in choosing a boyfriend, followed by 27 percent focusing on abilities.Next came common interests and goals, favoured by 17 percent, with only 14 percent of students claiming appearance to be uppermost in their minds.Fewer still, 11 percent, rated economic status as the first consideration.As to their views about a happy life, nearly seventy percent of the girls attached the greatest importance to marriage and family.“Career” was given top priority by just under 20 percent, while even fewer, around 9 percent, believed that money was the key to a happy life.Based on the survey, we may conclude that nowadays, girl students generally hold a rational attitude towards love and life.Admittedly

第三单元

1.Man Does Not Live by Bread Alone No one would doubt the truth that man’s existence relies essentially on material things.We need them to get fed, clothed and sheltered.Once we are living near the breadline, we’ll feel frustrated and miserable.However, our contentment does not merely lie in material things.This is especially the case in modern times.The fast-developing economy has noticeably improved our lives and fulfilled most of our material needs.Then there comes the need of spiritual satisfaction, which is derived from good health, close friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and an enjoyable job.While material things may lose their charm over time, spiritual satisfaction will bring us lasting happiness.Therefore, to live a happy life, we should focus more on those things that meet our spiritual demands.After all, when our need for bread is met, happiness will not come unless we feel spiritually satisfied.2.I Really Made It I will never forget the awful feeling in my first Oral English class at college.I tried hard to listen to every word the teacher spoke, but what she was saying made no sense to me.Bitterly, I admitted that I was so poor at listening and speaking in English.I wept several times, cursing my middle school for failing to provide adequate listening and speaking practice.But finally I calmed down because the familiar words rang in my ears: There must be a way out.I had a rather solid foundation of English vocabulary and grammar.What was left for me to do was to increase my listening input and speaking output.I made it a rule that every morning I would do reading aloud by the campus lake for 40 minutes, and every evening I would stay in the language lab, listening to English for at least an hour.Then at the end of the second year came my happiest moment: I got the Scholarship for Academic Excellence.I wore a broad smile when the president granted me the award.I then came to realize that happiness can only be gained through hard work.第四单元

1.AIDS Across the Earth AIDS has killed and is threatening to kill millions all across the earth.Several million infections are reported by WHO each year.The virus does not care whether you are black or white, male or female, young or old.It will attack you as long as you are a human.Today, AIDS has become the leading killer of young adults and is turning the children whose parents suffer the disease into orphans.It is no exaggeration to say that we live under the shadow of AIDS.There are several possible causes for such a situation: unsafe sexual intercourse;sharing or reusing contaminated needles;transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products;an infected person’s pregnancy, giving birth and breastfeeding, etc.Unfortunately, our ignorance, prejudice and silence have carried the situation to a desperate extreme.Patients are isolated or treated as outcasts by their families and their communities.AIDS victims feel ashamed to be identified as such and try hard to hide their disease.For this reason, they cannot get immediate medical treatment.Our harmful attitudes towards the disease and its victims have actually placed more people at risk.In our fight against this deadly disease, we should educate people on how to avoid being infected with the disease and how to lead life and, more importantly, how to treat AIDS patients properly.Only in this way can we really bring AIDS under control.2.Why Do the Young Adults Kill Themselves? Young adults are in the prime of their lives and are supposed to pursue their dreams and enjoy themselves.Yet it was reported in the Guardian that suicide is the main cause of death among young adults in China.Why have so many young people ended their lives? Three factors are thought to account for the high suicide rate: increasing stress, loneliness and a lack of medical support for depression.The most pressing one, I think, is stress.Take my college life for example.From the first day I entered the university, I have been living under pressure.I used to worry that I could not quite fit into the campus life;I also feared that I might not catch up with my classmates in my studies or could not live up to my parents’ expectations.Now I am deeply concerned about whether I can find a desirable job after graduation.Endless pressures give rise to stress.Loneliness is another problem.Many young people find they just feel helpless when they are suffering intolerable sadness or frustration.Suicide is a great tragedy, especially for the young.If we can find ways to relieve them of their stress and offer timely help, we may save many young lives.第五单元

1.The Significance of Lifelong Education Decades ago, due to the low standard of living in China, only a small percentage of the nation's population could receive college education.Once given the opportunity, one would surely secure a well-paid and much-respected job, which he or she would probably do for a lifetime.Therefore, to secure a college degree used to be the ultimate goal of a person's education.Today, however, we are living in what is called a“knowledge society”, where creative ideas and innovations are generated at a fantastic speed.One must constantly renew one's knowledge and upgrade one's skills so as to meet the needs of the changing world.Moreover, at the stage of general education, it is pointless for a person to attempt to know everything.When one is required to settle down to be a specialist in a specific field, one has to make an in-depth study of the subject one is supposed to know.In this sense, general education can provide students with only a passport to lifelong education.As Robert Maynard Hutchins once said, the object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives.In my opinion, life in modern society is not only a process of“learning to live”but also a process of“living to learn”.The slogan“Live and Learn”can best reflect the concept of lifelong education.2.Should Family Schooling Exist? Meng Mu Tang, a private school in Shanghai, is modeled after the educational system of ancient Chinese home schools, which favored rote memorization and recitation of classic works.But the local education authorities in Shanghai have declared it illegal according to a report in 21st Century.Should family schooling exist? What role should it play? In my opinion, family schooling should be permitted to play a positive role in the current educational system in China.Every family should be free to choose the form of education that best suits their children's interests and natural gifts.Although the existing education system in China has remarkably improved, it does not fit each child perfectly.Since family schooling provides a means to develop a person's talents and unique interest, Meng Mu Tang, as a private school geared to a specific group of children, should not be banned in haste.In view of the current dynamic, quality-minded educational reforms in China, we should permit family schooling to enrich and diversify our educational system.On the other hand, home schooling should adapt itself to the modern world.To prepare children for the future, it should equip them with knowledge and innovative power so that they can cope with the development of the modern world.While tapping children's innate talents on an individual basis, family schooling should never neglect their all-round development.Meng Mu Tang may not be a perfect private school, but we should let it live and have a try so that family schooling may eventually become an indispensable component of our formal education.第六单元

1.My Views on Cultural Differences In my opinion, cultural differences have more advantages than disadvantages.First of all, it is cultural differences that make our world so colorful.If you go to a foreign country, you will be impressed not only by its physical environment but also by its cultural environment — its foods, clothes, customs, social practices, etc.Differences between cultures have always been a source of joy and inspiration.Secondly, differences in culture enrich human civilization.Different cultures compete with as well as learn from each other.Roman culture was modeled on Greek culture, which had once borrowed a lot from Egyptian culture.American culture is also a blend of many different cultures.Thirdly, differences in culture give each culture its unique identity.A culture is usually seen in relation to other cultures.Chinese culture distinguishes itself from others by its peculiar concepts and things that can hardly be found elsewhere.Of course, cultural differences may cause conflicts and misunderstandings.But interdependence, common interests and mutual goals of different nations always outweigh differences in culture.Nations with different cultures should learn from each other and live peacefully together.To this end, we should be more tolerant to other cultures while preserving, protecting and developing our own.2.My Views on the Influence of Western Culture On weekends, I gather with my friends at MacDonald's or KFC.We eat fried chicken, drink Coco-cola and talk about the latest release of Hollywood movies.We read foreign novels, listen to Western music and watch NBA.We admire Bill Gates, George Michael and Princess Diana.We dress ourselves in the Western style and celebrate Christmas and Valentine's Day.Our way of life has thus changed.Indeed, the influence of Western culture is strongly felt in our everyday life.This influence in turn prepares us well to blend into the modern world and participate in the world market competition.But we should not ignore its side effects.Our national culture may gradually lose its ground if our attention is focused only upon Western culture.In following the trend of globalization we should maintain our own cultural identity, cherish our cultural tradition and develop our own culture.What Mahatma Gandhi once said can best sum up my views on the influence of Western culture:“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed.I want the cultures of all the lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible.But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.” 14

第三篇：新世纪大学英语综合教程3表达总结(完整版)

读写译表达总结

UNIT 1（1）There is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for 缺乏社会公认的标准

（2）in one setting, in another 在某种情况下,在另一种情况下

（3）distinguish between 辨别

（4）break up 打破

(5)the ground for...的根基

（6）seem to似乎

（7）own advantage 个人利益

（8）feel no need of 觉得没有必要

（9）take pleasure in（doing）sth 以（做）某事为乐（10）the opportunity of the moment 当下的机会

（11)fall in and out of陷入，走出

（12）in the highest form 最高形式的（13）trials and tribulations艰难困苦

（14）as the saying goes常言道

（15)leave no question无损于

（16）have the courage of one’s(own)convictions 有勇气去做或说出自己认为正确的事

（17）be made up of three components由三部分构成（18）be under arrest被逮捕

（19）cast an eye over粗略地看一下

（20）check up on核实

（21）lose track of失去联系的（22）make a fortune大赚一笔

（23）tear down拆除

UNIT 2（1）beyond /defy description难以描述

（2）yearn/thirst for渴望

（3）indulge in（使自己）沉溺于

（4）let it go任由

（5）at some stage or the other in our lives在人生某阶段

（6）defy definition无法被定义

（7）an overwhelming joy一个巨大的喜悦

（8）matters of the heart情感之事

（9）puppy love（少男、少女）对（年龄较大的）异性的短暂痴情

（10）well-groomed young gentlemen打扮入时的年轻绅士

（11）long-term长期的（12）more or less或多或少

（13）A was a magnificent building I built on the foundation of B.It took time to blossom.It took a lot of C,loads of D and E，and plenty of.......A是我在B的基础上建立的宏伟建筑（用于写B的必要性！）

（14）be fed lavishly with满怀

（15）bygone era过去的时代

（16）jump on the bandwagon of赶浪头，随大流

（17）physical attraction身体吸引力

（18）mental compatibilities精神上的兼容性

（19）peer pressure同侪压力

（20）harden ourselves强化自己

（21）object of affection爱的对象

（22）set priorities in设置优先级

（23)let sb.loose(on sth.)让.....任意（放手）行动

（24）frivolous acts轻佻的行为

（25）in short简言之

（26）state of affairs事态，情势

（27）fit into（使）适合（28）grow used to习惯于....的（29)in the course of在.....过程中

（30）in vain徒劳（31）a green hand生手

UNIT 4（2）（1）propose a recipe for为....提供秘诀

（2）at an advanced age在年老的的年纪

（3）provide insights into the issue of就...话题提出自己的见解

（4）at my time of life在我这个年纪

（5）my first advice would be...我的第一个建议将是

（6）in this respect=from this perspective在这一方面

（7）as regards有关，关于

（8）cut off夭折

（9）in the flower of one’s youth风华正茂

（10）to one’s last day在人生最后一天

（11）inquire the cause of询问...的原因

（12）part from别离

（13）popular science科普

（14）on the ground that以....作为理由

（15）guard against警惕

（16）undue absorption in过度沉迷于

（17）in regrets for遗憾于

（18）in sadness about哀伤于

（19）suck vigor from汲取活力

（20）cling to=attach to依附

（21）become indifferent to漠不关心于

（22）it is no use无用

（23）be incapable of没有能力....（24）concern oneself with使担心

（25）render sb.sth给予某人某物

（26）be oppressed by被...所压抑

（27）bit by bit渐而渐之

（28）A becomes increasingly merged in B A渐渐融入到B中

（29）carry on 进行

（30）in the hope of希望

（31）bring...to an end使结束

（32）make room for腾出地方

（33）set aside不顾

UNIT 5（3）think highly of=place a high value on高度重视

（2）a answer came out of one’s mouth回答

（3）older than average超过平均水平

（4）for want of=for lack of由于缺乏

（5）one’s face remained as blank as a clear summer sky形容某人茫然的样子（6）be the case是事实

（7）hit upon the idea of想到...点子

（8）dispense with使成为不必要，省掉

（9）twiddle one’s thumbs闲得无聊

（10）as the clock ticks away随着时间流逝

（11）incorporate A into B把A并入B（12）more than a few不少

（13）model after仿造

（14）assembly line流水线

（15）liberal arts文科

（16）make sense有意义

（17）oddly enough奇怪的是（引出反方观点）

（18）in favor of支持

（19）hold in store储存，即将发生

（20）A must be based upon the hope for B A必须建立在对B的希望上

（21）to this end为此

（22）turn one’s back on the past漠视过去

（23）it is one’s noble task是...的神圣使命

（24）in accordance with与...相一致

（25）name just a few举几个例子

（26）with the rapid changes brought about by随着由...所带来的急剧变化

（27）general education通识教育

（28）first and foremost首先,也是最重要的（29）A provides the passport to B，but also lays the foundations for C A不仅能为B提供通行证，还能为C奠定基础

（30）is still the norm仍是主流

（31）last，but far from least最后但并非最不重要的（32）bring back使想起

（33）go after追求

（34）in turn依次轮流

（35）reflect on反省，回想

（36）step in介入

（37）call for需要，提倡

（38）cry out for迫切需要

（39）get...out of从...得到...（40)lend itself to适用于，有助于

（41）so to speak打个比方说

（42）try out试验

（43）absent-mindedness 心不在焉 UNIT 6（4）culture shock文化冲击

（2）A is precipitated by B that results from....由于...造成的B促成了A（3）the thousand and one=many（4）orient oneself to使自己熟悉（新情况）

（5）make purchases购物

（6）peace of mind宁静的心境

（7）a fish out of water不得其所的人

（8）irrationally glorified非理性地被美化

（9）in an effort to get over A,there is some value in knowing something about B 为了克服A，有价值去了解B（10）by means of用，依靠

（11）adapt oneself to使自己适应

（12）identify oneself/sb.with sb./sth与某人/某事物密切相关

（13）at times有时偶尔

（14）role playing角色扮演

（15）as such同样地

（16）build up增进加强

（17）enter into进入

（18）open up展示，打开

（19）from head to toe从头到脚

（20）hold one’s breath屏住呼吸

（21）on the....side颇为...有点...（22）win over说服

UNIT 8（1）A is often described as B A常被描述为B那样

（2）dog-eat-dog rivalries损人利己的竞争

（3）be fueled by被...所激起

（4）the law of the jungle丛林法则

（5）survival of the fittest适者生存

（6)in contrast相反，与此比较

（7）pull together（一群人）通力合作

（8）excel at擅长于

（9）as a result of由于

（10）A would be impossible without B没有B，A也将不可能出现

（11）in a genuine sense 从真正的意义上讲

（12）satisfy demands满足需求

（13）have one’s own roles to play有自己的角色扮演

（14）A is an unequaled example of B A是B的一个无与伦比的例子

（15）compete for为..角逐

（16）compete against sb.for sth为...与...竞争

（17）A is inseparable from B A与B不可分割

（18）it follows that于是出现了…的结果

（19）bid for出价，投标

（20）in exchange for调换

（21）differs fundamentally from有本质差异

（22）beat up暴打

（23）fellow employees同事

（24）all manner of=all kinds of（25）repeat customers回头客

（26）A is indeed a hallmark of B A是B的一个显著标志

（27）at the expense of在损失或损坏某事物的情况下

（28)strive to努力

（29）better off富裕的（30）far from远非

（31）in combination with与...结合（32）leave aside搁置一边，撇开不考虑

（33）on one’s guard against保持警惕

（34）subject to使接受，使遭受

（35）take...lightly淡然，不重视

（36）work on（sth）从事于，对...起作用，设法说服

第四篇：大学英语课文翻译答案(新世纪综合教程3)

大学英语课文翻译答案(新世纪综合教程3)BOOK 3 Unit 1 What is Friendship?

Michele E.Doyle&Mark K.Smith The text is excerpted and adapted from “Friendship: Theory and Experience” written by Michele E.Doyle & Mark K.Smith.It appears in The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education(2002).When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend.In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend;in another, the label may seem less appropriate.Therefore, people tend to have a very thin understanding of what friendship really means.To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship.友谊的真谛

米歇尔·E·多伊尔 马克·K·史密斯 我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。在某一情境下，我们会把某个人称为朋友；然而，情境一旦变迁，朋友这个称呼就显得没那么贴切了。因此，人们对友谊的真谛的理解往往是非常肤浅的。为了帮助我们理解友谊的真正含义，我们需要回顾有关友谊的几种传统的看法。

One classical view of friendship is provided by Aristotle, the famous ancient Greek philosopher.Aristotle distinguishes between what he believes to be genuine friendships and two other forms: one based on mutual usefulness, the other on pleasure.So, according to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:

一种传统的友谊观在古希腊著名的哲学家亚里士多德的著作里得以阐述。他将自己心目中真正的友谊同另外两种友谊截然分开。这两种友谊分别是：基于互利的友谊；基于愉悦的友谊。因此，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们可以将友谊分为三类：close3RT Friendship based on utility.Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances.When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up.Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility.Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage.Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful.They take pleasure in each other's company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.建立在功利之上的友谊。功利并非永恒，它依照环境而变化。友谊的根基一旦消失，友谊也随之破灭。这类友谊似乎在老人之间最为常见，因为上了年纪的人需要的不是愉悦而是实用。基于功利的友谊也同样存在于追逐个人利益的中年人和青年人中。这些人不会在一起消磨时光，因为他们有时甚至不喜欢对方，因而觉得除非可以互相利用，否则没有交往的必要。只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。close4RT Friendship based on pleasure.Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships.That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.建立在愉悦之上的友谊。年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。然而，他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化，他们交友容易，分手也干脆。年轻人的态度变化无常，甚至一日数变，难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始，又匆匆地结束。close5RT Friendship based on goodness.Perfect friendship is based on goodness.Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect.The conduct of good men is the same or similar.It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form.Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy;for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations together.And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust.The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.建立在美德之上的友谊。完美无瑕的友谊立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间建立的友谊才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行为是相同的，或者是类似的。爱和友谊多半在品行高尚的人之间发生，而且以最高雅的形式出现。这种友谊是罕见的，需要时间，需要交往。常言道，真正的朋友必须同甘共苦，历经风雨。只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并获得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友谊却要慢慢培养。close6RT Another classical view of friendship can be found in the writings of Cicero, an ancient Roman statesman and orator.According to Cicero, true friendship is only possible between good men.He further defines “the good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality;who are free from greed, lust, and violence;and who have the courage of their convictions.” The friendship between good men, based on virtue, does offer material benefits, but it does not seek them.All human beings are bonded together in a community of shared reason.Therefore, in friendships and relationships, those who possessany superiority must regard themselves as equals of those who are less fortunate.It is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship.另一种传统的友谊观可以在古罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗的著作里找到。西塞罗认为，真正的友谊只能在好人之间发生。他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”好人之间建立的这种友谊立足于美德，它确实可以带来物质利益，但决不以追求物质利益为目标。人类生活在以共同的理想为基础的社会。因此，在处理朋友关系和其他人际关系时，优越于他人的人必须平等地对待那些没那么幸运的人。美德创造友谊，美德使友谊之树常青。close7RT Thus, we may see that the traditional idea of friendship is made up of three components: Friends must enjoy each other's company;they must be useful to one another;and they must share a commitment to the good.According to the classical views, virtuous friends are bound together, as they recognize each other's moral excellence.To perceive a friend, therefore, is to perceive oneself;and to know a friend is to know oneself.Each can be said to provide a mirror in which the other may see himself.Through networks of such virtuous friends, we can develop a shared idea of the good and pursue it together.Friendship of this kind is permanent, because in it are united all the attributes that friends ought to possess.我们由此可以看出，传统的友谊观由三个要素构成：朋友以相伴为乐；朋友必须彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事业。这些传统的友谊观告诉我们，两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的，因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德。因此，认识朋友就是认识自我，了解朋友就是了解自我。可以说朋友就好比是一面镜子，每个人都可以从朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我们会对美德达成共识，共同为之不遗余力。这样的友谊是永恒的，因为朋友应该具备的一切品质都凝结在这种友谊关系中。

After Twenty Years

O.Henry The text is adapted from “After Twenty Years”, a short story written by O.Henry.close1RT It was barely 10 o'clock at night.The policeman on the beat(巡逻路线)moved up the avenue impressively.He turned now and then to cast his watchful eye over the doors and shop windows on both sides of the street.He was of a powerful build and made a fine picture of a guardian(卫士)of the peace.二十年之后 欧·亨利

将近夜里十点，巡逻警察来到这条街上，样子威严，不时地看看街道两边的店铺，警惕的目光落在店铺的大门和橱窗上。身材魁梧的他，俨然一副和平卫士的模样。close2RT Around the midway of a certain block, the policeman suddenly slowed his walk.In the doorway of a darkened hardware store stood a man, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth.As the policeman walked up to him, the man spoke up quickly.在一个街区走到一半时，他突然放慢了步伐。只见一个光线黯淡的五金店门口，站着一个人，嘴里叼着没有点燃的雪茄。他走了过去，那人赶紧开腔：close3RT “It's all right, officer,” he said.“I'm just waiting for a friend.It's an appointment made twenty years ago.Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it? Well, I'll explain.Twenty years ago, there used to be a restaurant where this store stands now.”

“没事儿，警官，”他说道。“我只是在等个朋友。这可是二十年前的约定。听起来有点好笑吧？我跟你说，二十年前这里曾经是个饭店。”close4RT “Until five years ago,” said the policeman.“It was torn down then.”

“五年前才拆的。”警察说道。close5RT The man in the doorway struck a match and lit his cigar.The light showed a pale, square-jawed(方下巴)face with keen eyes, and a little white scar(伤疤)near his right eyebrow.门口那人划了根火柴，点燃了雪茄。火光中可见一张苍白的脸，方下巴，目光敏锐，右边眉毛附近有一道白色的细小伤疤。close6RT “Twenty years ago tonight,” said the man, “I dined here with Jimmy Wells, my best chum(好友)and the finest chap in the world.He and I were raised here in New York, just like two brothers, together.I was eighteen and Jimmy was twenty then.The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune.You couldn't have dragged Jimmy out of New York;he thought it was the only place on earth.Well, we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be.”

“二十年前的今晚，”那人说，“我和我最好的朋友吉米·韦尔斯就在这里吃的饭。他可是个再好不过的家伙了。我俩在纽约这儿一起长大，好得像兄弟俩，那年我十八，他二十。第二天早上我就要动身去西部发财。唉，要想让吉米离开纽约可是比登天还难哪！在他眼里人世间就只有纽约这么一个地方。不过我俩那天晚上约定，二十年后的今日此刻，无论各自的境况如何，无论各自远在何方，都要在这里相聚。我们当时认为，二十年后，不管各自做什么，有什么样的命运，发多大的财，一切都该成了定局。”close7RT “It sounds pretty interesting,” said the policeman.“Haven't you heard from your friend Jimmy since you left?”

“听起来还真有意思，”警察说道。“那你离开后就再没有你朋友吉米的消息了？”close8RT “Well, yes, for a time we corresponded,” said the other.“But after a year or two we lost track of each other.You see, the West is pretty big and wild, and I kept hustling(急速行进)around over it pretty lively.But I know Jimmy will meet me here if he's alive, for he always was the truest old chap in the world.He'll never forget.I came a thousand miles to stand in this door tonight, and it's worth it if my old partner turns up.He will keep his promise.”

“不，我们通过一阵子信，”那人答道，“可一两年后就断了音信。要知道，西部幅员辽阔，荒蛮原始，我又一直四处奔波，东跑西颠。不过，我确信，吉米只要活着，他会来见我的。他是这世界上我最信得过的人。他绝对不会忘记。我千里迢迢来到这儿就是为了今晚站在这门口，只要我那老伙计露面，我也就不虚此行了。他是不会食言的。”close9RT The waiting man pulled out a handsome watch, the lids of it set with small diamonds.那守候的人掏出一只精致的怀表，表盖上缀满了小粒钻石。close10RT “Three minutes to ten,” he announced.“It was exactly ten o'clock when we parted here at the restaurant door.”

“九点五十七分，”他说道，“我们是十点整在饭店门口的这个地方挥手告别的。”close11RT “You did pretty well out West, didn't you?” asked the policeman.“在西部混得不错吧？”警察问道。close12RT “You bet!I hope Jimmy has done half as well.”

“那还用说！吉米干得有我一半好就不错了。”close13RT The policeman twirled his club and took a step or two.警察转了转警棍，迈出了一两步。close14RT “I'll be on my way.Hope your friend comes around on time.”

“我走了，但愿你的朋友会按时赴约。”close15RT “I'll wait for half an hour at least,” said the man.“If Jimmy is alive on earth he'll be here by that time.So long, officer.”

“我至少会等他半个小时，”那人说，“吉米要是还活着，他会在我走之前来的。再见，警官。”close16RT “Good-night, sir,” said the policeman, passing on along his beat, checking up on the doors as he went.“晚安，先生，”警察说完，又继续巡逻，边走边检查店门。close17RT There was now a fine, cold drizzle(细雨)falling, and the wind had risen.The man who had come a thousand miles to keep the appointment with the friend of his youth still stood in the doorway of the hardware store, smoking his cigar.这时，天下起了蒙蒙细雨，冷冰冰的，起风了。为了履行和少时好友的约定，那个不远千里来到这里的人还站在五金店的门口，抽着雪茄。close18RT About twenty minutes had passed.Then a tall man in a long overcoat, with the collar turned up to his ears, hurried across from the opposite side of the street.He went directly to the waiting man.约二十分钟后，一个身着大衣、衣领立起的高个子男人从街对面匆匆走了过来，径直走向那守候者。close19RT “Is that you, Bob?” he asked, doubtfully.“鲍勃，是你吗？”他狐疑地问道。close20RT “Is that you, Jimmy Wells?” cried the man in the door.“你是吉米•韦尔斯？”门口那人高声叫道。close21RT “Bless my heart!” exclaimed the new arrival, grasping both the other's hands with his own.“It's Bob, sure as fate.I was certain I'd find you here if you were still in existence.Well, well, well!Twenty years is a long time.How has the West treated you, old man?”

“天哪！”新来者高兴地大叫了起来，一把握住了那人的双手。“是鲍勃，真的是鲍勃！我就知道，只要你还活着，我就会在这里找到你。哎呀呀，二十年啊，时间可真不短！老兄，西部待你怎样？”close22RT “It has given me everything I asked it for.You've changed a lot, Jimmy.I never thought you were so tall by two or three inches.”

“西部给了我想要的一切。你变了很多啊，吉米！没想到你长高了二三英寸呢。”close23RT “Oh, I grew a bit after I was twenty.”

“哦，二十岁后我又长了点个子。”close24RT “Doing well in New York, Jimmy?”

“在纽约混得不错吧，吉米？”close25RT “Just so-so.I have a position in one of the city departments.Come on, Bob;we'll go around to a place I know of, and have a good long talk about old times.”

“马马虎虎。在市政部门做事。走吧，鲍勃，咱们到我熟悉的一个地方去，好好地叙叙旧吧。”close26RT The two men started up the street, arm in arm.The man from the West was beginning to talk about the history of his career.The other listened with interest.两人手挽着手，沿街前行，西部来的这位开始讲他的发迹史，另一位饶有兴致地听着。close27RT At the corner stood a drug store, brilliant with electric lights.When they came into this glare(强光), each of them turned simultaneously(同时地)to gaze upon the other's face.拐角处有一家药店，灯光明亮。来到通明的光线里，两人同时转身盯住对方的脸。close28RT The man from the West stopped suddenly and released his arm.西部来的人突然停下来，抽出手臂。close29RT “You're not Jimmy Wells,” he shouted all of a sudden.“Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change a man's nose from a Roman nose(鹰钩鼻)to a pug nose(扁鼻).”

“你不是吉米•韦尔斯！”他突然喊道，“二十年时间是很长，但也不至于把鹰钩鼻变成了塌鼻梁。”close30RT “It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man.“You've been under arrest for ten minutes.Chicago thinks you may have dropped over(顺便拜访)our way and they want to have a chat with you.Going quietly with us, are you? That's sensible.Now, before we go on to the station, here's a note I was asked to hand you.You may read it here at the window.”

“可是有时二十年会把一个好人变成恶棍，”高个子说道。“十分钟前你就已经被捕了。芝加哥方面认为你可能到我们这里来了，他们要和你谈谈。还是老老实实地跟我们走吧，放聪明点！不过，我们去警所之前，你先看看这张字条，是一个人托我交给你的。你就在橱窗边上看吧。”close31RT The man from the West unfolded(展开)the little piece of paper.His hand was steady when he began to read, but it trembled a little by the time he had finished.The note was rather short:

西部来的人展开小字条。开始读的时候手握得很稳，可读完时，手微微地抖动了起来。字条很短：close32RT “Bob: I was at the appointed place on time.When you struck the match to light your cigar I saw it was the face of the man wanted in Chicago.Somehow I couldn't do it myself, so I went around and got a plain clothes man to do the job.JIMMY.”

“鲍勃：我准时赴约了。当你划亮火柴点燃雪茄时，我发现你正是受到芝加哥警方通缉的人。可我自己无论如何动不了手，所以就走开，找了个便衣行使职责。吉米。”

Unit 2 T How Deep Is Your Love? Mansi Bhatia The text is excerpted and adapted from Writers Monthly, a US online magazine.close1RT Love to some is like a cloud To some as strong as steel For some a way of living For some a way to feel And some say love is holding on And some say let it go And some say love is everything Some say they don't know

你的爱有多深 曼茜·巴蒂亚

有人认为爱如浮云 有人认为爱坚强如铁

有人认为爱是一种生活方式 有人认为爱是一种感觉 有人说爱要执着 有人说爱不要约束 有人说爱是生命的全部 有人说不知道爱为何物

close2RT At some stage or the other in our lives we experience an emotion which defies definition.It's a feeling that can only be felt and not described.An overwhelming joy that comes together with its share of sadness.Love.在我们生命中的某个阶段，我们会经历难以名状的情感。这种情感只能体会，无法用语言描述。莫大的喜悦伴随着丝丝的伤感一同降临，这就是爱。close3RT Given the busy nature of our lives, it's to be appreciated that we even find the time to indulge in matters of the heart.But at the same time I wonder if we even understand its true depth.I remember having countless crushes while in school.My math teacher, our neighbour's son, my best friend's brother and lots of others whom I fancied for the colour of their eyes, the shape of their moustaches or just the way they walked.Harmless puppy loves that are as brief as soap bubbles.I can laugh about all those silly and adventurous thoughts and acts now but at that time nothing could be more serious an affair for me.Then came the stage of real relationships.在紧张忙碌的生活中，我们竟能找到时间，沉湎于感情之中，这的确令人感佩。然而，此时我想知道：我们是否懂得爱到底有多么深刻。记得上学的时候，我迷恋的对象真是数不清：我的数学老师、邻居的儿子、好朋友的弟弟，还有另外一些因为眼睛的颜色、胡子的形状或走路的姿势而让我倾慕的人。年少时的爱慕，不会带来伤害，如肥皂泡一样转瞬即逝。那些稚气、大胆的想法和行为，现在想来大可一笑了之。但是，在那时，对我来说，没有比恋爱更重要的事了。接着就进入了真正“谈”情“说”爱的阶段。close4RT Being in an all girls' school I hardly had the opportunity to interact with members of the opposite gender.Socials between our school and the boys' college, therefore, would be awaited anxiously.Those three hours of unhesitant attention by a group of well-groomed young gentlemen provided us with enough content to talk and feel excited about for the next four weeks.我在女子学校学习，和男孩子交往的机会寥寥无几，因此，我热切地期待着我们学校和男子学校举办的交谊会。交谊会上，一群精心打扮的年轻男子毫无顾忌地盯着我们。这三个小时中的点点滴滴，成了我们在以后四个星期中足够的谈资，我们在议论时，心情澎湃。close5RT And even then there was no real need of having a boyfriend.即使是在那个时候，我也没有真正交男朋友的需要。close6RT I somehow grew up believing that love would happen when it had to.And sure enough it did.It came at an age when I had a career, a long-term plan and a more or less settled life(and now I am not yet 25!).I was mature enough to enter a relationship which demands a lot of give and not so much of take.在我的成长岁月中，不知何故，我相信爱情该来的时候自然会来。事实果真如此。当我有了稳定的工作，有了长期的计划和比较安定的生活（我现在还不到25岁呢！）时，爱情降临了。我也比较成熟了，能够步入不贪图许多回报而需要大量付出的感情关系。close7RT Love was a magnificent building I built on the foundation of friendship.It took time to blossom.It took a lot of understanding, loads of sharing and caring, and plenty of affection to become what it is today.And it meant a meeting of minds.You might say that I belong to the traditional school of romance.But in my opinion, love needs to be nurtured.And it has to be distinguished from the intense but short-lived love or the pleasures of the flesh.我的爱情是在友谊这块地基上建起的高楼大厦。爱情经过旷日持久的培养才开花。我和我的恋人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互关心，投入了丰富的感情，才使爱情发展到今天。爱情意味着情投意合。你也许会说，我属于浪漫的传统派。但是，依我看，爱情需要培养。我们必须把爱情同强烈而短暂的激情或身体的愉悦区别开来。close8RT Our parents' generation was fed lavishly with ideals.It was an era of constraints, restraints, respect, admiration, and plenty of romance.The long skirts, the quiet and unpretentious looks, the curled long hair, the calmness, the shy glance — these are all so frequently remindful of a bygone era.An age when the distance between the sexes somehow managed to help preserve the holiness of love and relationships.我们的父辈，接受了理想爱情的灌输。那是一个约束、压抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。长裙、娴静质朴的外表、卷曲的长发、恬静的气质、羞怯的目光 —— 这一切常使人想起一个消逝久远的年代。那个年代，男女之间的距离无论如何都有助于维持爱情以及恋爱关系的神圣性。close9RT The younger generation, with its openness and fading lines of proximity, has jumped on the bandwagon of love with so much haste that it is difficult for them to distinguish between physical attraction and mental compatibilities.What we have been exposed to via the media have fast paced our sensibilities so much that taking things slow requires effort on our parts.年轻的一代人，由于观念开放，随着男女之间交往界线的消退，他们便急于赶浪头，匆忙恋爱，以至于难以区分身体的互相吸引与心灵的相投。我们从媒体中接触到的人和事，使我们的感情历程大大加速，要想慢慢地体会自己的感受，确实需要付出努力。close10RT I am sorry to learn about the kind of emotional baggage school kids are carrying in what are purely unemotional relationships.Some might blame the current state of affairs on peer pressure.But has anyone ever stopped to figure out where this peer pressure originates? Do any of us try and understand who is responsible for this shift? Does anyone bother to study the state of mind of the teenagers?

学校里的青少年在全然没有感情的关系中所背负的感情包袱，令我深感难过。也许有些人会把他们目前的感情状况归结为同龄人之间所施加的压力。但是，可曾有任何人停下来想一想同龄人之间的压力来自何处？我们是否尝试着弄清楚是谁造成了这样的转变？可曾有人费神去研究青少年的心理呢？close11RT The mindset of this generation is all too evident in the way it handles its personal life.There are more relationships being distorted under the pressures of lust than ever before.There is more focus on physical beauty than on inner charm.There is more of closeness and less of intimacy.There is more of passion and less of emotion.There is more of acquiring and less of sharing.There is more of opportunism and less of selflessness.In short, there is more of ME and less of US.从这一代人处理个人生活的方式上，我们很容易看出他们的思想倾向。跟从前相比，现在有更多的情感在欲望的压力下扭曲。他们更注重外表的美丽而忽视内在的魅力。两性交往随便了，亲密无间却少了；激情多了，感情却少了；个人获得的多了，相互间分享的少了；寻机获利的现象多了，无私的奉献少了。简而言之，“自我”多了，爱的分享少了。close12RT We have hardened ourselves so much in this competitive age that we have forgotten the essence of relationships.There's much more to being someone's lover than gifting them red roses and fifty-cent cards.What about gifting our object of affection, our time, our company, our support, our friendship? What about setting priorities in our lives and focusing on each with sincerity? What about trying to be self-sufficient emotionally before letting ourselves loose? What about giving ourselves, and others, time and space to forge relationships? What about working towards meaningful and lasting friendships? What about honouring our commitments? What about channeling our energies and emotions towards building lifelong bonds rather than wasting them on seasonal relationships?

在这个竞争激烈的年代，我们已经变得麻木不仁，将恋爱的实质抛于脑后。作为恋爱中的人，不只是意味着把红色的玫瑰花和五毛钱一张的卡片送给恋人，我们要做的事情还很多。我们将自己的时间、陪伴、支持和友谊作为礼物送给自己的恋人了吗？我们是否确定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真诚地做好每一件事？我们是否先在情感上成熟起来，再尽情地追求爱情？我们是否给自己、给他人足够的时间和空间以巩固恋情的发展？我们是否为了追求有意义的、永恒的友谊而不遗余力？我们是否履行了自己的承诺？我们是否将自己的精力和感情倾注于终生不渝的关系而不是浪费在朝秦暮楚的关系中？close13RT We have but one life and we must experience everything that can make us stronger.True love happens once in a lifetime.And we should not have become so tired by our frivolous acts that when it comes we aren't able to receive it with open arms.人的生命只有一次，我们必须去体验能使我们更为坚强的每件事。真正的爱情一生只有一次。我们任由轻佻的行为令自己身心疲惫，当真正的爱情到来时，我们却没有能力伸开双臂迎接它的降临。

Holding Hands

Helen Troisi Arnery This text is excerpted and adapted from A Second Chicken Soup for the Woman's Soul by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Jennifer Read Hawthorne and Marci Shimoff.close1RT My husband Paul's hands had a fine, firm feeling: warm, never cold, never moist, their slight pressure always reassuring(使安心的).And whenever those hands sought mine in the final days of his life, he pressed them both together around one of my hands.牵 手

海伦·托尔西·阿诺里

丈夫保罗的手舒服有力：暖暖的，从来不会发凉潮湿，轻轻的一握总是令我感到安心踏实。在他生命最后的那些日子里，每次他摸到我的手，都会把我的一只手放在他的两手之间握着。close2RT It was during that time, as I sat by his bed, that I tried to memorize his hands.They were twice as long as mine and half a hand wider.His fingers did not get thinner;they were long and square, laced with fine veins(血管)all the way to the tips.His nails squared off(使成方形)the ends of his fingers, with clearly defined white edges.He had always taken great care to keep them neat.They were not tough hands;nor soft, either.They were the hands of a college professor whose tools were chalk and red pens.也就是在那段时间里，我坐在他的床边，竭力记住他双手的样子。他的手比我的手要长一倍，宽一半；手指上下一般粗，方方长长的，毛细血管一直延伸到指尖。方正的指甲使得指尖也呈正方形，指甲一圈白色的边清晰可见。他总是悉心地让双手洁净无暇。它们既不粗糙，也不柔软多肉。那是双持粉笔和红墨水钢笔的大学教授的手。close3RT I wondered if his students had difficulty reading his handwriting.I had grown used to it the year we were apart — engaged to be married, but separated — so he could pursue a master's degree at Bradley University, 800 miles away from our Pennsylvania hometown.不知道他的学生是否觉得他的字难以辨认。我们分开的那年我渐渐熟悉了他的字体。我俩订婚后曾分隔两地，因为他要到距离宾夕法尼亚州（我们的家）800英里的布拉德利大学攻读硕士学位。close4RT Had I remembered to tell him that I found his large hands beautiful? Did I ever explain that, before our marriage, when he was invited regularly to dinner in my home, my mother was fascinated with the quiet way he managed the silverware and coffee cups in his hands in which they nearly disappeared? Did I mention that in his clasp — in a movie, in sad moments in church, in the hospital beds to which the illnesses of his last four years confined him — I felt pure and honest expressions of his love?

不知我是否记得告诉过他我觉得他那双大手很美。不知我是否告诉过他，结婚前他定期到我家做客吃饭时，他使用银制餐具和咖啡杯的斯文样子，令我母亲十分欣赏，银具和杯盏在他手里几乎都没了踪影。也不知我是否告诉过他，在看电影时，在教堂悲伤时，在那张最后四年病魔困得他脱不了身的病榻上，他紧紧的一握令我至真至切地感受到了他的爱。close5RT In those hands, also, originated his caring for his children.It was a point of pride that he gave our newborn daughter her first bath.At seven pounds and fourteen ounces, she fit comfortably into the length of those two hands, but his large fingers moved with grace and delicacy to bathe her and the five babies who followed.他对孩子们的关爱之情也源于他的那双手。大女儿的第一个澡就是他给洗的，这让他倍感骄傲。7磅14盎司的女儿舒舒服服地躺在他那双大手里，长长的手指灵巧细致地给大女儿和后来的5个孩子洗浴。close6RT Those hands, in our early hard times, gave haircuts to three sons in the course of their growing up and toweled three daughters' hair dry after showers.在我们早期艰难的日子里，那双手给三个正在长大的儿子理发，给三个浴后的女儿擦干头发。close7RT They manipulated suitcases, with a maximum of sweat and a minimum of complaints in top-of-the-car carriers(置物架)of station wagons for trips to Pennsylvania to visit grandparents.They traced patterns in the air as he taught his marketing students in the university in which he had studied so many years before.多少次要去宾夕法尼亚探望孩子的祖父母，在旅行大巴车顶上他那双手把一个个旅行箱往货架上放，他汗流浃背，但毫无怨言。在他早年曾就读过的大学里，他教授市场营销专业的学生，用这双手在空中比划出一个个营销模式。close8RT Those hands clasped mine in the most frightening moments of his illnesses.They reached for mine through seven months of chemotherapy(化疗)and its agonizing side effects, through the few weeks of the end of his life, when children came to visit, give service(宗教仪式)and mourn(为···哀痛)in advance what they could clearly see was the end of their father's seventy-five years.在他病得最令人胆颤心惊的时候，那双手紧紧地攥着我的手。在他经受7个月的化疗及其副作用的痛苦折磨期间，他向我伸出双手。在他生命的最后几个星期里，他向我伸出双手。孩子们来探视他，看出他们75岁的父亲命不久矣而提前祷告哀悼时，他还是向我伸出双手。close9RT Those hands clasped mine in the deepest, darkest moment when he whispered in my ear, “I wonder...how it is to die.I wonder if it hurts.” I could only give him what I believed was the sum of his life — that he would be surrounded, uplifted, overjoyed with the glory of God.在那最为黑暗的时刻，他攥着我的手，在我耳边小声说道：“不知道······会是怎样死去。不知道会不会疼痛。”我当时唯一能告诉他的就是我深信他此生将有个圆满的结局：他会被簇拥着抬起，在上帝的荣光中感到无比欢愉。close10RT Finally, he was no longer able to hold my hands.Early one morning, when I offered Paul a breakfast, he could no longer eat.In a state of nervous anxiety I clipped, filed(锉光)and whitened his fingernails.There was no movement, no recognition, no response as I laid his hands across his chest, where they had lain still for several days.Within an hour, when the nurse checked him with her stethoscope(听诊器), there was nothing left for me to do but close his bright green eyes and lay my hands on his for the last time, in the quiet peaceful corner of our bedroom.最后，他再也没有力气握住我的手了。清晨，我给保罗喂早餐，他再也不能下咽了。我在紧张焦虑中修剪、打磨他的指甲，把指甲白色的边缘弄干净。我把他的手放到他的胸前（他的手放在那儿一动不动已经好几天了），它们没有动静，没有认可，没有反应。一个小时的时间里，护士用听诊器做了检查，剩下我唯一能做的事就是合上他那双明亮的绿色眼睛，在我们卧室恬静的一隅里最后一次把我的手放在他的手上。close11RT Months later, I opened the top drawer of Paul's dresser one Sunday and reached in for one of his clean, pressed handkerchiefs — I liked to use them now.What I touched was an opened pack of emery boards(指甲砂锉).几个月后的一个周日，我打开保罗衣橱最上面的一个抽屉，取他折叠整齐的干净的手帕（我现在喜欢用那些手帕）时，我触摸到了一个开了封的指甲砂锉袋。close12RT For seven-and-a-half months, my grief for my husband had been frozen within me like an icy presence that would not yield.Then, this last Sunday of February, I was undone by the simple presence of emery boards.Tears came as I closed my eyes and tried in vain to remember the clasp of Paul's hands.7个半月里，对丈夫逝去的悲伤如同冰凌雪块封存在心中，不曾融化。可在二月的最后一个周日，目睹面前的指甲锉具，我无法克制自己了。我闭上眼睛，怎么也回忆不起保罗的双手握着我的手时的感觉，泪水夺眶而出。close13RT Soon after, Stephen, the youngest — who most resembles his father — came to see me.When it was time to go, Stephen kissed me good-bye and then, impulsively, took my hand in both of his large, broad ones.For several moments, I couldn't speak.It was as though his father's long, graceful hands clasped mine once again.Still reassuring me.那之后没过多少日子，斯蒂芬来看我，他是我们的最小的儿子，长得也最像他的父亲。临走的时候，斯蒂芬吻了吻我，和我道别；然后，把我的手一把攥在他那双又大又宽的手中。好一阵子，我说不出话来，仿佛他父亲那双长长的、雅致的手再次握住了我的手，令我依然感到安心平静。

Unit 3

T The Pursuit of Happiness for the Common Good

Richard Layard The text is an excerpt from the article “Happiness is Back” by Richard Layard in Prospect, March 2005.close1RT Over the last 50 years, we in the west have enjoyed unparalleled economic growth.We have better homes, cars, holidays, jobs, education and above all health.According to standard economic theory, this should have made us happier.But surveys show otherwise.When Britons or Americans are asked how happy they are, they report no improvement over the last 50 years.More people suffer from depression, and crime — another indicator of dissatisfaction — is also much higher.追求以公众利益为宗旨的幸福 <

理查德·莱亚德

在过去的50年里，我们西方国家的经济获得了史无前例的增长。我们的家园、车辆、假期、工作、教育，尤其是健康，均得以改善。依据标准经济理论，这些改善原本应该使我们更加幸福，然而，调查显示并非如此。英国人和美国人接受幸福程度的调查时说，在过去的50年里，他们的幸福程度并没有得到改善。抑郁症患者人数上升，同时犯罪率大幅增长也说明了人们对生活的不满足。close2RT These facts challenge many of the priorities we have set ourselves both as societies and as individuals.The truth is that we are in a situation previously unknown to man.When most people exist near the breadline, material progress does indeed make them happier.People in the rich world(above, say, $20,000 a head per year)are happier than people in poorer countries, and people in poor countries do become happier as they become richer.But when material discomfort has been banished, extra income becomes much less important than our relationships with each other: with family, with friends and in the community.The danger is that we sacrifice relationships too much in pursuit of higher income.上述事实对我们个人以及社会优先考虑的诸多事情都提出了挑战。事实上，我们现在的处境是人类从未经历过的。当大多数人还在为温饱发愁时，物质条件的改善的确能令他们幸福一些。富庶国家（比如，人均年收入在两万美元以上）的人民比贫穷国家的人民幸福一些；而贫穷国家的人民，如果稍微富裕，也会幸福得多。然而，物质上的匮乏一旦消除，收入的增加便不如亲情、友情、邻里和睦等人际关系那么重要。但是，我们在追求更高的收入时牺牲了太多这样的关系，这很危险。close3RT The desire to be happy is central to our nature.We all want a society in which people are as happy as possible and in which each person's happiness counts equally.That should be the philosophy for our age, the guide for public policy and for individual action.And it should come to replace the intense individualism which has failed to make us happier.渴望幸福是人类本性的核心。人人都渴望这样一个社会：人们尽可能地幸福，每个人的幸福同等重要。这应当是我们这个时代的人生哲学，应当用来指导公共利益的维护准则和每个人的行为，应当逐渐取代无法使我们更加幸福的极端的个人主义。close4RT Indeed, money is perceived as one of the key factors affecting a person's happiness.But can money alone make us happy in the long run? In any society, richer people are often happier than poor people.Yet, as a western country becomes richer, its people overall do not become happier.The reason for this is that over time our standards and expectations rise to meet our income.A Gallup poll has asked Americans each year: “What is the smallest amount of money a family of four needs to get along in this community?” The sums mentioned rise in line with average incomes.Since people are always comparing their incomes with what others have, or with what they are used to, they only feel better off if they move up relative to the norm.金钱的确是影响个人幸福的关键因素之一。但是，金钱本身能使我们最终获得幸福吗？在任何一个社会，富人往往比穷人幸福。然而，当一个西方国家越来越富有的时候，其人民的幸福程度在总体上并未得到改善。随着时间的推移，我们的标准和期望随着收入的增加而上升。盖洛普民意测验每年都向美国人提问：“一个四口之家至少需要多少钱才能在这个国家生活下去？”人们说出的数字上升的幅度与平均收入增加的幅度是一样的。因为人们总是拿自己的收入和他人的收入以及他们惯于拥有的收入相比较，只有当他们认为和平均水准相比有所上升时才感到幸福。close5RT This process can have counterproductive effects.I have an incentive to work and earn more: it will make me happier.So do other members of society, who also care about their relative standard of life.Since society as a whole cannot raise its position relative to itself, the effort which its members devote to that end could be said to be a waste — the balance between leisure and work has been shifted “inefficiently” towards work.这一过程反而达不到预期的目的。我努力工作、赚更多钱的动力是：这会使我更幸福一些。其他的社会成员也同样如此，他们也关注自己相对的生活标准。既然社会整体无法以自己为参照物而提高自己的地位，那么社会成员为使自己更加幸福所付出的努力可以说是一种浪费 —— 当休闲与工作的天平偏向工作时，工作是“没有效率”的。close6RT To reinforce the case, let me explain it in terms of status, which may derive as much from the earning of income as from the spending of it.People work, in part at least, to improve their status.But status is a system of ranking: one, two, three and so on.So if one person improves his status, someone else loses an equal amount.It is a zero-sum game: private life sacrificed in order to increase status is a waste from the point of view of society as a whole.That is why the rat race is so destructive: we lose family life and peace of mind in pursuing something whose total cannot be altered.为了进一步证实这一论点，我从社会地位方面加以说明。人的地位可能来源于所挣得的收入或所花费的金钱。人们工作，至少部分原因是为了提高自己的地位。然而，地位是一种等级体系：第一，第二，第三，等等，所以当一个人的地位提高了，其他人的地位就同等程度地下降。这是一种得失平衡的游戏：从整个社会看，为了提高地位而牺牲个人的生活，是一种浪费。因此，永无止境的竞争极具破坏性：我们在追求一种总体不变的东西时失去了家庭生活和平和的心境。close7RT In one sense, what people most want is respect.They seek economic status because it brings respect.But we can increase or decrease the weight we give to status.In an increasingly competitive society, life will become tougher for people in the bottom half of the ability range unless we develop broader criteria for respect.We should respect people who co-operate with others at no gain to themselves, and who show skill and effort at whatever level.That is why it is so important to enable everyone to develop a skill.In Britain, this means ensuring that all young people can take up an apprenticeship if they wish, so that those who have not enjoyed academic success at school can experience professional pride and avoid starting adult life believing themselves to be failures.在某种意义上，人们最渴望的是尊重。他们追求经济地位因为它可以赢来尊重。但是，我们可以重视也可以轻视经济地位。在一个竞争日益激烈的社会，如果我们不放宽尊重的标准，社会上能力偏低的人会感到生活更加艰辛。我们应该尊重那些同他人一起合作而自己没有获益的人，那些在各个阶层上施展才能、努力工作的人。因此，让每个人都能学会一种本领尤为重要。在英国，这意味着只要年轻人愿意，一定要确保他们每个人都学会手艺，使那些学业不成功的人也能在职业生涯中感到自豪，不会在长大成人时觉得自己是失败者。close8RT Some comparisons between people are inevitable, since hierarchy is necessary and unavoidable.Some people get promoted and others do not.Moreover, those who get promoted must be paid more, since they are talented and the employer wishes to attract talent.So pay is important at key moments as a way of affecting people's decisions about occupations or in choosing between employers.The problem is that in most jobs there is no objective measure of individual performance, so people must in effect be evaluated against their peers.But the ranking process, which is very subjective, fundamentally alters the relationship of co-operation between an employee and his boss, and between an employee and his peers.人与人之间难免产生比较，因为等级体系的存在是必要的，不可避免的。有些人得到晋升，而另一些人却没有。此外，职位得以晋升的人薪水也要提高，因为他们有才华，雇主也乐意招贤纳士。所以，在人们挑选工作和选择雇主的关键时刻，薪水作为一个重要因素影响着他们的决定。存在的问题是，大部分的职业没有客观的标准来衡量个人的业绩，所以事实上只能拿一个人同自己的同事作比较才能得到评估。然而，这种等级评定的方法非常主观，从根本上改变了雇员与雇主、雇员与同事之间的合作关系。close9RT If we want a happier society, we should focus most on the experiences which people value for their intrinsic worth and not because other people have them — above all, on relationships in the family, at work and in the community.It seems likely that the extra comforts we now enjoy have increased our happiness somewhat, but that deteriorating relationships have made us less happy.如果我们渴望一个更加幸福的社会，我们就应该着重强调人们所珍视的经历 —— 首要的是亲情关系、工作关系和邻里关系，人们珍视这些经历并非因为别人拥有它们，而是因为这些经历拥有内在的价值。我们当前享受的充分的舒适和安逸，看来有可能使我们的生活幸福一些，可是人与人之间关系的恶化又有可能降低了我们的幸福程度。close10RT We live in an age of unprecedented individualism.The highest obligation many people feel is to make the most of themselves, to realise their potential.This is a terrifying and lonely objective.Of course they feel obligations to other people too, but these are not based on any clear set of ideas in western societies.The old religious worldview is gone;so too is the postwar religion of social and national solidarity.We are left with no concept of the common good or collective meaning.我们生活在一个空前的个人主义的时代。许多人都感到最重要的责任是充分发挥自己的才干，挖掘自己的潜力。这是一个可怕的、孤单的目标。当然，他们也感受到自己应该对他人承担的责任，但是在西方国家，这些责任缺乏一套清晰的理念。无论是古老的、虔诚的世界观，还是战后社会的团结精神和国家的凝聚意识，皆荡然无存。我们全然丧失了公共利益或集体意义的概念。close11RT To become happier, we have to change our inner attitudes as much as our outward circumstances.I am talking of the everlasting philosophy which enables us to find the positive force in ourselves, and to see the positive side in others.Such compassion, to ourselves and others, can be learned and it ought to be taught in schools.Every city should have a policy for promoting a healthier philosophy of life in its youngsters and for helping them to distinguish between superficial pleasures and real happiness.我们要想幸福一些，必须在改变外在环境的同时改变我们内在的态度。我说的是一种永恒的人生哲学，它能使我们在自身找到积极的力量同时也能发现他人身上蕴涵的积极因素。这种对他人和自己怀有的同情心，是可以学会的，学校应该将这种同情心教给学生。每个城市都应该有这样的政策：在年轻人中间推广更健康的人生哲学，帮助他们区别肤浅的快乐和真正的幸福。close12RT So my hope is that in this new century we can finally adopt the greatest happiness of humankind as our concept of the common good.This would have two results.It would serve as a clear guide to policy.But, even more important, it would inspire us in our daily lives to take more pleasure in the happiness of others, and to promote it.In this way we might all become less self-centered and more happy.因此，我希望在这个新的世纪我们最终能够把人类的最大幸福当作我们的公益观。这可能有两个结果。这种人生观可以明确地指导政策的制定，但是更重要的是，在日常的生活中，它会激励我们因为别人幸福而感到更大的快乐，同时帮助他人获得更大的幸福。只有这样，我们才不会以自我为中心，才会更加幸福。

T Material Things and Happiness

Marshall Brain This text is excerpted and adapted from the book The Teenager's Guide to the Real World by Marshall Brain, published in 1997.close1RT Material things do not necessarily bring you happiness.That is a fact of life.It is a hard fact to understand sometimes, especially in a society that strives to teach you otherwise.2 物质财富与幸福生活 马歇尔·布雷恩

物质财富未必会带给你幸福。这是一个无可争辩的生活现实，但有时这一事实却难以理解，尤其在这个竭力向你灌输相反观念的社会里。close2RT It is not uncommon to get into a mode where you think, “If only I had object X, my life would be perfect and I would be happy.” You REALLY want something: a new TV, a new car, a special pair of shoes, whatever.Then you buy it and you LOVE having it for a few days.But over time you get bored or it wears out.You can see this pattern repeated constantly in your own life.For example, your parents and grandparents likely spent thousands and thousands of dollars on toys for you as you were growing up: Dump trucks(自卸货车)and Barbie dolls(芭比娃娃)and video games and electric cars and on and on and on.All of those toys got boring or broken or outgrown eventually.They brought happiness for a moment or a week, but over time they became worthless and your desire turned to a new object.通常，你会陷入这样一种思维模式：“要是我拥有了X，我的生活就会完美无缺，幸福无比了。”你非常想要的东西可能是一台新电视机、一辆新车或者是一双特别的鞋子等等。尔后，你就购买了，几天都在因为得到了它而喜滋滋的。可是，过了段时间，你感到厌烦了，或者东西给用旧了。你会发觉这样一个模式在你自己的生活中不断地重复。比如在你小时候，你父母或祖父母可能花费了成千上万美元给你买玩具：自卸货车、芭比娃娃、电视游戏、电动汽车，等等等等。所有的那些玩具最终都会遭你厌倦、被你玩坏或因你长大而被搁置一边。它们带来了一阵子或者一星期的快乐，可时间一长，它们变得一文不值，你的兴趣转向了某个新玩意儿。close3RT This pattern begs the following question: “If material things bring just a temporary and short-term happiness, then what does that mean?” It might mean that you have to buy material objects at a rate of perhaps one per day to sustain the temporary and short-term high of getting something new.This train of thinking(思路)can get you into thinking of such questions as: ●What is happiness? ●What does it mean to be happy? ●What do I want to do in my life?

这样一种模式自然让人们提出以下的问题：“假如物质的东西带来的幸福只是昙花一现，那么这一切又意味着什么呢？”或许这就意味着，你得以一天一件的速度购置物品，才能维持住你因得到新东西而感受到的那种短暂的快感。循着这个思路，你可以接着考虑下面的这些问题： ●什么是幸福？

●感到幸福意味着什么？

●我这一生想做些什么？close4RT There is a difference between material happiness, which implies having all the basic or extravagant(奢侈的)comforts necessary to live a life, and spiritual happiness, which implies something else altogether.I had a friend whose philosophy was this:

物质上的幸福和精神上的幸福是不同的。物质上的幸福基于生活所需的一切必需品和奢侈品；精神上的幸福则基于生活必需品和奢侈品之外的一切东西。我的一个朋友持有这样一个哲学观：close5RT No matter how much money you make, you always want more.So if you make $25,000 a year, you believe that if you just made $50,000 you would be happy.But then you begin to make $50,000.At that point you believe that if you just made $100,000 you would be happy, and so on throughout life.This pattern is true whether you make $25,000 or $10,000,000 a year, because as you earn more money you acquire more expensive tastes.It seems to me that you might as well learn to be happy on $25,000 a year, figure out an easy way to earn it and then have the rest of your time free to do what you want.你无论赚多少钱，你都想要更多的钱。假如你一年挣25,000美元，你会认为要是挣到50,000美元，你就会感到幸福了。于是，你就开始挣50,000美元。等挣够了那个数目，你又会想，假如挣到100,000美元你就会感到幸福了，就这样周而复始，终其一生。无论你一年挣25,000美元还是10,000,000美元，情况都是一样。因为你赚得越多，你的品味就越昂贵。依我看，不妨学会一年挣得25,000美元就感到满足，想出一个轻轻松松把它们赚到手的办法，然后用余下的时间去做你想做的事情。close6RT This sort of philosophy suggests that you can find something other than material happiness to make your life meaningful.根据这个哲学观，要想令你的生活富有意义，你可以寻找除物质幸福以外的东西。close7RT The thing about “wealth” is that there is more than one way to measure it.Traditionally it is measured in dollars, but there are many other scales.You can be “rich” in ways that have nothing to do with money.For example: ● Rich in friends.A person who cultivates friendships and who is a joy to be around can have hundreds of good friends and can be rich beyond the wildest dreams of others.Rich in health.A person who spends time eating right, exercising and relaxing from stress can be extremely healthy, and this health can be far more valuable than any amount of money.● Rich in strength.A person who works out with weights every day, runs, swims, etc.can be rich in strength and will have an attractive body.● Rich in family.A person who devotes time to his or her spouse and children will have a strong and happy family that is rewarding throughout life.● Rich in knowledge.A person who reads and studies will become rich in knowledge.● Rich in skill.A person who practices anything daily(a skill, a sport, whatever)will excel(擅长)in that skill area.Excellence has its own rewards.● Rich in character.A person who takes pains to be honest and truthful in all situations will become rich in character and will be trusted by everyone.衡量“财富”这东西，办法不止一种。传统上它是用金钱来衡量，但是还有很多其他的度量标准。在与金钱没有丝毫关系的方面，你照样可以“腰缠万贯”。例如：

●富有众多的朋友。一个与人为友、乐观待人的人可以拥有数以百计的好友，可以超乎其他人想象得富裕。

●富有健康的体魄。一个愿意花时间合理进食、锻炼身体、消除压力的人可以身强体健。健康的体魄比起任何数目的金钱都要有价值得多。●富有充沛的精力。一个每天举哑铃、跑步、游泳的人能够精力充沛，身材迷人。●富有和睦的家庭。一个愿意把时间给配偶和孩子的人可以拥有一个稳定幸福的家庭，令他获益终身。

●富有知识。一个爱好阅读和钻研的人可以学富五车。

●富有技能。一个每天勤学苦练（某种技能、运动项目等等）的人会在所操练的领域出类拔萃。出类拔萃，自有回报。●富有人格魅力。一个在一切场合殚精竭虑地做到真实、坦诚的人会富有人格的魅力，受到众人的信任。

close8RT One funny thing about all of these different areas is that none of them are taxed.You are taxed on the money you earn, and that is it.There is no knowledge tax, for example.You can learn freely throughout life and acquire a huge “bank account(银行账户)” of knowledge.No one can steal it or diminish(减少)it in any way.Presumably, knowledge is the one thing you might be able to take with you to Heaven.有趣的是，上述源自不同领域的这些财富都用不着上税。可你挣了钱是要缴纳所得税的，就是这么回事。没有什么（比如说）知识税。你可以分文不花地终身学习，获得丰厚才识的储备。没有人可以将其盗走、令其减少。知识很有可能就是那件你能够带入天堂的东西。close9RT All of these alternative types of wealth are different from financial wealth, and yet all of them can be equally rewarding in their own ways.The point is that the act of purchasing things by itself, despite what television informs you, may not be what will bring you maximum happiness in life.Things like good friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and a job you truly enjoy bring you contentment that lasts and has meaning.These things are often quite beyond the simple-minded teenagers, but as you mature these things become more important.虽然所有这些可选择的财富都有别于金钱，但都能够以各自独特的方式令人受惠。撇开电视给你提供信息不说，单就购买东西这一行为本身是不会给你带来人生最大的幸福。好朋友，爱你的配偶，健康成长的孩子，充满爱的家，无愧的良心，值得奋斗的目标，你真心喜爱的工作，所有这些给你带来的满足感天长地久，意味深长。头脑简单的青少年通常是不能领悟到的，但这些东西随着年轻人逐渐成熟会变得愈加重要。close10RT As you look at the world around you and come to understand what is important to you, keep these things in mind.Think about what it is that you enjoy and what makes you truly happy.See what you find.In thinking about it consciously, you might be surprised by what you discover.Money is incredibly important, for you need it to survive.But it is not the only thing you need, and money itself will not bring lasting happiness to most people.Man does not live by bread alone.当你环顾周围的世界，明白什么对你才是至关重要的时候，你要将其铭记在心。考虑清楚你究竟心仪什么，什么才会给你真正幸福。审视一下你的发现。一番清楚的思考之后，你会吃惊于自己的发现：金钱固然极其重要，因你需要它活命；但金钱不是你唯一需要的东西。对于多数人来说，金钱本身不会带来恒久的幸福。人不是只靠面包生活的。

Unit 4

How to Grow Old

Bertrand Russell This text is slightly adapted from Portraits from Memory and Other Essays(1956), London: George Allen and Unwin;New York: Simon and Schustery.close1RT In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject.My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully.Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors.My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off.A great grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants.My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to women's higher education.She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women.She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad.She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren.“Good gracious”, she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a dismal existence!” “Madre snaturale,” he replied.But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe.After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m.in reading popular science.I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old.This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young.If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.“

如何变老 <

伯特兰·罗素

尽管文章的标题是“如何变老”，真正要谈的却是如何不老。在我这个年纪，讨论“如何不老”，着实更为重要。首要的一条忠告是，要慎重地选择祖先。虽然我的父母皆属早 逝，但是考虑到我其他的祖先，我的选择尚好。我的外祖父在六十七岁风华正茂时早逝，这是事实，可我的外祖母，还有我的祖父、祖母，都活到了八十多岁。在那些与我血缘关系稍疏些的祖先中，我只发现有一位不长寿的，他死于一种当前罕见的病：被砍了头。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，活到九十二岁，其精神状态之好自始至终都让子孙们敬畏，一直到她撒手人寰的那天。我的外祖母，生养了十个孩子，其中一个夭折，另外九个健康成长。此外，她还有过多次小产。她守寡之后，即刻投身于妇女的高等教育事业。她是格顿学院的创始人之一，为促使医疗事业向妇女敞开大门而不遗余力。她过去常讲这样的一个故事：她在意大利遇见一个满面哀伤的老绅士，便询问他为何如此忧伤，老绅士说刚刚和自己两个孙子道别。“天哪！”她叫道，“我有七十二个孙子孙女，如果和其中的一个分别一次就伤心一次，那我的生活岂不太凄惨了！”“非同寻常的母亲啊！”老绅士回答道。但是，作为七十二子孙中的一员，我更喜欢她的这一处世秘诀。外祖母八十高龄后感到入睡有些困难，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三点这段时间阅读科普书籍。我想，她无暇顾及自己是否老了。我认为这就是保持年轻的秘诀。如果你拥有广泛的、自己钟爱的兴趣和活动，又能从中体会自己老当益壮，你就没有理由从那些只有在统计学中才有意义的数字上考虑生命已经度过多少春秋，更没有理由担忧自己的未来也许很短暂。close2RT As regards health I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.说到健康，我很少生病，因此无法提供有用的建议。我随心所欲地吃喝，不能清醒时就睡觉。我做任何事情都不是因为这些事情对健康有利。不过，我喜欢做的事情实际上大多都有益于健康。close3RT Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.One's thoughts must be directed to the future and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy: one's own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen.If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.就心理而言，老年人应慎防两种危险。其一就是过度地沉湎于过去。人不能活在记忆中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而怅然若失中，也不能生活在缅怀已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必须放在未来上，想想可以有所作为的事情。这并非一件轻而易举的事：一个人经历的往事，渐渐变成一个沉重的包袱。人们很容易以为过去的情感比现在强烈，过去的头脑也比现在敏锐。倘若真的如此，我们就要忘却这个事实；如果忘却了这个事实，事实也许就不再是事实了。close4RT The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.另一种要提防的危险是：依恋年轻人，希望从他们的勃勃生机中汲取活力。当你的孩子已长大成人，他们就想过自己的生活；如果你仍像他们小时候那样关注他们，你很可能就成了他们的包袱。动物在下一代能够自食其力时就不再给予关注；人类因幼年时期较长而很难做到这一点。close5RT It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren.In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.孩子已长大成人，叮嘱他们不犯错误已经没有意义，因为他们不再相信你的话，再说错误是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的兴趣无法摆脱个人感情的支配，你也许会发现，假如不关注子孙，生活就会空虚无望。在这种情况下，你必须意识到，虽然你仍可以给他们提供物质上的帮助，比如给他们一笔零花钱或为他们编织毛线外套，但是你绝不能期望他们会乐意和你呆在一起。close6RT Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.In the young there is a justification for this feeling.Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat ignoble.The best way to overcome it — so at least it seems to me — is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome.I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.有些老人因害怕死亡而烦恼。年轻人有这种感受是可以理解的。年轻人害怕在战场上牺牲，这情有可原。他们认为，死亡会剥夺生活赋予的最美好的东西，这让他们深感痛苦。但是，饱尝人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潜力、实现了自己的抱负，倘若再对死亡产生恐惧之心，未免有些可耻。克服恐惧之心的最好的办法是 —— 至少我这样看 —— 开拓更广泛的、不局限于个人感情的兴趣，让包围自我的墙壁渐渐地消失，你的生活就渐渐融入人类的生活中。一个人的存在应该像一条河 —— 初始为涓涓细流，裹在狭窄的岸间，在岩石的缝隙中、在呼啸的瀑布上奔泻。河床渐渐变宽，河岸逐渐隐退，水流平缓，河水没有明显的停滞，最终融入海洋的怀抱，毫无痛苦地结束了独立个体的存在。上了年纪的人，倘若能以这种态度看待人生，就不会因为害怕死亡而不安，因为他所喜爱的一切将继续存在。而且，当生命力衰竭之时，疲惫感油然而生，长眠的念头并非令人厌恶。我希望在尚能劳作之时告别人世，知道他人会将我未竟的事业继续下去，同时回想这一生有可能做的事情，都尽力而为了，由此可以满意地安息了。

A Whisper of AIDS

Mary Fisher The article is adapted from The Art of Public Speaking, edited by Stephen E.Lucas, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.close1RT Less than three months ago, at platform hearings(政党纲领听证会)in Salt Lake City, I asked the Republican Party(共和党)to break the silence which has been kept over the issue of HIV/AIDS.I have come tonight to bring our silence to an end.低语艾滋

玛丽·费希尔

差不多三个多月前，在盐湖城召开的政党纲领听证会上，我曾向共和党提出了请求，请求打破长期对艾滋病病毒和艾滋病问题保持的沉默。今晚，我来到这儿，要给这样的沉默作个了断。close2RT I bear a message of challenge, not self-congratulation.I want your attention, not your applause.I would never have asked to be HIV-positive.But I believe that in all things there is a good purpose, and so I stand before you, and before the nation, gladly.我带来的是挑战的信息，而不是自鸣得意的信息。我需要的是大家的关注，而不需要大家的掌声。我从来也没有主动要求做一个艾滋病病毒的携带者。但是我相信，凡事都有好的一面。于是，我就站在众人的面前，站在国人的面前，心甘情愿。close3RT The reality of AIDS is brutally clear.Two hundred thousand Americans are dead or dying;a million more are infected.Worldwide, 40 million, 60 million, or a hundred million infections will be counted in the coming few years.艾滋病存在的现实残酷地摆在世人的面前。有20万美国人有的已经命丧黄泉，有的命悬一线；还有100万人已经染上了艾滋病。在世界范围内，在未来的几年里，将会出现4千万、6千万、乃至1万万个艾滋病感染的病例。close4RT In the context of an election year, I ask you — here, in this great hall, or listening in the quiet of your home — to recognize that the AIDS virus is not a political creature.It does not care whether you are Democrat(民主党党员)or Republican.It does not ask whether you are black or white, male or female, gay(同性恋的)or straight(非同性恋的), young or old.在这个选举年里，无论您此刻是在这宽敞的会议厅，还是在安静的家里，我都要请您明白：艾滋病病毒不是政治产物。它并不介意您是民主党人还是共和党人；它并不过问您是黑人还是白人，是男人还是女人，是同性恋还是异性恋，是青年人还是老年人。close5RT Tonight, I represent an AIDS community whose members came reluctantly from every segment of American society.Though I am white and a mother, I am one with a black infant struggling with tubes in a Philadelphia hospital.Though I am female and contracted this disease in marriage, and enjoy the warm support of my family, I am one with the lonely gay man sheltering a flickering(摇曳)candle from the cold wind of his family's rejection.今晚，我代表的是一个罹患艾滋病的社群。这个社群的成员来自美国社会的各个阶层，但都不是志愿加入的。尽管我是个白人，是个母亲，但我和一个正在费城医院和试管搏斗的黑皮肤的婴儿命运相连。尽管我是个女性，结婚时染上了艾滋病，同时也享受着家人温馨的支持，但我和一个孤独的同性恋男人命运相连；他正在家人厌弃的寒风下呵护着摇曳的生命烛火。close6RT This is not a distant threat;it is a present danger.The rate of infection is increasing fastest among women and children.Largely unknown a decade ago, AIDS is the third leading killer of young adult Americans today — but it won't be third for long.Because, unlike other diseases, this one travels.Adolescents don't give each other cancer or heart disease because they believe they are in love.But HIV is different.And we have helped it along — we have killed each other — with our ignorance, our prejudice, and our silence.艾滋病的威胁并非遥不可及，相反，它的危险近在咫尺。妇孺的染疾率正以最快的速度上升。艾滋病十年前还鲜为人知，可如今已是夺取美国年轻人生命的第三大元凶 —— 不过，它屈居第三的位置也将不会为时多久。因为有别于其他疾病的是，艾滋病四处游荡。青少年不会因为自认为相爱而相互传染癌症或者心脏病。可艾滋病病毒却是另外一回事儿。无知、偏见和缄默使得我们助纣为虐，相互残杀。close7RT We may take refuge(庇护)in our stereotypes, but we cannot hide there long.Because HIV asks only one thing of those it attacks: Are you human? And this is the right question: Are you human? Because people with HIV have not entered some alien(性质全然不同的)state of being.They are human.They have not earned cruelty and they do not deserve meanness.They don't benefit from being isolated or treated as outcasts(被抛弃的人).Each of them is a person.Not evil, deserving of our judgment;not victims, longing for our pity.They are people, ready for support and worthy of compassion.我们或许会固守成见，但成见不能长久保护我们。因为艾滋病病毒发起进攻时只会问：你们是人吗？问得好！你们是人吗？因为艾滋病病毒的携带者并非变成了某种怪异的生物体，他们是人。他们并没有犯下遭此残酷待遇的罪行，不应该受到刻薄的对待。他们在被孤立、被遗弃当中没有获益。他们每个人都是一名个体，他们不是祸害，不应该受到审判；他们不是受害者，不渴望大家的怜悯。他们是需要支持、值得同情的人。close8RT My call to the nation is a plea(恳求)for awareness.If you believe you are safe, you are in danger.Because I was not hemophiliac(患血友病的), I was not at risk.Because I was not gay, I was not at risk.Because I did not inject(注射)drugs, I was not at risk.我向国人发出的是“觉悟起来”的诉求。如果你们相信自己是安全的，那你们已身处危境了。当初不是因为我不是血友病患而没有危险，不是因我不是同性恋而没有危险，不是因我不吸毒而没有危险。close9RT Tonight, HIV marches firmly towards AIDS in more than a million American homes, littering its pathway with the bodies of the young — young men, young women, young parents, and young children.One of the families is mine.If it is true that HIV inevitably turns to AIDS, then my children will inevitably turn to orphans(孤儿).今晚，艾滋病病毒在一百多万美国家庭里正稳步地向艾滋病迈进，沿途丢弃的尽是年轻的尸骨 —— 年轻的男人、年轻的女人，年轻的父母和年幼的孩童。在这些众多的家庭中就有我的家庭。如果艾滋病病毒果真不可避免地令我患上艾滋病，那么我的孩子将不可避免地成为孤儿。close10RT My family has been a rock of support.My 84-year-old father, who has pursued the healing of the nations, will not accept the premise(假设)that he cannot heal his daughter.My mother refuses to be broken;she still calls at midnight to tell wonderful jokes that make me laugh.Sisters and friends, and my brother Philip(whose birthday is today)— all have helped carry me over the hardest places.I am blessed, richly and deeply blessed, to have such a family.我的家人一直给予我磐石般的支持。我84岁的父亲一直致力于上帝“医治万民”的事业，他不愿意接受自己无力医治女儿创伤的假定。我母亲拒绝放弃希望，午夜时分，她仍打来电话讲些令我捧腹的精彩笑话。姐妹、朋友、我的兄弟菲利普（今天是他的生日），他们都帮助我穿越了最艰难的地带。拥有这样一个家庭，我是“幸福”的，深深的、无比的“幸福”。close11RT But not all of you have been so blessed.You are HIV-positive but dare not say it.You have lost loved ones, but you dared not whisper the word AIDS.You weep silently;you grieve alone.但是，你们大家并非都如我这般幸福。你们是艾滋病病毒的携带者，但却没有勇气说出来；你们失去了心爱的人，但却没有勇气轻声说出“艾滋病”这个词。你们悄悄啜泣，独自悲伤。close12RT I have a message for you: It is not you who should feel shame;it is we.We who tolerate ignorance and practice prejudice, we who have taught you to fear.We must break the silence, making it safe for you to reach out for compassion.It is our task to seek safety for our children, not in quiet denial but in effective action.我要告诉你们的是：应该感到羞愧的不是你们，而是我们大家！是我们容忍无知、抱有偏见！是我们教会你们害怕！我们必须打破沉默，让你们在争取同情时感到心安理得。我们有义务给孩子们寻求安全，但不是通过默默的排斥而应是积极的行动。close13RT To the millions of you who are grieving, who are frightened, who have contracted AIDS firsthand: Have courage and you will find support.对那些哀伤着恐惧着罹患了艾滋病的数以百万计的人们，我想说：鼓起勇气，才能获得支援！close14RT To the millions who are strong, I issue this plea: Set aside prejudice and politics to make room for compassion and sound policy.对数以百万计的健康人，我恳求你们放下偏见和政见，施以怜悯，制定明智的政策。close15RT To all within the sound of my voice, I appeal: Learn with me the lessons of history and of grace, so my children will not be afraid to say the word AIDS when I am gone.Then their children, and yours, may not need to whisper it at all.我要向所有的人高声疾呼：和我一起汲取历史教训吧，和我一起学习宽容吧。这样，我的孩子在我离去时才会有胆量说出“艾滋病”这个字眼儿，孩子的孩子以及你们的孩子也许就再也不必窃窃私语说出“艾滋病”这个字眼儿了。

Unit 5 Education in Cyberspace

Vicky Phillips The text is taken and adapted from the website: http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1998/01/20feature.html

close1RT On a recent business trip a man asked me what I did for a living.I replied that I wrote and taught college courses.网络教育

维基· 菲利普斯

在最近的一次出差途中，有人问及我的职业，我说自己是从事编写和教授大学课程的。close2RT ”Oh?“ he said.”Where do you teach?“

“哦？你在哪儿教书？”他问道。close3RT A peculiarly honest answer came out of my mouth before I could think.”Nowhere,“ I said.我不假思索，老老实实地答道：“虚无空间里”。close4RT It's true.Since 1990 I have taught and counseled for what a friend of mine calls ”keyboard colleges“ — distance-learning degree programs.Where I teach is inside that electrically charged space that lies between my phone jack and the home computers of a group of generally older-than-average college students.我说的是实情。1990年起，我就在被朋友称作“键盘大学”里教远程学位教育课程并提供辅导。我的课堂是在充满电荷的空间里，其间一端连着我的电话插座，另一端连着一群年龄偏大的大学生家里的电脑。close5RT In 1990, I designed America's first online counseling center for distance learners.Since then I've worked with more than 7,000 learners online.I've flunked a few of them.I've never personally met any of them.1990年，我筹建了美国第一个远程学习者在线辅导中心。迄今为止，我已在线辅导了7000多个学生，其中只有几个人不及格，而我本人却从未与他们谋面。close6RT For want of a clearer explanation of my career situation, I told the man who inquired that I teach in cyberspace.”I'm a virtual professor,“ I tried explaining.”Distance learning...online degree programs...virtual universities.“

由于无法更清楚地解释我的工作环境，我只能告诉这位问话者：我在虚拟空间教书，“是个虚拟大学的教师。”我试着向他解释“远程教育······在线学位课程······虚拟大学”等等。close7RT The man's face remained as blank as a clear summer sky.I couldn't tell whether he was silent out of respect or keen confusion.I imagined both to be the case, so I settled in to explain what I have to explain frequently these days: the decline of the American college campus and the rise of the American educational mind — as I see it.那人的脸上仍旧一片茫然。我不清楚他沉默不语到底是因肃然起敬所致，还是纯粹对此稀里糊涂。我猜想两个原因都有。于是，我就开始解释这些天来经常解释的事情：我认为，美国的大学教育在衰退，而美国的教育新思维正在兴起。close8RT Distance learning, or educational programs where pupil and professor never meet face-to-face, is nothing new.Sir Isaac Pitman of Bath, England, hit upon the idea of having rural residents learn secretarial skills by translating the Bible into shorthand, then mailing these translations back to him for grading.He began doing this in 1840.And he made mounds of money doing it.远程教学（即师生不用谋面的教育课程）并不是件新生事物。英国巴斯大学的艾塞克·彼特曼爵士曾突发奇想，让乡村居民把圣经转换成速记文字，然后邮寄给他评阅，以这种办法教会他们文秘技能。1840年他就开始实施，从中赚取了大笔的金钱。close9RT I don't teach shorthand;I teach psychology and career development.I write many of my own lessons, though, just as Sir Isaac had to do.My post is the World Wide Web.I post assignments to electronic bulletin boards and send graded papers across the international phone lines in tariff-free e-mail packets.I convene classes and give lectures in online chat rooms when need be.我并不教速记，我教心理学和职业拓展。但还是和艾塞克爵士一样，很多课程是自己编写的。我的岗位是在万维网，我把作业张贴在电子布告栏上，把批阅过的试卷用电子邮件通过国际电话线发送出去，而且免交关税；必要时，把班级学生召集起来，在网上聊天室里在线讲课。close10RT Is this any way to dispense with a real college education? Can people learn without sitting in neat rows in a lecture room listening to the professor — the Sage on the Stage?

难道这种方式能够摒弃现实中的大学教育吗？学生难道不用整齐地坐在教室里聆听老师 —— 讲坛上的圣人——讲课就能学到知识吗？close11RT Yes, absolutely.Why not? In fact, while many people find it hard to imagine a college with no campus, I nowadays find it hard to imagine teaching anywhere other than in the liberal freedom that is cyberspace.绝对可以，毫无疑问。事实上，很多人都认为没有校园的大学难以想象，可我现在却以为不在网络空间这块充满自由氛围的地方教书才是匪夷所思呢。close12RT In cyberspace, I listen, read, comment and reflect on what my students have to say — each of them in turn.What they know, they must communicate to me in words.They cannot sit passively in the back row twiddling their mental thumbs as the clock ticks away.They must think;and horrors of horrors, they must write.Thinking and writing: Aren't these the hallmarks of a classically educated mind?

在网络空间里，我倾听、阅读、评价、思考学生们表述的观点 —— 一次一个，轮流发言。他们必须书面把见解传输给我，他们不能坐在后排座位上，无所事事地打发时光。他们必须思考，最令他们头疼的是，他们必须写作。思考与写作，那不就是传统教育培养出来的人才所具备的特质吗？close13RT I know my students not by their faces or their seat position in a vast lecture auditorium;I know them by the words and ideas they express in their weekly assignments, which everyone reads online.我不是凭借他们的脸庞或是他们在宽敞教室里所坐位置来认识我的学生，而是通过他们每周作业里的文字和观点了解他们。这些文字与观点大家都能在线读到。close14RT I am not a Sage on the Stage — I am more a Guide on the Side.Often what the students ”say“ or write to one another, or the way they incorporate their work and career ideas into their papers and debates with each other, is more practically inspiring than any help I could provide them with.我不是讲坛上的圣人 —— 我更像是他们身边的向导。通常，学生们之间“说”的或写的东西、把自己工作和职业体会融入论文和辩论的方式，比起我能够提供的任何东西都更加实用，更有启迪性。close15RT My average college ”kid“ is 40 years old.More than a few are in their 50s or 60s.They are telecommuting to campus because they could not, or would not, uproot their careers and kids or grandkids to move to a college campus — an entity modeled after the learning monasteries of medieval times.我学生的年龄一般是四十岁，还有不少五六十岁。他们通过网络来上学。因为他们不能或者不愿意辞去工作、离开儿女或孙辈们搬进大学校园 —— 那样的大学无非就是一个依照中世纪修道院模式建立起来的教育实体。close16RT Many of them know what they are talking about.Even more so, they know why they came back to college to learn.A cyber-education suits them because it respects their abilities to define for themselves what knowledge is and to go after it.It encourages them to argue their points and their perspectives without the interference of a professor, who might be tempted to step in to ”calm down“ or ”refocus“ an otherwise wonderfully enlightening classroom debate.他们大多数了解自己所谈论的东西，不仅如此，他们清楚自己为何返回大学学习。网络教育适合他们，因为网络教育尊重学员界定知识和追求知识的能力，鼓励他们抒发自己的观点和见解，没有教师干扰，因为教师可能会情不自禁地介入他们的争论，把原本很有启发性的课堂讨论“平息”或者“引到别的话题上去”。close17RT They are experiencing something very different from the traditional factory model of American education, in which everyone on the assembly line is delivered the same standardized units of information(lectures and textbooks)and then must pass the same quality inspection(objective exams).This factory model — where students sit in neat rows, holding up their hands for permission to speak, clock-watching their way through textbooks and lectures that are broken into discrete bits of knowledge — has never been shown to be an effective way to learn.It has, however, been proven to be a convenient way for colleges to record on transcripts that a standard body of knowledge has been duly delivered.学生们体验到的东西完全不同于依照传统工厂模式运作的美国教育。在传统教育中，生产线上的每个人接收到相同标准单位的信息（讲座和教材），然后必须通过同一质量检查（客观考试）。学生们坐在整齐排列的座位上，举手请求允许后才发言，不断地看着钟表学课本、听讲座，课本和讲座被分解成不相关联的知识玩意儿。没有证据显示，这样的工厂模式是有效的学习途径，而只能证明这是一种很便利的方式：大学在成绩报告单上记录下标准份量的知识已如期地传授。close18RT Maybe teaching a liberal arts curriculum via a virtual environment makes more sense to me because it brings me back to what I learned to be a true liberal arts education.Studying philosophy in Athens, Greece, I was taught that to learn anything, one had to throw away textbooks and notebooks — mere memory tools — and instead rely on one's native ability to think critically.或许，在虚拟环境下教大学文科课程对我来说特别有意义，因为它可以追溯到我当年所了解到的真正的大学文科教育。在希腊雅典研读哲学时，老师教导我，要学到东西就得扔掉课本和笔记本这些不过是记忆工具的东西，要依赖我们与生俱来的本领进行批判性思考。close19RT While my cyber-students do have textbooks, the books are learning aids;they are not the only pool of knowledge the students will drink from.Instead, they will learn also from the collaborative efforts of online debates, conferences and papers.They will think about what they have to say, and they will come to class each week amazingly prepared to argue and type their way toward insight.我的网络学生的确是有教材，但那都是学习的辅助材料，不是他们汲取知识的唯一源泉。他们还将从网上辩论、会议和论文写作的合作中学到知识。学生们要为发言认真思考；他们每周来上课时，充分准备好辩论，通过键盘上的交流获取真知。close20RT The virtual university: Oddly enough, it's just what a classical philosopher like Plato would have practiced — had there been an Internet way back then.Me? I'm in favor of less learning taking place on a campus and more that happens in the minds of the participants.说也奇怪，虚拟大学兴许正是柏拉图这样的古典哲学家喜欢授课的地方 —— 假如他那个时期有因特网的话。你问我本人的意见？我也认为教育应该比较少地在校园里开展，而更多地应该在参与者的脑子里进行。

The Four Pillars of Education in the Twenty-first Century

Jacques Delors The text is excerpted from Learning: The Treasure Within, a report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century, by Jacques Delors, 1996.close1RT In confronting the many challenges that the future holds in store, humankind sees in education an indispensable asset(资产)in its attempt to attain the ideals of peace, freedom and social justice.二十一世纪教育的四个支柱 雅克· 德洛尔

面对未来的种种挑战，教育看来是使人类朝着和平、自由和社会正义迈进的一笔不可或缺的财富。close2RT The role of education in the 21st century must be based upon the hope for a world that is a better place to live in.To this end, we have to confront and overcome some of the problems of the 21st century, namely:

●The tension between the global and the local.People need to become world citizens gradually but without losing their roots.●The tension between tradition and modernity, which is part of the same problem: how to adapt to change without turning one's back on the past.●The tension between long-term and short-term considerations.Public opinion always cries out for quick answers and ready solutions, whereas many problems call for a patient, concerted(协同完成的), negotiated strategy of reform.This is precisely the case where education policies are concerned.●The tension between, on the one hand, the need for competition, and on the other, the concern for equality of opportunity.This has led us to reconcile three forces: competition, which provides incentives;co-operation, which gives strength;and solidarity, which unites.●The tension between the spiritual and the material.It is education's noble task to encourage each and every one to lift their minds and spirits in accordance with their traditions and convictions.在二十一世纪，教育的作用必须立足于人类对更美好世界的向往。为此，我们必须正视二十一世纪面临的一些问题，并予以解决。这些问题是： ●全球与局域之间的紧张关系：各国人民在不失其根本的同时，需逐渐成为世界公民。

●传统和现代之间的紧张关系，这和“如何适应变革又不漠视过去”属于同一个问题。

●长远考虑和短期考虑之间的紧张关系。舆论总是迫切需要迅速得到问题的答案和现成的解决办法，而许多问题却需要从长计议，耐心协调，策略变通方能解决。教育政策正属于这种情况。●人类一方面需要竞争，另一方面也关注机会的均等，这两者之间也存在着紧张关系。这促使我们把三个因素协调起来：具有激励作用的竞争力、产生活力的合作精神以及具有凝聚力的团结精神。●精神和物质之间的紧张关系。在不违背每个人的传统和信仰的基础上，激励他们升华自己的思想和精神境界，这是教育的崇高使命。close3RT Having adopted this position, we propose to put greater emphasis on one of the four pillars which serve as the foundations of education: learning to live together.One of education's tasks is both to teach pupils and students about human diversity and make them aware of the similarities and interdependence of all people.From early childhood, schools should seize every opportunity to pursue this two-pronged(两方面的)approach.Some subjects lend themselves to this — human geography in basic education, foreign languages and literature later on, to name just a few.Learning to live together can be achieved by developing an understanding of others and their history, traditions and spiritual values and, on this basis, creating a new spirit which would induce people to implement common projects or to manage the inevitable conflicts in an intelligent and peaceful way.站在这个立场上，我们建议，人类需要更加重视作为教育基础的四个支柱之一：学会共同生活。教育的使命之一是让学生认识人类的多样性，同时还要让他们意识到所有人之间的相似性和相互依存性。从幼儿开始，学校就应该抓住各种机会进行这一双重教育。有些学科适合进行这种教育，例如，在基础教育阶段开设人文地理，晚些时候开设外语和外国文学。为了学会共同生活，我们可以多了解他人、了解他人的历史、传统和精神价值，在此基础上创造一种新的精神，这种精神会激励人们参与共同的项目或者用明智、和平的方式化解不可避免的冲突。close4RT In the meantime, we should not disregard the other three pillars of education which provide, as it were(可以说是), the bases for learning to live together.The first of these is learning to know.With the rapid changes brought about by scientific progress, the emphasis has to be on combining a sufficiently broad general education with the possibility of in-depth work on a selected number of subjects.同时，我们也不应该忽视教育的另外三个支柱，它们可以说是学会共同生活的基本要素。第一是学会认知。随着科学进步所带来的迅速变革，人类必须重视以下两个方面的结合：一是相当广泛的普通教育；二是就少量精选的学科进行深入研究的可能性。close5RT Learning to know, therefore, implies learning how to learn.Since knowledge is of multiple nature, any attempt to know everything becomes more and more pointless.In fact, after the basic education stage, the idea of being a multi-subject specialist is simply an illusion.A truly educated person nowadays needs a broad general education and the opportunity to study a small number of subjects in depth.General education, which gives pupils and students a chance to learn other languages and become familiar with other subjects, first and foremost provides a way of communicating with other people.Such a general background provides, so to speak, the passport to lifelong education, in so far as it gives people a taste — but also lays the foundations — for learning throughout life.因此，学会认知就意味着学会如何学习。由于知识涉及到方方面面，试图想什么都知道，这愈来愈做不到。事实上，在基础教育阶段之后，想成为多门学科的专家就成了不切实际的幻想。今天，一个真正受到良好教育的人需要接受广泛的通识教育，同时有机会深入地研究少量的学科。通识教育使学生有机会学习其他语言、熟悉其他学科，首先而且尤为重要的是，通识教育提供了与他人交流的手段。这种通识教育可以说是接受终身教育的通行证，因为它使人对终身学习产生了兴趣并为其奠定了基础。close6RT Learning to do is another pillar.This question is closely associated with the issue of occupational training: how do we adapt education so that it can equip people to do the types of work needed in the future? Here we should draw a distinction between industrial economies, where most people are wage-earners, and other economies where self-employment or casual(临时的)work is still the norm.The future of industrial economies hinges on(取决于)their ability to turn advances in knowledge into innovations that will generate new businesses and new jobs.In addition to learning to do a job, it also refers to the acquisition of a competence(能力)that enables people to deal with a variety of situations and to work in teams.In many cases, such competence and skills are more readily acquired if pupils and students have the opportunity to try out and develop their abilities by becoming involved in work experience schemes or social work while they are still in education.另外一个支柱是学会做事。这和职业培训密不可分：我们如何使教育和未来相适应、使人们有能力做好未来所需要的工作？这里我们应该将以雇佣劳动为主的工业化经济同以个体经营或临时工为主的其他类型的经济区别开来。工业化经济的未来取决于它们能否把知识的进步转化为革新，从而开创新企业、创造新的就业机会。除了学习从事一种职业外，学会做事也指获得一种能力，这种能力使一个人能够应付各种各样的情况，而且能够参与集体劳动。如果在校的中小学生和大学生都有机会参加一些以获取工作经验为目标的培训活动或社会福利工作，以此来实践和锻炼自己的能力，以上所说的能力和技能在许多情况下是比较容易获得的close7RT Last, but far from least, is the fourth pillar: learning to be.In the twenty-first century everyone will need to exercise greater independence and judgment.It is necessary to have a stronger sense of personal responsibility for the attainment of common goals.Education should contribute to every person's complete development — mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic(美感的)appreciation and spirituality.All people should receive in their childhood and youth an education that equips them to develop their own independent, critical way of thinking and judgment, so that they can make up their own minds on the best courses of action(行动步骤)in the different circumstances in their lives.None of the talents which are hidden like buried treasure in every person must be left untapped(未开发的).These are, to name but a few: memory, reasoning power, imagination, physical ability, aesthetic sense, the aptitude(才能)to communicate with others and the natural charisma(领袖气质)of the group leader, which again goes to prove the need for greater self-knowledge.最后但同样重要的是第四个支柱：学会生存。在二十一世纪，人人都需要发挥更强的自主能力和判断能力；每个人都要对共同目标的实现怀有更强烈的责任感。教育应当促进每个人的全面发展，即身心、智力、敏锐性、审美情趣以及精神的升华等方面的发展。每个人在青少年时代接受的教育应该使他们形成一种独立自主的、富有批判精神的思维方式和判断力。只有这样，他们才能够在人生不同的情况下自己确定最应该做的事情。蕴藏在每个人身上的像宝藏一样的才能都必须发挥出来，例如记忆力、推理能力、想象力、体能、审美意识、与他人交流的能力以及领导者天生的领袖魅力。这再次证明一个人需要对自己有更深入的了解。close8RT What we shall build in the twenty-first century is a learning society founded on the acquisition, renewal(更新)and use of knowledge.As the development of the ”information society“ is increasing the opportunities for access to data and facts, education should enable everyone to gather information and to select, arrange, manage and use it.我们要在二十一世纪建立以获取、更新和利用知识为基础的教育社会。由于“信息社会”不断发展，人们接触数据和事实的机会大增，教育应该使每个人都能收集种种信息，并能筛选、整理、管理和使用这些信息。close9RT Faced with a growing and at the same time increasingly quality-minded demand for education, how can educational policies achieve the twin aims of high educational standards and equity? These are the questions that we should address concerning courses of study, educational methods and content, and prerequisites(先决条件)for the effectiveness of education.面对这种对教育越来越多、越来越高的要求，怎样才能使教育政策实现既提高教育质量又体现教育公正这两个目标呢？这是我们应该解决的问题，其中涉及课程设置、教学方法和内容、以及提高教学效果应必备的条件。close10RT These four pillars of knowledge cannot be anchored(固定)solely in one phase in a person's life or in a single place.There is a need to re-think when in people's lives education should be provided, and the fields that such education should cover.The periods and fields should complement each other and be interrelated in such a way that all people can get the most out of their own specific educational environment all through their lives.教育的这四个支柱不能只涉及一个人一生中的某个阶段或单纯某个方面。我们有必要重新思考：人的一生什么时候应该获得教育？所受的教育应该覆盖哪些领域？教育的各个阶段和领域应该相互补充，相互关联，从而使每个人在一生中都能够充分利用自己拥有的独特的教育环境。Close

Unit 6 Culture Shock

Kalervo Oberg The text is excerpted and adapted from Kalervo Oberg's talk presented to the Women's Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 3, 1954.close1RT We might almost call culture shock an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure.文化冲击

卡勒沃·奥伯格

我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。close2RT Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues.文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方式方法：与人会面时何时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人说的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。close3RT Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.No matter how broad-minded you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort: ”The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.“ When Americans or other foreigners in a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people — you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你的心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境：”我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。“当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时 —— 可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美化美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛在了脑后，只记得故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。close4RT In an effort to get over culture shock, there is some value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of man-made physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a new born child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French;nor that he should eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right or use chopsticks.All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.And as we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned, culture becomes a way of life.要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。close5RT People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things.This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group to the extent that any critical comment is taken as a remark which is rude to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me;if you criticize me, you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait.He acts that way not because he is Joe Doaks but because he is an American.Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured.It is thus best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups.Even if a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreigner should listen but not enter into the criticism.人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感”，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来，因此任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结为民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性：他那样做并非因为他是乔·多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，外国人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。close6RT Once you realize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understanding of other people’s cultural background and your own lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that you yourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication.And the sooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disappear.你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式，你同时就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。close7RT The question now arises, what can you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer is getting to know the people of the host country.But this you cannot do with any success without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbol system of communication.Now we all know that learning a new language is difficult, particularly to adults.This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you.But once you begin to be able to carry on a friendly conversation with your maid, your neighbour, or to go on shopping trips alone, you not only gain confidence and a feeling of power but a whole new world of cultural meanings opens up for you.接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。close8RT You begin to find out what people do, how they do it, and what their interests are.People usually express these interests by what they habitually talk about and how they allocate their time and money.Once you know this value or interest pattern it will be quite easy to get people to talk to and be interested in you.你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。close9RT At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.Yet the visitor should never forget that he or she is an outsider and will be treated as such.He or she should view this participation as a role playing.Understanding the ways of a people is essential but this does not mean that you have to give up your own.What happens is that you have developed two patterns of behavior.有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们也会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式。

T Rich Met My Mother

Amy Tan This text is adapted from ”Four Directions“ by Amy Tan in Frame Work edited by Gary Colombo, Bonnie Lisle & Sandra Mano.Boston: Bedford Books.1997.close1RT After much thought, I came up with a brilliant plan.I worked out a way for Rich to meet my mother and win her over.In fact, I arranged it so my mother would want to cook a meal especially for him.I had some help from Auntie Suyuan.Auntie Su was my mother's friend from way back.里奇拜见我妈 谭恩美

一番深思熟虑之后，我想出了一个妙计，设法让里奇与我母亲见面，赢得她的好感。实际上，我巧加安排，让我妈特意为里奇做一餐饭。这回我得到了素云阿姨的一臂之力，她是我母亲的老朋友了。close2RT So one day, my mother called me, to invite me to a delayed birthday dinner for my father.My brother Vincent was bringing his girlfriend, Lisa Lum.I could bring a friend, too.终于，一天母亲打来电话，邀请我参加为父亲推迟举行的生日晚宴。我的弟弟文森特要带上女朋友林莉萨，那么我也可以带一个朋友。close3RT I knew she would do this, because cooking was how my mother expressed her love, her pride, her power, her proof that she knew more than Auntie Su.”Just be sure to tell her later that her cooking was the best you ever tasted, that it was far better than Auntie Su's,“ I told Rich.”Believe me.“

母亲这样做，不出我的意料。因为烹饪是母亲表达她的爱、她的骄傲、她的权威和证明她的学识胜过素云阿姨的一种方式。“饭后一定要告诉妈，她做的菜是你吃过的最好的，比素云阿姨做的好吃多了。”我跟里奇说，“听我的没错儿。”close4RT The night of the dinner, I sat in the kitchen watching her cook, waiting for the right moment to tell her about our marriage plans, that we had decided to get married next July, about seven months away.She was chopping eggplant into small pieces, chattering(喋喋不休)at the same time about Auntie Suyuan: ”She can only cook looking at a recipe.My instructions are in my fingers.I know what secret ingredients to put in just by using my nose!“ And she was slicing so fast that I was afraid her fingertips would become one of the ingredients of the red-cooked(红烧的)eggplant and shredded pork dish.生日宴会的那天晚上，我坐在厨房里看妈妈做菜，等着找机会告诉她我们的结婚计划，告诉她我们决定明年7月份（也就是7个月后）结婚。她一边把茄子切成小块，一边叨叨着素云阿姨：“她看着食谱才会做菜，而我对做菜的窍门可是了如指掌。闻闻就知道该用什么独家配料！”她飞快地切着薄片，我生怕她的指尖也成了红烧肉末茄子的配料。close5RT I was hoping she would say something first about Rich.I had seen her expression when she opened the door, her forced smile as she studied him from head to toe, checking her appraisal(评价)of him against that already given to her by Auntie Suyuan.I tried to anticipate what criticisms she would have.我希望她能主动提到里奇。我注意到了她开门时的表情。她挤出一丝笑容，把里奇从头到脚打量了个遍，心里一边在作比照，看从素云阿姨那听来的看法是否与自己所见相符。我努力设想她会做出什么样的批评。close6RT Rich was not only not Chinese, he was a few years younger than I was.And unfortunately, he looked much younger with his curly red hair, smooth pale skin, and the splash of orange freckles(雀斑)across his nose.He was a bit on the short side, compactly built.In his dark business suits, he looked nice but easily forgettable, like somebody's nephew at a funeral, which was why I didn't notice him the first year we worked together at the firm.But my mother noticed everything.里奇不仅不是华人，还比我小几岁。而且不幸的是，他一头红色的卷发，光滑苍白的皮肤，鼻子上布满了橙色的雀斑，让他比实际年纪更显年轻。他个头不高，长得结结实实。身着深色西装，他看起来不错，但是不会令人难忘，就像是谁家葬礼上某人的侄子那么不起眼。所以头一年在公司里与他共事时我就没注意到他。可母亲却把什么都看在了眼里。close7RT ”So what do you think of Rich?“ I finally asked, holding my breath.“那么你觉得里奇怎样？”我终于问道，屏息而待。close8RT She tossed the eggplant in the hot oil and it made a loud, angry hissing(发出嘶嘶声的)sound.”So many spots on his face,“ she said.她把茄子倒进热油里翻炒，锅里传出一阵愤怒的嘶嘶作响的声音。“脸上那么多斑点，”她说道。close9RT ”They're freckles.Freckles are good luck, you know,“ I said a bit too heatedly in trying to raise my voice above the noise of the kitchen.“是雀斑，要知道，有雀斑命好。”我说得有些过于激动，试图把声音提高，盖过厨房里的噪音。close10RT ”Oh?“ She said innocently.“哦？”她好像真的不知情似说道。close11RT ”Yes, the more spots the better.Everybody knows that.“

“真的，斑点越多越好，谁都知道这回事儿。”close12RT She considered this a moment and then smiled and spoke in Chinese: ”Maybe this is true.When you were young, you got the chicken pox(水痘).So many spots, you had to stay home for ten days.So lucky, you thought.“

她思忖了一会儿，笑了。用中文说道：“好像是这么回事儿。你小时候长水痘，长了好多的痘痘，在家呆了10天，你当时那个庆幸！”close13RT I couldn't save Rich in the kitchen.And I couldn't save him later at the dinner table.在厨房里我拯救不了里奇，在饭桌上我也救不了他。close14RT He had brought a bottle of French wine, something he did not know my parents could not appreciate.My parents did not even own wineglasses.And then he also made the mistake of drinking not one but two glasses full, while everybody else had a half-inch ”just for taste“.他带了瓶法国葡萄酒，他不知道我父母不会欣赏那玩意儿，我父母连酒杯都没有。后来他还犯了个错，大家都“只是为了尝尝”喝下半英寸酒杯高的酒量，可他不止喝一杯，而是喝了满满两杯。close15RT When I offered Rich a fork, he insisted on using the slippery ivory(象牙)chopsticks.He held them spread out clumsily while picking up a large chunk(厚块)of red-cooked eggplant.Halfway between his plate and his open mouth, the chunk fell on his crisp(崭新的)white shirt.当我给里奇叉子时，他坚持使用滑不唧溜的象牙筷。夹起一大块红烧茄子时，筷子在他笨拙的手上并不拢。当把茄子夹到他的碟子和大张着的嘴之间时，茄子竟然掉落在他崭新的白色衬衣上。close16RT And then he had helped himself to big portions of the shrimp and snow peas(糖荚豌豆炒河虾), not realizing he should have taken only a polite spoonful, until everybody had had a morsel(一小份).后来，他又自顾自地大吃糖荚豌豆炒河虾，殊不知他得等大家吃过一点才能够礼貌地吃上一小勺。close17RT He had declined the new greens, the tender and expensive leaves of bean plants plucked(采摘)before the sprouts(新芽)turn into beans.他谢绝吃新鲜青菜，那豆苗叶又嫩又昂贵，还没结豆子那叶子就给摘了下来。close18RT He thought he was being polite by refusing seconds, when he should have followed my father's example, who made a big show of taking small portions of seconds, thirds, and even fourths, always saying he could not resist another bite of something or other, and then groaning that he was so full he thought he would burst.他以为拒绝吃第二口就算是有礼貌了，实际上，他应该跟我爸爸学：架势大，但吃量少，就这样吃第二口、第三口、甚至第四口，边吃边要一个劲儿地说还是忍不住再吃上一口之类的话，然后就哼哼着说自己肚子饱得要撑破了。close19RT But the worst was when Rich criticized my mother's cooking, and he didn't even know what he had done.As is the Chinese cook's custom, my mother always made disparaging(贬低的)remarks about her own cooking.That night she chose to direct it toward her famous steamed pork and preserved vegetable dish, which she always served with special pride.可最为糟糕的是里奇数落了我母亲的做菜手艺，自己却浑然不觉。按照中国做菜人的习惯，我母亲老是说自己做的菜不好吃。那天晚上，她将矛头直指她那道著名的“梅菜扣肉”，她总是特别骄傲地端上这道菜。close20RT ”Ai!This dish not salty enough, no flavor,“ she complained, after tasting a small bite.”It is too bad to eat.“

“哎！不够咸，没味道。”尝了一小口后，她抱怨道。“太难吃了。”close21RT This was our family's cue to eat some and proclaim it the best she had ever made.But before we could do so, Rich said, ”You know, all it needs is a little soy sauce(酱油).“ And he proceeded to pour a riverful of the salty black stuff on the big plate, right before my mother's horrified(震惊的)eyes.在我们家，这是暗示我们大家先吃一点，然后就宣称这是她烧的最美味的一道菜。可是我们还没来得及这样做，里奇就开腔了：“没错，就差点酱油。”而后，他就把那黑乎乎的咸东西在母亲震惊的目光注视下往那大盘子菜上浇。close22RT And even though I was hoping throughout the dinner that my mother would somehow see Rich's kindness, his sense of humor and boyish charm, I knew he had failed miserably in her eyes.即使我一直希望在吃饭的整个过程中，母亲会设法看出里奇的善良、幽默和青年男子特有的魅力，但此刻我知道在母亲眼中他已一败涂地。close23RT Rich obviously had had a different opinion on how the evening had gone.When we got home that night, I was still shuddering(战栗), remembering how Rich had firmly shaken both my parents' hands with that same easy(不拘束的)familiarity he used with nervous new clients.”Linda, Tim,“ he said, ”we'll see you again soon, I'm sure.“ My parents' names are Lindo and Tin Jong, and nobody, except a few older family friends, ever calls them by their first names.里奇对晚上发生的事情明显有不同的看法。当晚我们回家时，想起他用力握我父母的手，就像他和紧张的新客户握手时表现出的潇洒随意，我浑身还在发抖。“琳达，蒂姆，”他当时说道，“我们不久会再来看望你们的，我保证。”我父母的名字分别叫琳朵（音译）和钟田（仿粤语音译）。除了家里来往的几个年长的朋友外，谁也不会直呼他们的名字。close24RT ”So what did she say when you told her?“ And I knew he was referring to our getting married.“你告诉她了，她怎么说？”我知道他指的是我们结婚的事儿。close25RT ”I never had a chance,“ I said, which was true.How could I have told my mother I was getting married, when at every possible moment we were alone, she seemed to remark on how much expensive wine Rich liked to drink, or how pale and ill he looked.“没有机会，”我说的是实话。在和母亲独处的所有时间里，她好像都在议论里奇喜欢喝的葡萄酒是多么的昂贵，他的面色多么地苍白、气色多么地差，我哪里可以跟她说我要结婚。close26RT Rich was smiling.”How long does it take to say, Mom, Dad, I'm getting married?“

里奇嬉皮笑脸。“就说声 ‘爸、妈，我要结婚了’ 能花上多长的时间？”close27RT ”You don't understand.You don't understand my mother.“

“你不明白，你不了解我母亲。”

Unit 7

T What Makes Olympic Champions?

John E.Anderson This article is adapted from Reader's Digest, Feb.1994.close1RT When Kristi Yamaguchi fell to the ice in the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville, France, spectators groaned.Surely the 20-year-old's chances for a gold medal in figure skating had evaporated with that tumble.But Kristi rose to her feet, flashed a dazzling smile and spun back into her program.When the judges' scores were announced, she had received near-perfect marks despite the fall.Her spirited recovery gave her the gold medal — a tribute to her

determination and courage.是什么造就了奥运冠军? 约翰· E· 安德森

1992年，在法国阿尔贝维尔冬季奥运会上，当克里斯蒂· 山口在冰场上跌倒时，观众席上一片遗憾的声音。这位20岁的运动员获得花样滑冰金牌的希望肯定会因这一失足而化为泡影。但是克里斯蒂站了起来，她灿然一笑，旋转身体，继续表演。她虽然不幸跌倒，但裁判却给她打了近乎完美的分数。她能鼓起勇气，重振旗鼓，获得了金牌，这足以证明她的决心和勇气。close2RT As a consultant to U.S.Olympic teams and many individual athletes, I've seen dozens of young men and women like Kristi who reached deep into themselves at a critical moment and found something that brought out their best.They mounted the winners' stand not simply because of athletic talent but because of firm inner fiber.作为美国奥运队及许多运动员的顾问，我目睹了许多像克里斯蒂这样年轻的男女运动员：他们在关键时刻能够挖掘自身，找到发挥潜能的一种力量。他们登上领奖台，不单纯是因为运动才能，还因为他们内在的不屈不挠的意志。close3RT They had a dream.Kristi Yamaguchi visualized herself as an Olympic champion the first time she put on skates, at age six.Bonny Warner, who represented the United States in three Olympic luge competitions, didn't have her dream until she was a college student.Before that, she had never heard of the racing sled called a luge.But once the dream took shape, both young women clung to it courageously and worked to make it come true.他们拥有梦想。

克里斯蒂·山口6岁时首次穿上溜冰鞋，那时她就想象自己是一名奥运冠军。邦妮·华纳三度代表美国参加奥运会的仰卧滑行小雪橇比赛。她直到上了大学才有自己的梦想。之前，她从未听说过有“仰卧滑行的小雪橇”这种比赛用的雪橇。这两个年轻女子，一旦拥有梦想，就锲而不舍地、勇敢地追求，为了梦想的实现不遗余力。close4RT Most important, their parents and those around them supported the dream.Loretta Dawes, whose 16-year-old daughter, Dominique, was one of the first female black gymnasts to represent the United States in the Olympics, recently told the press that bringing up a world-class athlete isn't easy.For an entire year before the 1992 Olympics, she rarely saw her daughter, who lived with her coach to be closer to the gym, a 45-minute drive from home.Dawes was asked what advice she would give other parents of athletes.She answered simply and eloquently.”Believe in your child,“ she said.最重要的是，这些运动员的父母以及周围的人都支持他们的梦想。洛雷塔·道斯16岁的女儿多米尼克是代表美国参加奥运会的第一批黑人女性体操运动员之一。洛雷塔最近告诉记者说，培养一个世界一流的运动员着实不易。在1992年奥运会之前整整一年中，她很少看见自己的女儿。为了离体育馆近一点，女儿和教练住在一块，那儿离家有45分钟的车程。当有人请她给其他运动员的父母提一些建议的时候，她的回答简单却极具说服力。“相信你的孩子吧，” 她这样说。close5RT That doesn't mean every child who dreams of Olympic fame will one day climb onto the winners' stand.But being able to dream is the first step on every road to success — even if the initial dream eventually leads to a different road.这并非意味着每个拥有奥运梦想的孩子都能有朝一日登上领奖台。但是，梦想是通向成功的第一步 —— 哪怕当初的梦想最终让孩子走向另一条不同的道路。close6RT They're fired up.The Olympic Flame that top performers pursue burns inside them.They're driven not only to be the best but to do their best —

always.他们满怀激情。

优秀运动员们梦寐以求的奥运圣火在他们的内心深处燃烧。他们有强大的动力，不仅要成为最优秀的运动员，还要竭尽全力去实现目标 —— 始终不渝。close7RT That's why Carl Lewis, who already holds eight Olympic gold medals, plans to compete again at 36 in the 1996 Games, against youngsters half his age;and why discus thrower Al Oerter, after winning gold medals in four consecutive Olympics, tried again for the Olympic team at age 47.正因为如此，已经获得八枚奥运金牌的卡尔· 刘易斯依然筹划在36岁时再度参加1996年的奥运会，同那些年龄只有他一半的年轻人决一雌雄；铁饼运动员艾尔· 奥特，在连续获得四届奥运会的金牌之后，47岁时依然为进入奥运队伍而努力。close8RT Swimmer Janet Evans, who won three gold medals in Seoul in 1988, embodied that same desire to win four years later.After she narrowly missed a gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle, she swam one of the most psychologically challenging races of her life in the 800-meter freestyle to win the gold.”I just wanted to be up there on that winners' stand one more time,“

she confessed.游泳健将珍尼特·埃文斯在1988年的汉城奥运会上虽获得三枚金牌，但她表达了同样的心愿：四年后再次夺冠。在400米自由泳项目中，她因毫厘之差与金牌擦肩而过。随后，她完成了800米自由泳项目，这是她一生中最具有心理挑战的一次比赛，结果她夺冠胜出。“我只是想再一次登上冠军的领奖台，”她坦白地说。close9RT They aim high.I once asked a world-class athlete to guess at the outcome of a major competition.”I'll come in fifth,“ he said.And that's exactly where he finished, even though he could easily have placed third, or even second, since two other major contenders performed poorly.他们胸怀大志。

我曾经让一个世界级的运动员猜测一次重大比赛的结果。“我会得第五名，”他说。他果真得了第五名。他本来可以轻而易举地名列第三，甚至是第二，因为另外两名主要对手发挥得不好。close10RT Contrast him with ”Flo Jo“ — Florence Griffith Joyner.Training a week before the 1988 Games, she wrote in her diary the time she expected to run and win the 100-meter dash: 10.54 seconds.When Flo Jo crossed the finish line, the clock showed 10.54.She had not only seen herself winning, but called her winning time to the split second.拿他和“弗洛·乔” —— 弗洛伦斯·格里菲斯·乔伊纳比比吧。在1998年奥运会前一周的训练中，乔伊纳在日记中写下预计自己百米短跑夺冠的成绩：10.54秒。当弗洛·乔跨过终点线时，刚好是10.54秒。她不仅能够在赛前看到自己夺冠，而且对夺冠的成绩也能作出毫秒不差的预测。close11RT They never quit.The 1992 Summer Olympics featured two tremendously poignant moments.American sprinter Gail Devers, the clear leader in the 100-meter hurdles, tripped over the last barrier.She agonizingly pulled herself to her knees and crawled the last five meters, finishing the fifth — but finishing.他们从不放弃。

1992年夏季奥运会有两个让人极度惋惜的特写镜头。在百米跨栏比赛中，本来绝对领先他人的美国短跑运动员盖尔· 德弗斯在跨越最后一道障碍时绊倒在地。但她双膝跪地，极其痛苦地爬完了最后五米，虽然仅获得第五名，但是完成了比赛。close12RT Even more heart-breaking was the 400-meter semifinal in which British runner Derek Redmond had one leg injured and fell to the track.He struggled to his feet and began to hobble, determined to complete the race.His father ran from the stands to help him off the track, but the athlete refused to quit.He leaned on his father, and the two limped to the finish line together, to

deafening applause.更加令人心碎的是400米半决赛。英国选手德里克· 雷德蒙的一条腿受了伤，跌倒在跑道上。他挣扎着站起来，只见他一瘸一拐地跑起来，显然是决心完成比赛。他的父亲从看台上跑下来，想搀扶他离开跑道，但是这个运动员拒绝放弃比赛。他倚靠着自己的父亲，父子俩蹒跚而行，直到终点，观众的掌声震耳欲聋。close13RT They make their own luck.When Paul Wylie won a silver medal in men's figure skating at Albertville, he surprised everyone but himself.Several skaters who had been expected to win medals had been injured or had performed poorly.”I was the last person expected to make the winners' podium, “ Wylie said.”But I had trained like crazy, and when the favorites faltered, I was

ready.“

他们创造运气。

当保罗·怀利在阿尔贝维尔赢得男子花样溜冰比赛的银牌时，除他以外，所有的人都很惊讶。本来有望得奖的几位选手有的受伤了，有的发挥不好。“没有人会想到我能登上领奖台，”怀利说，“但是，之前我拼了命地训练，当最有希望获胜的运动员比赛失利时，我已作好了夺冠的准备。”close14RT Month after month, year after year, Olympians I know go through a grind of pointing toward their big moment.Skaters arise at 4 a.m.to squeeze in a few hours of practice before a rink is open to the public.Cyclists put in hours of running exercises before reporting to their daily jobs.Boxers head for the gym and work out relentlessly

every day.我所了解的这些奥运选手，为了那个辉煌的时刻，日复一日、年复一年地埋头苦干。溜冰运动员凌晨四时起身，为的是在溜冰场向公众开放之前挤出几个小时的训练时间。自行车竞技运动员在每天上班前，进行长达几小时的长跑训练。拳击运动员每天都前往体育馆进行不懈的训练。close15RT In the Olympics, as in other aspects of life, luck certainly counts.The second clarinetist who has practiced diligently is lucky to get a chance to solo when the first clarinetist becomes ill.So is the assistant sales manager who fills in for the boss in an emergency.But both must be well prepared for their big break.In the Olympics — in everything — luck strikes those prepared to capitalize on it.奥运会上运气当然重要，这和生活的其他领域一样。当最优秀的单簧管手生病时，屈居第二但是勤奋练习的乐手就有幸获得独奏的机会。这就像在紧急情况下助理销售经理填补老板的位置一样。当然，在这两种情况下，要填补上来的人必须为自己的巨大转机作好准备。在奥运会上 —— 在任何情况下 —— 好运只光顾那

些做好准备迎接好运的人。

T Tokens of the Olympic Ideal This text is taken and adapted from the following http://www.xiexiebang.com/olympic/trivia/index.php

website: close1RT The Olympic motto, creed(信条), oath(誓言), flame, flag, and anthem(颂歌)— these are all tokens pointing to the Olympic ideal.Collectively, they represent the essence of the Olympic Movement;individually, they contribute to the legacy of the Olympic Games.奥林匹克理想的象征

奥林匹克的格言、信条、誓言、圣火、会旗及其会歌 —— 这些都是奥林匹克理想的象征。它们共同体现着奥林匹克运动的精髓，各自都为奥林匹克运动会的精神财富作出了贡献。close2RT The Olympic motto: The well-known motto of the Olympic Games, ”Citius, Altius, Fortius,“ is Latin for ”Faster, Higher, Braver“.However, this phrase is most universally recognized in English as ”Swifter, Higher, Stronger.“ Michel Breal, a French educator, introduced the phrase at the closing dinner of the congress for the reestablishment of the modern Olympic Games on June 23, 1894, where it was adopted as the official motto of the International Olympic Committee.奥林匹克格言：

著名的奥林匹克格言“Citius, Altius, Fortius”是拉丁语，意思是“更快、更高、更勇”。但在英语中，这一格言广为认同的说法是“更快、更高、更强”。1894年6月23日，法国教育家米歇尔·布里厄在现代奥林匹克运动会复兴大会的闭幕宴会上首度使用该用语。就在那次大会上，它被认可为国际奥林匹克运动委员会的正式格言。close3RT The Olympic oath: At the start of each Olympics, every athlete promises to play fairly and obey all of the Olympic rules.One athlete from the host country takes this oath at the opening ceremony on behalf of all athletes.Holding a corner of the Olympic flag, the chosen athlete repeats the oath: ”In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams.“ 奥林匹克誓言：

每一届奥林匹克运动会开幕时，所有的运动员都要承诺将公平比赛，遵守各项奥运规则。在开幕式上一名来自主办国的运动员代表全体运动员宣誓。他手执奥运旗帜的一角，背诵如下的誓言： “我代表全体参赛运动员宣誓，在本次奥林匹克运动会上，我们将尊重并遵守大会各项规则，恪守体育道德，为体育争光，为团体争光。”

close4RT Written by Baron de Coubertin, the athletes' oath was first taken at the 1920 Antwerp Games in Belgium.该运动员誓言的作者是德·顾拜旦男爵，1920年在比利时安特卫普奥运会上首次被宣读。close5RT The Olympic creed: A judge from the host country recites(背诵)the Olympic creed, which appears on the scoreboard during the Opening Ceremony: ”The most important thing in the Olympic games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle.The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well."

奥林匹克信条：

开幕式上，主办国的一个裁判诵读出现在记分牌上的奥运信条： “奥运重在参与，不在于夺冠，就像生活重在奋斗，而不在于成功；奥运的要旨不是已经征服，而是曾经奋斗拼搏。”

close6RT Although there have been many variations in the wording of this basic message throughout the history of the Games, the creed above, which was introduced at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, is still used today.尽管奥运历史上表达这一基本精神的措辞屡经变换，上述信条自1972年在慕尼黑奥运会上采用后就一直沿用到今。close7RT The Olympic Flame: Fire was sacred in Greek mythology(神话).The tradition of lighting an Olympic Flame comes from the ancient Greeks.During the ancient Olympic Games, a sacred flame was lit from the sun's rays at Olympia(奥林匹亚), and stayed lit until the Games were completed.奥林匹克圣火： 在希腊神话里，火是神圣的。点燃奥林匹克圣火的传统来自古希腊。古代奥林匹克运动会上，圣火采自奥林匹亚山上的阳光，它一直燃烧到运动会结束。close8RT In modern times, the Olympic Flame was first lit during the opening ceremony of the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.This legacy comes alive every four years when the ancient flame is lit again for a new Olympiad(奥林匹克运动会).现代奥林匹克之火是在1928年阿姆斯特丹奥林匹克运动会的开幕式上首次点燃。每隔四年当古老的火焰为新一届奥运会再次点燃时，这个古希腊的遗风得以复活。close9RT The Olympic anthem: The Olympic anthem began as a poem written in 1893 by one of the best known and loved Greek poets of the 20th century, Costas Palamas.Palamas's poem was set to music in 1896 by the Greek composer Spiros Samaras and introduced at the first revived(复兴的)Olympics in Athens that same year.奥林匹克会歌：

奥林匹克会歌原本是首诗，由20世纪最著名和最受人喜爱的一位希腊诗人科斯塔·帕拉马斯1893年所作。1896年希腊作曲家斯皮罗斯·萨马拉斯为帕拉马斯的这首诗歌谱曲，同年，这首歌曲首度唱响在雅典举行的第一个复兴后的奥林匹克运动会上。close10RT Throughout the years, many different versions were played and sung at the Olympics.Finally, in 1958, the International Olympic Committee adopted one version as the official anthem of the Olympic Games.The loose(不严谨的)translation of Palamas's poem that appears below is the English version that has been sung at every Olympic games since 1958: Immortal(不朽的)Spirit of antiquity(古老), Father of the true, beautiful, and good, Descend, appear, shed over us Thy(你的)light Upon this ground and under this sky.Which has first witnessed Thy imperishable(永存的)fame.Give life and animation(生气)to those noble games!

Throw wreaths(花环)of fadeless flowers to the victors(胜利者).In the race and in strife(争斗)!Create in our breasts, hearts of steel!Shine in a roseate(粉红的)hue(颜色)and form a vast temple To which all nations throng(蜂拥)to adore(崇拜)Thee(汝), O immortal Spirit of antiquity.多年来，许多不同版本的会歌在奥林匹克运动会上演奏和歌唱。1958年国际奥委会最终确定其中的一个版本作为奥林匹克运动会的正式会歌。下面引用的帕拉马斯诗歌不太确切的英文版译文便是自1958年起在每次的奥林匹克运动会上吟唱的英文版会歌。古代不朽之神 真善美之父

祈求你降临尘世彰显你的光辉 在这大地上苍穹间

它第一个见证你流芳百世的荣耀 请把活力与生气赐予这些崇高的竞技！把永不凋谢的花环颁赠给优胜者！塑造出钢铁般的意志！放射出玫瑰般的艳丽霞光 筑起一座巨大的神殿 世界各地的人们都来膜拜你，啊！永远不朽的古代之神。close11RT The Olympic Flag: The Olympic anthem is played as the Olympic flag is raised during the opening ceremony.Pierre de Coubertin is said to have found the original five-ring symbol engraved(雕刻)on an altar-stone unearthed(挖掘)at Delphi.The colorful Olympic rings are one of the most widely recognized symbols in the world today.奥林匹克会旗：

开幕式演奏奥林匹克会歌时，会旗冉冉升起。据说皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦在特尔斐掘出的一个祭坛石头上发现了雕刻其上的五环标志的真迹。如今，彩色奥运环是世界上最广泛认可的标志。close12RT The Olympic flag measures 2.06 m long, 60 cm high and is completely white with five circles in the center.The white background symbolizes peace and truth.The five rings represent the five continents of the world: ·Blue representing Europe ·Black representing Africa ·Red representing America ·Yellow representing Asia ·Green representing Oceania

奥运会会旗长2.06米，高60厘米，白底无边，中央有五个圆环。白色的背景象征和平和真理。五个环代表世界的五大洲： ●蓝色代表欧洲 ●黑色代表非洲 ●红色代表美洲 ●黄色代表亚洲

●绿色代表大洋洲close13RT The Olympic flag is a symbol of peace, goodwill, and global solidarity and tolerance.True to this meaning, she has lent her colors to many athletes who were unable to compete under their own flag.奥运会会旗象征和平、友好、全球团结和宽容。真正意义在于，它使那些无法在自己国度的旗帜下参赛的运动员有机会一展风采。close14RT The Olympic ideal is a living, dynamic institution(惯例)in our daily lives, not simply a homage(致敬)to the past.奥林匹克的理想使我们日常生活充满生气和活力，而不只是对过去的顶礼膜拜。

Unit 8 Competition and Cooperation

Donald J.Boudreaux and Hugh Macaulay This text is taken and adapted from The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, Vol.46, No.3, 1996.

第五篇：新世纪大学英语综合教程1答案

Key to All Units(abridged)Unit One

Words in Action 1)1.They claim that they have discovered a cure for the disease, but this has not yet been proved.2.If Jane is not here in 10 minutes, we'll assume that she isn't coming and we won't wait for her any longer.3.After years of hard work, she became qualified as a doctor last year.4.They based their estimate on the figures for the last four years.5.Some Chinese words have no equivalents in English.6.The train leaves at about half past eight—8:32, to be precise.7.If you want my personal opinion, I don't think you should go there.8.The rights of the individual are perhaps the most important rights in society.9.She promised solemnly that she would not say a word about it to anyone.10.The house is too small for a family of five;furthermore, it is in a bad condition.11.Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.12.Her new novel is based on her adventures in Africa.2)1.obtain 2.confident 3.communicate 4.advantage 5.relevant 6.helpful 7.extreme 8.enjoyable 9.means 10.process 11.particularly 12.characters 13.astonished 14.apparently 3)1.fond of 2.is … related to 3.according to 4.To a certain extent 5.vice versa 6.no doubt 7.rid … of 8.cleared up 9.or else 10.at all costs 11.sure enough 12.let alone 13.based on 14.It's no use 15.in my view 16.was worth Increasing your word power 1)1.c

2.d

3.b

4.b

5.b

6.d 2)1.highly/very

2.quite/very

3.quite/very/increasingly

4.quite/simply/very 3)ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES efficiently efficient fluently

fluent quickly

quick cheaply

cheap continually continual probably

probable adventurously adventurous finally

final steadily

steady slowly

slow solemnly solemn really

real apparently apparent tentatively tentative exactly

exact 4)1.No mistake 2.especially 3.necessary

4.frequently

5.No mistake

6.easy

7.No mistake

8.individual

9.many 10.highly

11.apparent

12.remarkable 13.probably

14.No mistake Grammar Review Task 1: 1.would/should 2.should/would 3.might 4.would 5.must 6.can't 7.should, should 8.must Task 2: 1.We passed the afternoon very pleasantly, roller-skating in the sun and talking about our childhood under a tree./ The afternoon passed very pleasantly, while we roller-skated in the sun and talked about our childhood under a tree.2.On entering the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd./ When I entered the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd.3.When I was only a small boy, my father took me to Beijing and we had a lot of fun together.4.To write well, a person must read good books.Cloze(1)doubt

(2)efficient(3)where(4)advantage(5)afford(6)claim(7)fluently(8)qualified(9)extent(10)ridiculous(11)perfect(12)as(13)because(14)individual Translation 1)1.The baby can't even crawl yet, let alone walk!

2.Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie.3.To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills;and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better.4.According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game.5.Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word.6.We have passed all relevant information on to the police.7.There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer.8.It was a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract without reading it carefully.9.They refused to provide us with all the information we need.10.This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago.11.The film is based on a play by Shakespeare.12.If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.2)近年来英语教学法有了很大改变，但是还是有大量的教学活动建立在行为主义心理学基础之上。那些信奉行为主义心理学理论的教师热衷于让学生复述短语，并迫使学生做一些只需不断更换句中某个词的练习。假如我们是鹦鹉或黑猩猩，那么这些方法或许能奏效。但是我们不是鹦鹉或黑猩猩，人类的语言交际必须是真实、有意义的。

Theme related writing Write a passage in about 100-120 words, taking either of the following titles: Why I like to learn English I have learned English for about seven years.I should say that I am highly motivated to master English.First of all, learning English is useful, as it is becoming a world language and people from different countries often communicate with one another in English.If I am good at English, it will be much easier for me to communicate with them.Secondly, I like traveling a lot.A good mastery of English will make things much easier for me when traveling around the world.Finally, I like literature a lot.If I am very good at English, I can read great works by Shakespeare and Dickens and many other English writers instead of reading the translated versions.(118 words)Why I hate to learn English I have learned English for about seven years.I should say the more I learn English, the more I hate it.First of all, learning English is boring.I have to memorize many new words or rely on a dictionary to frequently check unknown words.Doing so wastes a lot of my precious time.Secondly, I don't understand why we have to learn a foreign language.I don't want to go abroad and I can always find a job that doesn't need English in China.Finally, I can always read translated versions of the books I want to read.So, if I don't have to learn English, I would rather use the time I spend on English to do things I like.(121 words)

Unit 2 Enhance your language awareness Words in Action Working with words and expressions 1)1.There were 24 people enrolled in the French class.2.It was so cold in the air-conditioned room that Jane had to wrap herself in a blanket.3.What are you complaining about? You have already got everything you want.4.When I turned off the TV, all my three kids protested.5.When the father learned about his son's school performance, he beamed with satisfaction.6.The children panicked when they saw the serious look on the teacher's face.7.How do people celebrate New Year's Day in your country? 8.He is too stubborn to admit that he was wrong.9.George is very ambitious about his future though he is just a teenager.10.My son is very good at figures , and he plans to take up Mathematics as his major.11.How can you keep your children at home for the whole week? Of course, they will get restless.12.He got very frustrated when he learned that he had failed the exam again.13.Being a very possessive father, he felt very unhappy when he learned his daughter was going to get married.2)1.create

2.conflict

3.involved

4.overcame

5.have survived

6.attend

7.frowned

8.wander

9.guilty 10.sustained

11.survey

12.awkward

13.recall

14.terrified

15.insurance

16.Adapting 3)1.was sick of

2.choking back

3.Compared with

4.settled into

5.would give anything

6.in the midst of

7.in his own right 8.on my own 9.fit in with

10.grew apart from

11.No wonder

12.staying up

13.was annoyed with

14.was scared of

15.in trouble

16.For instance Increasing your word power 1)1.possessive

2.overprotective

3.frustrated

4.possessive

5.lenient …strict 6.rebellious

7.frustrated

8.restless

9.stubborn 2)1.survey

2.sustain

3.attend

4.terrify

5.wrap

6.recall

1.After surveying the damage, we concluded that it was caused by animals.2.His car sustained dents when it hit the road block.3.The teachers will attend our meeting this afternoon.4.The stern expression on his face terrified me.5.Please wrap the presents carefully.6.When he recalled what happened ten years ago, he still couldn't help feeling sorry.3)Words Suffixes Adjectives

Chinese meaning(1)danger-ous dangerous 危险的(2)irony-y →-ic ironic

具有讽刺意味的(3)fury-y →-ious furious

暴怒的(4)industry-y →-ious industrious 勤奋的(5)joy-ous joyous

（令人）高兴的(6)ambition-ion →-ious ambitious

有抱负的；有野心的(7)fame-e → ous famous

著名的(8)hero-ic

heroic

英勇的(9)adventure-e →-ous adventurous 喜欢冒险的；胆大的)1.dangerous

2.ironic

3.fury

4.heroic

5.adventure … fame Grammar Review Task 1 1.a.: vt.;b.: vi., with the same meaning: “not to die” 2.a.: vi.;b.: vt., with the same meaning: “to write back” 3.a.: vi., meaning “to succeed in dealing with sth.”

b.: vt.meaning “to be in control or in charge of” 4.a.: vi., meaning “to make a telephone call”

b.: vt., meaning “to say or consider that(sb.or sth.)is(sth.)” Task 2 1.F

argued with each other

2.F The accident happened…

3.F enjoyed it 4.T 5.T 6.F shouted at 7.T 8.T Task 3 Verbs Transitive Intransitive Sample Sentences settle yes

yes

1.He finally managed to settle the problem.2.He settled down in a small seaside village.change yes

yes

1.Thank you.You have changed my life.2.Do you think Jane has changed a lot? agree yes

yes

I agree with you.panic yes

1.He agreed that he had been thoughtless.2.I agree with you.pass yes

yes

1.The Congress passed the bill.2.He passed by without greeting me.explain yes

yes

1.Let me explain the problem to you.2.Don't get angry with me.I can explain.attend yes

yes

1.You can attend the meeting.2.Please attend to the details.follow yes

yes

1.Do not follow me.2.Whatever I do, he will just follow.Cloze(1)beamed(2)honorable

(3)awkward

(4)protested

(5)complaints

(6)compliments

(7)stubborn

(8)frowned

(9)recall

(10)panicked

(11)insurance

(12)surveyed(13)groaning(14)recognition Translation 1)1.Many teachers frowned on this practice.2.An old man glared at me when I was trying to cut across the lawn.3.When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face.4.My first born was quite obedient, whereas my younger child was very stubborn.I can still recall now how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after he finished his secondary school.5.Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when the tsunami struck the area.6.Every time the mother tries to compare the younger brother with his elder brother, the younger one will protest.7.He found himself unable to fit in with his classmates when he first came to this school.8.The fury on her face terrified me.I dared not say no to her again.9.No wonder you ended up in trouble.You never followed your parents' advice.10.It took him two years to adapt to the new environment.2)我还是个婴儿的时候，我的父母亲搬到了佛蒙特州。我那温文尔雅的父亲在那儿的一个小镇上毫不张扬地开业行医了。很快，他就赢得了当地人对他的尊敬。我每到一处，也被人尊称为埃普利医生的儿子。一开始我很高兴同学和老师们因为我有一个受人尊敬的父亲而善待我。但随着我的长大，事情起了变化。我开始讨厌父亲的好名声像影子一样跟着我。我要独立。我变得顽固倔强又反叛，还开始对我父亲直呼其名，令他伤透了心。但有一天，发生了一件事令我的态度彻底改变了。Theme-related Writing 1.In about 100-120 words, write about a conflict you once had with your parents.You can start with either of the following openings: 1)I was very unhappy with my father the other day.He must have called out to me for help with some housework, but I was so absorbed in reading that I didn't hear him.He stepped into my room, apparently in anger, grabbed my book and threw it on the floor.I got upset and insisted that he should pick it up and apologize to me.When he remained silent, I ran out and went off to play games with my friends in the neighbourhood.When it was turning dark, I saw my father looking around for me.He patted me on the head and walked back home with me, his arm wrapped around my shoulder.When I got home, I saw my book had “returned” to my reading table.(130 words)

2)I was grateful that my mother criticised me the other day.I had been asking her for money to buy all kinds of things that my friends have — a new pair of shoes or some new clothes.Every time I was refused, I played the same trick-threatening to pour the dish she cooked for the family into the river.My mother gave in each time I threatened to do that, but one day, she criticised me really hard.She scolded me for being selfish and inconsiderate and asked me to sit in a corner and reflect on my own behaviour.I couldn't believe my mother would be so angry with me and I grew afraid.I learned a good lesson and changed a lot afterwards.I was thankful that my mother made me realize my mistakes.(139 words)2.Describe your attitude towards your father or mother when you were a teenager.When you could not agree with each other, what did you do? Use an incident from daily life to support the description.My father is a well-known carpenter in my village.I still remember that when I was in my mid-teens, I used to adore him so much that I followed him and helped him make furniture for the other villagers.He not only had good skills, but he was also willing to help the villagers with minor repairs such as mending a broken window frame or fixing a door, without charge.All the villagers respected him.They also paid me compliments when they saw me helping him, saying that I would grow up to become honest and industrious just like my father.I was so proud that I had a father who was so well respected.(116 words)

Unit 3 Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action 1）1.reveals

2.behaving 3.handle 4.influenced 5.satisfied 6.entertain 7.inherit 8.affect 9.confronted 10.sought 11.isolated 12.restrict 13.optimistic 14.selfish 15.sensitive 2）1.summed up 2.have an impact on 3.respond to 4.In general 5.falls into 6.at work 7.shut myself off 8.in control of 9.free from 10.in good shape 3）(1)high-achiever(2)combination

(3)seek

(4)specific(5)restrict(6)vary(7)expand(8)growth(9)company(10)dominate(11)opportunity Increasing Your Word Power 1）1.aggressive, sarcastic, harsh, negative 2.magical, mystical 3.negative, critical 4.magical, outgoing, optimistic 5.intellectual 2）1.Evidently 2.individually 3.absolutely 4.consistently/evidently/absolutely 5.Consequently 6.mentally … physically 7.probably/absolutely 8.eagerly … enthusiastically 9.easily 10.Normally 3）

creative creation create negative negation negate defensive defense defend possessive possession possess submissive submission submit sensitive —

sensitize aggressive aggression creative creation create negative negation negate defensive defense defend possessive possession possess submissive submission submit sensitive

sensitize

Now fill in the blanks in the paragraph below by choosing the appropriate word given in the brackets.Change the form wherever necessary.(1)submissive

(2)aggressive(3)possession(4)created(5)negative(6)defense(7)sensitive Grammar Review Task 1:(1)all(2)many(3)a(4)much(5)some(6)every(7)an(8)any Task 2: Mistakes

Corrections(1)much(L.2)many(2)plenty(L.3)all, many(3)a(L.4)

an(4)any(L.4)

all(5)few(L.6)

little(6)every(L.6)/(7)a(L.8)

/(8)any(L.8)

/(9)little(L.10)few(10)some(L.11)any(11)a(L.12)

some Cloze

(1)indicate(2)responds(3)represent/reflect(4)absolutely(5)preference(6)harsh(7)specific(8)traits(9)individual(10)immature(11)effort(12)persistent(13)achieve(14)inherits Translation 1）1.William likes the girl a lot so he tries very hard to impress her and is optimistic that he will win her heart.2.He is very creative and has a good vision of the future, but he likes to keep things to himself.3.They came from a poor village where people were shut off from modern civilization.4.We must work hard and make an effort to achieve the goals that we have set.5.We should learn to be content with all that we have and should not be too critical about things around us.6.They often represent our school in debating competitions;tonight we will throw a party to celebrate their success.7.Through reading, not only has he expanded his horizon, he has also learned to keep improving his character.8.Two policemen sacrificed their lives in order to save that girl from the fire.9.A stable relationship without conflicts between husband and wife benefits the children in the family.2）虽然有许多关于性格的理论，但是任何一个都没有绝对地对错之分，因为每个心理学家对性格的观点都有所不同。所以，除非某个人已有明显的症状，否则很难断定这个人患有精神疾病。心理学家普遍认可绝大多数人是因为过度的压力才引起情感和精神上的疾病。所以重要的是人们要去寻找可以让自己放松、开心的方法。

Theme Related Writing Write a passage of about 100-120 words according to one of the instructions given below.a.I have been described by many friends as a warm, sociable, and outgoing extravert.I find it easy to make new friends and I enjoy the company of people who share similar characteristics as I.When I am at a party, many people including those I do not know, will talk to me.I am not a great beauty, neither am I rich and intelligent.In fact, I am just a very simple person who is happy and smiles a lot.Maybe being happy is the attraction.I like bright colours, especially red.It is said that people who like red are passionate and have a lot of energy.I agree that I am enthusiastic about many things and like doing many things at the same time.So it seems there is some truth after all in what colours say about a person’s personality.(141words)

b.The person I admire most is my father’s youngest brother.He is known to us as ba shu because he is the eighth son in a family of eleven.He is a high achiever.Since young, he has done well in his studies and work.For example, he received a prestigious scholarship to study at a well-known medical school in England.Today, at the age of 62, he is still as outstanding.He is a well-respected surgeon and has won many awards.What I like most about ba shu is his sensitive nature, especially toward children who are born unlucky.He has volunteered his time and made sacrifices to help those in poor and developing countries.His strong desire to bring happiness to these people has impressed me a lot.(131 words)c.If I were given a wish to have two personality traits, I would choose to be an optimistic and creative person.I would like to be an optimistic person because those who are optimistic are usually satisfied and contented with what they have.They seldom let sadness be a part of their life.I want to be happy and being optimistic is one way to remain happy.I also would like to be creative.I think that creativity is inherited.Some may disagree and say that we can learn to be creative.However, no matter how hard one learns, it is those born with the talent of creativity who will make a great name for themselves like the famous poet Li Bai and the richest man in the world, Bill Gates.(131 words)

d.Here is no one person I dislike most but there are a couple of personality traits that I cannot tolerate: aggressiveness and selfishness.Aggressive people do not consider others’ feelings and will not think twice about hurting even those closest to them.I once had a neighbour who would beat his wife one day and appear loving the next.His wife lived in fear constantly but could do nothing because he was in control of her.Another personality trait I dislike is selfishness.Like aggressive people, selfish people only think of themselves.There are many everyday examples of selfishness such as those not willing to lend things to others and those not wanting to share exam tips even with their best friends.If you know someone with a combination of aggressiveness and selfishness, you should consider whether to call him or her a friend.(143 words)Unit 4 Enhance Your Language Awareness Working With Words and Expressions 1）1.They were smashing windows when the police arrived.2.70,000 tons of oil spilled from the tanker(油轮)and the sea was polluted.3.She volunteered to write an explanation of how the new computer system works.4.The book was inspired by the good deeds(事迹)of a real person.5.It was blowing hard and very soon the tree in front of my house fell with a great crash.6.The police report stated that he was once arrested for theft.7.The Dean(系主任)is not available at the moment, but you may call back in an hour.8.Up to two million people there are dependent on food aid.9.It was most unfortunate that I missed the chance to be interviewed by the company director.10.Can we find a mutually convenient time for us to meet? 2）1.exclaimed 2.arrange 3.aroused 4.resembles 5.volunteered 6.appreciate 7.requires 8.cracked 9.miracle 10.victims11.precious12.delicate 13.expected 14.interviewed 3）1.take over2.get through 3.no way 4.Leave off 5.put it … together 6.in touch with7.No sooner … than 8.in advance 9.looking forward to 10.arrange for11.in contrast 12.took on 13.made sure 14.move in15.in the hands of 16.go with 17.in poverty Increasing your word power.1）1.commission 2.smashed3.smash 4.volunteered 5.spill6.crash 7.contrast 8.commission 9.spilt 10.volunteer 11.contrasts 12.crashed 2）1.e 2.e 3.a 4.a 5.c 6.d 3）1.happy 2.impulsive 3.carelessness4.calmness5.firm 6.illness7.awareness 8.weakness 9.submissive Grammar Review.Task One Task Two 1.No mistake 2.has been living 3.enjoys 4.No mistake 5.tried 6.No mistake 7.No mistake 8.No mistake 9.have been visiting 10.likes 11.had I got 12.had broken 13.No mistake 14.No mistake 15.was suffering 16.No mistake 17.have been receiving 18.No mistake 19.insisted 20.No mistake 21.No mistake Cloze(1)chilly(2)sooner(3)than(4)exclaimed(5)fabric(6)delicate(7)joints(8)that(9)miracle(10)sacrificed(11)precious(12)loving Translation 1）1.Let’s get in touch as soon as we know the results of the test/exam.2.The music aroused an intense feeling of homesickness in him.3.You’ve been working all morning — you deserve a rest now.4.I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rang.Or: No sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.5.My doctor says I’m too tired and has advised me not to take on any more work.6.Jenny volunteered to clear up after the gathering.7.The subject of the talk is announced a week in advance, but the name of the speaker is not.8.Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard — in other words, you failed.9.She was so ill that she had to leave off work..10.There is no way to tell what is going to happen.The case is in the hands of the judge, and all we could do is(to)wait.2)当人们变得很老时，像祖父母或曾祖父母那样，他们有时不再能够照顾自己。他们会生病，或者摔倒而折断股骨，或者他们根本都不记得该如何穿睡衣。有时候虽然有些老人看起来还健康，但是因为他们自己独居，所以觉得很孤单。这时候全家人要碰个头，商讨一下让他们日渐衰老的家人去养老院去居住是否是一个较好的办法，因为在那里他们可以得到更好的照顾。Theme-related Writing 1.Imagine you were Meagan.Write a story about GG and her lost doll.Start the story with: “My GG — that's my great-grandma — lived in Maine many years ago.” My GG — that's my great-grandma — lived in Maine many years ago with her Mom, Dad and four sisters.Life was difficult then, but GG's parents tried their best to make their children happy.One Christmas they gave GG a beautiful doll with an exquisite porcelain face and long brown hair.The eyes of the doll opened and closed vividly.GG loved her doll so much that she played with her for a long time and didn't want to separate with her until it was time for Christmas dinner.GG laid the doll down gently on the hall table.But before long she heard a loud crash — GG's baby sister had pulled her doll off the table and it was smashed into pieces.Though GG's mother tried to put the doll together again, it couldn't be done.The doll was gone for ever.And so was GG's baby sister when she died of pneumonia a few years later.It was a deeply unhappy experience in GG's life.2.Write a short passage of about 100-120 words on the topic: “Living in a Nursing Home: A Plan for the Future?” Living in a Nursing Home: A Plan for the Future? Thanks to medical advances and better living conditions, most of us can live longer.The issue of where we will stay when we get old has become a concern for everyone.I did a survey last week on “Are you willing to go and live in a nursing home when you grow old?” Of the ten people surveyed, seven said “yes.” According to them, living in a nursing home would enable them to meet people of similar ages, get instant medical care, and have their meals and laundry taken care of.The three who don't want to stay in a nursing home think living in a nursing home would make them feel lonely and abandoned on the one hand and would have their privacy intruded upon on the other.Nonetheless, the survey does suggest that more people would be willing to live in a nursing home in the future.(147 words.)Unit 5 Enhance your language awareness Working With Words and Expressions 1)1.When we finally completed our courses, all my classmates gathered together to celebrate.2.I have always wanted to be a psychologist, but a recent incident changed my mind.3.It is not difficult at all.You can get it done with ease.4.To be a good research student, you must have a mind for inquiry.5.I could see her genuine concern for my health and I was deeply touched.6.The boss’s fear of change becomes an obstacle to the progress of the organization.7.Please keep stirring the oil to stop it from getting frozen.8.I am most grateful to you for all the help you have offered us.2)1.senior

2.defined

3.occur

4.options 5.disturbed

6.soak

7.tossed

8.navigate 9.matters

10.depressed 3)1.became well acquainted with

2.took us by surprise

3.gather our thoughts

4.turned out

5.hang up

6.in reality 7.In spite of 8.lit up

9.hemmed and hewed

10.turned into Increasing your word power Increasing your word power.1)1.a 2.e 3.c 4.e

5.b 6.d 7.d 8.b 2)1.covered

2.fears 3.covers 4.attack 5.fears 6.attacks 7.visits, visited 8.touched 9.chat 10.touch 11.match 12.chats 13.match 3)1.astonishment

2.accomplishments

3.have improved

4.appointment

5.excitement

6.advertisements

7.developments

8.argue

9.enjoyed

10.encouragement Grammar Review Task 1 1.The action of “studying English” occurred before “I went to the US”.2.“They never met an American” —this was a fact that remained till they met John.3.“We had the car for ten years” —this happened earlier before the car broke down.4.The action “Kathy’s picking up the tickets” occurred before “I arrived at the theatre”.5.Your promise was made before Jane got unhappy with you.Task 2(1)I saw the door open(2)the office had been broken into

(3)quite a few things had been stolen(4)had already come back to the office(5)the 200 dollars he had locked in his drawer was gone(6)had just bought

(7)A few computers in the office had been stolen Cloze

(1)recent

(2)surprise(3)sad

(4)keeping(5)disturbing

(6)inquiries

(7)admitted

(8)occurred

(9)surgery

(10)options(11)tightly

(12)soaking

(13)scent

(14)gatherings Translation 1)1.We are good friends;however, he kept such an important matter from me, which took me by surprise.2.It doesn’t matter if you can not get full marks for the exam;what matters is not to lose confidence in yourself.3.He chatted with me last night and reassured me that the disease was not hard to cure and that nobody had ever died of it.4.She was determined to overcome all the obstacles in her life with a will of iron.5.It turned out that he had already received my money, but did not acknowledge the receipt of it on purpose.This really drove me crazy.6.He is a shy and silent boy.Before he went onto the stage to share his experiences, he sat quietly in a corner of the auditorium, gathering his thoughts.7.He admitted on the spot that he would go overseas for further study as he believed overseas education would open the door to his future research.8.Mary’s uncle’s face lit up when he saw his niece had turned into a pretty young lady in just a few years.2)我回去看我外婆的时候,她非常高兴地看到我已长成一个健壮的小伙子。我们一起聊天，回忆我小时候的一些事情。谈到一半的时候，外婆突然叹了一口气说，“大概以后再也见不到你了。”她的话使我震惊得拱起了眉头，不明白她为什么说出这么令人不安的话来。我们静静地坐了一会儿，外婆的眼里噙满泪水。她终于告诉我说，医生诊断出她得了严重的心脏病，已经发作了好几次，也一直在治疗，但情况一点也没有进展。我怪外婆一直把这坏消息瞒着我，并告诉她一定会有办法医治的，她却摇头否认。我伸出双臂抱着外婆，多么希望我们能在一起度过更多的时间。Theme-related Writing •Task One: One afternoon, I was wandering along the main street of our small town with a friend.Suddenly I saw my mother.She was behaving very strangely.She looked around her before going quickly into a shop.When she came out, she had a box in her hand.I was terrified.I knew some of my villagers resorted to theft because they were poor.The thought that my mother could be one of them drove me crazy.I was determined to find out the truth from her.When I questioned her, tears filled her eyes.She told me she was collecting beer cans from some kind shop owners who offered them to her, but would feel embarrassed if she was seen by others.I cried and hugged her and felt sorry that I had misunderstood my own mother.(136 words)Task Two: My parents differ greatly in showing their love for me.While my mother appears more anxious and depressed if anything goes wrong with me, my father tends to be silent and expresses his concern for me mainly through actions rather than words.I still remember the day when I left home for university.When my mother was in tears and kept giving me endless advice, my father remained silent.But when he saw an ice-cream man on the platform, he rushed towards him and got me an ice-cream just before the train started to move.I learned from my mother later that father locked himself up in his room after returning home and cried for the first time in his life.I never expected that my departure would trigger such an emotional response from my father.(134 words)Unit 6 Enhance your language Awareness Words in Action Working with words and expressions 1)1.Every year before Christmas, we decorate our house with colourful lights.2.Mother scolded John for not taking good care of his younger brother when she went out.3.When I was attacked, I quickly picked up a stick to defend myself.4.Please don't interrupt — wait until I have finished what I have to say.5.The mother embraced her son warmly as soon as he came in.6.Paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the Four Great Inventions of ancient China.7.I don't understand why a young and pretty girl like her is always wearing dresses of such a dull colour.8.You have written a very good paper.I only made a few minor changes.9.We supply free textbooks for school children in the countryside.10.They were discussing all the options, but found none of them was entirely satisfactory.11.The mere presence of a policeman made the thief nervous and he turned to run away.12.Richards was obviously disappointed at being left out of the team.2)1.delivered

2.released

3.permission

4.rented

5.miserable 6.exploded

7.pressed 8.motion

9.barely

10.enthusiasm 11.knelt 12.request

13.policy

14.necessities 3)1.go wrong

2.broke down 3.on my way to

4.by himself

5.in time

6.set the stage for

7.set out for

8.make fun of

9.pleaded for

10.in disbelief Increasing your word power 1)1.specialized 2.large 3.eat 4.go 5.sociable 6.wide 2)1.sternly 2.miserably 3.cheerfully

4.carelessly 5.tiny

6.irregular

7.unsatisfactory

8.occupied

9.boring / dull

10.traditional 3)1.slapped

2.present

3.lit

4.whispered

5.slap

6.presented

7.ordered

8.light

9.listed

10.motioned

11.supply 12.order

13.list 14.supply 15.motion 16.wonder 17.whispers 18.wondering 4)1.personality … sensitivity … loyalty

2.frailty

3.complexity

4.Mutuality

5.stupidity

6.regularity

7.reality

8.specialty / speciality Grammar Review Task one Task two 1.It is much colder in winter in Beijing than in Shanghai.It is colder in winter in Shanghai than in Guangzhou.Of all the three cities, Shanghai has the largest population, etc.2.Among the three sports, I like football the best.Surfing also sounds interesting, but it takes a lot more training to be able to do it than the other two sports.3.I know Lu Xun better than the other writers.Lu Xun is one of the most famous writers in China and he is a modern writer.Shakespeare is famous, but I think his plays are the most difficult to read.4.I think Gone with the Wind is very interesting, but it is the longest movie among the three.The Sound of Music is the lightest among the three and I like it much more than I do The Pianist.5.Peking University and Tsinghua University are the two most famous universities in China.They are also among the best universities in the world.As far as I know, Peking University is better known for its arts courses and Tsinghua is better known for its science courses.Cloze(1)supplies

(2)fun

(3)permission

(4)necessities

(5)rundown

(6)decorated

(7)straight

(8)item

(9)overwhelmed

(10)embraced Translation 1)1.Straighten up!Your feet should keep time to the rhythm of the music.2.She slipped a note into his hand.He was very unhappy after reading it, as he thought that she was making fun of him.3.The thief pleaded for our mercy when he was caught.He said he had stolen the food because his mother was starving to death and there was barely any food left in the house.4.They have made a request for more electricity supplies, which we should satisfy in order to release them from the pressure they are under.5.They made the rounds with the wine bottle;each took a gulp and then they set out for the forest.6.My TV set broke down;I have ordered a new one online and the shop is going to have it delivered to the door.7.His words made everyone unhappy and stop eating.After a while, they resumed eating, but they all looked as if something was weighing on their minds.8.We stared at him in disbelief, astonished that someone as gentle as he is could interrupt us so rudely.2)去年圣诞节除夕，我们的旅途诸多不顺。当我们住进尼斯一家肮脏而昏暗的旅馆时，我们的心中已无任何圣诞节的感觉可言。我们进入一家看上去很乏味的饭馆吃饭•时，情况一点也没有好转。但是,在这沉闷饭馆中度过的不愉快的夜晚最后却变成我们所度过的最好的圣诞前夜，这一切都是因为那个充满了圣诞精神的美国水手。他将我们心中被愤怒和失望压抑的爱和欢乐释放出来。他带给了我们圣诞节。Theme-related Writing a.I like Christmas because the festive atmosphere created by the occasion is so overwhelming.You can see pretty seasonal decorations everywhere, Christmas lights, flowers, and pictures of Father Christmas with a smiling face.You may even meet a “real” Father Christmas on the street busy handing out candies to kids.The atmosphere does lift everybody's spirits, since joy and excitement seem to be contagious.Everyone around us looks happier and is more patient with each other during the festive season.We send each other Christmas greetings and give Christmas gifts to our friends and relatives.Even friends who have not been in constant touch also “appear” again at this time to send their regards.(113words)b.I do not like Christmas because today's Christmas has been entirely commercialized.Shops try all sorts of tricks to attract customers, by putting up fanciful Christmas decorations, by offering seasonal discounts and even by asking somebody to play Father Christmas to give out gifts.Behind all the smiles and the beautiful decorations, I do not see genuine care or a spirit of giving;I only see one word, which is “profit”.Everybody does Christmas shopping at this time to get Christmas gifts for their family members or friends.As for me, I believe it is more important to show care and concern for my family members and friends all year round than just give them a “once a year” Christmas gift.(121 words)Unit 7 Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action Working with Words and Expressions 1)1.The more complaints a person makes, the less happy he or she is.2.Good health is vital for getting the best out of life and achieving your full potential.3.He deserted his wife and children and went abroad.4.He likes taking time off from his busy life and coming into contact with nature.5.The doctor says that she is not mentally sound.6.In many parts of the world it is not acceptable and even illegal for people under 18 to smoke.7.His speech made a deep impression on all of us.8.In different stages of our life, we encounter different kinds of problems.9.If you need any assistance , please let me know and I’ll be more than happy to help.10.Some people tend to blame others for what they themselves have done wrong.11.Children’s education is becoming too heavy a burden for many families to bear these days.12.I can’t endure to see/ endure seeing animals suffer like that.13.Davis was one of the most significant musicians of the last century.2)1.facilitate 2.tends 3.hurt

4.ensure 5.blessed

6.trembled

7.curiously 8.failure 9.invention 3)1.by no means

2.take it for granted

3.contribute to

4.at his disposal

5.resort to

6.take into account

7.arise from

8.has given rise to

9.switched off

10.deal with

11.breezed through

12.had gone by 13.To my surprise 14.carried away 15.come into play

16.In my view Increasing Your Word Power 1)1.jumps / jumped 2.respond 3.career 4.required 5.arise 6.assisted 7.affected 8.deserted 9.serious 10.rare 11.scolded 12.significant 13.physiological 2)get back(something lost)

寻回、取回、恢复 become well;regain a former position 康复；复元；恢复 3)ADJECTIVES NOUNS personal

personality technological technology natural

nature national

nation medical

medicine emotional emotion social

society intellectual intellect critical

critic magical

magic occasional occasion hysterical

hysteria/hysteric essential

essence trivial

trivia traditional tradition psychological psychology Now fill in the blanks with an appropriate word chosen from the words given in the brackets.1.technological … technology 2.essence … essential

3.personal … person 4.hysterical … hysteria traditional … tradition Grammar Review Task 1 1.[The main reason — 8.;to the lecture — 9.;the most famous living poet — 6.]

2.[the class — 11.]

3.[a wonderful story — 1.or 3.;The beginning — 8.;the turn — 8.;the century — 9.]

4.[The moon — 5.;the trail — 9.]

5.[the talk — 8.;the situation — 8.]

6.[the table/a table — 8.1.;the hall — 9.]

7.[an English-Chinese dictionary — 3.]

8.[the first book — 7.]

9.[a house — 3.;The house — 4.]

10.[the rich — 10.;the plane — 12.;the poor — 10.;the train — 12.] Task 2

5.1.a.There are many music schools in Beijing and Xiao Ming is studying at one of them.b.There is only one music school in my hometown and Xiao Ming is studying at that school.2.a.Bill met a French student(unknown to the listener)on the train(known to both the listener and the speaker).b.Bill met the French student(known to both the listener and the speaker)on a train(unknown to the listener).3.a.Dogs are in general a better companion than cats.b.This dog(known to both the listener and the speaker)is a better companion than this cat(known to both the listener and the speaker).Alternatively, and rather formally, this may refer to dogs and cats in general, as with 3a above.4.a.John wrote a very interesting composition.b.John wrote the most interesting composition(probably in his class).5.a.The police stopped one car(unknown to the listener)at the corner.b.The police stopped the car(known to both the listener and the speaker)at the corner.6.a.Has he ever been hospitalised? b.Has he ever been in this hospital for treatment or, more generally, been on its premises(建筑物)?

7.a.Zhang Dawei, the contemporary Chinese novelist(known to the listener and well-known), has also written a number of popular songs.b.Zhang Dawei, a contemporary Chinese novelist(unknown to the audience), has also written a number of popular songs.8.a.Wang Kewei became a college student with the highest total score in her province.b.Wang Kewei entered the college premises(建筑物)to ask about courses.Task 3 1.the d 2.a f 3.the e 4.the b 5.the c 6.a a 7.a j 8.the g 9.the h 10.an i Cloze(1)

vital(2)

blessed(3)

technological(4)

facilitate(5)

factors(6)

tend(7)

rate(8)

uncommon(9)

unconsciously(10)ensure(11)burden(12)Concentration(13)range(14)switch Translation 1)1.Whenever we start a new job, there are bound to be a lot of things we may not be familiar with.2.This new medicine/drug has successfully been used on animals, but this doesn’t mean that it can be applied to humans.3.His failure to win the first prize in the speech competition is largely due to his lack of confidence.4.To the general public, depression can be easily confused with stress, as it may be a response to some types of stress.5.It is becoming increasingly difficult for world food production to keep pace with the continuing growth of the world’s population.6.To successfully get a job, a lot of factors need to come into play, including your skills, diploma and work experience.2)回应式聆听的关键是要能够不加论断地聆听，即为理解而听，而不是为达成一致而听。我们如何可以成为更专心及回应式的听众呢？过程是这样的。坐在说话人的对•面，身体放松，注意力集中。让说话人开始讲述他正经历或想要分享的情感或具体的想法。对言语或非言语的信息都要注意。当说话人说完四、五句话的时候，打断说话•人，说，“让我看看我有没有听明白你的话。”然后，用你自己的话重复你刚才所听到的信息或感受的情感：“你刚才说„„”，“你的感觉是„„”，“我说得对吗？”如果说话人说不对，则要求说话人澄清一下他没听明白或听错的部分。当你们两个都明白后，说话人就可以继续说下面几句话，回应的过程又重新开始。记住：说话人和听话人的目的都是为了理解，而不是达成一致。Theme-related Writing a.One of my teachers in my high school was an Australian teacher.Always smartly dressed with a shirt and tie, he was a very kind person and would go all the way to help others.Once I needed a book to study which was not available in China, so I asked him for help.He bought it in Australia and sent it to me immediately.I also learned another incident which I can never forget.One year, he came back to China on a business trip and was asked by many Chinese parents to take some luggage to their children studying in Australia.The luggage he was asked to take was so heavy that he got fined 20,000 Hong Kong dollars at the airport.From this Australian teacher, I have come to realize what selfless love is all about.(141words)b.I think I am an easy-going person and get along with my fellow students really well.I get along particularly well with my roommates, who share the same dormitory with me.We often play poker together and laugh and joke together.Once in a while we need to clean up our dormitory in order to win the award for the cleanest dormitory in the whole grade.Whenever we need to do that, we really work as a team and help one another in doing the best job we can.Though we still haven’t won such an award yet, the kind of collaboration between us during the big cleaning activity really helps to strengthen our existing strong friendship.I am sure I will cherish my relationship with my fellow students and especially with my roommates in the years to come.(139 words)c.I live in a big family of three children, with one elder brother and one younger sister.I get along well with them all and in particular with my elder brother.During our childhood years, my brother and I needed to do a lot of household chores together, looking after the cattle on the hill and collecting firewood in bushy mountains far away from home.Though only four years older than me, he would always try to protect me and help me when I was unable to cope with my part of the work.Sometimes we also fought with each other.But every time I cried after the fighting, my parents would scold him or even give him a good beating, for which I would laugh silently and secretly.Of course, we never fight with each other any more.(139 words)