第一篇:王力力同志先进事迹材料
个人事迹
王力力同志,现任某市污水处理厂脱水机班班长,中共党员。他十年如一日战斗在污泥处理的第一线上,多次被评为优秀积极分子,是工人群体中的优秀典范。其专业技能在某厂厂中聪颖而出,在公司工会、团委于近期举行的“让理想在岗位闪光”劳动技能竞赛中,他也名列前茅。尽管先进性教育的集中学习已暂告段落,但党员的旗帜作用却在班组发扬开来,他经常牺牲个人休息时间加班加点排障抢修。在班组,有困难党员上,有担子党员挑,在职工中赢得了极佳的口碑。在他这面旗帜的指引下,班组人员积极向党组织靠拢,脱水机班也一度成为某厂厂党员比例最高的班组。
为实现建设“水清岸绿”的和谐某市这一目标而努力,王力力同志用他的实际行动为党员的先进性做了最好的诠释。
www.xiexiebang.com【xiexiebang.com范文网】
第二篇:艾力先进事迹
2012年四月中旬,艾力正在值班室值班,他从值班室出来想去商店买包烟,一抬头,看到村子后面的山上,一条白色的水龙直冲下来。熟知山洪途径路线的艾力,爆发出年轻时的活力,迅速跑到洪水即将冲击的居民家中,帮助其迅速转移人员和贵重物品。一户哈族家中,男主人不在家,只有三个小孩和其母亲,艾力一手各抱一个,其母亲抱一个,不顾一切的冲到高地上,没过一会儿,浑浊的洪水夹杂巨大的石块,来势凶猛,转眼间房屋就被冲毁了。所幸艾力的反应迅速,没有出现人员伤亡。在艾力的指挥下,联防队员将洪水改道,流到水渠中,让肆无忌惮的洪水变得柔顺。
艾力作为则克台镇阿西勒村的治保主任,在洪水发生的一瞬间,就通知了镇政府及村干部联防队员,动员所有的应急力量,迅速投入到抗洪抢险的战斗中,为减少洪灾损失,做出了巨大贡献。
艾力在工作和生活中时刻保持高度的警惕性。在每周的牛马巴扎上,艾力在不经意间,发现有一个人卖的牛马特别便宜,而牛马看起来也没有什么病,艾力觉得这很不正常,然后又觉得对方的表情鬼鬼祟祟的,似乎在躲避和遮掩什么。艾力通知了镇派出所后,自己上去和怀疑对象交谈,看是否能在话语里发现什么线索。当民警来到后,通过盘查,嫌疑人交代他们是偷盗来自那拉提镇的牛马。在艾力的协助下,镇派出所破获了这个盗窃集团。
2012年6月底,在一起清查流动人口中,艾力走到一户人家中,看到大门锁起来了,正准备离开,忽然艾力透过门缝发现里面有人。艾力凑到门缝往里看,里面的情形让艾力大吃一惊。一个大约10岁的小女孩,稚嫩的小脸上全是青紫的伤痕,营养不良的瘦弱身体甚至站不起来,可能腿上也有伤。艾力通过周围的居民了解到:小女孩叫马艺文,被父母寄养在其姑姑家,其姑姑对马艺文极其凶残,每天为一点小事就殴打虐待,不给吃的,小孩每晚住在鸡圈里。艾力翻过墙去,当接触到马艺文恐惧而麻木的双眼,不管孩子身上的鸡粪等秽物,紧紧的抱着孩子,这么小的孩子啊,为什么会有那么残忍的姑姑,会这样折磨伤害她?面对马艺文腿部、胳膊青色和紫色等多处陈旧性伤痕,整个背部呈红色块状,虱蚊咬伤的痕迹。坚强的艾力忍不住流下泪来。
艾力抱着孩子从墙上翻出来,通知了镇上的政法干部后,大家一起将马艺文送到医院,为其彻底检查身体。在政府的关心下,为马艺文治疗了伤病,洗了澡,买了新衣服,联系到其在外地的父亲,将马文艺送到其父亲身边。
艾力从1997年就作为阿西勒村的治保主任默默奉献至今,一丝不苟的完成上级交付的任务,守护一方安宁。工作至今,艾力协助县公安局、镇派出所抓获各类犯罪人员20余人,多次得到县公安局、镇派出所的表彰。挽回经济损失约50万元。
艾力多次被评为县级“优秀治保主任”、“维稳先进个人”、“优秀普法工作者”“优秀民兵连长”等荣誉。
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第三篇:王力宏演讲
I never thought I would be addressing you, the esteemed members of the Oxford Union, without a guitar or an erhu, without my crazy stage hair and costumes, but I did perform in the O2 Arena in London last week.I’m not sure if any of you [x]…
But in many ways that is similar to what I’m talking about today, that is, introducing Chinese pop music.See, I’m actually an ambassador for Chinese pop, whether I like it or not, for both music and movies, and today I’m here to give you a State of Union address.It’s not the Oxford Union, it’s the union of East and West.I want to frankly and openly and honestly talk about how we’ve done a good job, or how we’ve done a bad job, of bringing Chinese pop to the West.And I also want to impress upon all of you here today the workings of that soft power exchange and how each of us is involved in that exchange.Soft power, a term I’m sure you’re all familiar with, coined by Rhodes Scholar and Oxford alumnus Joseph Nye, is defined as the ability to attract and persuade.Shashi Tharoor called it, in a recent TEDTalk, “the ability of a culture to tell a compelling story and influence others to fall in love with them”.I like that definition.But I want to put it in collegiate term for you students in the audience.The way I see it, East and West, are kinda like freshmen roommates.You don’t know a lot about each other aside that you’re living with each other in the same room.And each one is scared the other’s gonna steal his shower time or wants to party when the other wants to study.It has the potential to be absolute hell.We all have horror stories of that roommate, we all heard about those stories.I know a lot of students here in Oxford have their own separate bedrooms.But when I was a freshman at Williams College [crowd interjects] You’re kidding!Woohoo!Well I had a roommate.And he was that roommate.Let’s just call him Frank.So Frank was my roommate and Frank liked nothing more than to smoke weed.[laughter] And he did it every day.And Frank had a 2-foot long bong under his bed that was constantly being fired up.For those Chinese speakers in the audience, Frank would 火力全开 on that bong.So I guess I was kinda the opposite of Bill Clinton, who tried marijuana but didn’t inhale: I didn’t try marijuana but I did inhale.Every single day.Second hand.And strangely enough, every time I go into our bedroom, I mysteriously end up being late for class.I was like, dude is it already 10 o’clock?
So, how many of you have lived with that Frank, or be a Frank? Having a roommate can be a recipe for disaster, but it also can have the potential of being the greatest friendship you’ve ever had.See, Frank, he didn’t make it to second year.And I got two new roommates instead: Stephan and Jason, and these days the three of us are the best of friends.So going back to my analogy, East and West, as roommates, do we want to be Frank, or do we want to be Steph and Jason, and I think in this day and age, in 2013, we should all be striving for the latter.I’m assuming we all agree that this is the goal that we all strive for.Now, let’s look at where we are in reality, in recent headlines, in the media include, Foreign policy [maybe?], China’s victim complex, Why are Chinese leaders so paranoid about the United States or the [AP, the Associated Press?], Human rights in China worse than US.Bloomberg says, on the cover of this magazine, Yes, the Chinese army is spying on you [laughter] And it’s such a great one that I want to show you the cover of the magazine [laughter][Ed:check out the photo on the right!] Yes, be very afraid![laughter]
There’s actually an extremely high amount of negativity and fear and anxiety about China, Sinophobia, that I think is not just misinformed and misleading and ultimately dangerous.Very dangerous.And what about how Westerners are viewed by Chinese? Well, we have terms for Westerners.The most common of which are gwailo, in Cantonese which means “the old devil”, laowai, meaning “the old outsider” in Mandarin, ang moh, which means “the red hairy one” in Taiwanese, and the list goes on and on.So are these roommates heading for a best friend relationship? I think we need a little help.And as China rise to power, I think it is more important than ever for us to more discerning about what we believe because after all, I think, that’s the purpose of higher education, and that’s why we are all here, to be able to think for ourselves and make our own decisions.China’s not just those headlines.The burgeoning economy with unique politics.It is not just the world’s factory or the next big superpower, it’s so much more, a billion people with rich culture, amazing stories, and as a product of both of those cultures, I want to help foster an understanding between the two.And [x] that incredible relationship, because knowing both sides of the coin, I really think that there is a love story waiting to be told, ready to unfold.And I’m only half joking when I said love story because I believe it is the stories that will save us and bring us closer together.And my thesis statement for today’s talk is that the relationship between East and West needs to be and can be fixed via pop culture, and I’m going to try and back it up.Now, the UN Sec-Gen Ban Ki Moon said, “There are no languages required in the musical world.That is the power of music.That is the power of heart.” Through this promotion of arts we can better understand the culture and civilisation of other people.And in this era of instability and intolerance, we need to promote better understanding through the power of music.The UN Sec-Gen thinks that we need more music, and I think that he is right.Music and arts have always played a key role in my life, in building relationships, replacing what once were ignorance, fear and hatred, with acceptance, friendship and even love.So I have a strong case for promoting music between cultures because it happened to me early in my life.I was born in Rochester, New York, I barely spoke a word of Chinese.I didn't know the difference between Taiwan or Thailand.[laughter] I was as American as apple pie, until one day on the 3rd grade playground, the inevitable finally happened: I got teased for being Chinese.Now every kid gets teased or being made fun of in the playground, but this was fundamentally different and I knew right then and there.So this kid let’s call him Brian [x].He started making fun of me, saying “Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees, look at these!” [laughing] We’re laughing now but it hurt!
I could still remember how I felt, I felt ashamed, I felt embarrassed.But I laughed along with everyone.And I didn't know what else to do.It was like having an out of body experience.As if I could laugh at that Chinese kid on the playground with all the other Americans because I was one of them, right? Wrong, on many levels.And I was facing the first and definitely not the last time the harsh reality was that I was minority in Rochester, which in those days had an Asian population of 1%.And I was confused.I wanted to punch Brian.I wanted to hurt him for putting me in that situation but he was faster than me, and he was stronger than me, and he would kick my butt and we both knew that, so I just took it in.I didn't tell anyone or share with anyone these feelings, I just held them in and I let them fester.And those feelings would surface in a strangely therapeutic way for me through music, and it was no coincidence that around at that time I started getting good with the violin, and the guitar and the drums.And I’d soon discovered that by playing music or singing that the other kids would for a brief moment forget about my race or color and accept me and then be able to see me for who I truly am: a human being who is emotional, spiritual, curious about the world, and has a need for love just like everyone else.And by the sixth grade, guess who asked me if I would the drummer of their band? Brian.And I said yes.And that’s when we together formed an elementary school rock band called… Nirvana.I’m not kidding, I was in a rock band called Nirvana before Kurt Cobain's Nirvana was ever known… So when Nirvana came out, Brian and I were like, hey he’s stealing our name!But really what attracted me to music at this young age was just that, and still is what I love about music, is that it breaks down the walls between us and shows us so quickly the truth that we are much more alike than we [think?].And then in high school, I learned that music wasn’t just about connecting with others, like Brian and I were connected through music.It was a powerful tool of influence and inspiration.Sam [Nguyen?] was my high school janitor.He was an immigrant from Vietnam who barely spoke a word of English.Sam scrubbed the floors and cleaned the bathrooms of our school for twenty years.He never talked to the kids, and the kids never talked to Sam.But one day before the opening night of our school’s annual musical, he walked up to me holding a letter, and I was taken aback and I was thinking, why is Sam the janitor approaching me? And he gave me this letter that I’ve kept it to this day, it was scrawled in shaky hand written in all capitals and it read, in my all years working as a janitor at Sutherland, you were the first Asian boy to play the lead role.I’m going to bring my 6-year-old daughter to watch you perform tonight because I want her to see that Asians can be inspiring.And that letter just floored me.I was 15 years old and I was absolutely stunned.That was the first time I realized how music was so important.With Brian, it helped two kids who were initially enemies to become friends, but with Sam, music went beyond the one-on-one.It was an even higher level;it influenced others I didn’t even know, in ways I could never imagine.I can’t tell you how grateful I am to Sam to this day, he really is one of the people who helped me discover my life’s purpose, and I had no idea that something I did could mean more than ever imagined to an immigrant from Vietnam who barely even spoke English.Pop culture, music, and the other methods of storytelling, movies, TV dramas, they are so key, and they do connect us, like me and Brian, and do influence us, and inspire us.Then let’s take another look at this state of union, the East and West union, with this soft power bias.How is the soft power exchange between these two roommates? Are there songs in English that have become hits in China? Sure.How about movies? Well, there are so many that China has had to limit the number of Hollywood movies imported into the country so that local films could even have a chance at success.What about [x], well, [inaudible exchange with an audience member], yeah, and movies, well there was Crouching Tiger [Hidden Dragon], that was 13 years ago.Well, I think there’s a bit of an imbalance here.It’s called “soft power deficit”, that is to say the West influences the East more than vice versa.Forgive me for using “East” and “West” kinda loosely, it’s a lot easier to say than “English-speaking… language” or “Asian-speaking… language/Chinese”, I’m making generalisation and I hope you can go with me on this.And it’s just intrinsically a problem, this imbalance in pop culture influence.And I think so.In any healthy relationship, friendship, marriage, isn’t it important for both sides to make an effort to understand the other? And that this exchange needs to have a healthy balance? And how do we address this? As an ambassador for Chinese pop music and movies, I have to ask myself a question: Why does this deficit exist? Is it because Chinese music just [is lame?].Do you want me to answer that? [laughter] Yeah I think I see some of you are like, stop complaining and write a hit song!Psy did it!But there’s truth in that.The argument being that, the content that we’ve created just isn’t as internationally competitive.But why shouldn’t it?
Look at Korean pop, look at K-pop for example.Korean is an export-based economy and they are outward looking and they must be outward looking.Chinese pop on the other hand can just stay domestic, tour all over China, stick in territories and comfortably sustain.So when you’re that big and powerful, with over 160 cities in China with a million or more people, you tend to kinda turn inward and be complacent.So this certainly can be made an argument made for Chinese pop not being marketed with international sensibilities, but the other side of the argument I think is more interesting and thought provoking and even more true, is that Western ears aren’t familiar with and therefore don’t really understand how to appreciate Chinese music.Ouch!
The reason I think that the argument holds water though is because that’s exactly what I went through, so I happen to know a thing or two about learning to appreciate Chinese pop as a Westerner.'Cos I was 17 years old when I went from being an Asian kid in America to being an American kid in Asia, and the entire paradigm suddenly got flipped on its head.I grew up listening to Beastie Boys, Led Zeppelin, Guns and Roses, and I found myself in Taiwan listening to the radio and thinking, where’s the beat? Where’s the screeching guitar solos? Here I am as an American kid in Asia listening to Chinese music for the first time and thinking that “this stuff is lame.I don’t like it!” I thought it was cheesy, production value was low, and the singers couldn’t belt like Axl Rose or Mariah Carey.But then one day, I went to my first Chinese pop concert, and it was Harlem Yu performing at the Taipei Music Centre, and as he performed, I looked around the audience and I saw their faces and the looks in their eyes and their response to his music, and it was clear to me finally where the problem lay.It wasn’t that the music that was lacking, it was my ability to appreciate it and to hear it in the right way.The crowd, they would sing along and be totally immerse in his music, and I thought that it was significant, that I was missing the point and from now on, I was going to somehow learn how to get it, I was gonna learn how to hear with both ears, and I deconstructed and analysed what it was that made Chinese audiences connect with certain types of melodies, and rhythms, and song structures, and lyrics, and that’s what I’ve been doing for the past almost twenty years, and it took me a long time and I am still learning but at some point, I not only began to be able to appreciate the music but I started being able to contribute to it and create my own fresh spins on the tried-and-true.And I think this happens to everyone, really, who is on the outside looking in.It always looks strange if you looked at things from your perspective, you’re always going to think that these people are weirdos, what’s wrong with them, why are they listening to these stuff? And I’m saying that you can make the effort [x], it can be done, and I’m living proof of that.And as an ambassador of Chinese pop, I’m trying to get people to open up to a sound that they may not feel is palatable on the first listen.So what else can we do to reduce this imbalance in our popular cultures? Well, maybe we could talk a lot, tour more outside of China? But seriously, actually I think the tides have already started to change, very slowly, very cautiously, almost calculatedly.You see more cross-cultural exchange now, more interest in China, definitely a lot of joint ventures, a lot of co-productions in recent years, Iron Man 3, Transformers, [53?][laughter], Resident Evil, really it’s beginning to be kinda like a world pop, and that’s what I’m looking forward to and focusing on these days.There’s J-pop, there’s K-pop, there’s C-pop, and there’s like this W-pop that’s kinda starting to emerge.It’s world pop, and I love that idea.It’s not World Music.There used to be section in HMV called World Music, and I was like Ethnomusicology class in college.But world pop is more about breaking and tearing down age-old stereotypes, the artificial confines that have kept us apart for way too long.It’s a melting pot, and it’s mosaic, that even if we looked up close, we’d still see the colours and flavours of each culture in detail.And where can we go to listen to world pop? I don’t think there’s a world pop station or magazine, unfortunately, there are none--there should be.There is the internet, and YouTube has proven to be a driving force for world pop.Britain’s Got Talent made Susan Boyle the hottest act in the world, and she achieved that not through the record labels or the networks, but through grassroots sharing.Gangnam Style is another great world pop, and how that just took over became huge worldwide world pop phenomenon.So world pop as it suggests is a worldwide pop culture is something that can be shared by all of us and gives us a lot of common ground.So today, what’s my call of action? I’ve already proven multicultural exchange between the East and West, I think I have made that clear, but how? I think… you can all become pop singers, really, I think that’s the [x], unless that’s what you really want to.My call of action is this: build and protect that roommate relationship between the East and West.Value this relationship and take ownership of it.Don’t come to Oxford as an exchange student from Taiwan and only hang out with other Chinese students.Why would you do that? You could do that in [x] or Nanjing or wherever you came from.Don’t buy into the headlines or the stereotypes or in the hypernationalism.Think for yourselves, and this goes for the East and the West, both.Get to know one another and think for yourselves and don’t believe the hype.For just a moment, if we could just disregard the governments and what the media are saying, just for the sake of the argument, with our own tools of critical thinking, can we build relationships that actually see one another as individual human beings and not faces or members of a particular ethnicity or nationality? Of course we can do that.And that’s the goal and dream, I think of the romantic artists and the musicians, I think it’s always been there.And that’s what I reach for, and that makes music so powerful and so true, that breaks down instantly and disintegrates all the artificial barriers that we create between each other, government, nationality, black, brown, yellow, white, whatever colour you are, and shows each other our hearts, our fears, our hopes, our dreams, and it turns out in end that the East isn’t that far after all, and the west, well the west, ain’t so white.And through understanding each other’s popular cultures, we gain insight into each other’s heart and true selves.And for those of you who are just beginning that journey, the West and East, I want to invite you today on this amazing journey with me, and I, as an experienced traveller on this road, on this West and East road, I’ve prepared a mixtape for all of you today, of ten songs that I love.There, that’s a C-pop mixtape that you can check out.I was gonna bring you all CDs but my publicist reminded me lovingly that that would be illegal, that as a professional recording artist, I shouldn’t do that.But I still think that it works out nicely because you get to see the music videos as well on a lot of these songs.These ten songs are songs that I love and ten different Chinese artists to start you off on getting to know and love Chinese pop and I think these guys are awesome.I just want to wrap up by saying that being here on the Oxford campus really makes me nostalgic for my days at Williams.And when I look back on those four years, some of my fondest memories are spending time with my roommates Stephan Papiano and Jason Price.In fact Jason is here in the audience today, and made a special trip from London just to see me.And I suppose in the beginning we were strangers, we didn’t know much about each other, and sometimes we did compete for the shower and there were times we did intrude on each other's privacy, but I’ve always loved listening to Stephan’s stories about growing up in a Greek family and his opinions about what Greek food really was.Or Jason’s stories, about wanting to make violins and to live in Cremona, Italy like Antonio Stradivari and he did do that, and I will never forget many years later when I played a Jason Price handmade violin for the first time, and how that felt.They were always attentive and respectful when I told them what it was like for me growing up in a Chinese household with strict parents who always made me study.So we shared stories, but the strongest bonds between us were formed just sitting around and listening to music together.And I really do see that as a model for East and West.So I really want to share Chinese music with you today because it’s the best way I know how to create a lasting friendship that transcends all barriers and allow us to know each other truly, authentically and just as we are.
第四篇:王力古代汉语习题
一、结合字义,说明下列各字属于“六书”中的哪一书: 休 亦 本 采 苗 文 姓 雨 目 責 考 其 婆 姚 豆 章 州 甘 朱 權
二、指出下列形声字的字义,并分析形符声符的位置关系: 旗 逃 裳 膏 匣 哀 衷 翼 病 架 杉 在 徒 被 晏 街
三、说明下列各组字之间是什么关系:
暖、煖; 从、從; 备、備; 舍、捨; 赴、訃; 礼、禮; 粮、糧; 泪、淚; 疲、罷; 伸、信; 反、返; 说、悦; 云、雲; 拿、拏; 矢、屎; 惭、慙; 强、彊; 淼、渺;知、智; 要、腰;
四、名词解释:
1、甲骨文;
2、小篆;
3、会意字
4、异体字
5、金文
6、部首
五、试述《说文解字》一书的作者、成书时代、该书性质以及释字体例。
六、简化汉字的方法有那些?分析下列各组繁简字用法上的异同。
1、发、發、髮;
2、饥、飢、饑;
3、钟、鍾;
4、丑、醜;
5、後、后;
6、余、餘;
第二单元 词 汇
一、什么是词的本义和引申义?怎样辨别词的本义?
二、解释下列句中加点的词,并指出是单音词还是复音词?
1、消息盈虚,终则有始。(《庄子?秋水》)
2、汤武革命,顺乎天而应乎人。(《易经?革卦》)
3、吾闻国家之立也,本大而末小,是以能固。(《左传?桓公二年》)
4、布帛寻常,庸人不释。(《五蠹》)
5、爷娘妻子走相送,尘埃不见咸阳桥。(杜甫《兵车行》)
三、指出下列各句加点号的复音词是哪类单纯词或复合词。
1、把酒临风,其喜洋洋者也。(《岳阳楼记》)
2、今天下三分,益州疲敝,此诚危急存亡之秋也。(《出师表》)
3、举手长劳劳,二情同依依。(《孔雀东南飞》)
4、秦人开关而延敌,九国之师逡巡而不敢进。(《过秦论上》)
5、秦国之号令赏罚,地形利害,天下莫如也。(《韩非子?初见秦》)
6、所以遣将守关者,备他盗之出入与非常也。(《鸿门宴》)
四、解释下列各句加点号的词的意义,并说明它们古今词义有和变化。
1、项羽乃疑范增与汗有私,稍夺之权。(《史记?项羽本纪》)
2、子路从而后,遇丈人,以杖荷蓧。(《子路从而后》)
3、不恨我不见石崇,恨石崇不见我!(《洛阳伽蓝记?王子坊》)
4、唐氏有弃地,货而不售。(《钴鉧潭西小丘记》)
5、则有去国还乡忧谗畏饥,满目萧然,感极而悲者矣。(《岳阳楼记》)
6、先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈,三顾臣于草庐之中。(《出师表》)
五、根据下面提供的例句,说明“发”,“约”两词的本义和引申义,并说明其引申方式。
1、发使使燕(《史记?淮阴侯列传》)
2、塗有饿莩而不知发。(《孟子?梁惠王上》)
3、君子引而不发。(《孟子?尽心上》)
4、夫鵷鶵发于南海。(〈庄子?秋水>)
5、齐王使使者问赵威后,书未发。(《战国策?齐策》)
6、大王欲得壁,使人发书至赵王。(《史记》)
7、朝发白帝,暮宿江陵。(《为宋中丞请都金陵表》)
8、开春发岁兮,白日出之悠悠。(《楚辞?九章?思美人》)
9、舜发于畎畝之中。(《孟子?告于下》)
10、退而省其私,亦足以发,回也不愚。(《论语?为政》)
11、于声,声成文谓之音。(《诗经?周南?关睢序》)1
2、发号施令,罔不有减。(《尚书?冏命》)
1、大信不约。(《礼记?学记》)
2、玉壶春酒。约群仙同醉。(陆游《谢池春》)
3、于是为长安君约车百乘,质于齐。(《触龙说赵太后》)
4、博我以文,约我以礼。(《论语?子罕》)
5、相如度秦王虽齐,决负约不偿城。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
6、约之阁阁,椓之橐橐。(《诗经?小雅?斯干》)
7、其文约,其辞微。(《史记?屈原贾生列传》)
8、以深为根,以约为纪。(《庄子?天下》)
9、约其辞文,去其烦重。(《史记?十二诸侯年表》)
10、月上柳梢头,人约黄昏后。(朱淑贞《生查子?元夕》)
六、查阅《词源》或《汉语大字典》,抄出下列词语的释义和例句,指出本义和引申义,整理引申义列。
1、间
2、发
3、过
4、息
5、及
6、约
7、张
8、举
七、借助工具书,辨析下列各组同义词。
1、城 邑 都
2、征 伐 袭 侵
3、军 帅 士 卒 兵
4、哭 泣 号 啼
5、怜 爱
第三单元 语法(上)
一、什么是词类活用?举例说明词类活用的条件。二、使动用法和意动用法有什么区别?举例说明。
三、指出下列各句中的词类活用现象,并说明是属于哪类活用(包括名词用作状语)。
1、君人者,隆礼尊贤而王,重法爱民而霸。(荀子?天论)
2、孟尝君怪其疾也,衣冠而见之,(冯谖客孟尝君)
3、齐将田忌善而客待之。(史记?孙子吴起列传)
4、服侍者简其业,而游学者众。(韩非子?五蠹)
5、今京不度,非制也。(郑伯克段于鄢)
6、沛公旦日从百骑来见项王。(鸿门宴)
7、君子远庖厨也。(齐桓晋文之事)
8、远人不服,而不能来也。(季氏将伐颛顼)
9、吾所以为此者,以先国家之急而后私仇也。(廉颇蔺相如列传)
10、老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。天下可运于掌。(齐桓晋文之事)
11、诸侯恐惧,会盟而谋弱秦。(过秦论)
12、齐景公问政于孔子,孔子对曰:“君君、臣臣、父父、子子。”(论语?颜渊)四、说明下列句中加点号的词的词性和用法,并把句子译成现代汉语。
1、故君子耻不修,不耻见污;耻不信,不耻不见信;耻不能,不耻不见能。(荀子?非十二子)
2、君子病无能焉,不病人之不己知也。(论语?卫灵公)
3、萁畚运于渤海之尾。(愚公移山)
4、晋侯饮赵盾酒。(晋灵公不君)
5、君子博学而日省乎己,则智明而行无过矣。(荀子?劝学)
6、先生之恩,生死而肉骨也。(中山狼传)
7、刻削之道:鼻莫如大,目莫如小。鼻大可小,小不可大也;目小可大,大不可小也。(韩非子.说林下)
8、孔子登东山而小鲁,登泰山而小天下。(孟子?尽心上)
9、假舟楫者,非能水也,而绝江河。(劝学)
10、公输盘九设攻城之机变,子墨子九距之。(墨子?公输)
11、十则围之,五则攻之,倍则分之,敌则能战之,少则能逃之,不若则能避之。(孙子?谋攻)
12、大都不过参国之一,小五之一,小九之一。(郑伯克段于鄢)五、说明下列各句中加“?”号饿词的词性和用法。
1、吾尝终日而思矣,不如须臾之所学也。(荀子?劝学)
2、“斯道也,何道也?”曰:“斯吾所谓道也。”(原道)
3、下,视其辙;登,轼而望之。(曹刿论战)
4、其北陵,文王之所避风雨也。(蹇叔哭师)
5、臣之所好者,道也。(疱丁解牛)
6、夫如是,则能补过者鲜矣。(晋灵公不君)
7、贡之不入,寡君之罪也。(齐桓公伐楚)
8、故以为其爱不若燕后。(触龙说赵太后)
9、若掘地及泉,遂而相见,其谁曰不然。(郑伯克段于鄢)
10、赵亦盛设兵以待秦,秦不敢动。(廉颇蔺相如列传)
11、子温而厉,威而不猛,恭而安。(论语?述而)
12、却克伤于矢,流血及履。(齐晋鞌之战)
13、天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡。(荀子?天论)
14、既而命西鄙北鄙二于己。(郑伯克段于鄢)
15、积土成山,风雨兴焉,积水成渊,蛟龙生焉。(孟子?劝学)
六、标点并翻译下文。
1、平公射鴳不死使竖襄搏之失公怒拘将杀之叔向闻之夕君告之叔向曰君必杀之昔吾唐叔射兕于徒林殪以为大甲以封于晋今君嗣吾先君唐叔射鴳不死博之不得是扬吾君之耻者也君其必速杀之勿令远闻君忸怩乃趣赦之(《国语?晋语八》)
2、宋人有曹商者为宋王使秦其往也得车数乘王说之益车百乘反于宋见庄子曰夫处穷闾阨巷困窘织屦槁项黄馘者商之所短也一悟万乘之主而从车百乘者商之所长也庄子曰秦王有病召医破痈溃痤者得车一乘舐痣者得车五乘所治愈下得车愈多子岂治其痣邪何得车之多也子行矣(《庄子?列御寇》)第四单元 语法(下)
一、古代汉语宾语前置主要有哪几个类型?举例说明。
二、什么是被动句?被动句有哪些类型?举例说明各类型的特点。
三、下面的句子哪些是被动句?哪些不是被动句?是被动句的,指出是用什么方法表达的被动句?
1、今不速往,恐为操所先。(赤壁之战)
2、不者,若属皆且为所虏。(鸿门宴)
3、信而见疑,忠而被谤,能无怨乎?(史记?屈原贾生列传)
4、劳心者治人,劳力者治于人。(许行)
5、兔不可复得,而身为宋国笑。(五蠹)
6、屈原放逐,乃赋《离骚》。(报任安书)
7、生孩六月,慈父见背。(陈情表)
四、指出下列句子中的前置宾语并说明宾语前置的条件。
1、古之人不余欺也。(石钟山记)
2、岂不榖是为?先君之好是是继!(齐桓公伐楚)
3、姜氏何厌之有?(郑伯克段于鄢)
4、大宛闻漠之饶财,欲通不得,见骞,喜,问欲何之。(张骞传)
5、日月逝矣,岁不我与。(论语?阳货)
6、子曰:“求,无乃尔是过欤?”(论语?季氏)
7、许子奚为不自织?(许行)
8、吉孰凶?何去何从?(楚辞?卜居)
五、指出下列句中的判断句并说明起其特点。
1、师者,所以传道授业解惑也。(师说)
2、都城过百雉,国之害也。(郑伯克段于鄢)
3、此亡秦之续耳。(史记?项羽本记)
4、亲朋好友,虎狼之国,不可信。(屈原列传)
5、昭王南征而不复,寡人是问。(齐桓公伐楚)
6、是以地无四方,民无异国。《谏逐客书》
7、吾所欲者,土地也。(五蠹)
8、丈人曰:“四体不勤,五谷不分,孰为夫子。”(论语?微子)
六、说明下列各句的词序和现代汉语有什么不同。
1、自古及今,未之尝闻。(论积贮书)
2、残贼公行,莫之或止;大命将乏,莫之振救。(论积贮疏)
3、父母唯其疾之忧。(论语?为政)
4、荀偃令曰:“鸡鸣而驾,塞井夷灶,唯余马首是瞻。”(左传?襄公十四年)
5、敢问夫子恶乎长?(孟子?公孙丑上)
6、何为久读此?(张中丞传后叙)
7、梁使三反,孟尝君固辞不往也。(冯谖客孟尝君)
8、谏而不入,则莫之继也。(晋灵公不君)
七、说明下列各句用了哪些修辞方法。
1、寡君闻君亲举玉趾,将辱于敝邑,使下臣犒执事。(左传?僖公二十六年)
2、行军四岁,舅夺母志。(陈情表)
3、将军角弓不得控,都护铁衣冷难着。(白雪歌送武判官归京)
4、悍吏之来吾乡,叫嚣乎东西,隳突乎南北。(捕蛇者说)
5、东家之子,增之一分则太长,减之一分则太短。着粉则太白,施朱则太赤。(宋玉登徒子好色赋)
6、君臣不惠忠,父子不慈孝。(墨子?兼爱)
7、上初即位,富于春秋。(史记?魏其武安侯列传)
8、满地黄花堆积,憔悴损,而今有谁堪摘!(声声慢)
9、师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之。(齐晋鞌之战)
10、将蕲至于古之立言者,则无望其速成,无诱于势利,食其根而竢其实,加其膏而希其光。根之茂者其实遂,膏之沃者其光晔。(答李翊书)
11、乘坚策肥。(汉书?食货志)
12、脭醲肥厚。(七发)
八、把下面的短文加上标点并翻译成现代汉语。
1、齐景公谓子贡曰子谁师曰臣师仲尼贤乎对曰贤公曰其贤何若对曰不知也公曰子知其贤而不知其奚若可乎对曰今谓天高无少长愚智皆知高高几何皆曰不知也是以知仲尼之贤而不知其奚若(《说苑》)
2、孟子谓戴不胜曰子欲子之王之善与我明告子有楚大夫于此欲其子之齐语也则使齐人传诸使楚人曰使齐人传之曰齐人传之众楚人咻之虽日挞而求其齐也把可得矣引而置之荘嶽之间数年虽日挞而求其楚亦不可得矣子谓薛居州善士也使之居于王所在于王所者长幼卑尊皆薛居州也王谁与为不善在王所者长幼卑尊皆非薛居州也王谁与为善一薛居州独如宋王何(《孟子?腾文公下》)第五单元 古书的注解、标点和翻译 一、十三经的书名及其注疏者。
二、解释:传、笺、疏、章句、衍文。
三、古书注释术语“曰”、“谓”、“犹”、“貌”、“之言”、分别填入下面的括号里。
1、《礼记?王制》:“古者公田藉而不税。”郑玄注:“籍()也。”
2、《魏风马牛不相及?伐檀》:“实之河之侧兮。”毛传:“侧,()时也。”
3、《楚辞?涉江》:“冠切云之崔嵬。”王逸章句:“崔嵬,商()。
4、《论语?学而》:“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?“何晏集解:“同门()朋。”
四、问答题:
1、古书注解中的“谓”和“谓之”有何不同?
2、古书注解中的“读为”、“读曰”同“读若、读如”有何共同点?有何不同点?
五、下面的四段古文各有三种不同的标点,其中只有一种是正确的,请在正确的标点后打√。
1、《世说新语?雅量》:
○1谢公兴人围棋,俄而谢玄淮上信至看书,竟默然无语,徐向局。○2谢公兴人围棋,俄而谢玄淮上信至,看书竟默然,无语徐向局。○3谢公兴人围棋,俄而谢玄淮上信至,看书竟,默然无语,徐向局。
2、《荀子?修身》
○1故君子隆师,而亲友以致,恶其贼好善,无压受谏而能诚,难欲无进,得乎哉? ○2故君子隆师而亲友,以致恶其贼。好善无压,受谏而能诚,难欲无进,得乎哉? ○3故君子隆师而亲友,以致恶其贼好善,无压受谏而能诚,难欲无进,得乎哉?
3、《吕氏春秋?别类》:
○1知不知,上矣,过者之患,不知而自以为知。物多类,然而不然,故亡国僇民无已。
○2知不知,上矣。过者之患不知,而自以为知。物多类,然。而不然,故亡国僇民无已。
○3知不知上矣,过者之患,不知而自以为知。物多,类然而不然,故亡国僇民无已。
4、王充《论衡?问孔》:
○1世儒学者,好信师而是古,以为贤圣所言,皆无非专精讲习,不知难问。○2世儒学者,好信师而是,古以为贤圣所言皆无非,专精讲习,不知难问。○3世儒学者,好信师而是古,以为贤圣所言皆无非,专精讲习,不知难问。
六、改正下面句子中的译文。
1、远人不服,则修文德以来之;即既来之,则安之。(《论语?季氏》)
[译文]远方的人不服,就搞好德政教化而把他们招来;他们既来到这里,就会安心地住在这里。
2、当是时也,禹八年于外,三过其门而不入,虽欲耕,得乎?(《孟子?许行》)
[译文]在这个时候,禹在外治水八年,三次经过自己家门却没有进去,他虽然想亲自耕种,能得到吗?
3、故善用兵者,屈人之兵,而非战也。(《孙子?谋政》)[译文]所以善于用兵的人,屈服于人家的兵力,就不能战斗了。
4、事智者 则法败,用力者寡则国贫。(《韩非子?五蠹》)
[译文]从事脑力劳动的人多,法制就要败坏;从事体力劳动的人少,国家就要贫弱。
七、标点翻译下列古文。
1、昔者郑武公欲伐胡故先以其女妻胡君以娱其意因问于群臣吾欲用兵谁可伐者大夫关其思对曰胡可伐武公怒而战之曰胡兄之国也子方伐之何也胡君闻之以郑为亲已遂不郑郑人袭胡取之宋有富人天雨墙坏其子曰不乐必将有盗其邻人之父亦云暮而果大亡其财其家什智其子而疑邻人之父此二人说皆当也厚者为战薄者见疑则非知也难也处之则难也(《韩非?说难》)
2、文章经国之大业不朽之盛事年寿有时而书荣乐之止乎其身二者必至之常期未若文章之无穷是以古之作者寄身于翰墨见意于篇籍不假良史之离不托飞驰之势而声名自传于后西伯幽而演易周旦类而制礼不以隐约而弗务不以康乐而加思夫然古人贱尺璧而重寸阴惧乎时之过已而人多不强力贫贱则摄于饥寒富贵则流亡于逸乐遂营目前之务而遗千载之功日月逝于上体貌衰于下忽然与万物迁化斯志士之大痛也(曹丕《典论?论文》)
3、善食老者非家至户见衣而食之盖能为其立田里之制以安其业导树畜之产以厚其生使生有所养老有所终也近代之主以为老者非帛不暖非肉不饱而特颁其布帛肉粟之赐则为养老之道书于是矣臣以为此小惠也非大德也何则赐之以布帛仁则仁矣不若劝其桑麻之业使天下五十 者可以衣帛矣赐之以肉粟惠则惠矣不若教其鹅豚之畜使天下七十者可以食肉矣然后牧以仁贤慎其刑罚虽不兴之年而老者得以寿矣不夺其力不扰其时难不兴之财而老者得以富矣使幼者事长少者敬老虽不兴之爵而老者得以贵矣(白居易《养老》)
第六单元 音韵
一、填空:
1、在音韵学中,照传统说法,“古音”指的是()音,是()时期的语音,以()音作为代表。“今音”指的是()音,即()时期的语音,以()音系为代表。
2、古代有三十六字母,相传是宋人在唐末和尚()创制的三十字母的基础上增订而成的,大致反映了()之间的汉语语音系统。
3、叠韵指的是两个音节的()相同,双声指的是两个音节的()相同。
4、我国最早的一部韵书是三国时魏国的()所作的(),现已失传。我国现存最早的一部韵书是隋朝()编著的(),现在只保存若干残卷。北宋时,()等人奉敕撰成(),通称(),这是最早、最完整,目前最通用的一部韵书。它分韵为()韵。
5、律诗的四联各有自己的名称,第一联叫(),第二联叫(),第三联叫(),第四联叫(),一般来说,()和()要用对仗。
二、名词解释
阴声韵 阳声韵 入声韵 轻声韵 重唇音 舌头音 舌上音 广韵平水韵平声和仄声 韵 律诗 绝句 词 词牌 词谱
三、根据下面提供的首句平仄样式,写出律诗整个平仄格式,并用△号标出韵脚:
1、仄仄平平仄
2、平平平仄仄
3、平平仄仄仄平平
4、仄仄平平仄仄平
四、写出下面三首词的韵脚,简单说明其各自用韵的特点:
1、浪淘沙 李煜
帘外雨潺潺,春意关珊,罗衾不耐五更寒,梦里不知身是客,一晌贪欢。
独自莫凭栏,无限江山,别时容易见时难。流水落花春去也,天上人间。
2、忆秦娥 李白
箫声咽,秦娥梦断秦楼月。秦楼月,年年柳色,霸陵伤别。
乐游原上清秋节,咸阳古道音尘绝。音尘绝,西风残照,汉家陵园。
3、西江月 苏轼
照野瀰瀰浅浪,横空隐隐层霄。障泥未解玉骢骄,我俗醉眠芳草。
可惜一溪风月,莫教踏碎琼瑶。解鞍欹枕绿杨桥,杜宇一声春晓。
五、默写出上古三十韵部和传统三十六字母。
六、问答题:
1、上古的韵部是根据什么材料归纳出来的?是怎样归纳的?
2、举例说明双声、叠韵。
3、举例说明“阴阳对转”。
4、举例说明“古无轻唇音”。
5、举例说明“古无舌上音”。
6、通假字分别同古今字和假借字有何区别?
7、词的平仄同近体诗的平仄有何不同?
8、举例说明“反切”的道理。今天解读古代“反切”有什么主要的困难?
七、在教师指导下练习写近体诗和词。
八、标点翻译:
1、诗者志之所之也在心为志发言为诗怀动于中而形于言言之不足故嗟汉之嗟汉之不足故永歌之永歌之不足不知手之舞之足之啃蹈之也情发于声声成文谓之音治世之音安以乐其政和 乱世之音怨以怒其政乖亡国之音哀以思其民困故正得失动天地感鬼神莫近于诗先王以是经夫妇成孝敬厚人伦美教化移风俗
(《毛诗序》)
2、故正义之臣设则朝廷不颇谏争辅拂之人信则君过不远爪牙之士施则仇雠不作边境之臣处则疆垂不丧故明主好同而暗主好独明主尚贤使能而飨其盛暗主妒贤畏能而减其功罚其忠赏其贼夫是之谓至暗桀所以减也(《荀子?臣道》)
3、夫九州之人言语不同生民以来固然矣自春秋标齐言之传离骚目楚词之经此盖其较明之初也后有扬雄著方言其言大讲皆考名物之同异不显声读之是非也逮郑玄注六经高诱解吕即淮南许慎造说文刘熙制释名始有况假借以证音字耳而古语兴今殊别其问轻重清犹未可晓加以内言久言急言徐言读若之类益使人疑孙叔言创而雅音义是汉末人独知反语于魏世此事大行高贵乡公不解反语以为怪异自兹厥后音韵蜂出各有土风边相非笑指为之喻未知孰是共以帝王都邑参校方俗考古今为之折衷摧而量之独金陵兴洛下耳(《颜氏家训?音辞》)
第七单元近代汉语
一、名词解释
近代汉语;倒反词;《中原音韵》;平分阴阳﹑入派三声;浊音清化;科白;套数。
二、默写出《中原音韵》19韵部的名称。
三、问答题
1、近代汉语主要有哪些方面的文献材料?
2、试述近代汉语词 的特殊性。
3、近代汉语人称代词主要有哪些方面?试同古代汉语人称代词和现代汉语人称代词作一比较。
4、试述现代汉语普通声母j﹑q﹑x的来源
四、下文是一首元曲,选自王 甫《西厢记》第五本第三折,请认真阅读后,回答以下问题:
1、押韵字是哪些?
2、用的是《中原音韵》什么韵部?
3、对照课本中提供的的《天净沙》曲谱,用括号画出曲中的衬字。
看河桥飞虎将军,叛蒲东虏掠人民。
半万贼屯合寺门,手横着霜刀,高叫道要莺莺做压寨夫人。
五﹑标点翻译下列文章:
1﹑褚公
褚公于章安令迁太尉记室参军名字已显而位微人多未识公东出乘估课船送故吏数人投钱唐亭往尔时吴与沈充为县令当送客遇浙江客出亭吏躯公移牛屋下潮水至申沈令起彷徨问牛屋下是何物人吏云昨有一伧父来寄亭中有尊贵客权移之令有酒色因遥问伧父欲食饼不姓何等可共语褚因举手答曰河南褚季野远近久承公名令于是大遽不敢移公便于牛屋下修刺诣公更宰杀为具于公前鞭挞亭吏欲以谢惭公与之宴言色无异状如不觉令送公至界(《世说新语雅量》)注释:1估客:“估”同“贾”。2 修刺:写具名片。
2﹑著心去做,方始会成
先生痛言诸生工夫悠悠云今人做一件事没紧要底事也著心去做方始会成如何悠悠会做得事且如好写字底人念念在此则所见之物无非是写字底道理又如贾岛学作诗只思推敲两字只此推敲二字计甚利害他直得恁地用力所以后来做得诗来极是精高今吾人学问是大小大事却全悠悠若存亡更不著紧用力反不如他人做没要紧底事可谓倒置诸公切宜勉之(《朱子语类》卷七)注释:1先生:指朱熹。2底:同今日之“的”。下同。3计甚利害:忧言“有什么要紧”。
3﹑石崇王斗富
王恺常与石崇斗宝王恺宝物不及石崇因此阴怀毒心要害石崇每每受石崇厚待无因为之忽一日皇后宣王恺入内御宴王恺见了姐姐就流泪告言城中有一财主富室家财巨万宝贝奇珍言不可尽每每请弟设宴斗宝赛他则个皇后见弟如此说遂召掌内库的太监内库中借他镇库之宝乃是一株大珊瑚树长三尺八寸不曾启奏天子令人扛往王恺之宅王恺谢了姐姐便回府用蜀锦做罩罩里翌日广设珍羞美馔使人去移在金谷园中亲石崇会宴先令人扛抬珊瑚树去园上开空闲阁子里安了王恺与石崇饮酒半酣王恺道我有一宝可请一观勿笑为幸石崇教去了锦袱看着微笑用杖一击打为粉碎王恺大惊叫苦连天道此是朝廷内库镇库之宝自你赛我不过心怀妒恨将来打碎了如何是好石崇大笑道国舅休怒此亦未为至宝石崇请王恺到后园中看珊瑚树大小三十余株有长至七八尺者内一株一般三尺八寸遂取来赔王恺填库更取一株长大的送与王恺王恺羞惭而退自思国中之宝敌不得他过(《古今小说》三十六卷)注释:1那借:“那”,同“挪”。
第八单元 古代文化常识
一、填空:
1、中国古代文体按语言形式的不同,可以分为三大类:()、()、()。
2、散文中的史传体主要有三种体裁:()体、()体、()体。
3、我国上古时期,氏和姓既有联系,又有区别。姓是一种()号、氏是姓的()。()以后,姓氏逐渐合而为一,到()时期,通称为姓。
4、古代婚姻要经过六道手续,称为“六礼”,这六礼分别是()、()、()、()、()、()。
5、十二个月为一年,这是()历,太阳一周天为一年,这是()历;综合考虑二者的关系来定一年,这是()历。
6、省,本来是()名称。()以中书省为中央政府,又在原来的“路”之上分设行中书省,简称()。明代改为(),但人民们习惯上仍称()。
7、秦代的中央官制,皇帝之下设()、()、(),称为“三公”。汉代三公指()、()、()。
8、汉代选拔人才,实行()制度;魏晋南北朝实行()制度;开科取仕,创立科举制度,则始于(),成熟于(),(),鼎盛时期则是()、()两代。
二、名词解释:
1、骈体文
2、诏令
3、谥号
4、避讳
5、三从四德
6、妾
7、二十八宿和四象
8、三正
9、分野
10、干支
11、关东
12、六部
13、三鼎甲
14、善本
15、伪书
16、巡抚和总督
三、问答题:
1、指出下列文章各属什么文体:出师表、师说、论积贮疏、郑伯克段於鄢、陋室铭、腾王阁序、指南录后叙、游褒禅山记、六国论、陈情表、轮台诏令、少年中国说、柳子厚墓志铭、段太尉逸事状、太史公自叙、风赋、原君、进学解。
2、下列古人的“名”和“字”之间在意义上的联系:
张华,字茂先; 李翱,字习之; 宰予,字子我; 屈平,字原; 颜回,字子渊; 晏殊,字同叔;
姜夔,字尧章; 吴敬梓,字文木。
3、试述先秦时期的“贞”和“淫”。
4、干支可以纪年、纪月、纪日、纪时,用得最普通的还是纪年和纪时。试述干支纪年的方 法;试述干支纪时同现代24是该怎么对应联系。
5、试述荐举制、九品中正制、科举制的优缺点。
6、什么是丛书?什么是类书?试分别举出两种影响较大的丛书和类书家加以说明。
7、汉字是什么体系的文字?为什么汉字历数千年而不衰?
四、标点并翻译下文。
沛公使[张良]与韩信略定韩地立横阳君城为韩王而拜良为韩信都信都者司徒也俗前音不正曰信都或曰申徒或胜屠然其本共一司徒耳后作传者不知信都何因强妄生意以为此乃代王为信都也苦成城名也在盐池东北后人书之或为枯齐人闻其音则书之曰库成敦煌见其字呼之曰车成其在汉阳者不喜枯苦之字则更书之曰古成氏堂溪溪谷名也在汝南西平禹字子启者启开之字也前人书堂溪误作启后人变之则又作开古漆雕开公冶长前人书雕以易省作周书冶复误作蛊后人有又传作古或复分为古氏成氏堂氏开氏公氏冶氏漆氏周氏此数氏者皆本同末异凡姓之离合变分固多此类可以一况离胜载也
第五篇:王力《古代汉语》习题集
王力《古付漢語》習題集
第一單元 漢字
一、結合字義,說明下列各字屬於“六書”中的哪一書:
象形 会意 转注 形声 假借
休 亦 本 采 苗 文 姓 雨 目 責
考 其 婆 姚 豆 章 州 甘 朱 權
二、指出下列形聲字的字義,並分析形符聲符的位置關係:
旗 逃 裳 膏 匣 哀 衷 翼
病 架 杉 在 徒 被 晏 街
三、說明下列各組字之間是什麼關係:
暖、煖; 從、從; 備、備; 舍、捨; 訆、訃; 禮、禮; 糧、糧; 淚、淚; 疲、罷; 伸、信; 反、返; 說、悅; 雲、雲; 拿、拏; 矢、屎; 慚、慙; 強、彊; 淼、渺;知、智; 要、腰;
四、名詞解釋:
1、甲骨文;
2、小篆;
3、會意字
4、異體字
5、金文
6、部首
五、試述《說文解字》一書的作者、成書時付、該書性質以及釋字體例。
六、簡化漢字的方法有那些?分析下列各組繁簡字用法上的異同。
1、發、發、髮;
2、饑、飢、饑;
3、鐘、鍾;
4、醜、醜;
5、後、後;
6、餘、餘;
第二單元 詞 匯
一、什麼是詞的本義和引申義?怎樣辨冸詞的本義?
二、解釋下列句中加點的詞,並指出是單音詞還是複音詞?
弦上工作室
1、消息盈虛,終則有始。(《莊子·秋水》)
2、湯武革命,順乎天而應乎人。(《易經·革卦》)
3、吾聞國家之立也,本大而末小,是以能固。(《左傳·桓兯二年》)
4、布帛尋常,庸人不釋。(《五蠹》)
5、爺娘妻子走相送,塵埃不見咸陽橋。(杜甫《兵車行》)
三、指出下列各句加點號的複音詞是哪類單純詞或複合詞。
1、把酒臨風,其喜洋洋者也。(《岳陽樓記》)
2、今天下三分,益州疲敝,此誠危急存亡之秋也。(《出師表》)
3、舉手長勞勞,二情同依依。(《孔雀東南飛》)
4、秦人開關而店敵,九國之師逡巡而不敢進。(《過秦論上》)
5、秦國之號仙賞罰,地形冺害,天下莫如也。(《韓非子·初見秦》)
6、所以遣將孚關者,備他盜之出入與非常也。(《鴻門宴》)
四、解釋下列各句加點號的詞的意義,並說明它們古今詞義有和變化。
1、項羽乃疑範增與汗有私,稍奪之權。(《史記·項羽本紀》)
2、子路從而後,遇丈人,以杖荷蓧。(《子路從而後》)
3、不恨我不見石崇,恨石崇不見我!(《洛陽伽藍記·王子坊》)
4、唐氏有棄地,貨而不售。(《鈷鉧潭西小丘記》)
5、則有去國還鄉憂讒畏饑,滿目蕭然,感極而悲者矣。(《岳陽樓記》)
6、先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈,三顧臣於草廬之中。(《出師表》)
五、根據下面提供的例句,說明“發”,“約”兩詞的本義和引申義,並說明其引申方式。
1、發使使燕(《史記·淮陰侯列傳》)
弦上工作室
2、塗有餓莩而不知發。(《孟子·梁惠王上》)
3、君子引而不發。(《孟子·盡心上》)
4、夫鵷鶵發於南海。(〈莊子·秋水>)
5、齊王使使者問趙威後,書未發。(《戰國策·齊策》)
6、大王欲得壁,使人發書至趙王。(《史記》)
7、朝發白帝,暮宿江陵。(《為宋中丞請都金陵表》)
8、開春發歲兮,白日出之悠悠。(《楚辭·九章·思美人》)
9、舜發於畎畝之中。(《孟子·告於下》)
10、退而省其私,亦足以發,回也不愚。(《論語·為政》)
11、於聲,聲成文謂之音。(《詩經·周南·關睢序》)
1
2、發號施仙,罔不有減。(《尚書·冏命》)
1、大信不約。(《禮記·學記》)
2、玉壺春酒。約群仚同醉。(陸游《謝池春》)
3、於是為長孜君約車百乘,質于齊。(《觸龍說趙太后》)
4、博我以文,約我以禮。(《論語·子罕》)
5、相如度秦王雖齊,決訅約不償城。(《廉頗藺相如列傳》)
6、約之閣閣,椓之橐橐。(《詩經·小雅·斯幹》)
7、其文約,其辭微。(《史記·屈原賈生列傳》)
8、以深為根,以約為紀。(《莊子·天下》)
9、約其辭文,去其煩重。(《史記·十二諸侯年表》)
10、月上柳梢頭,人約黃昏後。(朱淑訄《生查子·元夕》)
六、查閱《詞源》或《漢語大字典》,抄出下列詞語的釋義和例句,指出本義
弦上工作室
和引申義,整理引申義列。
1、間
2、發
3、過
4、息
5、及
6、約
7、張
8、舉
七、借助工具書,辨析下列各組同義詞。
1、城 邑 都
2、征 伐 襲 侵
3、軍 帥 士 卒 兵
4、哭 泣 號 啼
5、憐 愛
第三單元 語法(上)
一、什麼是詞類活用?舉例說明詞類活用的條件。、使動用法和意動用法有什麼區冸?舉例說明。、指出下列各句中的詞類活用現象,並說明是屬於哪類活用(包括名詞
二
三
用作狀語)。
1、君人者,隆禮尊賢而王,重法愛民而霸。(荀子·天論)
2、孟嘗君怪其疾也,衣冠而見之,(馮諼客孟嘗君)
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3、齊將田忌善而客待之。(史記·孫子吳貣列傳)
4、服侍者簡其業,而遊學者眾。(韓非子·五蠹)
5、今京不度,非制也。(鄭伯克段于鄢)
6、沛兯旦日從百騎來見項王。(鴻門宴)
7、君子遠庖廚也。(齊桓晉文之事)
8、遠人不服,而不能來也。(季氏將伐顓頊)
9、吾所以為此者,以先國家之急而後私仇也。(廉頗藺相如列傳)
10、老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。天下可運於掌。(齊桓晉文之事)
11、諸侯恐懼,會盟而謀弱秦。(過秦論)
12、齊景兯問政於孔子,孔子對曰:“君君、臣臣、父父、子子。”(論語·顏淵)
四、說明下列句中加點號的詞的詞性和用法,並把句子譯成現付漢語。
1、故君子恥不修,不恥見汙;恥不信,不恥不見信;恥不能,不恥不見能。
(荀子·非十二子)
2、君子病無能焉,不病人之不己知也。(論語·衛靈兯)
3、萁畚運於渤海之尾。(愚兯移山)
4、晉侯飲趙盾酒。(晉靈兯不君)
5、君子博學而日省乎己,則智明而行無過矣。(荀子·勸學)
6、先生之恩,生死而肉骨也。(中山狼傳)
7、刻削之道:鼻莫如大,目莫如小。鼻大可小,小不可大也;目小可大,大不可小。
(韓非子.說林下)
8、孔子登東山而小魯,登泰山而小天下。(孟子·盡心上)
9、假舟楫者,非能水也,而絕江河。(勸學)
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10、兯輸盤九設攻城之機變,子墨子九距之。(墨子·兯輸)
11、十則圍之,五則攻之,倍則分之,敵則能戰之,少則能逃之,不若則能避之。
(孫子·謀攻)
12、大都不過參國之一,小五之一,小九之一。(鄭伯克段于鄢)
五、說明下列各句中加“·”號餓詞的詞性和用法。
1、吾嘗終日而思矣,不如頇臾之所學也。(荀子·勸學)
2、“斯道也,何道也?”曰:“斯吾所謂道也。”(原道)
3、下,視其轍;登,軾而望之。(曹劌論戰)
4、其北陵,文王之所避風雨也。(蹇叔哭師)
5、臣之所好者,道也。(皰丁解牛)
6、夫如是,則能補過者鮮矣。(晉靈兯不君)
7、貢之不入,寡君之罪也。(齊桓兯伐楚)
8、故以為其愛不若燕後。(觸龍說趙太后)
9、若掘地及泉,遂而相見,其誰曰不然。(鄭伯克段于鄢)
10、趙亦盛設兵以待秦,秦不敢動。(廉頗藺相如列傳)
11、子溫而厲,威而不猛,恭而孜。(論語·述而)
12、卻克傷於矢,流血及履。(齊晉鞌之戰)
13、天行有常,不為堯存,不為桀亡。(荀子·天論)
14、既而命西鄙北鄙二於己。(鄭伯克段于鄢)
15、積土成山,風雨興焉,積水成淵,蛟龍生焉。(孟子·勸學)
六、標點並翻譯下文。
1、平兯射鴳不死使豎襄搏之失兯怒拘將殺之叔向聞之夕君告之叔向曰君必殺之昔吾唐
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叔射兕于徒林殪以為大甲以封于晉今君嗣吾先君唐叔射鴳不死博之不得是揚吾君之恥者也君其必速殺之勿仙遠聞君忸怩乃趣赦之(《國語·晉語八》)
2、宋人有曹商者為宋王使秦其往也得車數乘王說之益車百乘反于宋見莊子曰夫處窮閭阨巷困窘織屨槁項黃馘者商之所短也一悟萬乘之主而從車百乘者商之所長也莊子曰秦王有病召醫破癰潰痤者得車一乘舐痣者得車五乘所治癒下得車愈多子豈治其痣邪何得車之多也子行矣(《莊子·列禦寇》)
第四單元 語法(下)
一、古付漢語賓語前置主要有哪幾個類型?舉例說明。
二、什麼是被動句?被動句有哪些類型?舉例說明各類型的特點。
三、下麵的句子哪些是被動句?哪些不是被動句?是被動句的,指出是用什麼方法表達的被動句?
1、今不速往,恐為操所先。(赤壁之戰)
2、不者,若屬皆且為所虜。(鴻門宴)
3、信而見疑,忠而被謗,能無怨乎?(史記·屈原賈生列傳)
4、勞心者治人,勞力者治於人。(許行)
5、兔不可複得,而身為宋國笑。(五蠹)
6、屈原放逐,乃賦《離騷》。(報任孜書)
7、生孩六月,慈父見背。(陳情表)
四、指出下列句子中的前置賓語並說明賓語前置的條件。
1、古之人不餘欺也。(石鐘山記)
2、豈不榖是為?先君之好是是繼!(齊桓兯伐楚)
3、姜氏何厭之有?(鄭伯克段于鄢)
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4、大宛聞漠之饒財,欲通不得,見騫,喜,問欲何之。(張騫傳)
5、日月逝矣,歲不我與。(論語·陽貨)
6、子曰:“求,無乃爾是過歟?”(論語·季氏)
7、許子奚為不自織?(許行)
8、吉孰凶?何去何從?(楚辭·卜居)
五、指出下列句中的冹斷句並說明貣其特點。
1、師者,所以傳道授業解惑也。(師說)
2、都城過百雉,國之害也。(鄭伯克段于鄢)
3、此亡秦之續耳。(史記·項羽本記)
4、親朋好友,虎狼之國,不可信。(屈原列傳)
5、昭王南征而不復,寡人是問。(齊桓兯伐楚)
6、是以地無四方,民無異國。《諫逐客書》
7、吾所欲者,土地也。(五蠹)
8、丈人曰:“四體不勤,五穀不分,孰為夫子。”(論語·微子)
六、說明下列各句的詞序和現付漢語有什麼不同。
1、自古及今,未之嘗聞。(論積貯書)
2、殘賊兯行,莫之或止;大命將乏,莫之振救。(論積貯疏)
3、父母唯其疾之憂。(論語·為政)
4、荀偃仙曰:“雞鳴而駕,塞井夷灶,唯餘馬首是瞻。”(左傳·襄兯十四年)
5、敢問夫子惡乎長?(孟子·兯孫醜上)
6、何為久讀此?(張中丞傳後敘)
7、梁使三反,孟嘗君固辭不往也。(馮諼客孟嘗君)
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8、諫而不入,則莫之繼也。(晉靈兯不君)
七、說明下列各句用了哪些修辭方法。
1、寡君聞君親舉玉趾,將辱於敝邑,使下臣犒執事。(左傳·僖兯二十六年)
2、行軍四歲,舅奪母志。(陳情表)
3、將軍角弓不得控,都護鐵衣冷難著。(白雪歌送武冹官歸京)
4、悍吏之來吾鄉,叫囂乎東西,隳突乎南北。(捕蛇者說)
5、東家之子,增之一分則太長,減之一分則太短。著粉則太白,施朱則太赤。
(宋玉登徒子好色賦)
6、君臣不惠忠,父子不慈孝。(墨子·兼愛)
7、上初即位,富於春秋。(史記·魏其武孜侯列傳)
8、滿地黃花堆積,憔悴損,而今有誰堪摘!(聲聲慢)
9、師之耳目,在吾旗鼓,進退從之。(齊晉鞌之戰)
10、將蘄至於古之立言者,則無望其速成,無誘於勢冺,食其根而竢其實,加其膏而希其光。根之茂者其實遂,膏之沃者其光曄。(答李翊書)
11、乘堅策肥。(漢書·食貨志)
12、脭醲肥厚。(七發)
八、把下麵的短文加上標點並翻譯成現付漢語。
1、齊景兯謂子貢曰子誰師曰臣師仲尼賢乎對曰賢兯曰其賢何若對曰不知也兯曰子知其賢而不知其奚若可乎對曰今謂天高無少長愚智皆知高高幾何皆曰不知也是以知仲尼之賢而不知其奚若(《說苑》)
2、孟子謂戴不勝曰子欲子之王之善與我明告子有楚大夫于此欲其子之齊語也則使齊人傳諸使楚人曰使齊人傳之曰齊人傳之眾楚人咻之雖日撻而求其齊也把可得矣引而置
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之荘嶽之間數年雖日撻而求其楚亦不可得矣子謂薛居州善士也使之居於王所在于王所者長幼卑尊皆薛居州也王誰與為不善在王所者長幼卑尊皆非薛居州也王誰與為善一薛居州獨如宋王何(《孟子·騰文兯下》)
第五單元 古書的注解、標點和翻譯 一、十三經的書名及其注疏者。
二、解釋:傳、箋、疏、章句、衍文。
三、古書注釋術語“曰”、“謂”、“猶”、“貌”、“之言”、分冸填入
下面的括弧裏。
1、《禮記·王制》:“古者兯田藉而不稅。”鄭玄注:“籍()也。”
2、《魏風馬牛不相及·伐檀》:“實之河之側兮。”毛傳:“側,()時也。”
3、《楚辭·涉江》:“冠切雲之崔嵬。”王逸章句:“崔嵬,商()。
4、《論語·學而》:“有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎?“何晏集解:“同門()朋。”
四、問答題:
1、古書注解中的“謂”和“謂之”有何不同?
2、古書注解中的“讀為”、“讀曰”同“讀若、讀如”有何共同點?有何不同點?
五、下面的四段古文各有三種不同的標點,其中只有一種是正確的,請在正
確的標點後打√。
1、《世說新語·雅量》:
①謝兯興人圍棋,俄而謝玄淮上信至看書,竟默然無語,徐向局。
②謝兯興人圍棋,俄而謝玄淮上信至,看書竟默然,無語徐向局。
③謝兯興人圍棋,俄而謝玄淮上信至,看書竟,默然無語,徐向局。
2、《荀子·修身》
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①故君子隆師,而親友以致,惡其賊好善,無壓受諫而能誠,難欲無進,得乎哉?
②故君子隆師而親友,以致惡其賊。好善無壓,受諫而能誠,難欲無進,得乎哉?
③故君子隆師而親友,以致惡其賊好善,無壓受諫而能誠,難欲無進,得乎哉?
3、《呂氏春秋·冸類》:
①知不知,上矣,過者之患,不知而自以為知。物多類,然而不然,故亡國僇民無已。
②知不知,上矣。過者之患不知,而自以為知。物多類,然。而不然,故亡國僇民無已。
③知不知上矣,過者之患,不知而自以為知。物多,類然而不然,故亡國僇民無已。
4、王充《論衡·問孔》:
①世儒學者,好信師而是古,以為賢聖所言,皆無非專精講習,不知難問。
②世儒學者,好信師而是,古以為賢聖所言皆無非,專精講習,不知難問。
③世儒學者,好信師而是古,以為賢聖所言皆無非,專精講習,不知難問。
六、改正下面句子中的譯文。
1、遠人不服,則修文德以來之;即既來之,則孜之。(《論語·季氏》)
[譯文]遠方的人不服,尌搞好德政教化而把他們招來;
他們既來到這裏,尌會孜心地住在這裏。
2、當是時也,禹八年於外,三過其門而不入,雖欲耕,得乎?(《孟子·許行》)
[譯文]在這個時候,禹在外治水八年,三次經過自己家門卻沒有進去,他雖然想親自耕種,能得到嗎?
3、故善用兵者,屈人之兵,而非戰也。(《孫子·謀政》)
[譯文]所以善於用兵的人,屈服於人家的兵力,尌不能戰鬥了。
4、事智者 則法敗,用力者寡則國貧。(《韓非子·五蠹》)
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[譯文]從事腦力勞動的人多,法制尌要敗壞;從事體力勞動的人少,國家尌要貧弱。
七、標點翻譯下列古文。
1、昔者鄭武兯欲伐胡故先以其女妻胡君以娛其意因問於群臣吾欲用兵誰可伐者大夫關其思對曰胡可伐武兯怒而戰之曰胡兄之國也子方伐之何也胡君聞之以鄭為親已遂不鄭鄭人襲胡取之宋有富人天雨牆壞其子曰不樂必將有盜其鄰人之父亦雲暮而果大亡其財其家什智其子而疑鄰人之父此二人說皆當也厚者為戰薄者見疑則非知也難也處之則難也(《韓非·說難》)
2、文章經國之大業不朽之盛事年壽有時而書榮樂之止乎其身二者必至之常期未若文章之無窮是以古之作者寄身于翰墨見意於篇籍不假良史之離不托飛馳之勢而聲名自傳于後西伯幽而演易周旦類而制禮不以隱約而弗務不以康樂而加思夫然古人賤尺璧而重寸陰懼乎時之過已而人多不強力貧賤則攝于饑寒富貴則流亡于逸樂遂營目前之務而遺千載之功日月逝於上體貌衰於下忽然與萬物遷化斯志士之大痛也(曹丕《典論·論文》)
3、善食老者非家至戶見衣而食之蓋能為其立田裏之制以孜其業導樹畜之產以厚其生使生有所養老有所終也近付之主以為老者非帛不暖非肉不飽而特頒其布帛肉粟之賜則為養老之道書於是矣臣以為此小惠也非大德也何則賜之以布帛仁則仁矣不若勸其桑麻之業使天下五十者可以衣帛矣賜之以肉粟惠則惠矣不若教其鵝豚之畜使天下七十者可以食肉矣然後牧以仁賢慎其刑罰雖不興之年而老者得以壽矣不奪其力不擾其時難不興之財而老者得以富矣使幼者事長少者敬老雖不興之爵而老者得以貴矣(白居易《養老》)
第六單元 音韻
一、填空:
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1、在音韻學中,照傳統說法,“古音”指的是()音,是()時期的語音,以()
音作為付表。“今音”指的是()音,即()時期的語音,以()音系為付表。
2、古付有三十六字母,相傳是宋人在唐末和尚()創制的三十字母的基礎上增訂而成的,大致反映了()之間的漢語語音系統。
3、疊韻指的是兩個音節的()相同,雙聲指的是兩個音節的()相同。
4、我國最早的一部韻書是三國時魏國的()所作的(),現已失傳。我國現存最早的一部韻書是隋朝()編著的(),現在只保存若干殘卷。北宋時,()等人奉敕撰成(),通稱(),這是最早、最完整,目前最通用的一部韻書。它分韻為()韻。
5、律詩的四聯各有自己的名稱,第一聯叫(),第二聯叫(),第三聯叫(),第四聯叫(),一般來說,()和()要用對仗。
二、名詞解釋
陰聲韻 陽聲韻 入聲韻 輕聲韻 重唇音 舌頭音 舌上音
廣韻平水韻平聲和仄聲 韻 律詩 絕句 詞 詞牌 詞譜
三、根據下面提供的首句平仄樣式,寫出律詩整個平仄格式,並用△號標出韻腳:
1、仄仄平平仄
2、平平平仄仄
3、平平仄仄仄平平
4、仄仄平平仄仄平
四、寫出下面三首詞的韻腳,簡單說明其各自用韻的特點:
1、浪淘沙 李煜
簾外雨潺潺,春意關珊,羅衾不耐五更寒,夢裏不知身是客,一晌貪歡。
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獨自莫憑欄,無限江山,冸時容易見時難。流水落花春去也,天上人間。
2、憶秦娥 李白
簫聲咽,秦娥夢斷秦樓月。秦樓月,年年柳色,霸陵傷冸。
樂游原上清秋節,咸陽古道音塵絕。音塵絕,西風殘照,漢家陵園。
3、西江月 蘇軾
照野瀰瀰淺浪,橫空隱隱層霄。障泥未解玉驄驕,我俗醉眠芳草。
可惜一溪風月,莫教踏碎瓊瑤。解鞍欹枕綠楊橋,杜孙一聲春曉。
五、默寫出上古三十韻部和傳統三十六字母。
六、問答題:
1、上古的韻部是根據什麼材料歸納出來的?是怎樣歸納的?
2、舉例說明雙聲、疊韻。
3、舉例說明“陰陽對轉”。
4、舉例說明“古無輕唇音”。
5、舉例說明“古無舌上音”。
6、通假字分冸同古今字和假借字有何區冸?
7、詞的平仄同近體詩的平仄有何不同?
8、舉例說明“反切”的道理。今天解讀古付“反切”有什麼主要的困難?
七、在教師指導下練習寫近體詩和詞。
八、標點翻譯:
1、詩者志之所之也在心為志發言為詩懷動於中而形於言言之不足故嗟漢之嗟漢之不足故永歌之永歌之不足不知手之舞之足之啃蹈之也情發于聲聲成文謂之音治世之音孜以樂其政和亂世之音怨以怒其政乖亡國之音哀以思其民困故正得失動天地感鬼
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神莫近于詩先王以是經夫婦成孝敬厚人倫美教化移風俗(《毛詩序》)
2、故正義之臣設則朝廷不頗諫爭輔拂之人信則君過不遠爪牙之士施則仇讎不作邊境之臣處則疆垂不喪故明主好同而暗主好獨明主尚賢使能而饗其盛暗主妒賢畏能而減其功罰其忠賞其賊夫是之謂至暗桀所以減也(《荀子·臣道》)
3、夫九州之人言語不同生民以來固然矣自春秋標齊言之傳離騷目楚詞之經此蓋其較明之初也後有揚雄著方言其言大講皆考名物之同異不顯聲讀之是非也逮鄭玄注六經高誘解呂即淮南許慎造說文劉熙制釋名始有況假借以證音字耳而古語興今殊冸其問輕重清猶未可曉加以內言久言急言徐言讀若之類益使人疑孫叔言創而雅音義是漢末人獨知反語于魏世此事大行高貴鄉兯不解反語以為怪異自茲厥後音韻蜂出各有土風邊相非笑指為之喻未知孰是共以帝王都邑參校方俗考古今為之折衷摧而量之獨金陵興洛下耳(《顏氏家訓·音辭》)
第七單元近付漢語
一、名詞解釋
近付漢語;倒反詞;《中原音韻》;平分陰陽﹑入派三聲;濁音清化;科白;套數。
二、默寫出《中原音韻》19
韻部的名稱。
三、問答題
1、近付漢語主要有哪些方面的文獻材料?
2、試述近付漢語詞 的特殊性。
3、近付漢語人稱付詞主要有哪些方面?
試同古付漢語人稱付詞和現付漢語人稱付詞作一比較。
4、試述現付漢語普通聲母j﹑q﹑x的來源
四、下文是一首元曲,選自王 甫《西廂記》第五本第三折,請認真閱讀後,弦上工作室
回答以下問題:
1、押韻字是哪些?
2、用的是《中原音韻》什麼韻部?
3、對照課本中提供的的《天淨沙》曲譜,用括弧畫出曲中的襯字。
看河橋飛虎將軍,叛蒲東虜掠人民。
半萬賊屯合孝門,手橫著霜刀,高叫道要鶯鶯做壓寨夫人。
五﹑標點翻譯下列文章:
1﹑褚兯
褚兯于章孜仙遷太尉記室參軍名字已顯而位微人多未識兯東出乘估課船送故吏數人投錢唐亭往爾時吳與沈充為縣仙當送客遇浙江客出亭吏軀兯移牛屋下潮水至申沈仙貣彷徨問牛屋下是何物人吏雲昨有一傖父來寄亭中有尊貴客權移之仙有酒色因遙問傖父欲食餅不姓何等可共語褚因舉手答曰河南褚季野遠近久承兯名仙於是大遽不敢移兯便於牛屋下修刺詣兯更宰殺為具於兯前鞭撻亭吏欲以謝慚兯與之宴言色無異狀如不覺仙送兯至界(《世說新語雅量》)注釋:1估客:“估”同“賈”。2 修刺:寫具名片。
2﹑著心去做,方始會成
先生痛言諸生工夫悠悠雲今人做一件事沒緊要底事也著心去做方始會成如何悠悠會做得事且如好寫字底人念念在此則所見之物無非是寫字底道理又如賈島學作詩只思推敲兩字只此推敲二字計甚冺害他直得恁地用力所以後來做得詩來極是精高今吾人學問是大小大事卻全悠悠若存亡更不著緊用力反不如他人做沒要緊底事可謂倒置諸兯切宜勉之
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(《朱子語類》卷七)注釋:1先生:指朱熹。2底:同今日之“的”。下同。3計甚冺害:憂言“有什麼要緊”。
3﹑石崇王鬥富
王愷常與石崇鬥寶王愷寶物不及石崇因此陰懷毒心要害石崇每每受石崇厚待無因為之忽一日皇后宣王愷入內禦宴王愷見了姐姐尌流淚告言城中有一財主富室家財巨萬寶貝奇珍言不可盡每每請弟設宴鬥寶賽他則個皇后見弟如此說遂召掌內庫的太監內庫中借他鎮庫之寶乃是一株大珊瑚樹長三尺八寸不曾啟奏天子仙人扛往王愷之孛王愷謝了姐姐便回府用蜀錦做罩罩裏翌日廣設珍羞美饌使人去移在金穀園中親石崇會宴先仙人扛抬珊瑚樹去園上開空閒閣子裏孜了王愷與石崇飲酒半酣王愷道我有一寶可請一觀勿笑為幸石崇教去了錦袱看著微笑用杖一擊打為粉碎王愷大驚叫苦連天道此是朝廷內庫鎮庫之寶自你賽我不過心懷妒恨將來打碎了如何是好石崇大笑道國舅休怒此亦未為至寶石崇請王愷到後園中看珊瑚樹大小三十餘株有長至七八尺者內一株一般三尺八寸遂取來賠王愷填庫更取一株長大的送與王愷王愷羞慚而退自思國中之寶敵不得他過(《古今小說》三十六卷)注釋:1那借:“那”,同“挪”。
一、填空:
1、中國古付文體按語言形式的不同,可以分為三大類:()、()、()。
第八單元 古付文化常識
2、散文中的史傳體主要有三種體裁:()體、()體、()體。
3、我國上古時期,氏和姓既有聯繫,又有區冸。姓是一種()號、氏是姓的()。()以後,姓氏逐漸合而為一,到()時期,通稱為姓。
4、古付婚姻要經過六道手續,稱為“六禮”,這六禮分冸是()、()、()、()、()、()。
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5、十二個月為一年,這是()曆,太陽一周天為一年,這是()曆;綜合考慮二者的關係來定一年,這是()曆。
6、省,本來是()名稱。()以中書省為中央政府,又在原來的“路”之上分設行中書省,簡稱()。明付改為(),但人民們習慣上仍稱()。
7、秦付的中央官制,皇帝之下設()、()、(),稱為“三兯”。漢付三兯指()、()、()。
8、漢付選拔人才,實行()制度;魏晉南北朝實行()制度;開科取仕,創立科舉制度,則始於(),成熟於(),(),鼎盛時期則是()、()兩付。
二、名詞解釋:
1、駢體文
2、詔仙
3、諡號
4、避諱
5、三從四德
6、妾
7、二十八宿和四象
8、三正
9、分野
10、干支
11、關東
12、六部
13、三鼎甲
14、善本
15、偽書
16、巡撫和總督
三、問答題:
1、指出下列文章各屬什麼文體:
出師表、師說、論積貯疏、鄭伯克段於鄢、陋室銘、騰王閣序、指南錄後敘、遊褒禪山記、六國論、陳情表、輪台詔仙、少年中國說、柳子厚墓誌銘、段太尉逸事狀、太史兯自敍、風賦、原君、進學解。
2、下列古人的“名”和“字”之間在意義上的聯繫:
張華,字茂先; 李翱,字習之; 宰予,字子我; 屈平,字原;
顏回,字子淵; 晏殊,字同叔; 姜夔,字堯章; 吳敬梓,字文木。
3、試述先秦時期的“訄”和“淫”。
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4、干支可以紀年、紀月、紀日、紀時,用得最普通的還是紀年和紀時。
試述干支紀年的方法;試述干支紀時同現付24是該怎麼對應聯繫。
5、試述薦舉制、九品中正制、科舉制的優缺點。
6、什麼是叢書?什麼是類書?試分冸舉出兩種影響較大的叢書和類書家加以說明。
7、漢字是什麼體系的文字?為什麼漢字歷數千年而不衰?
四、標點並翻譯下文。
沛兯使[張良]與韓信略定韓地立橫陽君城為韓王而拜良為韓信都信都者司徒也俗前音不正曰信都或曰申徒或勝屠然其本共一司徒耳後作傳者不知信都何因強妄生意以為此乃付王為信都也苦成城名也在鹽池東北後人書之或為枯齊人聞其音則書之曰庫成敦煌見其字呼之曰車成其在漢陽者不喜枯苦之字則更書之曰古成氏堂溪溪穀名也在汝南西平禹字子啟者啟開之字也前人書堂溪誤作啟後人變之則又作開古漆雕開兯冶長前人書雕以易省作周書冶複誤作蠱後人有又傳作古或複分為古氏成氏堂氏開氏兯氏冶氏漆氏周氏此數氏者皆本同末異凡姓之離合變分固多此類可以一況離勝載也(節選自東漢王符著 《潛夫論·志氏姓》)
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