欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I„ll move the World”

Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）

4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克

2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus，Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。

Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.——100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪a period in which classical，Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St.Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy（层次，等级）of society is God„s rule The power of feudal rulers is God‟s will Pope is Christ„s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools.They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research，called for careful observation Dante（但丁）神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature 4.文艺复兴与宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry 文艺复兴早期的艺术家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures 意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation，took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare 作品包括>点击下载>点击下载>点击下载>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy（解剖学）founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492，Columbus发现了America 1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5.17世纪Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Kepler„s Law（the three laws of planetary motion）德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton‟s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics，the law of inertia，the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton 英国Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious（潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人Milton Areopagitica，English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist（knowledge come from experience）Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy Locke 政治论 Materialist views（ideas derived from sensation or from reflection）Social Contract英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton the man of thought 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer Descartes 笛卡尔 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France Corneille 高乃依熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科学器械在被发明：microscope，telescope，thermometer，barometer，pendulum 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre英国最著名建筑：St.Paul„s Cathedral

6.启蒙运动 the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke„s materialist theory and Newton‟s theory of gravitation

Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.独立宣言The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人权宣言

French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu Separation of powers法国启蒙运动的先驱Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason，translation of Homer，good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator，Addison 和 Steele经常在上面写文章

German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German dramastist German classicism Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason> The Musical Enlightenment J.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德尔

being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period，roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position，leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music 7.浪漫主义 Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise： the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book，which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School： Schlegel Brothers，Novalis and Tieck Heine： 海涅在1836年发表>，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束

Romanticism in England Blake：The Lakers： Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron： is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sonnets Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand ：Victor Hugo： 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的 Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说巴黎圣母院 悲惨世界宣扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his day George Sand：法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家

Romanticism in Italy Manzoni： 约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人民为主人公的小说Leopardi： he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin： 俄国浪漫主义先锋（van）a Byronic character his masterpiece is 创造了俄国文学中的第一个“多余的人”的典型Lermontov： draws a fine portrait of Pushkin Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz： beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpiece Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher（蚀刻家）欧洲浪漫主义先驱 Execution of the Third of May> Children> David French Painter Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画的最高成就Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就

Music早期浪漫主义音乐家：Beethoven（贝多芬）German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann（舒曼）German composer Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer 后期浪漫主义音乐家：Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer 8.马克思主义和达尔文主义 Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy：Hegelian dialectics 黑格尔辩证法Feuerbach„s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit，the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx‟s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen： English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon： French social philosopher Charles Fourier： French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe，Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself.In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus，Galileo and Newton.Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject.However，he failed to produce any evidence，French naturalist（自然主义者）

Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin„s works and Theories：On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection，or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9.现实主义Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司汤达 红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成熟的作品 巴马修道院Balzac巴尔扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert 福楼拜 非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist包法利夫人Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school鲁贡玛－马卡尔家族史Maupassant 莫伯桑

Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame，and hypocrisy Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪与罚卡拉马佐夫兄弟Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰 战争与和平安娜卡列尼娜

复活Chekhov契诃夫海欧 万尼亚舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹

樱桃园

Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria，这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重Charles Dickens 大卫科波菲尔 荒凉山庄艰难时世 其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合George Eliot（Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME）is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray萨克雷 名利场 他的写作范围多局限于上流社会Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge> Bernard Shaw萧伯纳 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe： greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes Walt Whitman：Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain： 哈克贝里芬历险记 a masterpiece of humour，characterization and realism，has been considered the first modern American novel 镀金岁月Henry James 出身世家，所以关注上层人物 the master beyond all masters贵妇人画像

Art Courbet库尔贝 French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则石工 奥尔南的葬礼Millet米勒 French artist “农民画家”播种者拾穗者Impressionism in Art印象派艺术Manet 草地上的午餐福列斯贝热尔酒吧间Monet 日出印象Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派艺术Paul Cezanne赛尚Van Gogh 凡高 dutch painter Paul Gauguin 高更 French painter 10.现代主义及其它思潮 Modernism and other trends also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century：Rontgen： the discovery of X-rays 伦琴 德国物理学家发明X射线Becquerel： the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 贝克勒尔 法国物理学家 放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪 英国放射化学家 同位素Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福 英国物理学家发现原子核Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad polish novelist Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Irish writer Joyce Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement American poet Faulkner Hemingway Tolls> Thomas Mann The most influential and representative German author of his time Gide French writer Proust French novelist Albert Camus French novelist Gorky The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov soviet author Literature and Philosophy Since 1945 Angry Young Men in England 英国愤怒的青年Amis Osborne Beat Generation in America美国垮掉的一代Ginsberg Kerouac Nouveau Roman（New Novel）法国新小说派Robber-Griller Sarraute The Theatre of the Absurd欧洲的荒诞派Beckett Irish writer Ionesco French writer Black Humour 美国黑色幽默派Heller Chapcter 1 Introduction

1、There are many elements constituting（组成）European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness（丰富性）of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章

1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on（依赖）an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896（当代奥运会）

4、Ancient Greece（古希腊）„s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer„s own time.（错）

（They are not about events of Homer„s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）

6、The Homer„s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→James Joyoe„s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）。In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师

① Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》

② Sophocles（之首）

《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud„s “the Oedipus complex”（恋母情结）—→ David Herbert Lawrence‟s《Sons and lovers》（劳伦斯）447页

③ Euripides A.《Trojan Women》

B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”（社会问题剧）在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物

C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”（一个纯粹的人）

D.Realism can be traced back（追溯到）to the Ancient Greece.To be specific（具体来说），Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.18页

Aristophanes writes about nature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹

Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes，The dog too witty and too profane is.”（新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法）

13、History（Historical writing）史学创作

※ “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war（between Greeks and Persians）

This war is called Peleponicion wars.博罗奔泥撒，3 只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.”（有史以来最伟大的历史学家）—→ Thucydides —→ war（Sparta，Athens and Syracuse）

14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus（Materialism）

16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收

17、① Euclid„s Elements解析几何

It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.（历史地位）

② Archimedes His work not only in geometry几何学，but also in arithmetic算术，machanics机械，and hydrostatics.流体静力学

选择：Give me a place to stand，and I will move the world.谁的理论（Archimedes）

18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格

temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙

① The Doric style is also called masculine style.（宏伟的）

but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned（单调）

is sturdy（坚强的），powerful，severelooking（庄严肃穆）and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.② The Ionic style is also called the feminine style.（阴柔的）

is graceful（优雅的）and elegant（优美的）。

The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament.（装饰性）

③ The Corinthian style is known for its ornamental luxury.（奢侈）

19、The famous temples： The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C.Marked Roman conquest of Greece.21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture.（罗马征服希腊的标志）

22、From 146 B.C.，Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.Greek that of the eastern half.23、Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.24、The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。

25、The dividing range（分水岭）in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.26、The year 27 B.C.Divided the Roman history into two periods： republic and empire.27、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato„s republic.

28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.29、north： Scotland east： Armenia and Mesopotamia 30、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed（保证）by the Roman legions（罗马军团）

31、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was known as Pax Romana.（神圣罗马帝国）

32、名解In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed（保证）by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana

33、The Roman Law protected（保护）the rights of plebeians（平民）。

34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.35、After 395，the empire was divided into East（the Byzantine Empire）and West.36、Cicero西赛罗

he legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词

described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的

an enormous influence（巨大影响）on the development of European prose.（散文）

37、Julius Caesar commentaries批评论 “I came，I saw，I conquered.”

38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德

39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world„s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

40、The Colosseum（大理石像）it„s an enormous.露天的环形影剧院

41、Sculpture（雕塑）She-wolf（母狼）

42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式

论述简答

一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？（名解简答）

（How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？）答：

① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”，but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.② Women，children，foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？

答：

① Probably around 1200 B.C.，a war was fought between Greece and troy.This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.② Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A.The successful repulse of the Persian invasion（入侵）early in the 5th century.B.The establishment of democracy.C.The flourishing（蒸蒸日上的）of science，philosophy，literature，art and historical writing in Athens.③ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.④ In the second half of the 4th century B.C.，Greece was conquered by Alexander，king of Macedon.Whenever he went and conquered，whenever Greek culture was found.⑤ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.，the Romans conquered Greece.三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？

答：

（1）、Three founders

1、Pythagoras ① All things were numbers.② Scientific mathematics.③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论

2、Heracleitue ① Fire is the primary（主要的）elements of the universe.火是万物之源

② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一

3、Democritus ① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者

② materialism.唯物主义

（2）、Three thinkers

1、Socrates ①He hadn„t works.We can know him from Plato‟s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato ①The Academy is the first school in the world，it was established by Plato.②He has four works.Dialogues，Apology，Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle ①The Lyceum is the second school in the world，it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.（2）、Five contending schools

1、The Sophists诡辩派

①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论

③His doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准

2、The Cynics犬儒派

①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed宣扬 his brotherhood.And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.权利

3、The Sceptics置疑学派

①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可获得的，and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派

①Under the leadership of Epicurus.选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名

②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享乐

Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得

Epicurus was a materialist.He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子

5、The Stoics斯多哥派

①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure忍受 hardship艰难 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇气

Developed into Stoics„ duty.He was also a materialist.四、What philosophy system did Plato established？（Why do we say Plato„s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的 system of philosophy？）

答：

1、It dealt with，among other things，the problem of how，in the complex，ever—changing world，men were to attain获得 knowledge.2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.3、Idealistic of philosophy.4、Many of Plato„s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.（吸收到基督教的思想中）

五、What„s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas（system）？

答：

1、For one thing，Aristotle emphasized（强调）direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.（理论联系实际）This is different from Plato„s reliance（依赖）on subjective thinking.（万物依赖主观思维）

2、For another，he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete（具体的）individual（个别的）realities.（物质与意识共同构成的客观事实）Here，too，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world（意识高于物质）

3、Aristotle thought happiness was men„s aim in life.But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense，but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation.（善良和期待）

一句话简答题

What should be man„s aim in life？

Aristotle„s answer was： happiness.六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development？

（What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert运用 on the world civilization文化？）

答：

There has been an enduring excitement兴奋 about classical经典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere别处。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的 part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神

The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy； They first wrote history as opposed反对 to mere纯粹的 annals历史记载； They speculated思索 freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life生命的轮回，without being bound in the fetters束缚 of any inherited orthodoxy.继承的习俗

2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就 The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力： Philosophy，science，epic poetry，comedy，historical writing，architecture，etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响

①Countless无数的 writers have quoted举例，borrowed from and otherwise used Homer„s epics，the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides，Aristophanes‟s comedies，Plato„s Dialogues，ect.②In the early part of the 19th century，in England alone，three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作： Byron„s Isles of Greece，Shelley‟s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats„s Ode on a Grecian Urn.③In the 20th century，there are Homeric parallels与…平行 in the Irishman爱尔兰 James Joyce„s modernist masterpiece代表作 Ulysses.七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture？

答：

1、similarity ① Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.② Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities（神）to be readily（容易的）identified（一致），and their myths（崇拜的神）to be fused.（融合）

③ Their languages worked in similar ways，both being members of the Indo-European language family.2、difference ① The Romans built up a vast（巨大的）empire； the Greeks didn„t，except for the brief（短暂的）moment of Alexander‟s conquests，which soon disintegrated.（瓦解）

② The Romans were confident（自信的）in their own organizational power，their military and administrative capabilities.（管理国家的能力）

八、What is the Rome historical background？

答：

1、The history of Rome divided into two periods： Before the year 27 B.C.，Rome had been a republic； from the year 27 B.C.，Octavius took supreme（最大的）power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2、Two centuries later，the Roman Empire reached its climax，marked by land area„s extension： Encircling（环绕）the Mediterranean.（地中海）

3、Strong military power： the famous Roman legions.4、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed（保证）by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana.5、Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6、The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.选择

① In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople（modern Istanbul）。

② After 395（分裂时间），the empire was divided into East（The Byzantine Empire）and West ③ In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.④ The East Roman Empire collapsed（崩溃）when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.（英法百年战争结束）

第二篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet

三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I„ll move the World”

Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）

4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克 2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus，Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。

Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书戳舜?000B.C.——100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪a period in which classical，Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St.Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy（层次，等级）of society is God„s rule The power of feudal rulers is God‟s will Pope is Christ„s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools.They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research，called for careful observation Dante（但丁）神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature 4.文艺复兴与宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry 文艺复兴早期的艺术家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures 意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation，took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy（解剖学）founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492，Columbus发现了America 1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5.17世纪Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Kepler„s Law（the three laws of planetary motion）德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton‟s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics，the law of inertia，the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton 英国Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious（潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人Milton Areopagitica，English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist（knowledge come from experience）Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy Locke 政治论 Materialist views（ideas derived from sensation or from reflection）Social Contract英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton the man of thought 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer Descartes 笛卡尔 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France Corneille 高乃依熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科学器械在被发明：microscope，telescope，thermometer，barometer，pendulum 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre英国最著名建筑：St.Paul„s Cathedral

6.启蒙运动 the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke„s materialist theory and Newton‟s theory of gravitation

Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.独立宣言The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人权宣言

French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu Separation of powers法国启蒙运动的先驱Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason，translation of Homer，good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator，Addison 和 Steele经常在上面写文章

German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German dramastist German classicism Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason> The Musical Enlightenment J.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德尔

being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period，roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position，leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music 7.浪漫主义 Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise： the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book，which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School： Schlegel Brothers，Novalis and Tieck Heine： 海涅在1836年发表>，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束

Romanticism in England Blake：The Lakers： Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron： is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sonnets Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand ：Victor Hugo： 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的 Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说巴黎圣母院 悲惨世界宣扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his day George Sand：法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家

Romanticism in Italy Manzoni： 约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人民为主人公的小说Leopardi： he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin： 俄国浪漫主义先锋（van）a Byronic character his masterpiece is 创造了俄国文学中的第一个“多余的人”的典型Lermontov： draws a fine portrait of Pushkin Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz： beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpiece Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher（蚀刻家）欧洲浪漫主义先驱 Execution of the Third of May> Children> David French Painter Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画的最高成就Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就

Music早期浪漫主义音乐家：Beethoven（贝多芬）German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann（舒曼）German composer Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer 后期浪漫主义音乐家：Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer 8.马克思主义和达尔文主义 Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy：Hegelian dialectics 黑格尔辩证法Feuerbach„s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit，the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx‟s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen： English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon： French social philosopher Charles Fourier： French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe，Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself.In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus，Galileo and Newton.Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject.However，he failed to produce any evidence，French naturalist（自然主义者）

Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin„s works and Theories：On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection，or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9.现实主义Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司汤达 红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成熟的作品 巴马修道院Balzac巴尔扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert 福楼拜 非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist包法利夫人Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school鲁贡玛－马卡尔家族史Maupassant 莫伯桑

Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame，and hypocrisy Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪与罚卡拉马佐夫兄弟Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰 战争与和平安娜卡列尼娜

复活Chekhov契诃夫海欧 万尼亚舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹

樱桃园

Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria，这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重Charles Dickens 大卫科波菲尔 荒凉山庄艰难时世 其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合George Eliot（Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME）is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray萨克雷 名利场 他的写作范围多局限于上流社会Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge> Bernard Shaw萧伯纳 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe： greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes Walt Whitman：Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain： 哈克贝里芬历险记 a masterpiece of humour，characterization and realism，has been considered the first modern American novel 镀金岁月Henry James 出身世家，所以关注上层人物 the master beyond all masters贵妇人画像

Art Courbet库尔贝 French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则石工 奥尔南的葬礼Millet米勒 French artist “农民画家”播种者拾穗者Impressionism in Art印象派艺术Manet 草地上的午餐福列斯贝热尔酒吧间Monet 日出印象Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派艺术Paul Cezanne赛尚Van Gogh 凡高 dutch painter Paul Gauguin 高更 French painter 10.现代主义及其它思潮 Modernism and other trends also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century：Rontgen： the discovery of X-rays 伦琴 德国物理学家发明X射线Becquerel： the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 贝克勒尔 法国物理学家 放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪 英国放射化学家 同位素Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福 英国物理学家发现原子核Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad polish novelist Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Irish writer Joyce Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement American poet Faulkner Hemingway Tolls> Thomas Mann The most influential and representative German author of his time Gide French writer Proust French novelist Albert Camus French novelist Gorky The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov soviet author Literature and Philosophy Since 1945 Angry Young Men in England 英国愤怒的青年Amis Osborne Beat Generation in America美国垮掉的一代Ginsberg Kerouac Nouveau Roman（New Novel）法国新小说派Robber-Griller Sarraute The Theatre of the Absurd欧洲的荒诞派Beckett Irish writer Ionesco French writer Black Humour 美国黑色幽默派Heller

第三篇：欧洲文化入门

《巴黎圣母院》读后感

读完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑与美，善与恶，在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。《巴黎圣母院》是法国十九世纪著名作家维克多·雨果的浪漫主义长篇小说代表作，发表于1831年，小说描写了15世纪光怪陆离的巴黎生活，并透过这种描写深刻地剖析了丰富复杂的人性世界，表现了雨果的人道主义思想。雨果在《巴黎圣母院》中用对比的手法刻画了群性格鲜明，极富有艺术感染力的人物形象，人物之间错综复杂的矛盾纠葛和悲剧命运扣人心弦。给我留下的印象最为深刻的是一组对比鲜明，令人触目惊心的人物形象吉卜赛少女爱斯梅拉达和敲钟人卡西莫多。16岁的爱斯梅拉达美貌绝伦，纯真善良，能歌善舞，她和她那只聪明绝顶的小山羊是整部小说中给人以无限遐想的浪漫亮点，是美丽和自由的化身。但在禁欲的中世纪极端保守腐朽的教会势力的摧残下令人惋惜地陨灭了。20岁的卡西莫多外貌其丑无比，严重的残疾使他一来到这个世界上，便遭到无情的遗弃——先是亲人的遗弃，继而是整个社会的遗弃。然而外貌丑陋的卡西莫多却有着一顶纯洁美丽的心灵，他以纯真得不掺一丝杂质的爱情如同守护着珍宝一般守护着爱丝梅拉达，试图使她远离一切伤害。但在强大的社会偏见和恶势力面前，个人的力量实在是微不足道，致使强悍的卡西莫多，也只有选择殉情这一悲剧。这两个主人公存在着纠结在一起的不幸身世，外貌上的反差也无法掩盖他们共有的纯真善良的天性.。

在《巴黎圣母院》中，有着无数值得读者深思的句子，它不仅仅是现实人生的真实写照，而且通过真善美与假恶丑的鲜明对比，告知读者丰富的人生哲理： 爱斯美拉达是一位能歌善舞的十六岁美女，由于从小被吉普塞人从家中偷走，在流浪艺人中长大，所以不被当时等级森严的上流社会所认同和接受。当她在深夜被人打劫时，被英俊潇洒的皇家卫队队长弗比斯英雄救美，便一见钟情地陷入爱河，而他也被她的美貌所俘虏。爱斯美拉达像所有琼瑶小说中的女主角一样，只要遇到了自己所爱的人，便不顾一切地无怨无悔地爱上了对方。不管这种爱情是否有结果，不管对方是否真的爱自己，甚至明明知道这种爱情不可能有结果，甚至明明知道对方并不真心爱自己，也依然一往情深地爱着对方，依然对这样虚幻的爱情忠贞不渝。

爱斯美拉达不但有一个完美无缺的躯体，也有一颗高尚纯洁善良的心灵。当诗人格兰古瓦即将被乞丐王国绞死的关键时刻，她毫不犹豫地以愿意和他结婚的方式救下了诗人。诗人被她的美貌和高尚所震撼，立刻身不由己地爱上了她，并希望能成为她名副其实的丈夫。但是爱斯美拉达为了她心目中的爱情偶像，平静地拒绝了他：“我只能爱一个能够保护我的男子汉。”并告诉他，和他结婚只是为

了救他的命，所以只能和他维持名义上的夫妻关系。

在小说中“丑”的化身的卡西莫多，是以爱斯美拉达的迫害者的身份，首次出现在爱斯美拉达的面前，他奉命在深夜去抢劫爱斯美拉达。当卡西莫多因为抢劫失败，被皇家卫队逮捕，被绑在烈日下的耻辱柱上受鞭打示众时，他渴求围观的人群给他一点水喝，却无人理睬。眼见着他快要晕死过去的时候，让他没有想到的是，在众目睽睽之下勇敢地给他水喝的人，正是这位天使一样的爱斯美拉达。爱斯美拉达的以德报怨深深震撼了外表畸形丑陋的卡西莫多，因为在他的内心也有和其他人一样的强烈爱心和感情。后来他冒着生命危险将爱斯美拉达从死刑架上抢救了出来，但是，他的丑陋畸形的外表，始终是横贯在他和爱斯美拉达之间永远无法跨越的鸿沟。雨果先生在小说的结尾通过死亡的方式终于跨越了这条鸿沟，我想那可能确实是唯一可行的方法。

但是雨果笔下的卡西莫多决不是一个完美的人物：卡西莫多被副主教克洛德收养。对卡西莫多来说，克洛德是他的“再生父母”，他对他只有惟命是从。然而，为何卡西莫多在爱斯梅拉达的问题上对副主教有了一丝“叛逆”之心呢？——副主教得不到爱斯梅拉达就要将她处于死地，而卡西莫多却誓死保护着她。这难道是因为卡西莫多也认识到了克洛德肮脏的内心以及封建教会势力的黑暗吗？我想，对于卡西莫多来说恐怕有些“勉为其难”了。他这么做只是因为他对爱斯梅拉达的爱，虽然这是一种富有“自我牺牲”精神的不求回报的爱，但在某种程度上来说还是自私的。不然的话，就不会有卡西莫多和流浪的乞丐们在巴黎圣母院的那场大战了。关于这一点，我了解到有人说这是雨果塑造卡西莫多的一个败笔。但是我想，卡西莫多有了“缺陷”才显得真实——他不是一个神，而是一个人，一个普通人。

“哇！”他忽然爆发出一阵疯狂的大笑和大叫，这时钟的动荡越来越快，当大钟的摇摆到了一个更大的幅度时，伽西莫多的眼睛也就睁得更大更亮。最后大合奏开始了，整座钟塔都在震动，木架、铅板、石块，全都同时咆哮起来，从底层的木桩一直响到塔顶的栏杆。于是伽西莫多快乐得嘴里冒出白沫，走过来又走过去，从头到脚都同钟塔一起战栗。那口大钟开放了，疯狂了，把它巨大的铜喉咙向钟塔的左右两廊晃动，发出一阵暴风雨般的奏鸣，四里之外都能听到，伽西莫多在那张开的喉咙跟前，随着钟的来回摆动蹲下去又站起来，他吸着它那令人惊讶的气息，一会儿看看离他二百法尺以下的那个深处，一会儿望望那每分钟都在他耳朵里震响的巨大的铜舌，那是他惟一听得见的话语，惟一能扰乱他那绝对寂静的心灵的声音，他在那里把自己舒展开来，就像鸟儿在阳光里展开翅膀一样。钟的狂热突然感染了他，他的眼光变得非常奇特，像蜘蛛守候虫豸一般，他等钟荡回来的时候一下子扑上去吊在钟上，于是他在空中高悬，同钟一道拼命地摇来

荡去，抓住那空中怪物的两只耳朵，双膝靠着它，双脚踏着它，用自己身体的重量使那口钟摇荡得加倍的快。这时那座钟塔震动起来了，他呢，吼叫着，磨着牙齿，他的头发根根直竖，胸膛里发出拉风箱一般的响声，眼睛里射出光芒，那口古怪的大钟就在他下面喘息地嘶鸣,于是，那既不是圣母院的钟也不是伽西莫多了，却成了一个梦境，一股旋风，一阵暴雨，一种在喧嚣之上的昏晕，成了一个紧抓住飞行物体的幽灵，一个半身是人半身是钟的怪物，一个附在大铜怪身上的阿斯朵甫。

让我印象深刻的场景是作者笔下的当时的那些建筑，那些奢华的象征权力的教堂，人们还不知道可以拥有自己的思想，以及为了自己的愿望可以做什么事情，一切都假借神圣的宗教，一切都假借神圣的教堂来展现，展现建筑家的审美观，也就是个人的才华，或者展示自己的能力，我想那时的人们，把人性深深地埋在一件神圣的宗教的外衣下面，典型的人物就是副主教－－克洛德。从那许多的错综复杂的毫无章法的建筑群，我们不难看出，当时人们的内心是怎样的压抑，怎样狂躁，那些像雨后春笋一般从地下冒出来的教堂的尖顶，正是人们扭曲的灵魂在对着苍天做这无声的哀号！

别看面孔，姑娘，要小心。

英俊青年的心常常很丑陋，有些人的心盛不下爱情。

姑娘，松柏不好看，没杨树那么好看，但冬天能留住绿色。

唉！说这些有什么用？

丑人生来就是错，美的就是美的，四月只会背对一月。

美的至高无上，美的无所不能，美是唯一完整的东西。

乌鸦只在白天飞，猫头鹰只在夜里飞，天鹅白天夜里都能飞。

这是卡西莫多的歌声，“歌声凄凉而古怪，很像催眠曲。那是不押韵的诗，只有聋子才作这样的诗。”

浪漫主义在那个时代代表了一种革命的、左的思想，是这个勇敢的思想的勇敢的形式，当然，现实主义也是这个思想的勇敢的形式，但是现实主义同时还怀疑、反思、比较、对照、提问，而浪漫主义几乎就是呼喊，认准死理并且竭力呼喊。巴黎圣母院不是为了讲述爱情故事而写的，完全不是，爱情只是主题之一。巴黎圣母院是对革命的呼唤、对革命者的赞美、对统治者的痛恨、对苦难民众的同情、对愚昧的鞭笞与揭露、对人性的深入思考。

不过，对于那个伟大的时代我的理解还是很肤浅的，我不想让自己在肤浅的时候对重大的主题进行不自量力的涉猎，宁可先说点不那么沉重的，我这里想重点说说里面最微小的那个主题，爱情。我每次读到这里，都深深同情这个不幸的人。也许现实生活中并没有这样凑巧的事情，一个丑八怪之王，却拥有世界上最美丽的心灵，最男人的爱情。雨果将美和丑进行尖锐的对立也许只是因为浪漫主义，可是留下的遗憾却让每个人都觉得特别现实。

书中描写了一个那样的社会，和在那个社会生活中的种种人物的状态，麻木的如那个弗比斯，最底层的如老鼠洞里的那几个隐修女，疯狂的副主教，还有尽全力反抗的最丑陋的卡齐莫多，副主教和卡齐莫多形成了人性上的鲜明对比，同样爱上了美丽的姑娘，同样的遭到了拒绝，他们的爱都是那么的热烈，那么的诚挚，可是，一个是占有，一个是奉献，已占有为目的的，当目的无法达到的时候，他想到的是毁灭，毁灭别人；以奉献为目的的，当无法奉献的时候，想到的也是毁灭，毁灭自己。我想这也就是世界名著的真正魅力所在，他让人看到的不是一个简单的故事，他深刻的揭示了人类内心深处的一些活动，无论放在什么时候，什么社会，人的共性是始终存在的，对美好的向往，对美好的追求，对美好的赞美，人是一个天使和魔鬼的综合体，人和人的经历没有相同的，也就是说，社会本身就不可能让所有人享受到同等的待遇，这种不一样的待遇，让多少人的内心失去了平衡，失去了对美好的追求阿！林林总总的肮脏的巧取豪夺，充斥着我们的眼睛，振荡着我们心灵，我们该怎么办？我想每一个人都会有一个属于自己的答案。而文中那些标志性的建筑的描绘以及那个时代的衣着和语言无不体现了那个独特的时代的特征。

第四篇：欧洲文化入门要点

WEEK 1-3

Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139

The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement.It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,The demands of the reformists:

---direct communication between the individual and God

---simplifying rituals

---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen

---abolishing the indulgences

1)Pre-Luther Religious Reformers

John Wycliffe(about 1330¡ª1384)p-139

Chief forerunner of Reformation.English theologian and religious reformer.He believed that Christ is man¡®s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.Jan Hus(1372-1415)

A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian.Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War

2)Martin Luther(1483-1546)and His Doctrines

Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation.His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.Beginning of the Reformation p-140

Translation of the Bible

Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality

In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language

3)John Calvin(1509-1564)and Calvinism

Calvin was a French theologian.His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Presbyterian government

Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit

4)Reformation in England p-143

John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism

Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn

In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal

authorities.Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-General of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, closed the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.5)Counter-Reformation p-144

Council of Trent

The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible.The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text.It was also stressed that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145

Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.6)Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism p--146

Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism came into being.Liberal ideas

Science

Calvinism

Navigation and discoveries of new lands

7)Conclusion P147

In education and cultural matters

In religion

In language

In spirit

D.Renaissance in Other Countries

The influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.In France

In Spain

In the north: Flanders

In the Netherlands

In Germany

In England

In one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”

1)Renaissance in France

Historical Background

A whole generation of humanists emerged in France.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.The Chateau of the Loire Valley was a great landmark in architecture

In music, the beginning of polyphony

In religion, Calvinism won great popularity

Huguenots—the Protestant group in France

Renaissance Writers in France

i.Francois Rabelais(about 1483---1553)

ii.Pleiade

iii.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(1533---1592)

2)Renaissance in Spain

By 1479, the union of Castile and Aragon.In 1492, Moors were driven out;Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain.The 16th century, the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.Meanwhile, Polygolt Bible

Literature

Miguel de Cervantes(1547---1616)a novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.Art

El Greco(1541---1614)a Spanish painter

Major Work: The Burial of Count Orgaz

3)Renaissance in the North

Renaissance in the Netherlands

Erasmus(about 1466?---1536)a great Dutch scholar and humanist.P-160Work: The Praise of Folly

Renaissance in Flanders

Pieter Bruegel(the Elder)(about 1525---1569)a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life.He was called peasant Bruegel

Major Works: The Land of Cockayne(1567)

The Return of the Hunters(1565)

Renaissance in Germany

Albrecht Durer(1471---1528)

He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany.He was a master of woodcut.His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.Major Works: The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse

Knight, Death and Devil,1513

Hans Holbein(the younger)(1497---1543)

He was the last great German master of the 16th century.His best known works

are his portraits.Major Works: Erasmus of Rottendam

Portrait of Henry VIII

4)Renaissance in England

Historical Background

The War of Roses(1455-1485)

The Reign of Elizabeth I(1558--1603)was a period of political and religious stability and economic prosperity.The Church of England was re-established, ending the long time religious strife;Commerce and industry forged ahead as a result of the enclosure movement at home and the opening of new sea routes in the world.England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.Thomas More(1477---1535)

A great humanist during the Renaissance.Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII.He resigned(!532)after refusing to agree to the king’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon.When he refused to conform to the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned, found guilty of treason and beheaded.Among his writings the best known is Utopia(1516)William Shakespeare(1564---1616)

English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature.His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include

historical works, such as Richard II,comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It,and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.He also composed 154 sonnets.The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously(1623).Taken as a whole, it could be said that Shakespeare’s early works showed optimism and his belief that love and benevolence will triumph over everything and concern for a peaceful and unified England whereas his later works, with deep insight, brought to light the contradiction between the humanists and the dark and brutal feudal and capitalist reality.E.Science and Technology during the Renaissance

The Renaissance, among other things, was a revolt against the medieval concepts and an age of creation and discoveries.1)Geographical Discoveries

a.Christopher Columbus(1451-1506)

Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America(1492).He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China

b.Bartholomeu Dias(1466?---1500)

A Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.c.Vasco da Gama(about 1460---1524)

A Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.The first European to sail to India(1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.d.Amerigo Vespucci(1457---1512)Italian navigator and explorer of the South American coast.America was named in his honor.2)Astronomy

Nicolaus Copernicus(1473---1543)

A Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.He is known as father of modern astronomy.3)Anatomy

a.Leonardo da Vinci(1452---1519)

a great anatomist in Italy and during his life time Leonardo dissected more than 30 corpses.b.Andreas Vesalius(1514---1564)

A Flemish anatomist.The founder of modern medicine His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.4)Printing

Aldus Manutius(1450---1515)The foremost printer in Italy.5)Political Science and Historiography

a.Dante(1265-1321)

Dante contributed a great deal to the establishment of the equality of the divine power and the secular power.Although a poet, Dante was a great innovator.He regards Emperor and Pope as independent, and both divinely appointed.b.Niccolo Machiavelli(1469---1527)

An author and a statesman.He was called ¨DFather of political science¡¬ in the West.Works: Prince and Discourses

c.Giorgio Vosari(1511---1574)

Vosari was best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Lives of the Artists(a study of cultural history).F.Summing-up

The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church¡®s dispensation.In this release lay the way of development of the modern world.The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.It shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism

第五篇：欧洲文化入门读后感

《欧洲文化入门》读后感

国庆这段时间我阅读了王佐良先生的《欧洲文化入门》，这是一本文化类的好书，我读后自觉受益良多。

为什么选择读这本书呢？我觉得作为一个英语专业的学生，我在阅读不少英文杂志和小说甚至看英文电影都感觉有不少困难，究其原因除了词汇原因外还有很多原因是因为缺乏对欧洲文化知识的了解。英语中有数不清的典故，名人名言，成语，人名，地名等等来自于古希腊罗马的哲学文学，历史著作，圣经，或者牵扯到各个时期的思想，科技，政治，社会等重要事件和人物。对这些知识的一知半解或者全然不知给英语学习带来来了不少困难。而如果我们对这些知识有一定了解，对于英语学习和研究无异于是很大的助力。举几个最简单的例子，如果我们知道希腊神话特洛伊战争中的传令官嗓门洪亮的Stentor,那么在背诵单词stentorian(声音洪亮的)时候，它的意思便不难记住了，在研究英语构词法时可以发现有不少出自典故的词汇。在翻译的时候，如果我们知道“white elephant”的典故，在英语中是指大而无用的东西，那么就不会把商标“白象”译为“white elephant”了。如果要研究文学，跨文化交际，那么文化的重要性更是不言而喻了，所以我把《欧洲文化入门》作为读的第一本书。

在阅读过后，我觉得这本书有若干优点：首先，该书较系统地介绍了欧洲的社会和文化发展史，文笔流畅，文体清新、明快，很适合英语专业学生阅读；再次，本书的内容十分广泛，涵盖了欧洲文化的一切-从古希腊和古罗马文化和历史到现代主义，可以说包罗万象、面面俱到。

整本书采用了历史叙述法，全部内容按时间顺序分为十章：

1.希腊，罗马文化

2.基督教及《圣经》

3.中世纪

4.文艺复兴与宗教改革

5.17世纪

6.启蒙运动

7.浪漫主义

8.马克思主义与达尔文学说

9.现实主义

10.现代主义及其他

我在这段时间快速浏览了本书的框架，重点阅读了前四章。

读过希腊和罗马文化，可以说古希腊文明的发展是相当灿烂的，哲学思想方面，古希腊出现了多位非常出色的哲学家如，苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等。建筑上古希腊给后世留下了许多珍贵的建筑遗产如雅典卫城、太阳神殿至今仍然影响着西方的建筑风格。文学方面，古希腊的神话、荷马史诗还有伊索寓言等这些文学作品不仅奠定了整个西方文学的基础同时也为后世研究西方文明提供了宝贵的财富。可以说古希腊文学是整个西方文学的精神源泉。数学方面，古希腊出现了多位优秀的数学家，奠定了现代数学的基础。

基督和圣经让我了解了犹太教与基督教的关系,基督教的教义核心,旧约的摩西五经,十诫,列王记,罗马帝国衰亡的原因,基督教与罗马帝国政府的关系的发展,基督教教士对维系和发展西方文明的贡献,圣经对西方的影响或贡献。通过对这章的阅读大致了解了基督教发展的历史阶段,每一阶段的社会状况,它为什么会从被迫害变成成为统治阶级的工具,统治阶级又是如何一步步将它从摈弃,迫害变为合法,变为国教的的。

文艺复兴时期是欧洲封建社会逐渐解体,资本主义生产方式在封建社会母体内蕴育的时期,也是欧洲从中世纪封建社会向资本主义过渡的历史转折时期.从十四世纪开始,欧洲封建社会陆续出现了资本主义关系的萌芽;十五世纪末,随着新航路的开辟和地理大发现,世界市场形成了,这就进一步推动了资本主义的发展。

以上就是我在这段时间所了解的我知道我所看的仅仅冰山一角，而这本书本身像一个长廊，展现欧洲文化的渊源，还需要更加深入的研究。

XXXX2013年10月7日