斯坦福学习心得体会

第一篇：斯坦福学习心得体会

斯坦福大学位于美国加州旧金山湾区南部的帕罗奥多市境内，临近世界著名高科技园区硅谷，与旧金山北湾的加州大学伯克利分校共同构成了美国西部的学术中心，斯坦福是美国首家在校园内成立工业园区的大学。得益于拿出土地换来巨大收获的这个建议，斯坦福使自己置身于美国的前沿：“工业园区内企业一家接一家地开张，不久就超出斯坦福能提供的土地范围，向外发展扩张，形成美国加州科技尖端、人才高地的硅谷”。斯坦福大学被科技集团与企业重重包围，与高科技、与商界更与实用主义和开拓精神这些典型的“美国精神”建立密切的联系。随着美国西海岸“高科技带的兴起，各个电脑公司纷纷在这一线安营扎寨，斯坦福大学的地位越来越举足轻重，从此斯坦福大学就成为了硅谷的核心，是全世界科技创新的中心。时至今日，硅谷已经成为了全美的高科技投资中心，是全球最大规模尖端高科技公司的聚集地，这里已经形成了一种产、学、研良好循环的生态系统，不断的创新并改变着人们的生活方式。

赴斯坦福大学学习是我们管理人员培训班的主要任务，通过一个月的紧张学习，我对这次培训有了深刻的认识，主要有以下几点：

一、国际化视野

我们都有这样的经验：无论用什么方式走路，无论脚步再快都不可能比目光更快、更远；无论如何在行程中选择捷径，肯定不会每条路都选择去尝试，总要通过视野进行选择；最后，无论一个盲人如何善于使用拐杖，一个没有视野的人，绝不可能依靠拐杖进行奔跑。一个人一生的脚步绝不可能超过其视野的极限，视野决定人生高度，所以古人才有登高望远的名言，才有坐井观天的警句。

21世纪的中国正在发生日新月异的变化，全球化和国际化已经渗透到我们生活的方方面面，现在全球化已经不是我们企业想不想、愿不愿意的事情，而是我们必须考虑的事情，经济全球化的发展要求企业领导必须具有国际视野，全景思维，有长远眼光，务实创新，掌握最新最准确的资料，做出正确的决策。

随着经济全球化步伐的加快，世界范围内各国之间在经济上越来越多地相互依存，商品、技术和服务越过各自边界的流量越来越大，企业之间的相互影响，相互关联将会越来越多，新技术、新发明的应用对企业的影响越来越重，在硅谷，任意一项创新都有可能影响到企业的发展，这也是各大高科技企业扎根在硅谷的原因，因为这里有着其他地区无法比拟的信息和技术优势，因为这里引领着高科技企业发展的趋势，高科技企业要取得更大的成功，就需要融入这个国际化的大环境中，精准把握国际市场的最新形式和变化。

我们的企业要做大做优，就必须精准把握国际形势，合理利用国际规则，适应市场需求，坚持实质性创新，打造健康的科技创新生态体系，转变观念、模式、手段，赋予企业创新的生命。

二、环境保护

气候变化是国际社会普遍关心的重大全球性问题。气候变化既是环境问题，也是发展问题，归根到底是发展问题。能源的大量开发和利用，是造成环境污染和气候变化的主要原因之一。正确处理好能源开发利用与环境保护和气候变化的关系，是世界各国迫切需要解决的问题。中国作为负责任的发展中国家，高度重视环境保护和全球气候变化。中国政府将保护环境作为一项基本国策，签署了《联合国气候变化框架公约》，成立了国家气候变化对策协调机构，提交了《气候变化初始国家信息通报》，建立了《清洁发展机制项目管理办法》，制订了《中国应对气候变化国家方案》，并采取了一系列与保护环境和应对气候变化相关的政策和措施。中国正在积极调整经济结构和能源结构，全面推进能源节约，重点预防和治理环境污染的突出问题，有效控制污染物排放，促进能源与环境协调发展，在电、煤行业，中国将更加重视能源特别是煤炭的清洁利用，并作为环境保护的重点，积极防治生态破坏和环境污染，积极发展洁净煤技术，鼓励实施煤炭洗选、加工转化、洁净燃烧、烟气净化等技术。

我国的基本国情决定着能源发展的趋势，巨大的人口基数意味着巨大的能源需求，太阳能、风能等可再生能源的利用短期内并不能成为我国能源供应的主体，根据中国工程院最近的一份报告显示，在中国能源结构不断优化的过程中，中国煤炭在能源结构中的比重将从目前的62%左右下降到2020年的60%、2030年的50%以及2050年的40%。这无疑显示：中国煤炭在中国能源结构中即使仅占到40%，但是仍旧占据主要的位置。在环境保护的大形势下，这就意味着我国的能源发展方向将会向能源使用效率的提升、洁净煤技术、煤炭气化及加工转化等先进技术的研发等方向发展。

火力发电对环境的污染主要为粉尘和二氧化硫，但随着超低排放技术和超临界技术的应用，这些污染都得到了有效的控制，火电企业对环境的影响主要就在于二氧化碳排放的控制，美国斯坦福大学的一组能源模型显示，在未来，全球层面碳捕捉封存的价值将超过太阳能、风能和核能的价值，碳捕捉技术的应用既减少了火力发电的二氧化碳排放量又可以将二氧化碳再利用产生新的能源。根据联合国政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)调查，全球大概有9300多亿吨的二氧化碳可以埋藏到油田中，相当于2050年全球累积排放量的45%。据预计，“碳捕捉”技术的应用能够把全球二氧化碳的排放量减少20% 至40%。除了对气候变化产生积极影响外，“碳捕捉”技术还可以实现一定的商业价值。被捕获的碳可以用于石油开采、冶炼厂，甚至汽车业。在全球范围内，最早成功实现“碳捕捉”试点项目的挪威国家石油公司证实，在油田里灌入二氧化碳，可以使得石油的采收率提高40-45%，这一技术在美国得到了广泛的应用，现今美国石油产量的3%来自二氧化碳驱油，美国能源部发布的一份报告显示，目前美国剩余的石油可采储量为200亿桶，如果采用二氧化碳注入提高可采储量的话，其储量最多可增加至1600亿桶，我国“973计划”项目“温室气体提高石油采收率的资源化利用及地下埋存”已进入工程示范阶段，在吉林油田已埋存8万吨二氧化碳，实现了石油的绿色开发，取得了经济效益和环境效益的双赢。据英国《每日邮报》报道，一家英国公司最近成功“从空气中提取了汽油”，这项具有开拓性的科学突破则有望终止人类对日益减少的化石燃料的依赖。位于英国蒂斯河畔斯托克顿(Stockton-on-Tees)市的航空燃料合成公司（Air Fuel Synthesis）称，自今年8月份以来，他们便开始利用一家小型精炼厂以提取汽油。该项目可从二氧化碳和水蒸气中合成燃料，而如今他们已经成功研制出5公升的汽油。目前，众多专家均称此项目是一项难以置信的突破，并且在人类长期以来与气候变迁以及日益加剧的全球能源危机的斗争中有望成为“游戏规则的改变者”。碳捕捉技术的突破有望改变现有的能源格局，从而完善煤炭燃烧的生态圈，实现煤炭能源的清洁利用。

二、能源企业的成本控制

前三次工业革命为人们带来了机械化、电气化、自动化，当前，第三次工业革命正在向纵深更高层次的发展，第四次工业革命同时已悄然发起，他以互联网产业化，工业智能化为标志，具体包括互联网、物联网、大数据、云计算、智能化、传感技术、机器人、虚拟现实等科技进步，每一次工业革命的来临都意味着连通性和效率的提升，现今，电子商务使得实体店度日如年，互联网金融把传统金融吓出一身冷汗，网络约车使得传统出租车行业的出行模式正在被颠覆，第四次工业革命将会为能源企业带来变革和机遇，从零售业的变革历史可以看出，随着工业革命的发展，零售业的利润一直在降低，但销售额度却在一直升高，这就意味着零售业的边际成本在降低，相应的，企业的利润在逐年升高，这就给了能源企业一种启示：不断的降低边际成本。

在未来阶段，能源市场将由一个开放的电网体系结构驱动，允许供给和需求的全面参与，校园、基地和小型社区的微电网促成一个容错、可再生并且价格低廉的电力系统，能源企业在未来的发展中应该更重视边际成本的控制，当前，国家的电力销售已经不在是“卖方市场”，各种低成本、低污染或无污染的发电技术的应用已经成为一种趋势，根据《国际能源署的2017年世界能源展望》传统发电成本上涨的同时太阳能发电成本下降，21世纪30年代将成为中国最低廉的发电技术，在这种严峻的形势下，能源企业将面临着前所未有的挑战，关于能源企业如何降低成本更好的适应市场竞争，主要有以下几点体会：

1、降低边际成本，在经济学和金融学中，边际成本指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来的总成本的增量。这个概念表明每一单位的产品的成本与总产品量有关。销售单价扣除边际成本即为边际利润，边际利润是指增加单位产量所增加的利润，无论是电力企业还是煤炭企业，在生产经营中，只要我们能合理的控制边际成本，使得边际成本等于边际利润就能实现企业的利润最大化。

2、降低生产成本，有数据显示，目前我国的煤炭发电平均效率只有35%，如果采用更多先进技术，这一效率有望提高到50%甚至更高，如何引入更好的先进技术提高资源利用率，使我们降低成本的一项重要措施。

三、智能化工作面

目前，谷歌利用深度思维的人工智能在英国的一个数据中心实现了自动控制温度，人工智能系统使冷却能耗减少了40%，总体电源使用效率减少15%，人工智能已经进入了实质化的运用阶段，它的出现使得能源的利用效率更高，成本更低，人工智能的运用将会成为企业利润新的增长点。

在能源行业，智能化电网的运用，将会更有效的实现资源配置，基于智能化电网的可再生能源将会得到大量的运用，在欧洲和美国，西门子公司使用“主动网络管理”实时人工神经网络，实行风能网络自动化决策，人工智能与能源企业的结合运用越来越多，我国也在“十二五”和“十三五”期间对智能电网的建设加大了投入。

在煤炭企业，综采工作面生产过程的自动化将会有效减轻劳动强度、提高生产效率，及时发现故障隐患、提高设备正常率和开机率，避免设备损坏造成的损失，无人跟机自动化作为综采工作面自动化的最终目标，目前世界上还没有一个综采工作面真正意义上的实现，综采自动化采煤工作面的关键技术就是液压支架的电液控技术、采煤机自动采煤技术和顺槽集中控制技术（三机控制、泵站控制），目前，通过对程序的修改已经可以实现采煤机记忆式割煤和支架的跟机自动化，泵站集中控制系统也可以实现了泵站的启动、停止、加载、卸载并具有故障自动诊断、自动配液、低油位、低液位、超温、管路水压、润滑油压、油位、油温等保护功能，三机集中控制系统的应用，实验了三机联合启动与停止、单设备的启动与停止、单设备点动的启动与停止功能，在工作面机头实现了运输机的启动与停止功能。人工智能、大数据和传感器技术的发展将会为智能工作面的实现提供技术保障，传感器技术的突破会为智能化的采煤设备提供有效、可靠的地质条件和设备状态的判断和预测，人工智能和大数据的发展给采煤设备提供了智能化的先行条件，这些技术的运用将会真正意义上的实现智能化矿上的建设，从而实现生产过程中的效率提高和成本的降低，使得煤炭企业更具有国际竞争力。

四、能源存储

从能源发展的历史进程中，我们可以合乎逻辑地发现，能源发展就是能量储存不断改进的过程，遵循着从低密度到高密度、从分散到集中的趋势。在现代社会，无论是工业生产还是日常生活，能量储存都具有不可或缺的重要意义。对电力工业而言，电力需求的最大特点是昼夜负荷变化很大，巨大的用电峰谷差使峰期电力紧张，谷期电力过剩。由于峰谷用电的不均衡，电能的储存有很大的实用意义，如果将谷期的电能储存起来供峰期使用，将有效改善电力供需矛盾，也可以有效的减少能源在使用过程中所造成的浪费，伦敦大学国王学院政策研究所主席尼克-巴特勒说：在改变能源业的技术进步中，可能没有哪一项比能源储存更重要的了。从经济性来说，储能技术发展使可再生能源受到的影响最大，得到的益处也最多。因为在储能技术还不够的情况下，这一领域能源供给的浪费比例更大，能源供给的间断性也迫使用户承受高昂的备用能源成本。

电网储能在未来将快速增长，目前，美国州级政府启动与强制电网储能的政策正在不断增加，在电网供应处于谷期时将电力通过各种形式存储起来，在供应峰期的时候在释放使用已经成为能源使用的一种趋势，目前的电网储能容积还是以抽水蓄能为主，美国弗吉尼亚州巴斯郡已建成了目前世界最大的抽水蓄能系统，装机能量达到了3千兆瓦，澳大利亚昆士兰州正在建设的金士顿抽水蓄能工厂也达到了250兆瓦/8小时的规模。德国也正在开展一个创新项目，将煤矿变成一个巨大的电池厂，储存过剩的太阳能和风能，并在用电紧张时供应，其规模也达到了200兆瓦。随着储能技术的发展，其他储能方式的应用也将会更大的推动者能源供给方式的改变，有报告显示，过去五年电池的成本下降了50%，并在未来5年还会有进一步显著的下降，据《金融时报》报道，剑桥大学在电化学领域的一项突破，或将催生可充电的超级电池。这种电池在给定空间内存储的能量是目前最好电池的五倍，可大大拓展电动汽车的续航里程，并可能大幅改观电力存储的经济效益。

能源存储技术的应用将会更广泛的涉及到辅助服务、高峰调节、弃能、资源转移等各方面并将逐步代替峰值电厂成为能源调节的首选。

第二篇：乔布斯斯坦福演讲稿

乔布斯斯坦福演讲稿

You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says Jobs说，你必须要找到你所爱的东西。

This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.I never graduated from college.Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That's it.No big deal.Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out? It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in somethingthe Macintoshthat I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me.I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly.I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley.But something slowly began to dawn on me – I still loved what I did.The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit.I had been rejected, but I was still in love.And so I decided to start over.I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world.In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance.And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple.It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick.Don't lose faith.I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.You've got to find what you love.And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers.Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.If you haven't found it yet, keep looking.Don't settle.As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it.And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on.So keep looking until you find it.Don't settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.Because almost everything – all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failurewhich is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stewart Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much.

第三篇：奥普拉2008斯坦福演讲稿

奥普拉在斯坦福大学2008毕业典礼上的演讲

美国著名的脱口秀主持人。其主持和制作的节目《奥普拉脱口秀》（The Oprah Winfrey Show，又译作《奥普拉·温芙瑞秀》、《奥普拉秀》、《欧普拉·温芙瑞秀》、《欧普拉秀》等），是美国历史上收视率最高的脱口秀节目。同时，它也是美国历史上播映时间最长的日间电视脱口秀节目。从1986年12月8日至今，这个节目已经走过了20多个年头，播放了多达3000多集。北京时间2009年11月20日，据国外媒体报道，在播出了23年之后，《奥普拉脱口秀》将于2011年9月9日结束引。

Thank you, President Hennessy, and to thetrustees and the faculty, to all of the parents and grandparents, to you, the Stanford graduates.Thank you for letting me share this amazing day with you.Hennessy校长，全体教员，家长，还有斯坦福的毕业生门，非常感谢你们。感谢你们让我和你们分享这美好的一天。

I need to begin by letting everyone in on a little secret.The secret is that Kirby Bumpus, Stanford Class of '08, is my goddaughter.So, I was thrilled when President Hennessy asked me to be your Commencement speaker, because this is the first time I've been allowed on campus since Kirby's been here.我决定透漏一个小秘密给大家来作为这次演讲的开始。这个秘密就是Kirby Bumpus，斯坦福2008年的毕业生，是我的义女。所以当Hennessy校长让我来做演讲时，我受宠若惊，因为自从Kirby来这上学以来，这是我第一次被允许到斯坦福来。

You see, Kirby's a very smart girl.She wants people to get to know her on her own terms, she says.Not in terms of who she knows.So, she never wants anyone who's first meeting her to know that I know her and she knows me.So, when she first came to Stanford for new student orientation with her mom, I hear that they arrived and everybody was so welcoming, and somebody came up to Kirby and they said, “Ohmigod, that's Gayle King!” Because a lot of people know Gayle King as my BFF [best friend forever].正如你们知道的那样Kirby是一个非常聪明的女孩。她说，她希望大家通过她自己的努力了解她，而不是她认识谁。因此她从来不希望每一个第一次见到她的人知道她认识我。当她和她妈妈第一次来到斯坦福参加开学典礼时，我听说每个人都十分热情。他们说：“我的天啊，那是Gayle King”。因为很多人都知道Gayle King是我最好的朋友。

And so somebody comes up to Kirby, and they say, “Ohmigod, is that Gayle King?” And Kirby's like, “Uh-huh.She's my mom.”And so the person says, “Ohmigod, does it mean, like, you know Oprah Winfrey?”And Kirby says, “Sort of.” 有些人走到Kirby面前，对Kirby说：“我的天啊，那是Gayle King吗？”Kirby说：“嗯，她是我妈妈。”然后人们说：“我的天啊，难道说，你认识Oprah Winfrey。”Kirby说：“有点吧。”

I said, “Sort of? You sort of know me?” Well, I have photographic proof.I have pictures which I can e-mail to you all of Kirby riding horsey with me on all fours.So, I more than sort-of know Kirby Bumpus.And I'm so happy to be here, just happy that I finally, after four years, get to see her room.There's really nowhere else I'd rather be, because I'm so proud of Kirby, who graduates today with two degrees, one in human bio and the other in psychology.Love you, Kirby Cakes!That's how well I know her.I can call her Cakes.我说：“有一点。你有一点认识我”。我还有照片为证。我可以把Kirby 和我骑马时的照片e-mail给你们。因此我不仅仅只是有点认识Kirby Bumpus。我非常高兴来到这里，因为四年来我第一次来到她的寝室。我为Kirby感到自豪，因为她获得了人类生物学和心理学的双学位。这就是我多么的了解她。我可以叫她Cakes。

And so proud of her mother and father, who helped her get through this time, and her brother, Will.I really had nothing to do with her graduating from Stanford, but every time anybody's asked me in the past couple of weeks what I was doing, I would say, “I'm getting ready to go to Stanford.” 我为她的父母感到骄傲，她的父母给了她很大帮助，还有她的哥哥Will。我对Kirby大学四年真的没有什么帮助。但是在过去的几周里，每当人们问我在做什么时，我都会说：“我正准备去斯坦福”

I just love saying “Stanford.” Because the truth is, I know I would have never gotten my degree at all, 'cause I didn't go to Stanford.I went to Tennessee State University.But I never would have gotten my diploma at all, because I was supposed to graduate back in 1975, but I was short one credit.And I figured, I'm just going to forget it, 'cause, you know, I'm not going to march with my class.Because by that point, I was already on television.I'd been in television since I was 19 and a sophomore.Granted, I was the only television anchor person that had an 11 o'clock curfew doing the 10 o'clock news.我就是喜欢这样说Stanford（用一种奇怪的语调）。因为这是真的，我知道根本不会拿到我的学位，因为我没有去斯坦福念书。我去了Tennessee 州立大学。但是我本来不会拿到我的毕业证，因为我本应该在1975年毕业，但是我少了一个学分。我认为我还是会忘了这件事。你们知道，我不会比得上我的同班同学。因为我已经上了电视。我在19岁还是大学二年级的时候就已经上了电视。我是唯一一个电视节目主持人，虽然有11点的宵禁，却做着10点钟的新闻。Seriously, my dad was like, “Well, that news is over at 10:30.Be home by 11.” But that didn't matter to me, because I was earning a living.I was on my way.So, I thought, I'm going to let this college thing go and I only had one credit short.But, my father, from that time on and for years after, was always on my case, because I did not graduate.He'd say, “Oprah Gail”—that's my middle name—“I don't know what you're gonna do without that degree.” And I'd say, “But, Dad, I have my own television show.” 严肃地说，我爸爸告诉我，“好吧，新闻10：30结束。11点之前到家。”但是这对我并不重要，因为我已经自食其力了。我在走我自己的路。所以我想，我不能让关于我大学的那件事就这么过去，我还少一个学分。但是我的父亲从那时起却成了问题。由于我没有毕业，他总是说：“Oprah Gail（我的中间名字），我不知道没有学位你能做些什么。”然后我说：“但是，爸爸，我已经有我自己的电视节目啦。”

And he'd say, “Well, I still don't know what you're going to do without that degree.” And I'd say, “But, Dad, now I'm a talk show host.” He'd say, “I don't know how you're going to get another job without that degree.” 他说：“好吧，但是我还是不知道没有那个学位你能干什么。”我说：“但是，爸爸，现在我已经是脱口秀的主持人了”。他还是说：“我不知道没有那个学位你怎么去找其他的工作。”

So, in 1987, Tennessee State University invited me back to speak at their commencement.By then, I had my own show, was nationally syndicated.I'd made a movie, had been nominated for an Oscar and founded my company, Harpo.But I told them, I cannot come and give a speech unless I can earn one more credit, because my dad's still saying I'm not going to get anywhere without that degree.在1987年，Tennessee州立大学邀请我回去做他们的毕业典礼演讲。在那时，我已经有了自己的电视节目，并加入了国家联合会。我制作了一部电影，并被奥斯卡提名，而且成立了我自己的公司Harpo。可我告诉他们，我不能去演讲除非我得到那一个学分，因为我爸爸总是说没了那学位我将一事无成。

So, I finished my coursework, I turned in my final paper and I got the degree.And my dad was very proud.And I know that, if anything happens, that one credit will be my salvation.因此，我完成了我的课程，上交了我的毕业论文，然后拿到了学位。我的爸爸非常的骄傲。从此我知道，无论什么事发生，那一个学分是我的救世主

But I also know why my dad was insisting on that diploma, because, as B.B.King put it, “The beautiful thing about learning is that nobody can take that away from you.” And learning is really in the broadest sense what I want to talk about today, because your education, of course, isn't ending here.In many ways, it's only just begun.但是我知道为什么我爸爸总是坚持让我获得文凭，因为，正如B.B.King所说：“关于学习的美好在于别人不会把知识从你身上拿走”学习正是我今天想说的，因为你们的教育并没有在这里结束。在很多情况下，这才是刚刚开使。The world has so many lessons to teach you.I consider the world, this Earth, to be like a school and our life the classrooms.And sometimes here in this Planet Earth school the lessons often come dressed up as detours or roadblocks.And sometimes as full-blown crises.And the secret I've learned to getting ahead is being open to the lessons, lessons from the grandest university of all, that is, the universe itself.这个世界将会教会你们很多。我认为这个世界，这个地球，就像一个学校和我们人生的教室。有时这些课程会是弯路和障碍。有时会充满危机。我所学的应付这一切的秘密就是去勇于面对，正如我们面对大学课程一样。

It's being able to walk through life eager and open to self-improvement and that which is going to best help you evolve, 'cause that's really why we're here, to evolve as human beings.To grow into more of ourselves, always moving to the next level of understanding, the next level of compassion and growth.我们能够充满激情的去生活和自我提高，这就是我们存在的意义。不断自我提高，去追求人生的更高境界，去追求更高级别的怜悯和自我提高。

I think about one of the greatest compliments I've ever received: I interviewed with a reporter when I was first starting out in Chicago.And then many years later, I saw the same reporter.And she said to me, “You know what? You really haven't changed.You've just become more of yourself.” 我记得我所受到的最大的赞扬就是当我刚刚在芝加哥开始工作时，我采访了一个记者。很多年以后我们又见面了。她对我说：“你知道吗？你一点也没有变。你变得更为自我了。”

And that is really what we're all trying to do, become more of ourselves.And I believe that there's a lesson in almost everything that you do and every experience, and getting the lesson is how you move forward.It's how you enrich your spirit.And, trust me, I know that inner wisdom is more precious than wealth.The more you spend it, the more you gain.这就是我们一直努力在做的，去做我们自己。我坚信你们会从每一件做过的事上学到经验，这样你们就会取得进步。这样你们丰富了心灵。相信我，内在的智慧比外在的财富更加珍贵。你越是使用它，你就得到更多。

So, today, I just want to share a few lessons—meaning three—that I've learned in my journey so far.And aren't you glad? Don't you hate it when somebody says, “I'm going to share a few,” and it's 10 lessons later? And, you're like, “Listen, this is my graduation.This is not about you.” So, it's only going to be three.今天我想和大家分享我人生的三个经验。你们难道不觉得高兴吗？你们是否会反感，当有人对你说：“我想分享一些”但事实上却是10个经验。你们肯定在想：“听着，这是我的毕业典礼，不是你的”。因此这里只有三个经验我想和大家分享。

The three lessons that have had the greatest impact on my life have to do with feelings, with failure and with finding happiness.这三个经验对我的人生产生了很大影响，它们是关于感情，失败和追求幸福。A year after I left college, I was given the opportunity to co-anchor the 6 o'clock news in Baltimore, because the whole goal in the media at the time I was coming up was you try to move to larger markets.And Baltimore was a much larger market than Nashville.So, getting the 6 o'clock news co-anchor job at 22 was such a big deal.It felt like the biggest deal in the world at the time.当我离开大学一年后，在Baltimore我得到了一个共同主持6点新闻的机会。在那时媒体界的最大目标就是获得更大的市场，而Baltimore是一个比Nashville大得多的市场，因此在22岁时得到这个机会对我来说非常重要。它那时对我来说它仿佛是世界上最重要的事。

And I was so proud, because I was finally going to have my chance to be like Barbara Walters, which is who I had been trying to emulate since the start of my TV career.So, I was 22 years old, making $22,000 a year.And it's where I met my best friend, Gayle, who was an intern at the same TV station.And once we became friends, we'd say, “Ohmigod, I can't believe it!You're making $22,000 and you're only 22.Imagine when you're 40 and you're making $40,000!” 我非常自豪，因为我终于有机会去效法barbara Walters。而她正是我从业以来一直效法的对象。那时我22岁，每年挣22,000美元。我遇到了在电视台做实习生的Gayle，我们立刻成了好朋友。我们说：“我的天啊，真难以置信。你在22岁时挣每年能挣22,000美元。想象一下吧，当你40岁时你每年就会挣40,000美元”

When I turned 40, I was so glad that didn't happen.当我真的40岁时，我很高兴这并没有成真。

So, here I am, 22, making $22,000 a year and, yet, it didn't feel right.It didn't feel right.The first sign, as President Hennessy was saying, was when they tried to change my name.The news director said to me at the time, “Nobody's going to remember Oprah.So, we want to change your name.We've come up with a name we think that people will remember and people will like.It's a friendly name: Suzie.” 这就是我，22岁时每年挣22,000美元，然而，这种感觉并不好。首先，正如Hennessy校长所说，当他们试图让我改名字。那时导演对我说：“没人会记住Oprah这个名字。因此我们想让你改名字。我们已经为你想了一个大家都会记住和喜欢的名字——Suzie。”

Hi, Suzie.Very friendly.You can't be angry with Suzie.Remember Suzie.But my name wasn't Suzie.And, you know, I'd grown up not really loving my name, because when you're looking for your little name on the lunch boxes and the license plate tags, you're never going to find Oprah.Suzie，一个很友善的名字。你不会厌恶Suzie。记住Suzie吧。但是我的名字不是Suzie。你们可以看到，自小我就不怎么喜欢我的名字。因为当你在午餐箱和牌号寻找你的名字时，你永远也不会找Oprah。

So, I grew up not loving the name, but once I was asked to change it, I thought, well, it is my name and do I look like a Suzie to you? So, I thought, no, it doesn't feel right.I'm not going to change my name.And if people remember it or not, that's OK.我从小就不怎么喜欢我的名字，但是当我被告知去改名字时，我想，好吧，那时我的名字，但是Suzie真的适合我吗？因此我想，它并不适合我。我不会改我的名字。我也不介意人们是否记得住我的名字，这没什么大不了的。

And then they said they didn't like the way I looked.This was in 1976, when your boss could call you in and say, “I don't like the way you look.” Now that would be called a lawsuit, but back then they could just say, “I don't like the way you look.” Which, in case some of you in the back, if you can't tell, is nothing like Barbara Walters.So, they sent me to a salon where they gave me a perm, and after a few days all my hair fell out and I had to shave my head.And then they really didn't like the way I looked.Because now I am black and bald and sitting on TV.Not a pretty picture.然后他们还对我说他们不喜欢我的长相。那是在1976年，你的老板可以那么说。但是如果是现在的话，那就是一件很严重的事了。可是那时他们还是说：“我不喜欢你的造型。”我根本不像Barbara Walters。于是他们把我送到沙龙，给我烫了发。可是几天后我的头发一团糟。我不得不剃光我的头发。此时他们更不喜欢我的造型了。因为作为一个光头黑人坐在摄影机前，我肯定不漂亮的。But even worse than being bald, I really hated, hated, hated being sent to report on other people's tragedies as a part of my daily duty, knowing that I was just expected to observe, when everything in my instinct told me that I should be doing something, I should be lending a hand.比光头更令我讨厌的是我不得不把播报别人遭受的痛苦作为我的日常工作。我深知我期待去观察，我的内心告诉我，我应该做些什么了。我需要为他人提供帮助。So, as President Hennessy said, I'd cover a fire and then I'd go back and I'd try to give the victims blankets.And I wouldn't be able to sleep at night because of all the things I was covering during the day.正如Hennessy校长所说的那样，我播报了一起火灾，然后应当去给受害者拿毯子。由于白天播报的那些新闻导致我晚上难以入睡。

And, meanwhile, I was trying to sit gracefully like Barbara and make myself talk like Barbara.And I thought, well, I could make a pretty goofy Barbara.And if I could figure out how to be myself, I could be a pretty good Oprah.I was trying to sound elegant like Barbara.And sometimes I didn't read my copy, because something inside me said, this should be spontaneous.So, I wanted to get the news as I was giving it to the people.So, sometimes, I wouldn't read my copy and it would be, like, six people on a pileup on I-40.Oh, my goodness.与此同时我尽量表现的优雅一些，使我更像Barbara。我认为我可能会成为一个傻傻的Barbara。如果我做回我自己，我就会成为一个很棒的Oprah。我努力像Barbara那样优雅。有时我并不读我的稿件，因为我的内心告诉我这是不自主的。所以我想为大家播报一些我想要的新闻。有时，我不会播报像6个人在连环车祸中受伤这类的新闻。哦，我的天啊。

And sometimes I wouldn't read the copy—because I wanted to be spontaneous—and I'd come across a list of words I didn't know and I'd mispronounce.And one day I was reading copy and I called Canada “ca nada.” And I decided, this Barbara thing's not going too well.I should try being myself.有时出于内心的本能，我不会去播报一些新闻。我还会遇到一些不认识的和念错的词。一天当我播新闻时，我把加拿大读错了。我想这样下去学Barbara可不大好。我应该做回我自己。

But at the same time, my dad was saying, “Oprah Gail, this is an opportunity of a lifetime.You better keep that job.” And my boss was saying, “This is the nightly news.You're an anchor, not a social worker.Just do your job.” 但那是我爸爸却对我说：“这是你一生的机会。你最好继续那份工作。”我的老板也说：“这是晚间新闻。你是播报员，不是福利工作者。还是做你的本职工作吧。”

So, I was juggling these messages of expectation and obligation and feeling really miserable with myself.I'd go home at night and fill up my journals, 'cause I've kept a journal since I was 15—so I now have volumes of journals.So, I'd go home at night and fill up my journals about how miserable I was and frustrated.Then I'd eat my anxiety.That's where I learned that habit.我歪曲了这些期待和义务，并感觉很糟。晚上回到家后我会记日记。自从15岁时我就开始记日记了，于是现在我已经有了好几卷日记。我晚上回到家后，我会记录下我是多么的不幸和沮丧。然后我消除了焦虑。这就是我如何养成了那个习惯。And after eight months, I lost that job.They said I was too emotional.I was too much.But since they didn't want to pay out the contract, they put me on a talk show in Baltimore.And the moment I sat down on that show, the moment I did, I felt like I'd come home.I realized that TV could be more than just a playground, but a platform for service, for helping other people lift their lives.And the moment I sat down, doing that talk show, it felt like breathing.It felt right.And that's where everything that followed for me began.8个月后我失去了那份工作。他们说我太情绪化了。但因为他们不想违背合约，他们就让我去Baltimore主持一档脱口秀节目。从我开始主持那档节目的一刻开始，我感觉好像回到了家一样。我意识到电视不应该仅仅是一个娱乐场，更应该是一个以服务为目的的平台，以帮助他人更好的生活。当我开始主持节目的时间侯，就像呼吸一样。感觉好极啦。这就是我工作的真正开始。

And I got that lesson.When you're doing the work you're meant to do, it feels right and every day is a bonus, regardless of what you're getting paid.这就是我学到的经验。当你做的是一份你喜欢的工作时，那感觉棒极了。无论你能挣到多少钱，你都会有很大收获。

It's true.And how do you know when you're doing something right? How do you know that? It feels so.What I know now is that feelings are really your GPS system for life.When you're supposed to do something or not supposed to do something, your emotional guidance system lets you know.The trick is to learn to check your ego at the door and start checking your gut instead.Every right decision I've made—every right decision I've ever made—has come from my gut.And every wrong decision I've ever made was a result of me not listening to the greater voice of myself.这是真的。但是你怎么知道你所做的是对的呢？你怎么知道呢？我所知道的就是你的内心是你人生的导航系统。当你应该或者不应该改做某事时，你的内心会告诉你怎样去做。关键是去面对你自己，面对你自己的内心。我所做过的所有正确选择都是源自我内心的。我所做过的所有错误选择都是因为没有听取来自我内心的声音。

If it doesn't feel right, don't do it.That's the lesson.And that lesson alone will save you, my friends, a lot of grief.Even doubt means don't.This is what I've learned.There are many times when you don't know what to do.When you don't know what to do, get still, get very still, until you do know what to do.如果感觉不好，就不要去做。这就是我的经验。我的朋友，这个经验会帮你避免很多痛苦。甚至怀疑都意味着不要去做。这就是我所学到的。有很多次当你不知道如何去做时，什么也不要做，直到你知道怎么做为止。And when you do get still and let your internal motivation be the driver, not only will your personal life improve, but you will gain a competitive edge in the working world as well.Because, as Daniel Pink writes in his best-seller, A Whole New Mind, we're entering a whole new age.And he calls it the Conceptual Age, where traits that set people apart today are going to come from our hearts—right brain—as well as our heads.It's no longer just the logical, linear, rules-based thinking that matters, he says.It's also empathy and joyfulness and purpose, inner traits that have transcendent worth.当你什么也不要做时，让你的内心作为驱动力。不仅仅你的个人生活会提高，你在工作中也会获得竞争力。正如Daniel Pink在他的畅销书A Whole New Mind中所说的那样，我们进入了一个新时代，一个他称之为概念时代的时代。人们的内心使人与人之间产生隔阂。他说，重要的不仅仅是逻辑上的，线性的，直尺式的思维方式。移情，快乐，目标和内部特质同样也有卓越的价值。

These qualities bloom when we're doing what we love, when we're involving the wholeness of ourselves in our work, both our expertise and our emotion.当我们做自己喜欢的事时，当我们全身心的投入到工作中时，这些特质就会焕发生机。

So, I say to you, forget about the fast lane.If you really want to fly, just harness your power to your passion.Honor your calling.Everybody has one.Trust your heart and success will come to you.因此我对你说，忘掉那些快车道吧。如果你真的像飞翔，就把你的力量投入到你的激情当中。尊重你内心的召唤。每一个人都会有的。相信你的心灵，你会成功的。

So, how do I define success? Let me tell you, money's pretty nice.I'm not going to stand up here and tell you that it's not about money, 'cause money is very nice.I like money.It's good for buying things.那么我是如何定义成功的呢？让我告诉你，钱很美好。我不会告诉你们成功与钱无关，因为钱是好东东。我喜欢钱。它能买东西。

But having a lot of money does not automatically make you a successful person.What you want is money and meaning.You want your work to be meaningful.Because meaning is what brings the real richness to your life.What you really want is to be surrounded by people you trust and treasure and by people who cherish you.That's when you're really rich.So, lesson one, follow your feelings.If it feels right, move forward.If it doesn't feel right, don't do it.但是拥有很多钱并不能使你自然而然的成为一个成功者。你想要的是钱和意义。你想你的工作更有意义。因为有意义使你的生活更加充实。你所希望得到的是被信任你珍视你的人包围。这才是你真正富有的时候。因此，第一个经验，跟随你的心灵。如果感觉对了，就继续前进。如果感觉不对，就不要做了。Now I want to talk a little bit about failings, because nobody's journey is seamless or smooth.We all stumble.We all have setbacks.If things go wrong, you hit a dead end—as you will—it's just life's way of saying time to change course.So, ask every failure—this is what I do with every failure, every crisis, every difficult time—I say, what is this here to teach me? And as soon as you get the lesson, you get to move on.If you really get the lesson, you pass and you don't have to repeat the class.If you don't get the lesson, it shows up wearing another pair of pants—or skirt—to give you some remedial work.现在我想谈谈失败。没有人他的一生是一帆风顺的。我们都会遇到困难，受到挫折。如果事情出错了，你进入了死胡同，这正是生活在告诉你是时候改变了。所以，每当遇到困难和危机时，我都会问它教会了我什么？只要你吸取了教训，你就会继续前进。如果你真正吸取了教训，你就会顺利通过考验，不用再取经受失败了。如果你没有吸取教训，它会以另外一种形式给出现在你面前并给你一些补救。

And what I've found is that difficulties come when you don't pay attention to life's whisper, because life always whispers to you first.And if you ignore the whisper, sooner or later you'll get a scream.Whatever you resist persists.But, if you ask the right question—not why is this happening, but what is this here to teach me?—it puts you in the place and space to get the lesson you need.我注意到当你没有仔细对待生活的细节时，困难就会出现。因为生活总是提前低声的告戒你。如果你忽视了这个低声的告诫，过不了多久你就会得到一个惊声尖叫，无论你怎样反抗。但是如果你不去想为什困难会发生，而是去反思困难会教给我什么时，你就会学到你需要的东西。

My friend Eckhart Tolle, who's written this wonderful book called A New Earth that's all about letting the awareness of who you are stimulate everything that you do, he puts it like this: He says, don't react against a bad situation;merge with that situation instead.And the solution will arise from the challenge.Because surrendering yourself doesn't mean giving up;it means acting with responsibility.我的朋友Eckhart Tolle。他写了一本非常棒的书，名叫A New Earth。这本书就是关于让你的意识激励你去做事。他说，不要去反抗困境，相反，要融入到其中。事情会变的越来越好的。因为暂时的屈服并不意味着放弃，它意味着一种责任感。

Many of you know that, as President Hennessy said, I started this school in Africa.And I founded the school, where I'm trying to give South African girls a shot at a future like yours—Stanford.And I spent five years making sure that school would be as beautiful as the students.I wanted every girl to feel her worth reflected in her surroundings.So, I checked every blueprint, I picked every pillow.I was looking at the grout in between the bricks.I knew every thread count of the sheets.I chose every girl from the villages, from nine provinces.And yet, last fall, I was faced with a crisis I had never anticipated.I was told that one of the dorm matrons was suspected of sexual abuse.你们当中很多人都知道，正如Hennessy校长所说，我在非洲创办了一个学校。我希望给南非的女孩们一个像你们一样的未来。我花了5年时间来确保学校会像学生们一样好。我想让每一个女孩感觉到自己的价值受到重视。所以我检查了每一个设计图，亲自挑选每个枕头，甚至检查砖块间的水泥。我知道每一个细节。每一学生都是我从9个省的村落里亲自选出来的。然而，去年的秋天我却遇到了一个我从未预料的危机。我被告知有一名宿舍管理员涉嫌性虐待。

That was, as you can imagine, devastating news.First, I cried—actually, I sobbed—for about half an hour.And then I said, let's get to it;that's all you get, a half an hour.You need to focus on the now, what you need to do now.So, I contacted a child trauma specialist.I put together a team of investigators.I made sure the girls had counseling and support.And Gayle and I got on a plane and flew to South Africa.你们可以想象得到这是多么令人沮丧的消息啊。首先，我哭了，啜泣了大约半个小时。然后我说，我们得面对它。一个半小时，这就是你全部所能得到的。你需要把注意力集中到现在，现在你因该做些什么。所以我联系了一位儿科创伤专家。我派了一队调查人员。我确定女孩们得到了安慰和支持。Gayle和我坐上飞机飞向南非。

And the whole time I kept asking that question: What is this here to teach me? And, as difficult as that experience has been, I got a lot of lessons.I understand now the mistakes I made, because I had been paying attention to all of the wrong things.I'd built that school from the outside in, when what really mattered was the inside out.So, it's a lesson that applies to all of our lives as a whole.What matters most is what's inside.What matters most is the sense of integrity, of quality and beauty.I got that lesson.And what I know is that the girls came away with something, too.They have emerged from this more resilient and knowing that their voices have power.整个过程中我都在问自己：“这件事教会了我什么？”虽然这个经历十分困难，但是我学到了很多。我意识到自己所犯的错误，因为我一直以来都把注意力集中在错事上。我从外向内建造了那所学校，然而正真对我有意义的是从内向外的去建造它。最重要的是我对正直，品质和美好的理解。我学到了那个教训。我也明白女孩们也学到了一些事。她们从中恢复了过来并意识到她们的声音是有影响力的。

And their resilience and spirit have given me more than I could ever give to them, which leads me to my final lesson—the one about finding happiness—which we could talk about all day, but I know you have other wacky things to do.她们的恢复力和精神给了我很多东西，以至于比我给她们的还多。接下来是我最后的经验—关于寻找幸福，我可以谈论一整天，但是我有其他古怪的事要做。Not a small topic this is, finding happiness.But in some ways I think it's the simplest of all.Gwendolyn Brooks wrote a poem for her children.It's called “Speech to the Young : Speech to the Progress-Toward.” And she says at the end, “Live not for battles won./ Live not for the-end-of-the-song./ Live in the along.” She's saying, like Eckhart Tolle, that you have to live for the present.You have to be in the moment.Whatever has happened to you in your past has no power over this present moment, because life is now.追求幸福并不是一个小话题。但在某种程度上来说它又是最简单的话题。Gwendolyn Brooks为她的孩子写了一首诗，诗名是Speech to the Young : Speech to the Progress-Toward.在诗的最后她说到，不要为了战胜而生活，不要为了歌曲的结尾而生活，要享受生活。她说，你应当为了现在而生活，无论过去发生了什么都不应该影响到现在，因为生活就是过好现在。

But I think she's also saying, be a part of something.Don't live for yourself alone.This is what I know for sure: In order to be truly happy, you must live along with and you have to stand for something larger than yourself.Because life is a reciprocal exchange.To move forward you have to give back.And to me, that is the greatest lesson of life.To be happy, you have to give something back.我想她还说过，去参与一些事。不要仅仅为了自己而生活。我可以非常肯定的是为了追求真正的快乐，你必须为了一些更有意义的事而生活。生活是互动的。为了前进，你必须后退。对于我而言，这是人生中最重要的经验。想要获得快乐你必须付出。

I know you know that, because that's a lesson that's woven into the very fabric of this university.It's a lesson that Jane and Leland Stanford got and one they've bequeathed to you.Because all of you know the story of how this great school came to be, how the Stanfords lost their only child to typhoid at the age of 15.They had every right and they had every reason to turn their backs against the world at that time, but instead, they channeled their grief and their pain into an act of grace.Within a year of their son's death, they had made the founding grant for this great school, pledging to do for other people's children what they were not able to do for their own boy.我知道你们已经很了解了，因为这个经验已经深深的融入了斯坦福。这个经验是Jane and Leland传承给你们的。因为你们所有的人都知道这座伟大的大学是如何建成的。斯坦福夫妇的独子在15岁时得了伤寒离开了他们。他们有权利和理由去恨这个世界，但是他们却用优雅的行动疏导了心中的悲伤。在他们儿子死后不到一年内，他们已经这所伟大的大学筹集了建设经费，并发誓要为别人的孩子做一些他们自己的孩子不能得到事。The lesson here is clear, and that is, if you're hurting, you need to help somebody ease their hurt.If you're in pain, help somebody else's pain.And when you're in a mess, you get yourself out of the mess helping somebody out of theirs.And in the process, you get to become a member of what I call the greatest fellowship of all, the sorority of compassion and the fraternity of service.这个经验非常明显，那就是，如果你受了伤，你需要帮助他人减轻伤痛。如果你感到痛苦，帮助他人减轻痛苦。如果你的生活一团糟，去帮助其他处在困难中的人摆脱困境。这样一来，你就变成了妇女联谊会或是互助会中最伟大的一个员。The Stanfords had suffered the worst thing any mom and dad can ever endure, yet they understood that helping others is the way we help ourselves.And this wisdom is increasingly supported by scientific and sociological research.It's no longer just woo-woo soft-skills talk.There's actually a helper's high, a spiritual surge you gain from serving others.So, if you want to feel good, you have to go out and do some good.斯坦福夫妇遭受了世上父母所能遭受的最大痛苦，然而他们懂得通过帮助他人来帮助自己。这种智慧渐渐的被科学和社会学研究所证实。这不仅仅是某种软技能的谈话。这事实上是在帮助者的高度，一种从帮助别人而获得的精神大爆发。所以如果你想快乐，去帮助别人吧。

But when you do good, I hope you strive for more than just the good feeling that service provides, because I know this for sure, that doing good actually makes you better.So, whatever field you choose, if you operate from the paradigm of service, I know your life will have more value and you will be happy.但是当你做好事时，我希望你不仅仅是为了获得的快乐，因为我深知做好事可以让你变得更棒。所以无论你怎样选择，若你能以服务他人为榜样，我相信你的生活会更有价值，你也会更快乐。

I was always happy doing my talk show, but that happiness reached a depth of fulfillment, of joy, that I really can't describe to you or measure when I stopped just being on TV and looking at TV as a job and decided to use television, to use it and not have it use me, to use it as a platform to serve my viewers.That alone changed the trajectory of my success.我也很高兴做我的脱口秀节目，那种快乐是一种更深层次的成就感，我很难去表达和衡量。我决定以电视作为我的职业，我要用电视这个平台来为我的观众服务，而不是让电视利用我。这改变了我成功的轨迹。

So, I know this—that whether you're an actor, you offer your talent in the way that most inspires art.If you're an anatomist, you look at your gift as knowledge and service to healing.Whether you've been called, as so many of you here today getting doctorates and other degrees, to the professions of business, law, engineering, humanities, science, medicine, if you choose to offer your skills and talent in service, when you choose the paradigm of service, looking at life through that paradigm, it turns everything you do from a job into a gift.And I know you haven't spent all this time at Stanford just to go out and get a job.我知道无论你是否是一名演员，你都应该把你的才智贡献给能够鼓舞他人的事业。如果你是一名剖析家，你应当把你们的智慧投入到医治他人当中。无论你是否被召唤，你们中的很多人在经济，法律，人权，科学，医药方面都获得了诸如博士一类的学位，如果你们决定把你们的技能和智慧奉献给服务他人们，选择把服务他人作为榜样，你们的工作就会变成一种天赋。我知道你们在斯坦福所在的一切就是为了出去找一份工作。

You've been enriched in countless ways.There's no better way to make your mark on the world and to share that abundance with others.My constant prayer for myself is to be used in service for the greater good.你们在很多方面都得到了提高。没有其它更好的方式能够分享你的丰富的才智了。我永恒的祈祷就是让自己能够为他人提供更好的服务

So, let me end with one of my favorite quotes from Martin Luther King.Dr.King said, “Not everybody can be famous.” And I don't know, but everybody today seems to want to be famous.就让我引用马丁路德金的话来作为结束语吧。他说：“不是所有人都会出名。”我不知道，但似乎今天所有人都想出名。

But fame is a trip.People follow you to the bathroom, listen to you pee.It's just—try to pee quietly.It doesn't matter, they come out and say, “Ohmigod, it's you.You peed.” 但是成名也是一种代价。有些人会尾随你到卫生间，听你尿尿。你会尽量尿的轻一些。这没什么大不了的。他们会对你说：“我的天啊，是你！你尿尿啦。” That's the fame trip, so I don't know if you want that.这就是成名的代价，我不知道你们是否喜欢。

So, Dr.King said, “Not everybody can be famous.But everybody can be great, because greatness is determined by service.” Those of you who are history scholars may know the rest of that passage.He said, “You don't have to have a college degree to serve.You don't have to make your subject and verb agree to serve.You don't have to know about Plato or Aristotle to serve.You don't have to know Einstein's theory of relativity to serve.You don't have to know the second theory of thermodynamics in physics to serve.You only need a heart full of grace and a soul generated by love.” 所以，正如马丁路德金所说，“不是所有人都会成名。但每个人都可以变的伟大，因为伟大是通过为他人服务而界定的。” 你们当中学历史的人可能会知道他接下来的话，“为别人提供服务，并不一定要有大学学历，并不一定要主谓一致，并不一定要认识柏拉图和亚里士多德，并不一定要会爱因斯坦的相对论，并不一定要了解热力学第二定律。你所需要的是一颗优雅的心灵和充满爱的灵魂。” In a few moments, you'll all be officially Stanford's '08.不久你们就会正式成为斯坦福大学2008年的毕业生了。

You have the heart and the smarts to go with it.And it's up to you to decide, really, where will you now use those gifts? You've got the diploma, so go out and get the lessons, 'cause I know great things are sure to come.你们有聪明才智。你们将会决定如何利用它。说真的，你们将会如何利用它呢？你们拿到了学位。走向社会吧，我坚信伟大的事将会发生的。

You know, I've always believed that everything is better when you share it, so before I go, I wanted to share a graduation gift with you.Underneath your seats you'll find two of my favorite books.Eckhart Tolle's A New Earth is my current book club selection.Our New Earth webcast has been downloaded 30 million times with that book.And Daniel Pink's A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future has reassured me I'm in the right direction.你们知道，我一直坚信，如果你和他人分享，那么事情就会变得更好。所以在我离开之前，我想和大家分享一下毕业礼物。在你们的座位底下，你们会发现两本我最喜欢的书。Eckhart Tolle的A New Earth流行书俱乐部的精选品。我们的New Earth广播已经被下载3亿次。Daniel Pink的A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future 使我确定我在人生的正轨上。I really wanted to give you cars but I just couldn't pull that off!Congratulations, '08!我真的想送大家轿车，只是开不过来！祝贺大家！08年的毕业生们！

第四篇：斯坦福监狱模拟实验

附：斯坦福监狱模拟实验

该实验是心理学家菲利普·津巴多1971年在斯坦福大学进行的。实验把征募来的通过了专门测试的受试者——24名身心健康、情绪稳定的大学生分成两组，一组扮作狱警，一组扮作犯人。本来这个实验计划是十五天，但到了第六天就宣告终止。终止的原因是该实验对扮演囚犯的实验者造成了伤害。内容介绍

斯坦福监狱实验是1971年在斯坦福大学进行的，当时津巴多正在斯坦福大学任教。津巴多把心理学系大楼的地下室改装成监狱，花15美元一天请来了一批学生参与实验。这批学生要参加实验必须先通过一次测试，以证明他们是“心理健康、没有疾病的正常人”。

一共有70名来自美国各地的学生申请参与这个为期两周的实验，他们绝大多数是在斯坦福大学和伯克莱大学参加夏季课程的学生。24名学生通过了测试，学生以随机的方式被分成了两组角色：其中9名学生担任监狱中的“囚犯”和9名学生则以三人一组轮班担任“看守”的角色，余下6名则作为实验候补。

为了实验更真实地模拟现实，担任“囚犯”的学生身份以数字代替，每个人都穿上犯人的衣服，戴上脚镣和手铐，有些学生是在家里被逮捕的，被铐上手铐，戴上牛皮纸头套，而执行逮捕行为的是同意与津巴多合作进行实验的加州警方，面对呼啸而去的警方，不明就里的邻里大为惊讶；而担任“看守”角色的学生则是穿着警服，戴上黑色的墨镜以增加权威感，在囚犯进牢时，按照监狱的正式程序对犯人进行裸体的搜身，他们拥有一切真实狱警所拥有的权力。而自愿参加实验的学生们则被告知实验过程中，他们所拥有的部分人权可能被侵犯。

一切如此真实，为的是让双方可以真正进入预置的角色。津巴多的模拟监狱应该不会发生什么骇人听闻的事情，毕竟这批所谓的看守和囚犯都是通过心理测试证明是“正常的、心理健康的”好人。津巴多也在1996年多伦多举行的讨论会上坦诚，在实验进行之前，觉得有可能只是无聊的两个星期。

实验开始的相遇是尴尬，毕竟对于看守和囚犯双方而言，都需要时间进入角色。无聊的时光如何打发？于是这群耳濡目染于当时美国反越战**的学生囚犯开始挑战权威：撕掉缝制于衣服身上的编号，把自己锁在牢房内不理会看守的命令，并取笑看守。

看守一下子变得不知所措，作为监狱长和实验负责人的津巴多则告知看守们要自行解决问题。于是看守们采取措施对囚犯进行“镇压”：脱光囚犯的衣服、把囚犯进行数个小时的禁闭、没收枕头和被褥、取消囚犯的进餐、强迫囚犯用手清洗马桶、进行俯卧撑或者一些没有任何意义的活动而羞辱囚犯、剥夺囚犯的睡眠、半夜把囚犯拉出来清点人数和进行各种屈辱性的活动。他们还采用了心理上的分化策略：服从管理的好囚犯会被提供特权，更好的牢房和伙食。

这些“正常的、心理健康”的好人“看守”学得好快，如果看过任何一部关于监狱电影的话，这都是看守的狱警常用的策略。随着实验进行，看守们采用的惩戒措施日益加重，以至于实验人员不得不对他们进行提醒。

在实验进行到36个小时的时候，一名囚犯因受到极度精神压力而出现哭泣、咒骂等各种各样的歇斯底里症状而退出了实验。实验仅仅进行了不到两天的时间，“正常的、心理健康”的一个好人已经被一群“正常的、心理健康的”好人折磨得濒临崩溃。

该名编号为8612的囚犯是第一天率领囚犯反抗和挑战看守权利的领导者，因此在看守们的反击中受到了“特别的照顾”。当一系列的惩罚加诸于身后，8612已经察觉这不是一场模拟的实验、一个虚拟的监狱，而是一个“不是由政府、而是由心理学家设置的真正监狱”。当8612向津巴多当面提出要求的时候，津巴多也已经完全进入了监狱长的角色，他考虑的已经不是8612的精神状态，而是如果8612退出，会引起更多人退出，实验就无法进行下去了。

于是津巴多像所有的监狱电影中的监狱长会做得一样，向8612承诺让看守不再折磨他，给他好的待遇，同时他提出一个浮士德式的交易：让8612回到监狱做他的眼线，向他提供监狱中的信息，如果同意，津巴多就会迟一点的时候“释放”8612。8612答应了津巴多，重新回到实验当中。当8612回到监狱中，其他的囚犯们开始意识到，他们无法退出，实验负责人员不会让他们退出实验。希望就此幻灭。

津巴多事后回忆他当时的判断，他觉得8612是心理上过于软弱，无法承受哪怕是一丁点的压力，毕竟实验只进行了大概一天的时间，怎么可能会那么快就要求退出实验呢？实验还有13天的时间啊！

作为实验设计者、心理学家的津巴多，本应客观地评价8612的状态，结果也被监狱长的角色所逐渐控制被影响他的判断。这种控制一直持续到第六天，直到一个局外人的出现，才把津巴多从监狱长的角色中“挽救”了出来。

而就在8612提出退出的当晚（36小时），当津巴多的研究生Craig Haney作为实验负责人之一轮值夜班时，发现8612“精神已经崩溃，强烈要求退出”，8612无法承受“看守们持续不断地骚扰，仅仅是因为他在第一天领导了囚犯对看守的对抗。”在同意8612离开监狱进行短暂的休息后，Craig Haney要做出一个外人看来很容易，但当时他感觉极度困难的决定：是同意8612离开还是拒绝他的要求？津巴多是他的导师和“老板”，午夜时分，不能够骚扰他的休息。同意？毕竟我只是个二年级的研究生，这个实验花费了大量的心血和资金进行筹备，让8612轻易退出便意味着实验设计受到影响，无疑结果的准确性也成疑问。但当前这个年轻人的状态是他们在设计实验时无法想象的，不放的话行吗？

经过一番挣扎后，Craig Haney还是决定同意8612退出实验。

津巴多和他的同事第二天早上回到了实验室，质疑为什么Craig Haney同意让8612退出实验。经过一番讨论之后，津巴多认可了Haney的决定。同时，在后备名单中，他们挑选了一位学生，让他在当天下午加入实验，填补8612的空缺。

而在斯坦福大学古老而庄严的心理学大楼地下室，敌对情绪日益升级：看守们还在继续着他们的游戏，想方设法折磨囚犯；囚犯们则继续承受着折磨，以行尸走肉般的顺从回应。这已经不是一场cosplay了，不是一次愉快的暑假回忆，不是一次舒服的打工经验，而是一次噩梦。在试验开始的时候，“看守和囚犯之间没有任何的差异性；而在试验持续了一周以后，他们之间已经没有任何的相似性了。”

魔鬼已经被释放出来了。它狞笑注视着这群曾经“健康的、心理正常”的好人，它让一些“看守们”沉醉于规训与惩罚的快感；让部分尽管心理感觉不对、但迫于角色与承诺所赋予的服从义务而不得不配合其他看守，从来没有提出过异议和反对，只是私下向囚犯提供帮助；它让仇恨在“囚犯”心中播种，以致试验结束之后，当“看守”们和“囚犯们”同坐一起讨论时，敌对的情绪让讨论变成了凶恶的对质，当他们在试验过程中接受试验人员的访谈和问卷调查时，他们呈现均是怀疑的情绪，在他们看来，这群最初友好善良的试验人员就是铁笼的制造者；它让本应客观的心理学家失去了判断。

试验一直持续到第六天。监狱情况渐进式的恶化启动了所有参与者的心理适应机制：一切都是正常的，一切都是如试验设计所安排的进行。连接替8612进入试验的代号为416的候补学生最初的“这是个疯人院”的印象也已经被“这理应是个疯人院”的看法所代替，尽管他最初的时候以绝食进行反抗，但经历了黑房幽禁、狱友在看守鼓动下对他进行羞辱的经历后，本应最是正常的他换来的是彻底的孤立，他的绝食对抗让看守和囚犯们从某种意义上站到了一起。

囚犯们以条件反射式的反应接受看守们的各种要求。也有些囚犯以“疯狂的表演”模仿8612，希望以此换取退出试验的机会：在试验的第三、第四和第五天，各有一名囚犯被同意退出了试验。第五名囚犯在退出的请求被拒绝后，全身出现皮疹的症状，最终退出了试验。

试验过程中，囚犯们实际上有大量的机会接触外界。在只持续了六天的试验中，大约有100多人以不同的身份接触这群囚犯：包括一名真正的典狱官，在接触了所有的囚犯后，他观察到这场模拟试验在这批学生囚犯身上造成的反应与首次坐牢的人非常相似；20多名心理系的学生从视频监视器和窗户中观察试验；24名囚犯的父母和朋友在探监的时间和囚犯接触，而其中一位母亲在探访之后寻访了一位神父，在神父找到了一位律师提供法律咨询如何让她的孩子脱离“斯坦福监狱”，这名律师在试验的最后一天与所有的囚犯进行了访谈。

这100多个人，包括看守和囚犯，试验的设计者、心理学家津巴多，都没有想过还有一个选择：中止试验。他们已经成为局中人，被困在以理性和科学为借口所编织的铁笼之中，无法脱身，唯有服从，扮演着各自的角色。

直到试验的第六天，一名年轻的女士的到访。

当Christina Maslach接到津巴多的邀请参与斯坦福监狱试验的研究项目时，心里为之一动。刚刚获得斯坦福大学心理学博士学位的她另一重身份，是津巴多的女友。但Christina已经获得了加州大学伯克莱分校助理教授的职务，正准备动身，分身无暇的她只好拒绝了爱人的邀请。

但她还是答应了津巴多帮忙做一些访谈。为了对访谈有所准备，她在试验进行了大约一周之后的周四晚上来到了斯坦福监狱。一开始的印象是平静，与其中一名看守进行了交谈之后，她的感觉是这是一位礼貌、友好和让人愉快的好人。

而这晚负责轮班的是昵称为John Wayne的看守，斯坦福监狱最“臭名昭著”的狱警。尽管耳闻John Wayne的作为，Christina见到了John Wayne之后却感到非常震惊（absolutely stunned）：与传闻相反，John Wayne是一个绝对的好人。但直到她开始试验观察时，看到的却是完全不同的一个人：他戴着黑色的墨镜，手持警棍，身穿制服，放声嚎叫，痛骂犯人，让犯人报数时表现出一种粗暴的态度。

当时正当洗浴时间。洗浴房在监狱外，看守把犯人用脚镣锁成一列，每个人都戴上头套，完全看不到环境的情况。再把他们带到洗浴房。津巴多通过观察窗看着发生在监狱的情形，兴奋地对他的女友说：“快来看，看一下现在要发生什么！”“看到没有，这场景是太棒了！”但Christina却把头转过去，不忍再看，心里充盈着一种冰凉而作呕的感觉：如此残暴的场景让她感觉到一种女性置身于男权世界所产生的无力感。

随后，离开了试验现场后，津巴多想要知道Christina对整个试验的评价。但他得到的却是出乎意料的愤怒、恐惧与泪水：“你对这些孩子做的事情太糟糕了！”辩论、争吵，Christina感到害怕，面前这个不再是她熟悉的爱人，那个以爱生如子闻名斯坦福的温柔而敏感的心理学家。他们之间的立场从来没有如此巨大的对立和分歧，他们之间的争吵从来没有如此剧烈，如此漫长，留下如此巨大的创伤，她甚至无法想象以后会和这样的一个人相处。

这场争吵的结果是津巴多最终屈服了，从他监狱长的角色、从他对试验理性的准确和客观的追求中脱身而出，向他的爱人道歉，并且决定在第二天早上终止试验。召集所有与试验相关的人一起，反省整个过程：一场模拟的试验是如何逐步演化成一个真正的监狱，一个如此严重的疯狂之地（madhouse）？

此刻，津巴多感到的不是失望，而是如释重负，如释重负的，还有他和Christina，当时他的女友，后来变成了他的妻子，之间的关系。

但真正让Christina后怕的，是她作为系统挑战者、不服从者的角色：如果她一直参与试验，她能够有如此巨大的感情触动吗？如果她参与了设计，每天目睹事情的发生而产生心理的适应性，眼前的这种疯人院会不会像所有其他参与试验项目的100多个人一样，变成一种正常? 她真的不能够做出肯定的回答。

就像莫罗的那句老话：“我们都是自身经历的囚徒（we are prisoner of our own experience）。” 目的：

调查人的虐待心理倾向是先天还是后天 参与者：

24个大学男学生（无入监经历，不吸毒，身体以及心理健康）作为酬劳一天15美元。地点：

调查人员在斯坦福大学心理系的地下室中建了一个模拟的监狱 过程：

参与者由警察逮捕，并押至试验地点。以抽签的形式将参与者分成两批，12个人为囚犯，12个人为狱警。囚犯将先脱掉衣服洒上除虱药粉，穿上类似于女人的连衣裙一样的白色袍，不能穿底裤，头戴丝袜，为每个人编号来代替名字，并且在右脚脚踝出有铰链。狱警则穿制服，有警棒，带不反光的墨镜（Cool Hand Luke)来防止目光接触。由于没有钟表也没有窗户，所以囚犯们并不知道时间。狱警可随自己喜好进行惩罚。研究小组在当地报纸上征集志愿者参与监狱生活的研究，为期两周，志愿者每天能得到15美元的报酬(相当于今天的75美元)。有70名应征者被招到斯坦福大学面试，接受一系列心理测试。这70个人都是美国的大学生。其中24名被认为非常健康、正常的人被选中。从24人中间随机抽出一半，让他们饰演监狱的看守，余下的一半饰演囚犯。志愿者们都说他们更愿意饰演囚犯，部分是因为他们无法想像自己毕业后会去做看守，但他们可以想像自己是在坐牢，并以为可以从这一经历中学到一些东西。志愿者们还被告知，如果被分派去饰演囚犯，他们可能会被剥夺公民权利，并且只能得到最低限度的饮食和医学护理。那些将饰演囚犯的人被告知在某个周日等在家里。在那一天，令他们感到吃惊的是，他们被真的警察“逮捕”了，随后被带到斯坦福大学心理学系地下室的模拟监狱。第一天，大家还相安无事，但“囚犯”第二天便发起了一场暴动，撕掉囚服上的编号、拒绝服从命令、取笑看守。津巴多要求看守们采取措施控制住局面，他们照着做了。他们采取的措施包括强迫囚犯做俯卧撑、脱光他们的衣服，拿走他们的饭菜、枕头、毯子和床、让他们空着手清洗马桶，关禁闭。最后局面完全失控。在第六天，当津巴多的同事克里斯丁（后来成为他的妻子）受邀来到实验场所进行观察。克里斯丁对于这项实验的道德进行了质疑。津巴多停止了实验。研究过程

1971年，8月14日，周日。美国加利福尼亚。一阵尖锐刺耳的警笛声划破了夏日清晨的宁静，警车在大学生汤米·怀特洛的家门口戛然而止。睡眼惺忪的汤米从床上被拉起来，警察向他宣读了逮捕令，他陷入了一桩罪行严重的案件。面无表情的警官向汤米口述了宪法赋予他的权利，经过搜身，汤米的双手被扣上了手铐，警车呼啸而去。一小时后，经过登记和留印指纹，汤米被蒙上眼睛，押送到斯坦福县监狱。在监狱里，他被脱光衣服，喷洒了消毒剂，穿上印有表示身份号码的囚服，汤米失去了自己的姓氏,变成了647号囚犯。另外8名大学生也这样遭到逮捕并被送到同一所监狱。所有这一切都是菲利普·津巴多（Philip George Zimbardo）一手策划并导演的。菲利普·津巴多出生于美国纽约，是当代著名心理学家，美国心理学会现任主席，斯坦福大学教授，曾获普通心理学终生成就奖。为了探究社会环境对人的行为究竟会产生何种程度的影响，以及社会制度能在何种方式控制个体行为，主宰个体人格、价值观念和信念、津巴多博士在报纸上发布了一则广告：“寻找大学生参加监狱生活实验。酬劳是每天15美元，期限为两周。”结果共有70人报名，经过一系列医学和心理学测试，24名身心健康、遵纪守法、情绪稳定的年轻人入选。他们被随机分成三组： 9名犯人，9名看守，6名候补。汤米和其他8名大学生就成了“罪犯”，于是发生了开头的那一幕。一切准备就绪，“斯坦福监狱实验(Stanford Prison Experiment，SPE)”开始。8月14日

星期天。身穿笔挺帅气的卡其制服，胸前挂着口哨，戴着深色Ray—Ben(雷朋)太阳镜，腰里别着警棍和手铐，9名看守的装扮绝对可以乱真。不过这些“看守”没有受过任何专门的职业训练，对如何做监狱看守员，他们只是从电视、报刊杂志上见过。在前一天，津巴多教授以管理者的身份对9名看守们做出如下要求：所作所为尽可能贴近真实，但不能使用暴力维持监狱秩序。具体负责实验者也进行了交代，看守的职责就是“维持监狱法律和秩序”，但不要把“罪犯”的胡言乱语，（例如“罪犯”说，禁止使用暴力、不要侵犯人权之类)当回事。周日上午，看守们兴奋而紧张地期待着“囚犯”的到来。当这些穿着白色囚服的犯人站到他们面前时，他们已经丧失了真实姓名，不叫汤米、保尔或是约翰，而是“647”、“981”或“5705”，9名囚犯均戴有脚镣，为的是让他们尽快进入角色。这个方法奏效了。8月15日

星期一。刚刚过了第一天，看守便实施了第一次惩罚：如果有谁忘记指示或床铺整理得不合格，就要做10个、20个或是30个俯卧撑。监狱里立刻弥漫出紧张气氛。整个上午，囚犯们都把自己关在牢房中，不愿意接受这样的体罚。面对反抗，看守们毫不让步，他们用灭火器喷射囚犯，将他们赤身裸体地锁在床腿上，有些囚犯还被关了数小时禁闭。这一切超出了囚犯的承受极限，“8412”号囚犯大叫“我受不了！”开始失声痛哭。不过这一切来得太快了！到底是真戏假作，还是确实真的精神崩溃？甚至连津巴博士多也没了主意。最终，实验组只好决定让这名“囚犯”退出实验 8月16日

星期二。实验监狱重新恢复了平静。但犯人一个个都没精打采，包括替换“8412”号新来的囚犯。整个监狱简直成了臭气熏天肮脏无比的猪圈。这是必然的，为了惩罚反叛者，看守不允许他们上厕所。与此同时，试验者又放风来，说被放出的“8412”号囚犯将尝试帮助狱友越狱，从而使看守们草木皆兵，监狱中的紧张气氛达到顶点。有3名囚犯开始出现情绪激动、思维混乱的应激症状，当1名囚犯听到假释委员会拒绝他的假释请求时，竟然全身起了皮疹。8月17日

星期三。监狱里虽没有正面冲突，但紧张气氛依旧。看守们的惩罚措施越来越别出心裁。他们开始强迫犯人玩跳山羊，这对于只穿囚服而没有穿内衣的犯人来说不啻一种侮辱。此外，他们还有的强迫犯人背着两名狱友做俯卧撑，这时一名犯人出现了严重的歇斯底里症状。津巴多教授发现后，没有任何迟疑便将其释放，并马上找人替代了他。三天内已经有五人退出!8月18日

星期四。实验继续，看守看似更加无所顾忌，虐待不断升级，不公正的处罚相继上演，又有两名犯人达到精神崩溃的边缘。津巴多自己的日子也不好过，当他的女友克里斯蒂娜·玛丝拉奇来实验现场，眼前的景象让她错愕不已。她愤慨地对津巴多说：“你在折磨这些男孩子，这简直太可怕了！”

津巴多听到后，信心也有些动摇了，但仍想将实验进行下去。直到他发现看守们有玩出新的花样，强迫两个“囚犯”模仿动物交配。这大大超出了津巴多容忍的极限，监控屏幕前的他被这一幕惊呆了，侮辱和暴力已经达到无可复加！他下决心结束这一切，第二天一早，他便宣布实验结束，比预期提前了9天!结论：

后天原因，由于监狱的特殊环境使得狱警的行为更加暴力，到后期有些严重的甚至以惩罚犯人为乐。由于社会的多方干扰，该实验不得不被迫提前结束。事实上只进行了6天。作为囚犯的参与者称之为可怕的梦魇。也对他们造成了不同程度上的伤害。这个实验也导致了关于监狱虐待一条新法律的诞生。个人的性情并不像我们想像得那般重要，善恶之间并非不可逾越，环境的压力会让好人做出可怕的事情。“在实验开始的时候，两组人之间没有任何区别，不到两个星期之后，他们之间已经变得没有共同之处了。”尤其显著的是，囚犯们怀疑分组并不是随机的，他们认为看守的个子比他们高。(其实两组人的平均身高是一样的。)津巴多试图用他的实验解释很多问题，包括飞行事故、人在面对恶行时的无动于衷、护士对病人的不当处置以及自杀式袭击者和恐怖分子的行为。由于对自己角色的认识，护士会过度服从医生的安排，哪怕明知医生开出的剂量远远大于规定的剂量；有四分之一的飞行事故的起因都是由于副机长过于服从机长的错误判断。

津巴多虽然强调人们容易受到环境的影响而作恶，但他乐观地指出，按照他的“十步法”，人们同样能够顶住压力，英勇地违抗“路西法效应”。先是承认自己的错误，最后是拒绝为了所谓的人身安全而牺牲自由，相信自己能够反对任何不公正的制度。他举的道德英雄包括抵抗麦卡锡主义、种族隔离、反对越战的人。

有一个问题是，当津巴多说好人变成了坏人时，那些“坏人”并不认为自己成了坏人，他们要么认为受害者罪有应得，要么认为自己只是采用了恶的手段来实现其正当的目的，用目的的合理性为自己采取的手段辩护——虐囚的士兵是为了获取反恐所需的情报，恐怖分子是为了民族解放，在他们的同仁眼里他们也是道德英雄。这根本上是不同的善之间的冲突，而不是善和恶之间的冲突，已经超出了心理学的范畴。

不到一周的时间，这个实验便让9名身心健康、遵纪守法、毫无犯罪前科，具有大学文化知识的年轻人，变成了冷酷无情的看守警察。到底什么原因呢？津巴多教授认为这是多种因素共同作用的结果。实验开始时，拥有绝对权力的实验指导者就指定了好人与坏人的界限——看守警察与囚犯。“坏人”是社会的败类、是人渣、不配被当作人来看待, 他们的名字不仅被剥夺，由数字取而代之，而且对待他们可以像动物一样被铁链束缚„„相反，“好人”则被授予了武器和权力。“一旦你穿上制服，就好像开始扮演一个角色，你不再是你自己，你的所作所为要与这身制服所代表的职责相匹配。”其中一个看守如此说道。尽管参与实验的大学生们都没有参观过真实的监狱，也从未因犯罪入狱有过牢狱体验，但仅在短短的6天之中，他们便学会了某些东西，知道了权势者和无权势者之间应该如何互动。作为权势者和管教者的看守，通过管理囚犯的职责，取得了限制囚犯的自由，掌握了处置囚犯举止行为的特殊意志，使囚犯的一言一行，一举一动尽在自己的把握之中。他们发现，通过强制原则，会高度、有效地完成自己所担任角色的任务，包括公开地惩罚违反规定的行为。例如，在实验中一位“看守”说，“我觉得自己不可思议„„我让他们互相喊对方的名字，还让他们用手去擦洗厕所。我真的把‘罪犯’看作是牲畜，而且我一直在想，我必须看住他们，以免他们做坏事。”另一位“看守”补充说，“我一到‘罪犯’所在的牢房就烦，他们穿着破衣服，牢房里满是难闻的气味。在我们的命令面前，他们相对而泣。他们没有把这些只是当作一次实验，一切好像是真的，尽管他们还在尽力保持自己原来的身份，但我们总是向他们表明我们才是上司，这使他们的努力收效甚微。”

作为无权势者的囚犯面对权势者所建立的监狱与狱规（可以延伸至类似监狱情境的社会结构），囚犯们只能“回应”——这种“回应”只能遭致两种选择：反抗或是顺从。前者，带来的是惩罚；后者导致的是自主性和尊严的丧失。就在试验的第三天，“罪犯”们竟然开始相信“看守”经常对他们说的，他们真的低人一等、无法改变现状。

在“斯坦福监狱实验”过程中，津巴多博士目睹了令人震惊的情形：在一定的社会情境下，好人也会犯下暴行。这种人的性格的变化被他称之为“路西法效应” ——上帝最宠爱的天使路西法后来堕落成了第一位堕天使，被赶出天堂。

第五篇：Jobs斯坦福演讲稿中英文

前苹果公司CEO乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲稿[中英] I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.I never graduated from college.Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That's it.No big deal.Just three stories.我今天很荣幸能和你们一起参加毕业典礼，斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一。我从来没有从大学中毕业。说实话,今天也许是在我的生命中离大学毕业最近的一天了。今天我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三个故事而已。The first story is about connecting the dots.第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点点滴滴串连起来。

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out?

我在里德大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在十八个月以后——我真正的作出退学决定之前,我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢？

It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.故事从我出生的时候讲起。我的亲生母亲是一个年轻的,没有结婚的大学毕业生。她决定让别人收养我, 她十分想让我被大学毕业生收养。所以在我出生的时候，她已经做好了一切的准备工作，能使得我被一个律师和他的妻子所收养。但是她没有料到,当我出生之后,律师夫妇突然决定他们想要一个女孩。所以我的生养父母（他们还在我亲生父母的观察名单上）突然在半夜接到了一个电话:―我们现在这儿有一个不小心生出来的男婴,你们想要他吗？‖他们回答道:―当然！‖但是我亲生母亲随后发现，我的养母从来没有上过大学,我的父亲甚至从没有读过高中。她拒绝签这个收养合同。只是在几个月以后,我的父母答应她一定要让我上大学,那个时候她才同意。

And 17 years later I did go to college.But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition.After six months, I couldn't see the value in it.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.在十七岁那年,我真的上了大学。但是我很愚蠢的选择了一个几乎和你们斯坦福大学一样贵的学校, 我父母还处于蓝领阶层，他们几乎把所有积蓄都花在了我的学费上面。在六个月后, 我已经看不到其中的价值所在。我不知道我想要在生命中做什么,我也不知道大学能帮助我找到怎样的答案。但是在这里，我几乎花光了我父母这一辈子的所有积蓄。所以我决定要退学,我觉得这是个正确的决定。不能否认,我当时确实非常的害怕, 但是现在回头看看,那的确是我这一生中最棒的一个决定。在我做出退学决定的那一刻, 我终于可以不必去读那些令我提不起丝毫兴趣的课程了。然后我还可以去修那些看起来有点意思的课程。

It wasn't all romantic.I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.I loved it.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.Let me give you one example:

但是这并不是那么罗曼蒂克。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房间的地板上面睡觉,我去捡5美分的可乐瓶子，仅仅为了填饱肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna寺庙（注：位于纽约Brooklyn下城）,只是为了能吃上饭——这个星期唯一一顿好一点的饭。但是我喜欢这样。我跟着我的直觉和好奇心走, 遇到的很多东西,此后被证明是无价之宝。让我给你们举一个例子吧：

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.里德大学在那时提供也许是全美最好的美术字课程。在这个大学里面的每个海报, 每个抽屉的标签上面全都是漂亮的美术字。因为我退学了, 没有受到正规的训练, 所以我决定去参加这个课程，去学学怎样写出漂亮的美术字。我学到了san serif 和serif字体, 我学会了怎么样在不同的字母组合之中改变空格的长度, 还有怎么样才能作出最棒的印刷式样。那是一种科学永远不能捕捉到的、美丽的、真实的艺术精妙, 我发现那实在是太美妙了。

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.当时看起来这些东西在我的生命中，好像都没有什么实际应用的可能。但是十年之后,当我们在设计第一台Macintosh电脑的时候,就不是那样了。我把当时我学的那些家伙全都设计进了Mac。那是第一台使用了漂亮的印刷字体的电脑。如果我当时没有退学, 就不会有机会去参加这个我感兴趣的美术字课程, Mac就不会有这么多丰富的字体，以及赏心悦目的字体间距。那么现在个人电脑就不会有现在这么美妙的字型了。当然我在大学的时候，还不可能把从前的点点滴滴串连起来,但是当我十年后回顾这一切的时候,真的豁然开朗了。

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in somethingthat I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me.I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly.I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley.But something slowly began to dawn on me – I still loved what I did.The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit.I had been rejected, but I was still in love.And so I decided to start over.在最初的几个月里，我真是不知道该做些什么。我把从前的创业激情给丢了, 我觉得自己让与我一同创业的人都很沮丧。我和David Pack和Bob Boyce见面，并试图向他们道歉。我把事情弄得糟糕透顶了。但是我渐渐发现了曙光, 我仍然喜爱我从事的这些东西。苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这些, 一点也没有。我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱它。所以我决定从头再来。

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.我当时没有觉察, 但是事后证明, 从苹果公司被炒是我这辈子发生的最棒的事情。因为，作为一个成功者的极乐感觉被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替: 对任何事情都不那么特别看重。这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world.In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance.And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.在接下来的五年里, 我创立了一个名叫NeXT的公司, 还有一个叫Pixar的公司, 然后和一个后来成为我妻子的优雅女人相识。Pixar 制作了世界上第一个用电脑制作的动画电影——―‖玩具总动员‖,Pixar现在也是世界上最成功的电脑制作工作室。在后来的一系列运转中,Apple收购了NeXT, 然后我又回到了Apple公司。我们在NeXT发展的技术在Apple的复兴之中发挥了关键的作用。我还和Laurence 一起建立了一个幸福的家庭。

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple.It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick.Don't lose faith.I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.You've got to find what you love.And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers.Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.If you haven't found it yet, keep looking.Don't settle.As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it.And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on.So keep looking until you find it.Don't settle.我可以非常肯定,如果我不被Apple开除的话, 这其中一件事情也不会发生的。这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要这个药。有些时候, 生活会拿起一块砖头向你的脑袋上猛拍一下。不要失去信心。我很清楚唯一使我一直走下去的，就是我做的事情令我无比钟爱。你需要去找到你所爱的东西。对于工作是如此, 对于你的爱人也是如此。你的工作将会占据生活中很大的一部分。你只有相信自己所做的是伟大的工作, 你才能怡然自得。如果你现在还没有找到, 那么继续找、不要停下来、全心全意的去找, 当你找到的时候你就会知道的。就像任何真诚的关系, 随着岁月的流逝只会越来越紧密。所以继续找，直到你找到它，不要停下来！

My third story is about death.我的第三个故事是关于死亡的。

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.当我十七岁的时候, 我读到了一句话:―如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去生活的话,那么有一天你会发现你是正确的。‖这句话给我留下了深刻的印象。从那时开始,过了33年,我在每天早晨都会对着镜子问自己:―如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你会不会完成你今天想做的事情呢？‖当答案连续很多次被给予―不是‖的时候, 我知道自己需要改变某些事情了。

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.Because almost everything – all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failurewhich is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.你们的时间是有限的，所以不要将它们浪费在重复其他人的生活上。不要被教条束缚，那意味着你和其他人思考的结果一起生活。不要被其他人喧嚣的观点掩盖你真正的内心的声音。还有重要的是，你要有勇气去听从你的直觉和心灵的指示----它们在某种程度上知道你想要成为什么样子，所有其他的事情都是次要的。

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notion。

当我年轻的时候，有一本叫做“世界导览”的精彩杂志，它是我们那一代人的圣经之一。它是一个叫斯图尔特.Brand的家伙在离这里不远的menlo公园书写的，他象诗一般神奇地将这本书带到了这个世界。那是六十年代后期，在个人电脑出现之前，所以这本书全部都是打字机、剪刀还有偏光镜制造的。有点像用软皮包装的google,在google出现35年之前；这是理想主义的，其中有许多灵巧的工具和伟大的想法。Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.斯图尔特和他的伙伴出版了几期“世界导览”，当它完成了自己使命的时候，他们做出了最后一期。那是在七十年代的中期，你们的时代。在最后一期的封底上是清晨乡村公路的照片，就像你冒险搭便车的那一类公路，在照片下方有这样一段话：“求知若饥，虚心若愚”，这是他们停止发刊的告别语。“求知若饥，虚心若愚”，我总是希望自己能够那样，现在在你们即将毕业，开始新的旅程的时候，我也希望你们能这样。Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.求知若饥，虚心若愚 Thank you all very much.非常感谢大家