第一篇：高考二轮复习英语教案：专题十 定语从句
高考二轮复习英语教案
专题十 定语从句
【专题要点】定语从句要点概述：1.关系代词和关系副词的区别。当先行词是时间或地点时，如何判断用关系副词when, where还是which或that；2.when,where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别；3.“介词+关系代词which/whom”引导的定语从句，关键要找准先行词或定语从句中的谓语动词的固定搭配；4.that, which引导定语从句的区别；5.as引导的定语从句；6.such---as与such---that的区别；the same----as/that的用法；7.the way作先行词时用that/in which引导或省略that或in which；8.that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
【考纲要求】对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。
【教法指引】定语从句是高中英语学习的重要语法项目之一，在高考各个题型中都有可能会涉及到。它的结构和用法比较复杂，是高中阶段英语学习的一个重点，也是高考英语常考的一个考点，是历年高考的热点，掌握定语从句对于语言理解和运用具有重要的意义。对定语从句的考查角度较多，分析近几年的高考试题发现：从从句类型上看，考查非限制定语从句，限制性定语从句；从关系词上看，关系代词which，关系副词where，关系副词when均有考查；从介词+关系代词方面，也有涉及。当然不管从那个方面考查，只要弄清定语从句的有关概念就可以“以不变应万变”。因此教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意： 1．了解有关定语从句的所有语法规则，弄清从句中关系代词和关系副词的区别。2．分清及物动词和不及物动词，判断句子结构是否完整，注意句子中逗号的语法作用。3．注意先行词的特殊性和关系代词的选择，依据先行词来选择“介词+关系代词”的结构。4.加强有关定语从句的理解和练习。
【知识网络】
定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分
用于限制从句或非限制性从句
只用于限制性从句
代替人
代替物
代替人或物 主语
Who
which
that 主语
Whom
which
that 宾语
Whose（=of whom）whose（=of which）This is the detective who came from London.The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.The desk whose leg is broken is very old.This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2.关系代词的用法
（1）如果先行词是all，much，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which.例如： All the people that are present burst into tears.（2）如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，mush，no，some，very等词修饰，关系代词常用that，不用which，who，或whom.例如：
（3）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that，作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election，most of whom、are well educated.（4）which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition，which made his parents very happy.（5）that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
（6）which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征。品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
（7）如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which；若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who.（8）先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that.例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.（9）如果先行词是anyone，anybody，everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用which.例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you？ 3.“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构
（1）“介词＋关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”结构中的介词可以是
in，on，about，from，for，with，to at，of，without 等，关系代词只可用whom或
which，不可用that.（2）from where为“介词＋关系副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill，from where we can see the town…（3）像listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.（2）
二、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间。地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。2.that可引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因
That有时可以代替关系副词 when，where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因，在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1.二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词。关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
（1）弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语。宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
3.先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
1）This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about…… 2）He was the only person in this country who was invited
四、as在定语从句中的用法
1.引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
（1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。（2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which.例如： The elephant's nose is like a snake，as anybody can see.（3）the same---that与 the same---as在意思上是不同的。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面。中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：（1）As is expected，the England team won the football match.（2）The earth runs around the sun，as is known by everyone.3.as, which的比较
1).在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用 They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.2).如从句在主句之前，用as As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.3).如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有“正如．．．”“就象．．．”之意时，用as We won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.4).当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书(比较：This is the
same book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.5).当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用which The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraced.6).as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.As we know from his accent, he is an American.He, as we know from his accent, is an American.As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.
第二篇：2010高考二轮复习英语教案——专题九 名词性从句
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题九 名词性从句
【专题要点】名词性从句考点概览：1.that和what引导名词性从句的区别；2.名词从句的语序和时态；3.it作形式宾语的几种情况；4.that从句作介词宾语；5.宾语从句的否定转移； 6.whether和if的用法区别；7.what在名词性从句中的使用；8.doubt后的名词性从句的使用。【考纲要求】考纲明确要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法；一些易混引导词的辨析；句子的语序、否定前移；名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。【教法指引】名词性从句一直很受高考命题者的关注，分析近五年来的名词性从句的考点，从出题者的角度，就是要考察名词性从句中的语序以及引导词之间的区别。有时候，会结合插入语或名词与同位语隔开，或使句子结构复杂化等使得难度增加。其实，总的难度和变化都不大。但是从考生的角度来说，如果考生对句子结构掌握不过硬，对某些词或词组的用法不了解，就会容易造成和定语从句、状语从句的混淆，造成根本环节的误判而用其他从句的规则去解题。造成丢分，为此，在复习备考中教师可以按照如下要求做好指导： 1.扎实做好名词性从句基本用法的复习；
2．小心辨析，采用对比分析法，从结构和句意两方面分析定语从句和名词性从句，尤其是定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
2．从结构入手，分析名词性从句和状语从句之间的关系及区别。3．加强名词性从句引导词各自意义，用法，特点的辨析。4．加强长、难句的分析和理解练习。
【知识网络】
名词性从句的用法
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连词：that（无任何词意）
whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever, whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词：
1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：
whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1.whether引导主语从句并在句首； 2.引导表语从句
3.whether从句作介词宾语；
4.从句后有“or not” Whether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二.具体分类
1、主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that…
It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…
2、宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如： I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。2.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如： I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if： a.引导主语从句并在句首时；b.引导表语从句时；c.引导从句作介词宾语时；d.从句后有“or
not”时；e.后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用 不同时态。例如：
he studies English every day.（从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term.（从句用一般过去时）
I know(that)he will study English next year.（从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998.（从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如： We don’t think you are here.我们认为你不在这。I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。
3、表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’s just what I want.这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
4、同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
三、对比与用法
1、同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
2、That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b.It + be +-ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 从所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是…… d.It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。
3、否定转移
1)将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I don't think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you weren't ill.我想你没有生病吧。
2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
第三篇：XX高考二轮复习英语教案- 名词性从句
XX高考二轮复习英语教案: 名词性从句
010高考二轮复习英语教案:名词性从句
【专题要点】名词性从句考点概览：1that和hat引导名词性从句的区别；2名词从句的语序和时态；3it作形式宾语的几种情况；4that从句作介词宾语；宾语从句的否定转移；
6hether和if的用法区别；7hat在名词性从句中的使用；8dubt后的名词性从句的使用。
【考纲要求】考纲明确要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法；一些易混引导词的辨析；句子的语序、否定前移；名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。
【教法指引】名词性从句一直很受高考命题者的关注，分析近五年来的名词性从句的考点，从出题者的角度，就是要考察名词性从句中的语序以及引导词之间的区别。有时候，会结合插入语或名词与同位语隔开，或使句子结构复杂化等使得难度增加。其实，总的难度和变化都不大。但是从考生的角度来说，如果考生对句子结构掌握不过硬，对某些词或词组的用法不了解，就会容易造成和定语从句、状语从句的混淆，造成根本环节的误判而用其他从句的规则去解题。造成丢分，为此，在复习备考中教师可以按照如下要求做好指导：
扎实做好名词性从句基本用法的复习；
2．小心辨析，采用对比分析法，从结构和句意两方面分析定语从句和名词性从句，尤其是定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
2．从结构入手，分析名词性从句和状语从句之间的关系及区别。
3．加强名词性从句引导词各自意义，用法，特点的辨析。
4．加强长、难句的分析和理解练习。
【知识网络】
名词性从句的用法
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句+d”，常用的句型有：
Itisneessarthat…
Itisapitthat…
Itissuggestedthat…
2、宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
HehastldethatheillgtShanghaitrr他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
eustneverthinearegdineverthinghilethersaregdinnthing我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在deand、rder、suggest、deide、insist,desire,request,and等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（shuld）+动词原形”。例如：
Iinsistthatshedherralne我坚持要她自己工作。
Theanderrderedthattrpssetffatne司令员命令部队马上出发。
2用
h，h,hih,hse,hat,hen,here,h,h,hever,hatever,hihever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
Ianttnhathehastldu我想知道他告诉了你什么。
Shealasthinsfhsheanrell她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
Sheillgiveheverneedshelpaarsupprt凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
3用hether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，hether与if在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用hether，不用if：
a引导主语从句并在句首时；b引导表语从句时；引导从句作介词宾语时；d从句后有“rnt”时；e后接动词不定式时。例如：
hetherthereislifenthenisaninterestingquestin月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Thequestinishethersheshuldhavealpininfthetest?
Everthingdependsnhetherehaveenughne一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
Inderhetherheillernt我想知道他来还是不来。
anutellehethertgrtsta?你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。例如：
hestudiesEnglisheverda（从句用一般现在时）
hestudiedEnglishlastter（从句用一般过去时）
InheillstudEnglishnextear（从句用一般将来时）
hehasstudiedEnglishsine1998（从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（uld,uld除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
TheteahertldusthatThadleftusfrAeria．
thin,believe,iagine,suppse等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
edn’tthinuarehere我们认为你不在这。
Idn’tbelieveheillds我相信他不会这样做。
3、表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句。例如：
Thefatisthatehavelstthegae事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’susthatIant这正是我想要的。
Thisishereurprblelies这就是我们的问题所在。
Thatishhedidn’tettheeeting那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
Itlsasifitisgingtrain看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reasn时，表语从句要用that引导而不是beause。例如：
Thereasnhheaslateasthatheissedthetrainbneinutethisrning
【点拨】hether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
4、同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advie、deand、dubt、fat、hpe、idea、infratin、essage、nes、rder、prble、prise、questin、request、suggestin、truth、ish、rd等。例如：
Thenesthatenthegaeisexiting 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
Ihavenideahenheillebahe我不知道他什么时候回来。
Thethughtaethithatarhadprbablfallenill他想到可能玛丽生病了。
三、对比与用法、同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
Ihadnideathatuerehere．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Haveugttheidea
（that）thisbgivesuflifeinanientGreee？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
2、That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
aIt+be+形容词+that-从句
Itisneessarthat… 有必要……
Itisiprtantthat… 重要的是……
Itisbviusthat… 很明显……
bIt+be+-ed分词+that-从句
Itisbelievedthat… 人们相信……
Itisnntallthat… 从所周知……
Ithasbeendeidedthat… 已决定……
It+be+名词+that-从句
Itisnnledgethat… ……是常识
Itisasurprisethat… 令人惊奇的是……
Itisafatthat… 事实是……
dIt+不及物动词+that-分句
Itappearsthat… 似乎……
Ithappensthat… 碰巧……
Iturredtethat… 我突然想起……
Itisquitelearthatthehlepretisdedtfailure
很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It'sapitthatushuldhavetleave
你非走不可真是憾事。
3、否定转移)将thin,believe,suppse,expet,fan,iagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
Idn'tthinInu 我想我并不认识你。
Idn'tbelieveheille 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hpe,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
Ihpeueren'till我想你没有生病吧。
2)将see,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
Itdesn'tseethatthenheretg
看来他们不知道往哪去。
Itdesn'tappearthate'llhaveasunndatrr
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
第四篇：2010高考二轮复习英语教案
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【专题要点】非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下：1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语；2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语；3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语；5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别；6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别；8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；10.独立主格结构在句中作状语； 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。
【考纲要求】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式；在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。
【教法指引】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别；2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式；3.非谓语动词完成式的用法；4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语；5.非谓语动词用作目的状语；6.非谓语动词用作结果状语；7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题；9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题；10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构；11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。
对于独立主格结构的复习，教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。【知识网络】 非谓语动词用法
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人„„的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到„„”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对„„感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 【口诀记忆】
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动答应选计划 同意请求帮一帮，愿望似乎就没有，碰巧承担常努力。attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有„倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 【口诀记忆】
考虑建议盼原谅，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 【口诀记忆】 想起忘记常后悔
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do打算，有意要„ mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．
10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光
determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要求不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。
3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ 5．不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too„to, too„not to , but/only too„ to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构（1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有„，只能„”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式 连用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如： He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。8.非谓语动词的特殊结构
有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度。1）现在分词的独立结构
judging from / by„, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的独立结构
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)动词原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作连词的分词considering（考虑到，就„而言），providing / provided „假如，supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。
独立主格结构
一、概念：
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、功能：
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式：
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
四、举例：
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing;表原因）
2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）
3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed;表状态）
4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）
5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（借此结构；表伴随）
6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）
五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：
⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。
⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。
2、还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：
⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）
六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：
⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。
⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：
⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了
七、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）
——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）
1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）必背：
含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的
八、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A． with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B． with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：
在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
九、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1．表示时间 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不 是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
第五篇：2008届高考定语从句复习教案
2008届高考定语从句复习教案
（一）(2007-11-25 14:46:14)标签：学习公社 2008届高考定语
2008届高考定语从句复习教案
（一）1．概念
1.1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
1.2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关 系 词 所 指 先 行 词 在 从 句 中 所 担 成分 关系代词 that 事，物，人，时间，地点，原因主，表，宾 which 事，物，人，时间，地点，原因主，表，宾 who 人主，表，宾 whom 人表，宾 whose 事，物，人定 as 事，物，人主，表，宾 关系副词 when 时间状 where 地点状 why 原因 状 2．高考热点 2.1 which 关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句，可代替上句的整个句子内容，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of course, made the others unhappy.A.who B.which C.this D.what 简析: A不能指代一句话的内容，C、D不能引导定语从句。
② Garol said the work should be done by October,________ personally, I doubt very much..A.It B.that C.when D.which 简析:A不能引导定语从句，B不能引导非限定性定语从句，.when 是副词，不能作doubt的宾语。2.2 as 关系代词as引导非限定性定语从句，也可代替整个句子内容，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，它引导的非限定性定语从句可放于句首。
③_____ is know to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once very month.A.It B.As C.That D.What 简析:A、D不能引导定语从句，C不能引导非限定性定语从句。
④_______is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing.A.Which B.As C.That D.It 简析: D不能引导定语从句，C不能引导非限定性定语从句, 虽说which、as都可以引导非限定性定语从句，又可代替整个句子内容，但有下列区别:（见 as 与which的用法区别）
1）as引导的非限定性定语从句可放于句首, 而which引导的不能。2）as引导的定性定语从句有“正如”之意，而which引导的没有。2.3 when 关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。
⑤The film brought the hours back to me _______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.A.until B.that C.when D.where 简析: A不能引导定语从句，B不能引导非限定性定语从句, where修饰表地点的名词，而此题的先行词则是表时间的hours。
⑥It was an exciting moment for these football fans this years, _____ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.A.that B.while C.which D.when 简析: A不能引导非限定性定语从句，B不能引导定语从句 , C虽说可以引导非限定性定语从句，但其先行词是物，或是代替整个句子内容，而此题的先行词是表示时间的an exciting moment.2.4 where 关系副词 Where引导定从时, 只能在定从中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示地点的名词。
⑦After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town_____ he grew up as a child.A.which B.where C.that D.when 简析: 在定语从句中判断用关系代词还是用关系副词，需要弄明白在从句中需要什么语法成分，也就是说，要看关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分，本题的定语从句中少地点状语，先行词又是表地点的名词，故应选B。2.5介词+关系代词（详见3.6）
当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”, 指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略，介词的选择要遵循两个原则： 1）根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。2）根据先行词特殊用法而定。
⑧Alec asked the policemen ______ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A.with him B.who C.with whom D.whom ⑨The gentleman ______ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A.who B.about whom C.whom D.with whom 3．定语从句的注意点 3.1 which和 that用法辨异 3.1.1通常只能用that的情况
①当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, few, none, , anything, nothing，everything等时(something后可以用which)。
②先行词既指人又指物时.They talked about things and persons that they remembered。
③先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
④先行词被the very, the only, the last, any, every, no ,all修饰时。
⑤先行词是疑问词who, what, which时或先行词 在由which, who引导的特殊疑问句中时。Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? *⑥关系词在从句中作表语时。
He is not that man that he was.（他已不是过去的他了）=He is not what he used to be.3.1.2通常只能用which的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时。
②如果句中有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that,另一个最好用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.③先行词本身就是that时。
I have that which you gave me.我有你给的那个。④介词之后须用which.This is the one of which I’m speaking.这就是我所讲的那个。3.2 只能用who 的情况
①先行词是指人的不定代词one, ones, nobody, everyone, anyone或all时。②先行词是those和people时。③在there be开头的句中。
④先行词指人时后有一个较长的定语或被其他成分隔开时。⑤在非限制性定语从句中。
3.3 as和which用法辨异（代替主句整个内容）3.3.1只能用as的情况
①as通常与the same, such, so或as搭配使用。②位于句首的定语从句用as引导。
③as常解释为“正如...的那样”, “ 正像...”。如：as is known to all, as we all know, as(it)often happens, as has been said before, as was expected, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as is reported in the newspaper等 *④as 引导的从句在意义上不能与主句相抵触，而which不受此限制。试比较： He did the experiment successfully, as had been expected.He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.3.3.2只能用which的情况
①充当定语从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词是联系动词或被动语态时用as, which都可以，从句的谓语是行为动词时只用which。②接在介词后面时只用which。
③当从句的谓语是否定形式或接一个复合宾语时，只能用which。He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite strange.3.4 the same...as 和 the same...that的用法辨异.①That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类事物）
②That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。（指原物）3.5 the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。3.6介词+which/whom/whose 考点1 简单介词+关系代词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom, 指物时只能用which；介词选择的依据主要是根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定；或者以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定，并且含有介词的短语动词不能拆开，介词仍然放在动词之后。
高考考例：
1.(2004全国卷)The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _______ the sailing time was 226 days.A.of which B.during which C.from which D.for which
解析：关系代词which指代the journey, 定语从句恢复为独立的句子是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.故答案选A。
2.(2004全国卷)The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which
解析：本句主句部分应是The English play at the New Year's party was a great success.从句补全为独立的句子是:My students acted in the play.故答案选C。
3.(2004上海卷)American women usually identify their best friend as someone _______ they can talk frequently.A.who B.as C.about which D.with whom
解析：先行词为someone,被关系代词whom代替在从句中作talk with 的宾语，介词with 可以放在关系代词之前，identify...as...意为“把„„当作„„”，故答案选D。考点2 复杂介词+关系代词
知识归纳： 用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。例如：
①We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.②Is there a certain test by means of which the No.1 will be decided? 考点3 简单介词+关系代词+名词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词有which, whose。介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义。
高考考例：
(1995上海)In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m._______ time many people have gone home.A.whose B.that C.on which D.by which 解析：介词by表示时间的意思是“到那时为止”。这句话的意思是“在办公室里，我似乎直到下午5：30才有空，那时许多人都已经回家了”。故答案选D。This is the boss in whose company his elder sister is working.考点4 the+ 名词+of+关系代词
知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系, 口语中常用“whose + 名词”代替。非正式文体中可以用“of which the +名词”。
高考考例：
(2000上海)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose
解析：答案选B。本题就是一个考查the+ 名词+of+关系代词结构的一个典型例子。这里the price of which指代the price of the vase, 答案也可以是whose price。考点5 表示部分的词语＋of＋关系代词
知识归纳：此时，指人的关系代词只能是whom, 指事物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any；数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词+名词；the +最高级/比较级；以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter等。
高考考例：
1.(2004湖北卷)There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A.the larger B.the larger of them C.the larger one that D.the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings;B选项缺少一个连词。
2.(2004辽宁卷)The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.A.of which B.which of C.of them D.of that
解析：答案为A。80% of which指代的是80% of the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的50万双鞋子有80%都是销往国外的。3.7 定语从句和同位语从句之间的区别
3.7.1定语从句的先行词是名词和代词，定语从句起限制、修饰先行词的作用，而同位语从句的先行词一般是抽象名词，它解释、说明先行词的具体内容：
①The news that our team has won is true.（同位语从句）
②The news that he told me is true.(定语从句)3.7.2引导词在从句中作成分是定语从句，引导词在从句中不作成分是同位语从句
①The news(that)he told me is exciting.（作宾语可省）
②The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true.（引导同位语从句不可省）
3.8 先行词是 reason，关系词在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，用which/that/as，作状语用why或for + which。
①This is the reason that he told me yesterday.②This is the reason why he was late for the meeting.3.9 先行词是“地点名词”，如在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，关系词用which/that/as，作状语用where或介词+ which。
①That is the factory which/that produces 100,000TV sets a year.②That is the factory where/in which his father once worked.3.10 先行词是“时间名词” 如在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，关系词用which/that/as，作状语用when或介词+ which。
①I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent on that lonely island.②I’ll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.3.11 两个特殊的关系代词。
3.11.1 but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。
*3.11.2 than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。）
①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。
②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。运用上述知识翻译下列句子： 1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。（but）2．我们大家都想去桂林。（but）
3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。（but）4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。（but）
5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅（but）6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。（than）7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。（than）8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。（than）9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。（than）
10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。（than）答案：
1．There is no one but likes to be praised．
2．There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin．
3．There is no man but feels pity for those starving children． 4．There is no one in our class but wants to help you．
5．There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war． 6．This matter is more complex than is imagined．
7．This advertisement is more affective than is expected． 8．The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear． 9．He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．
10．The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．
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4．定语从句与其他句型的区分 4.1定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters, none of __________ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters, but none of __________ is a dancer． ③Mr Li has three daughters;___________ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。4.2定语从句与状语从句 4.2.1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
①This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
②Let’s go where we can find a better job.我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
4.2.2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
①Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
②It was already five o’clock when the class was over.=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
4.2.3 When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
①This is the factory where(in which)his father once worked.这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
②Put back the book where it was.把书放回原处。（状语从句）
4.2.4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：
①It is such an interesting book as we all like.它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
②It is such an interesting book that we all like it.它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）4.3 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来： 4.3.1 先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：
①This is the place that / which we visited yesterday.这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）
②We don’t know the reason why they didn’t attend the meeting.我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）
③The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people’s health.这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)④I had no idea when the sports meet will take place.我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)4.3.2 从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：
①The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.②The news that he told us interested all of us.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）
③The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is that he told us.4.3.3 引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：
①I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall．我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。（定语从句，关系副词when作从句状语）
②The fact that(which)we talked about is very important．我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）
③The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）
④I have no idea what he has done.我不知道他做了什么。（同位语从句）⑤I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed.我怀疑他是否能受到热烈欢迎。(同位语从句)⑥You have no idea how worried he was.你不知道他是多么担心！(同位语从句)4.4 定语从句与强调句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _________ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ②It is the factory _________ Mr Wang works．
解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，①小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It is／was去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第①小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport．显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。4.5 定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time ________ she has been in Shanghai． ②It was the time ________ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。4.6 定语从句与单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work, __________ didn't help． ②The mother told the lazy boy to work.__________ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。5．近五年高考真题再现（课堂练习）
1.—Why does she always ask you for help? —There is no one else __________ , is there?（2005北京）
A．who to turn to B．she can turn to C．for whom to turn D．for her to turn 2.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer ________ it was 20 years ago, _______ it was so poorly equipped.（2005安徽）A．what;when B．that;which C．what;which D．which;that 3.—Is that the small town you often refer to? —Right, just the one _________ you know I used to work for years.（2005福建）A．that B．which C．where D．what 4.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ______ people were eaten by the tiger.（2005广东）A.in which B.by which C.which D.that 5．Her sister has become a lawyer, _________ she wanted to be.（2005湖北）A．who B．that C．what D．which 6.Frank’s dream was to have his own shop _________ to produce the workings of his own hands.（2005湖南）
A．that B．in which C．by which D．how 7.The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ________ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.（2005江苏）
A.which;where B.at which;which C.at which;where D.which;in which 8.The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ________ they are being trained.（2005江西）A．in that B．for that C．in which D．for which 9.I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.（2005辽宁）
A．which B．when C．where D．that 10.I have many friends , ________ some are businessmen.（2005全国卷I）A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom 11.He was educated at a local grammar school, _________ he went on to Cambridge.（2005山东）
A.from which B.after that C.after which D.from this 12.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ________ effects people are still suffering.（2005天津）
A.that B.whose C.those D.what 13.Jim passed the driving test, _________ surprised everybody in the office.（2005浙江）
A．which B．that C．this D．it 14.________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.（2005浙江）
A．When B．After C．As D．Since 15.Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, __________ , he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students' Union.（2005重庆）A.during which time B.for which time C.during whose time D.by that time 16.If a shop has chairs_________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.（2005上海）
A.that B.which C.when D.where 17.Do you still remember the chicken farm _________we visited three months ago?（2005北京春季）
A.where B.when C.that D.what 18.The United States is made up of fifty states, one of ________ is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean.（2005上海春季）A.them B.those C.which D.whose 19.The English play __________ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.（2004全国）A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which 20._________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.（2004北京）
A.It B.As C.That D.What 21.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ________ the sailing time was 226 days.（2004广西）
A.of which B.during which C.from which D.for which 22.I work in a business __________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.(2004湖南)A.how B.which C.where D.that 23.There were dirty marks on her trousers _________ she had wiped her hands.（2004吉林）
A.where B.which C.when D.that 24.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , __________ , of course , made the others envy him.（2004天津）
A.who B.that C.what D.which 25.__________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.（2004江苏）
A.Which B.When C.What D.As 26.Anyway, that evening , ________ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.（2004浙江）
A.when B.where C.what D.which 27.A story goes _________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.（2004上海）A.when B.where C.what D.that 28.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% __________ are sold abroad.（2004辽宁）
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that 29.There was __________ time __________ I hated to go to school.（2004湖北）A．a;that B．a;when C．the;that D．the;when 30.There are two buildings , __________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.（2004湖北）
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which 31.What surprised me was not what he said but ___________ he said it.（2004湖北）
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which 32.American women usually identify their best friend as someone _________ they can talk frequently.（2004上海）
A.who B.as C.about which D.with whom 33.George Orwell, __________ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.（2004北京）
A.the real name B.what his real name C.his real name D.whose real name 34.York, _________ last year ,is a nice old city.(2003北京)A.that I visited B.which I visited C.where I visited D.in which I visited 35.I can think of many cases _________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.(2003上海)A.why B.which C.as D.where 36.We are living in an age ________ many things are done on computer.(2003北京春季)A.which B.that C.whose D.when 37._________ has been announced ,we shall have our final exams next month.(2003上海春季)A.That B.As C.It D.What 38.________made the school proud was__________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.(2003上海春季)A.What;because B.What;that C.That;what D.That;because 39.We will be shown around the city :schools ,museums ,and some other places,__________ other visitors seldom go.(2002北京)A.what B.which C.where D.when 40.Alec asked the policeman __________ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.(2002上海)A.with him B.who C.with whom D.whom 41.There's a feeling in me __________ we'll never know what a UFO is—not ever.(2002上海)A.that B.which C.of which D.what 42.Perseverance is a kind of quality—and that's __________ it takes to do anything well.(2002上海)A.what B.that C.which D.why 43.The famous basketball star, _________ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.(2002京皖春季)A.where B.when C.which D.who 44.The famous scientist grew up __________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.(2002上海春季)A.when B.whenever C.where D.wherever 45.Is this the reason ___________at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(2002上海春季)A.he explained B.what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained 46.________ , I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.(2001上海)A.As long as I have traveled B.Now that I have traveled so much C.Much as I have traveled D.As I have traveled so much 47.He's got himself into a dangerous situation ____________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.(2001上海)A.where B.which C.while D.why 48.John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, ____________was true.(2001京皖春季)A.he B.this C.which D.who 49.Have you seen the film “Titanic”, ___________ leading actor is world famous?(2001上海春季)A.its B.it's C.whose D.which 50.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _________, of course , made the others unhappy.(2000全国)A．who B．which C．this D．what ．
近五年高考真题再现答案与解析
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