2011高考二轮复习英语教案：名词和冠词

第一篇：2011高考二轮复习英语教案：名词和冠词

2011高考二轮复习英语教案：名词和冠词（2）

【专题考案】

1．The little boy often has____ big breakfast，so he looks really strong.A．the

B．／

C．a

D an 2．October l st is___ National Day of ____ People’s Republic of china.A．a；the

B．／；／

C．／；the

D the；／

3．Things of_____ kind come together；people of ____kind fall into __ same group A．the；the；the

B．a；a；the

C．the；the；a

D a；a；a 4．Mr.BIack went to ____cinema last Sunday，while his wife went to ______church． A．the；the

B．／；／

C．／；the

D the；／ 5．He is____ friend of____ writer’s.A．／：the

B．a；the

C．a；a

D a；／ 6．—What is the population of China?

—China has ____population of l．3 billion．

A．the；the

B．a；a

C．a；the

D the；a 7．一 What in ____ world do you like most in _____ world? 一 I hope _____ world is _____peaceful and fair world.A．the；the；the；the

B．／；the；the；／ C．／；the；the；a

D．the；the；the；a 8．As we all know．____life is hard for any of us.If we live___ happy life，we must all work harder.A．／：／

B．／；a

C．a；／

D．a；a 9.______recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S.would be higher than the number of English speaker by_____ year 2090.A, the

B.A, /

C.The ,/

D.The, a 10.If you go by ______train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _____fast one.A./, /

B./, a

C.the, a

D./,/ 11.It is often said that ____teachers have _______very easy life.A /,/

B./,a

C.the,/

D.the, a 12.I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left _____city ,I only remember it was ______ Monday.。A.the , the

B.a ,the

C.a, a

D.the, a

第1页（共9页）

13.If you grow up in ______large family ,you are more likely to develop _____ability to get on well with ______others.A./,an the

B.a, the ,/

C.the ,an ,the

D.a, the ,the

14.Mrs ,Taylor has ___8-year-old daughter who has _____gift for painting –she has won two national prizes.A.a，a

B.an，the

C.an，a

D.the，a 15.After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson ________ride to ________Capital Airport.A.the, a

B.a.the

C./, a

D./, the

16.On May 5,2005,at ___World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHao won the gold medal in men’s with ____score of 4:1.A.a ,a

B./ the

C.a ,/

D.the ,a 17.I knew ______John Lennon ,but not ____famous one.A./,a

B.a ,the

C./,the

D.the, a

18.The book tells ____life story of John Smith ,who left _______school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A.the, the

B.a , the

C.the./

D.a,/

19.When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____hotel;I can find you ______bed in my flat.the ,a

B.the,/

C.a ,the

D.a,/ 20.If you buy more than ten, they will knock 20 pence off________.A.a price

B.price

C.the price

D.prices

21.____on-going division between English –speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _______major concern of the country.A.The, /

B.The, a

C.An, the

D.An, / 22.When he left _____college ,he got a job as ______reporter in a newspaper office.A./, a

B /, the

C.a, the

D.the， the 23.The most important thing about cotton in history is ___part that it played in ____Industrial Revolution.A./,/

B.the,/

C.the , the

D.a ,the 24.While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope Newton made _______discovery which completely changed ____ man’s understanding of color.A.a ,/

B.a ,the

C./, the

D.the ,a 25.It is ___world of wonders, _____world where anything can happen.第2页（共9页）

A.a.the

B.a, a

C.the, a

D./,/ 26.The Wilsons live in ______A-shaped house near the coast.It is _______17th century cottage.A.the, /

B.an, the

C./, the

D.an ,a 27.Tom owns ______larger collection of ______books than any other student in our class.A.the ,/

B.a,/

C.a ,the

D./, the 28.For a long time they walked without saying ___word.Jim was the first t break _____silence.A.the, a

B.a ,the

C.a ,/

D.the,/ 29.There was ____time _____I hated t go to school.A.a ,that

B.a ,when

C.the ,that

D.the ,when

30.When you finish reading the book ,you will have ______better understanding of ______life., A.a, the

B.the.a

C./,the

D.a,/ 31.I earn 10dollars ____hours as ____supermarket cashier on Saturday.A.a, an

B.the ,a

C.an ,a

D.an ,the 32The sign reads ―in ease of___ fire ,break the glass and push _____red button‖ A./,a

B./,the

C.the ,the

D.a ,a 33.I don’t like talking on ______telephone;I prefer writing ____letter.A.a, the

B.the./

C.the ,the

D.A ,/ 34.Jumping out of ____airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _____exciting experience.A./, the

B./, an

C.an.an

D.the, the

35.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain _____good knowledge of basic word formation.A./

B.the

C.a

D.one 36.The cakes are delicious.He’d like have ______third one because _____second one is rather too small.A.a, a

B.the.the

C.a ,the

D.the ,a 37.A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in ____leg.A.a

B.one

C.the

D.his 38.The warmth of _____sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ___wool used.A.the, the

B.the ,/

C./, the

D./,/ 39.The financial crisis has put the world economy in a difficult _________.A.occasion

B.condition

C.evaluation

D.situation 40.—Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.—In my _______, his decision is not wise.第3页（共9页）

A.word

B.view

C.sight

D.way 41.—Jack Brown is very clever and he studies hard as well.—No ________ he comes out first in the exams.A.answer

B.question

C.wonder

D.problem 42.As is well known, the brain performs a very important _______, which controls the nerve system of the body.A.motion

B.action

C.function

D.fact 43.He managed to reach the summit of his career, but it was at the _________ of his health.A.consumption

B.credit

C.exhaustion D.expense 44.—She got her first science fiction published．It turned out to be _________.—when was that?

—It Was in 2008__________ she was still in college．

A.success;that

B.a success；when

C.success;when D.a success;that 45.US President Barack Obama is expecting the economy to show some _________ of recovery． A.attempts

B.signs

C.contents

D.waves 46.The_______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.A.shoe’s shop

B.shoe shop

C.shoes shop

D.shoes’ shop 47.What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department managers.A.value

B.benefit

C.of valuable

D.of benefit

48.Giving small children some money as a gift during the Spring Festival is a common ______ in China, which may seem strange to foreigners? A.sense

B.practice

C.ground

D.habit 49.__ recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the US would be higher than the number of English speakers by __ year 2090.A.A, the

B.A, /

C.The , /

D.The, a

50.If you go by __ train, you can have a comfortable journey, but make sure you get __ fast one.A.the , the

B./, a

C.the , a

D./, / 51.It is often said that __ teachers have __ very easy life.A./, /

B./, a

C.the, /

D.the, a 52.I can’t remember when exactly the Robinson left __ city.I only remember it was __ Monday.A.the, the

B.a, the

C.a, a

D.the, a 53.If you grow up in __ large family, you are more likely to develop __ ability to get on well with __ others.第4页（共9页）

A./, an, the

B.a, the, /

C.the, an, the

D.a, the, the 54.Mrs.Taylor has __ 8 – year – old daughter who has __ gift for painting---she has won two national prizes.A.a, a

B.an, the

C, an, a

D.the, a 55.After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson __ ride to __ Capital Airport.A.the, a

B.a, the

C./, a

D./, the 56.On May 5, 2005, at __ World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in men’s doubles with __ score of 4:1.A.a, a

B./, the

C.a, /

D.the, a 57.I knew __ John Lennon, but not __ famous one.A./, a

B.a, the

C./, the

D.the, a

58.This book tells __ life story of John Smith, who left __ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A.the, the

B.a, the

C.the, /

D.a, / 59.When you finish reading the book, you will have __ better understanding of __ life.A.a, the

B.the, a

C./, the

D.a, / 60.There was __ time __ I hated to go to school.A.a, that

B.a, when

C.the, that

D.the, when 61.For a long time they walked without saying __ word.Jim was the first to break __ silence.A.the, a

B, a, the

C.a, /

D.the, / 62.Tom owns __ larger collection of __ books than any other student in our class.A.the, /

B.a, /

C.a, the

D./, the 63.The Wilsons live in __ A – shaped house near the coast.It is __ 17th century cottage.A.the, /

B.an, the

C./, the

D.an, a 64.It is __ world of wonders, __ world where anything can happen.A.a, the

B.a, a

C.the, a

D./, / 65.While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made __ discovery which completely changed __ man’s understanding of color.A.a, /

B.a, the

C./, the

D.the, a 66.The most important thing about cotton in history is __ part that it played in __ Industrial Revolution.A./, /

B.the, /

C.the, the

D.a, the 67.When he left __ college, he got a job as __ reporter in a newspaper office.A./, a

B./, the

C.a, the

D.the, the

第5页（共9页）

68.__ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is __ major concern of the country.A.The, /

B.The, a

C.An, the

D.An, / 69.If you buy more than ten, they will knock 20 pence off __.A.a price

B.price

C.the price

D.prices 70.When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to __ hotel;I can find you __ bed in my flat.A.the, a

B.the, /

C.a, the

D.a, / 71.I earn 10 dollars __ hour as __ supermarket cashier on Saturday.A.a, an

B.the, a

C.an, a

D.an, the 72.The sign reads ―In case of __ fire, break the glass and push __ red button.‖

A./, a

B./, the

C.the, the

D.an, the 73.---Where is my blue shirt?---It’s in the washing machine.You have to wear __ different one.A.any

B.the

C.a

D.other 74.There’s __ dictionary on __ desk by your side.A.a, the

B.a, a

C.the, a

D.the, the

75.The cakes are delicious.He’d like to have __ third one because __ second one is rather too small.A.a, a

B.the, the

C.a, the

D.the, a 76.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __ good knowledge of basic word of formation.A./

B.the

C.a

D.one 77.Jumping out of __ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite __ exciting experience.A./, the

B./, an

C.an, an

D.the, the 78.I don’t like talking on __ telephone;I prefer writing __ letter.A.a, the

B.the, /

C.the, the

D.a, / 79.A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in __ leg.A.a

B.one

C.the

D.his 80.The warmth of __ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of __ wool used.A.the, the

B.the,/

C./, the

D./, / 81.Mr.Smith, there’s a man at __ front door who says he has __ news for you of great importance.A.the, /

B.the, the

C./, /

D./, the 82.There are only twelve _____in the hospital.第6页（共9页）

A．woman doctors

B．women doctors C．women doctor

D．woman doctor 83.Mr Smith has two______ , both of whom are teachers in a school.A．brothers-in-law

B．brother-in-laws C．brothers-in-laws

D．brothers-in law 84.——How many ______does a cow have? ——Four.A．stomaches

B．stomach C．stomachs

D．stomachies 85.Some visited our school last Wednesday.A．German B．Germen

C．Germans

D．Germens 86.The______of the building are covered with lots of

.A．roofs;leaves B．rooves;leafs C．roof;leaf

D．roofs;leafs 87.When the farmer returned home he found three _______ missing.A．sheeps B．sheepes

C．sheep

D．sheepies 88.That was a fifty _____engine.A．horse power

B．horses power C．horse powers

D．horses powers 89.My father often gives me

.A．many advice B．much advice C．a lot of advices

D．a few advice 90.Mary broke a ______while she was washing up.A．tea cup B．a cup of tea

C．tea’s cup

D．cup tea 91.Can you give us some _______about the writer? A．informations

B．information C．piece of informations

D．pieces information 92.I had a cup of ______and two pieces of ______this morning.A．teas;bread

B．teas;breads C．tea;breads

D．tea;bread 93.As is known to us all, _______travels much faster than

.A．lights;sounds

B．light;sound C．sound;light

D．sounds;lights 94.She told him of all her _____and _____

.第7页（共9页）

A．hope;fear

B．hopes;fear C．hopes;fears

D．hope;fears 95.The rising ______did a lot of ______to the crops.A．water;harm

B．water;harms C．waters;harm

D．waters;harms 96.——How far away is it from here to your school? ——It’s about ________..A．half an hour’s drive

B．half hours drives C．half an hour drives

D．half an hour drive 97.The shirt isn’t mine.It’s______.A．Mrs Smith

B．Mrs’ Smith C．Mrs Smiths’

D．Mrs Smith’s

98.Miss Johnson is a friend of_______..A．Mary’s mother

B．Mary’s mothers’ C．Mary mother’s

D．Mary’s mother’s

99.Last week I called at my_________..A．aunt B．aunts

C．aunt’s

D．auntes’

100.The beach is a ______throw.A．stone

B．stones

C．stones’

D．stone’s

101.I can hardly imagine ______sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A．Peter’

B．Peter

C．Peters D．Peters’

第8页（共9页）

参考答案

1-5 CCBDB

6-10 DDBAB 11-15 BDBCB

16-20 DBCAC

21-25 BACAB 26-30 DBBBD 31-35 DBBCC 36-40 CCBDB 41-45 CCDDB 46-50 BDBAB 51-55BDBCB

56-60 DBCDB 61-65 BBDBA 66-70 CABCA 71-75 CBCAC 76-80 CCBCB 81-85 A BACC.86-90 ACABA 91-95BDBCC 96-100 ADDCD 101 B

第9页（共9页）

第二篇：2010高考二轮复习英语教案

2010高考二轮复习英语教案

专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构

【专题要点】非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下：1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语；2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语；3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语；5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别；6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别；8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；10.独立主格结构在句中作状语； 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。

【考纲要求】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式；在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。

【教法指引】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别；2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式；3.非谓语动词完成式的用法；4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语；5.非谓语动词用作目的状语；6.非谓语动词用作结果状语；7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题；9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题；10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构；11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。

对于独立主格结构的复习，教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。【知识网络】 非谓语动词用法

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人„„的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到„„”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对„„感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 【口诀记忆】

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动答应选计划 同意请求帮一帮，愿望似乎就没有，碰巧承担常努力。attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划

bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习vow起

contrive设法，图谋 incline有„倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求

authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告

compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 【口诀记忆】

考虑建议盼原谅，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡

acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨

finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险

involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 【口诀记忆】 想起忘记常后悔

1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do打算，有意要„ mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语

1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。

4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光

determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要求不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语

分词作定语时有下面几个特点：

1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。

3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ 5．不定式和分词作状语的区别

（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。

1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别

1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：

a：not/never too„to, too„not to , but/only too„ to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义

b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构（1)疑问词+不定式结构

疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：

When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有„，只能„”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式 连用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式

1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：

①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。

（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构

1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。

2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。

间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。

7．非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型

1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。

3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。8.非谓语动词的特殊结构

有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度。1）现在分词的独立结构

judging from / by„, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的独立结构

to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)动词原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作连词的分词considering（考虑到，就„而言），providing / provided „假如，supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。

独立主格结构

一、概念：

“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。

二、功能：

“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。

三、形式：

独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。

四、举例：

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing;表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed;表状态）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（借此结构；表伴随）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）

五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：

1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：

⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。

⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。

2、还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：

⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）

六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：

1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：

⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。

⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。

2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：

⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。

⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了

七、非谓语动词独立主格结构

在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）

= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“独立主格结构”

在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1．动词不定式用主动的形式

在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。

（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。

（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”

动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

1． 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）必背：

含有being的独立主格结构。

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。

= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”

与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。

= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。

= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比较：

动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的

八、with、without 引导的独立主格结构

介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A． with+名词代词+形容词

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：

在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B． with+名词代词+副词

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名词代词+介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。

= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了，火车开始起动了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名词代词+动词不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：

在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）

九、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A．作状语

独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1．表示时间 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。

（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示条件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：

表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。

【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。4．表示伴随情况或补充说明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定语

独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：

在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不 是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）

第三篇：XX高考二轮复习英语教案- 形容词和副词

XX高考二轮复习英语教案: 形容词和副

词

www.xiexiebang.cometoolate.whathaveyoubeendoinglately?

3.deep与deeply

deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”

Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.4.high与highly

high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much

Theplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.5.wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”

Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.6.free与freely

free的意思是“免费”；freely的意思是“无限制地”

youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.三形容词与副词的比较级

基本构成

大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

.规则变化

单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级

构成法

原级

比较级

最高级

一般单音节词

tall taller allest

未尾加-er,-est great greater

greatest

以不发音的e结尾 nice nicer

nicest 的单音词和少数 large larger

largest

以-le结尾的双

able（有能力的)abler ablest

音节词只加-r,-st

以一个辅音字母 big

bigger biggest

结尾的闭音节单 hot热的)

hotter

hottest

音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est

“以辅音字母+y” easy easier

easiest

结尾的双音节词，busy busier busiest

改y为i，再加-er，-est

少数以-er，-ow clever cleverer

cleverest

结尾的双音节词 narrow narrower

narrowest

未尾加-er，-est

其他双音节词和 important

多音节词，在前面加more，mostmoreimportant

mostimportant

来构成比较级和最高级 easily

moreeasily mosteasily

2.不规则变化

原级

比较级

最高级

good/

better best

well

bad/ worse worst

ill

old

older/elder oldest/eldest

much/many more

most

little

less

least

far farther/further farthest/furthest

（二）几组常用比较等级句型

.as+形容词或副词原级+as）在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。

Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.2）当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。

as+形容词+a+单数名词

as+many/much+名词

Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面

Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.4)倍数+as+adj.+as <=>倍数+then+of

Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.2.比较级形容词或副词+than

youaretallerthanI.Theylightsinyourroomareasbrightasthoseinmine.【点拨】1）要避免重复使用比较级

Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中

chinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.chinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。

ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词

比较：whichislarge,canadaorAustralia?

whichisthelargercountry,canadaorAustralia?

Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.（三）可修饰比较级的词）abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等

2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。

3）以上词外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面

【典型例题】:

----Areyoufeeling____?

----yes，I'mfinenow.A.anywell

B.anybetter

c.quitegood

D.quitebetter

【答案】B.any可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.（四）几种比较等级的特殊用法

.下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：

inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.Theirwatchis_____toalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.A.superior

B.advantageous

c.super

D.beneficial

【答案】A “ 2.“比较级＋and+比较级”或

原

级

”

以

及moreandmore/lessandless+“ever,steadily,daily等副词＋比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than

Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.3.有关比较级的特殊句型

notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……

【典型例题】 Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn

’tsomuchariseinbirthrates_____afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.A.and

B.as

c.but

D.or

【答案】B句意：人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果

no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……

【典型例题】

Theheartis______intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notso

B.notmuch

c.muchmore

D.nomore

【答案】D句意：心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制

no/notanyless…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/notanymore…than意思相反

Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮

justas…so…

正如……，……也……（用倒装结构）

【典型例题】

justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,______theatmosphere.A.asitis

B.thesameis

c.sois

D.andsois

【答案】c

（五）最高级形式应注意的问题：

.最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among

in,over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：inchina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意：among…相当于oneof…,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来

【典型例题】

______allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.A.Among

B

of

c.For

D.To

【答案】B

2.比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：

anyother+单数名词

theother+复数名词

theothers

anyone/anythingelse

上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同

3.most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants，要注意与“the+形容词最高级＋of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别，如：

Hespokeinthewarmestofvoices

Theyhavebeenmostkindtome

Basketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.chineseisthemostdifficultoflanguage

chineseisamostdifficultlanguage

（六）不用比较级和最高级的形容词

.表示颜色的有：white,black 2.表示形态的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular，level 3.表

示

性

质

和

特

征的有

：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4.表

示

状

态

作

表

语的有

：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 5.表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final 6.表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite 7.含

有

绝

对

概

念的有

：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.（七）平行结构与比较级

平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比notonly…but;prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both…and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构复习时要注意以下几点：

．注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。

Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.【典型例题】

Itisbettertodieone’sfeetthan______.A.livingonone’sknees

B.liveonone’sknees

c.onone’sknees

D.toliveonone’sknees

【答案】D

2．其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。）ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。

【典型例题】

wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle____inapersonalstyle.A.ratherthan

B.otherthan

c.betterthan

D.lessthan

【答案】A

2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。

Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.www.5y

kj.co

m

第四篇：XX高考二轮复习英语教案阅读理解

XX高考二轮复习英语教案阅读理解

XX高考二轮复习英语教案专题十九阅读理解【专题要点】阅读理解题考查的不仅是考生对整篇的把握能力，还考查了他们快速扑捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力；考生不仅要理解表层意义，更重要的是要通过的表层去合理判断、挖掘的隐含意义、延伸意义。这是对考生能力、智力、心理的一个综合检验。具体要点如下：1主旨大意类；2细节理解类；3推理判断类；4词义猜测类；观点态度类等五大要点。【考纲要求】考纲对考生阅读能力的要求：1．要求考生能读懂一般性话题，且生词率不超过2％的简短文字材料，如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短。2．要求考生能够做到以下几点：理解主旨大意；寻读具体信息；识别不同文体特征；根据上下文提供的语境推测生词词义；作出简单的判断和推理；理解文段的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度；理解文段的文化信息。新标对对高中英语阅读技能的要求：1能识别不同文体特征；2能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句；3能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度；4能根据学习任务的需要从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理；除教材外，外阅读量累计达到30万词以上。【教法指引】教师在引导学生突破阅读理解题时可以从高考命题方向和该题选材特点对学生进行训练，在训练中点拨技巧，在训练中提高考生的综合运用能力。具体说：1阅读理解作为高考英语中最重要的一种题型，题量最大，所占分值也最多。此类题型是全面检测考生接受书面信息和反馈能力的重要标尺。高考阅读理解要求考生在3分钟左右的时间内，完成对4～篇短文的阅读理解并作出解答。用来考查考生的以下几种能力：1）考查考生综合运用语言的能力；2）考查考生的英语思维能力和社会文化意识；3）考查考生辨认、捕捉和归纳细节信息，并通过字面意思对中心思想、作者的写作目的、意图、态度以及的行文特点进行合理推断的能力；4）考查考生的阅读速度与词汇量。近些年来，高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中，涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性的考题虽仍是考查重点，但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题也占很大比重。2．高考阅读理解中的选材特点：1)所选材料均于实际生活，其内容与社会现实保持较高的一致性，强调了语篇选材的真实性，具有鲜明的时代感。行文表达常使用比较正式的书面语言；2）语篇题材分布比较均匀，题材丰富多样。阅读语篇包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等文体。内容涵盖日常生活、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、政治、环保、经济等诸多领域的热点、焦点问题。3）高考阅读理解持续保持较大的阅读量，要求考生在特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。另外试题材料含有较高的词汇量，增加了试题的信息含量，体现了新标的理念。一般4-篇阅读题阅读词汇量控制在1000词左右；4）阅读材料的原汁原味越来越浓厚，体现了现代英语的特点，阅读材料的文化含量加大，的行文风格更具英语语言的特点，的遣词造句也更加地道，许多考生通常要反复阅读才能读懂。3点拨阅读技巧，在练中领悟，领悟中训练，技巧能力并进。

第五篇：英语语法---名词、代词和冠词

英语语法---冠词 冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】

名词是秃子，常要戴帽子，可数名词单，须用a或an，辅音前用a，an在元音前，若为特指时，则须用定冠，复数不可数，泛指the不见，碰到代词时，冠词均不现。【妙语诠释】

冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用;②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the;③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。英语语法---名词

(一）可数名词的复数构成 A.规则变化 1.单词后加S 2.单词后加ES(以CH等结尾的单词)3.以F或FE结尾，变为VE加S B.不规则变化

1.单复同形

deer sheep

fish

Chinese

Japanese

means 2.只有复数形式

people

police

cattl

clothes

trousers，glasses 3.不规则变化

man----men

woman----women

foot-----feet

tooth-----teeth mouse------mice

child-----children

German------Germans 4.复合名词的复数 1)将后一部分变成复数

Englishman---Englishmen gentleman---gentlemen policewoman----policewomen 2)将主要成分变成复数

looker-on----lookers-on

son-in-law----sons-in-law

3)如果前一词是man, woman，将两部分都变成复数 men doctors

women 小结

grown-up----grown-ups

名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】

单数变复数，规则要记住，一般加s，特殊有几处： 【妙语诠释】

①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es;②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s;③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s;④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox— oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。

（二）名词所有格

1.表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格在名词后加’s Mr Li’s house

The cat’s food

James’ dog

The dogs’ food 2.表示无生命的东西的名词，用of+名词的结构来表示 The leg of the desk

the cover of the magazine 3.在时间，距离，度量，价值等名词后，可用名词所有格。Two months’ time

Today’s newspaper

fifty pounds’ weight 4.表示店铺或某人的家时，常在所有格后省去shop, home.The doctor’s

the tailor’s

my uncle’s

the barber’s 5.名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词时，用of词组+所有格表示 a friend of John’s

that bike of Tom’s 6.某样东西为两人或多人共有，在后一个名词尾+’s.Jane and Fred’s mother

Jane’s and Fred’s mother Tom and Tim’s car

Tom’s and Tim’s car 小结

名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】

名词所有格，表物是“谁的”，若为生命词，加“’s”即可行，词尾有s，仅把逗号择;并列名词后，各自和共有，前者分别加，后者最后加;若为无生命词，of所有格，前后须倒置，此是硬规则。【妙语诠释】

①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”;②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加 “’s”;③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A(三)主谓一致

主语是复数，谓语用复数，主语是单数，谓语用单数。He is a student.We are students.1

and 连接两个名词，看有无the.The professor and writer is going to give us a lecture of writing.The professor and the writer are going to our school.2

主语单数+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+谓语单数

主语复数+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+谓语复数 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.3.有些名词复数形式作为一个整体，(如度量，距离，金额，时间，书名等）其谓语动词用单数。Two weeks ___(be)not enough to finish the work.1000 dollars ___(be)a large amount of money.4.There be 句型就近原则。

There ____ a pair of glasses on the desk.There ____ two patients and a nurse in the hospital.5.某些集体名词，如family ,team 等做主语时，若当一个整体看，谓语动词就用单数，若就其中一个一个成员来看，谓语动词就用复数，class , club, audience ,committee , crowd , government , party, public , team 等。其中population 的用法也类似

His family _____(be)a happy family.All the world ________(be)waiting for the good news.6.成双成对构成的东西，如glasses, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，但与a pair一起构成作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

7．each , every+名词，谓语用单数。

Each boy and girl ________(want)to serve the people in the future.8．以 either …or , neither …nor , not only … but also，not…but…等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应按照就近原则。

Either you or he ______(be)to go.Not only he but also I ______(be)wrong.9.…几分之几/。。百分之几+of +名词单数 + 谓语单数

…几分之几/。。百分之几+of +名词复数 + 谓语复数 Three-fifths of money _____(have)been used up.10.…one of +复数名词 +谓语复数

…the only/the very one of + 复数名词 +谓语单数 He is one of the boys that have passed the maths test.