北师大版选修8高中英语《Environmental Protection》教案2

第一篇：北师大版选修8高中英语《Environmental Protection》教案2

Unit 22 Environmental Protection Lesson 2 Endangered Species---教案

Teaching aims 1.Words and phrases：

2.Listening: a lecture and a dialogue and take notes 3.To practise justifying arguments.Teaching time Two periods(两课时连堂)Teaching process Step 1 Revision Review the new words of last lesson Step 2 Learn the new words Step 3 Listening 1.Before you start a)Exercise 1: Match the names of the endangered species with the pictures.Ask students to look at the pictures and do the exercise individually.Then go through the pictures and check answers.b)Exercise 2 Students look at the words and explain the meaning of the words.Then do the exercise on the blackboard.2.Listen to learn a)Ask students to look at the listening strategies and review them together.b)Listen to the tape, do exercise 3.Let students write some notes.c)Exercise 4: Students work in pairs and use their notes to make sentences in turn.d)Check their answers.e)Exercise 5: Have a few pairs of students compare their notes.Let them tell the most important information that they got from the lecture.f)Exercise 6.play the tape, ask the students to complete the fact files, then go through the fact files with the class.用心

爱心

专心

第二篇：高中英语 选修8 unit4 单词

高中英语 选修8 unit4 单词

I.课内探究

1.hesitate vi犹豫，踌躇hesitation n.踌躇，犹豫不决

hesitate to do 犹豫/踌躇干某事 not hesitate to do 毫不犹豫干某事 without hesitation 毫不犹豫地

There is no room for hesitation.没有犹豫的余地了。1）She hesitated before replying.她犹豫了一会才回答。

2）She agreed without the slightest hesitation.她毫不犹豫就同意了。

3）If you have any question, please don’t hesitate to ask.你如果有什么问题，请尽管问。

without hesitation，Meng Xiangbin jumped into the river to save the drowning young woman.孟祥斌毫不犹豫地跳下河去救落水的年轻女子。

2．Classify vt分类，归类，把……分等级

People who work in libraries spend a lot of time classifying books.在图书馆工作的人花大量的时间为书籍分类。classified adi.分类的，归类的classify…as …把……归类为…… be classified as 分为…… 类classified ad 分类广告 3.condemn vt.判刑，处刑，谴责

It is illegal to condemn a man wothout a hearing.不进行审问就给人判刑是违法的。be condemned to death 被判死刑condemn sb for 因……而责备、指责某人

Anybody who loves peace will ________ the evil deeds of attacking the Olympic torch.A.condemn B.challenge

C.tolerate

D.accuse 4.remark vi 谈论，评论，说

remark in/upon as/sth 对……加以评论n.评论，评述，注意（notice）pointed cutting remarks 直言不讳的，尖刻的评论

make a few remarks about /on a subject 讲几句有关某人、某问题的话

1）The editor remarked that the article was well written.编者评论说那篇文章写得很好。2）It is rude to remark on / upon the appearance of other people.评论别人的外表是粗鲁的行为。3）He made a number of rude remarks on/upon the food here.对于哪里的食品，他说了很多无礼的话。5.compromise n.妥协，折中vi.妥协，折中，违背

agree on a compromise 同意妥协arrive at /come to /reach a compromise 达成妥协 compromise with 和。…… 妥协compromise on 在……妥协

In a _________ between management and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in return for an increase in productivity.A.compromise B.rule C.way

D.discipline 6.overlook vt.俯瞰，俯视，未看到，未注意到，忽视，忽略（某人/某事），不理会

overlook the valley 俯视山谷

overlook a spelling error忽略了一个拼写错误 overlook sb.不理会某人 My room overlooked the garden.我的房间俯瞰花园。

They overlooked the enormous risks involved.他们忽略了暗含的巨大危险。

Henry went through the documents again carefully for fear of overlooking any important data.7.superior adj.更好的，更强的，有优越感的，傲慢的（职位级别）更高的，上级的 n.上级，上司，长官be superior to “比…… 好”eg: 1）Today’s computers are superior to anyone we had ten years ago.如今的电脑比十年前的任何一台电脑都好。

2）She always acts so superior to everyone else.她总是 表现得比别人优越。8．Fade vi.凋谢，枯萎；（颜色）退去；（声音等）变为弱；（光等）变暗淡；逐渐消失 1）The flowers faded for want of water.花儿因缺水而凋谢了。2）The colour fades when esposed to light.这颜色曝光后会褪色。3）The sound of the footsteps faded away.脚步渐渐消失。

II.重点句子 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.A poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself.It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions.A man is hiding from the rain listening to people’s language and watching their reactions.while watching, he makes notes.Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a wollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain.What if I was ？

You can place a man by just a few remarks.But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths.Now once taught by me, she’d become an upper class lady.garden party., 11.I came to England to make your acquaintance.12.I rather fancied myself.13.I’d never have come if I’d known about this disgusting thing you want me to do.14.We must plan the best way to teach her.III.练习答案

1.adaptation 2.plot

3.hesitate 4.uncomfortable

5.troublesome

6.outcome

7.disguise

8.mistaken

9.brilliant 10.classify

11.betray

12.dismiss 13.condemn 14.ambassador

15.acquaintance

16.handful 17 fortune status 19.superior

20.pronounce

21.antique 22.explicitly 23.compromise

24.disgusting 25.overlook

26.fade

27.classic 28.effective 1.in disguise

2.pass…off as 3.make one’s acquaintance

4.in amazement 5.in terms of 6.generally speaking 7.the other day

8.take away 9.once more 10.in need(of)11 show…in 12.fade out 13．(be)convinced of

14.betray oneself 15.fancy oneself(as)16.fancy doing

1．in

convinced 2.sheltering from 3.betray

every time 4.condemn to 5.educated

pass

off at ambassador’s 6.a place

which 7.make your acquaintance 8.fancied myself

pronounce

distinct beat

distinguish 9.have come

had known

disgusting 单项选择BDBBA AABAA 10.Once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador’s

第三篇：北师大高中英语选修6词汇表

Unit 16 Warm-up biography n.传记

fantasy n.想象(幻想)物 *horrorn.惊恐，恐惧

abandon vt.放弃，遗弃

come into view 出现

knock sb.Over 撞倒某人 victim n.受害者

once upon a time 从前

princess n.公主，王妃

criteria n.(评判的)标准

novelist

n.(长篇)小说家 Lesson 1 volcanic eruption 火山爆发

capsulen.胶囊；太空舱

occur vi.发生

block out 堵住

loss n.遗失，丢失

in a way从某种程度上说

architecture n.建筑

characteristic adj.典型的 gather vi.vt.聚集

sorrow n.悲伤，难过

burst vi.爆炸；冲，闯

on the way to 在去…的路上

Lesson 2 specific adj.详细的，特定的abnormal adj.反常的，不正常hardship n.艰苦，困苦

violinist n.小提琴家

come across 偶然遇见

count on 依靠

figure out 理解

preserve vt.保护，保存

witness v.目击

tremble vi.颤抖，发抖

particularly adv.特别地，特定地awesome adj.令人敬畏的rewind vi.vt.倒回

authentic adj.原作的，真正的

monument n.纪念碑，纪念堂

on one's side 侧身

sympathy

n.同情

split up 断绝关系，分成小部分 pay rise 增加工资

significance n.重要性，意义

vivid adj.生动的，逼真的 *pillar n.支柱

name...after 以…命名

hold up 支撑起

origin n.起源，开端；出身

*heather n.石南属植物

discourage vt.使泄气

end up 以…结束，以…告终 put up with 容忍，忍受

suffering n.痛苦，困难 musical adj.音乐的 n.音乐剧，音乐片

musical instrument 乐器

admirable adj.令人钦佩的，极佳的 tease vt.嘲笑，取笑

suspension bridge 吊桥 videophone n.可视电话

in particular 特别，尤其 Lesson 3 superb adj.出色的，卓越的restriction n.限制，约束

stubborn adj.倔强的，固执的troublesome adj.引起麻烦的 precise adj.准确的，精确的precious adj.宝贵的，珍贵的 eager adj.渴望的，热衷的 expand v.扩大，扩充

apparent adj.明显的，显而易见的sweetness n.甜蜜，温柔

breakthrough n.突破，重大发现

Communication Workshop tiresome adj.讨厌的，令人厌倦的*spill vi.& vt.洒出，溅出

tense adj.紧张的 applaud vi.& vt.鼓掌

*harp n.竖琴

Unit 17 Warm-up amuse vt.逗乐，使(某人)笑

severe adj.严重的，严厉的 unbearable adj.不能忍受的 former adj.以前的

straightforward adj.直接的；坦率的 *imitation n.模仿

now that 既然，由于

gradual ad.逐渐的 complex adj.复杂的*violet n.紫罗兰花

warmth n.温暖

uncertain adj.不确定的awkward adj.笨拙的；令人不舒服的*nasty adj.令人不愉快的；不善良的 dizzy adj.头晕目眩的clumsy adj.笨拙的；不得体的*fairy n.小仙子，小精灵

burst out laughing 突然笑起来

*giggle vi.咯咯地傻笑

anecdote n.轶事，趣闻 ridiculous adj.荒缪的，可笑的politician n.政治家

response n.回答

unbelievable adj.不可置信的，极其惊人的 agency n.代理处，经销处

visa n.签证 my goodness 天哪，哎呀

Lesson 1 harmony n.协调，和谐

cash a cheque 兑现支票 withdraw vt.提取；撤退

forgetful adj.健忘的 mature adj.成熟的overlook vt.忽视 clarify vt.澄清，讲清楚

delay n.延误，延期 counter n.柜台

agent n.代理人，经销商 queue vi.排队

yell vi.叫喊，叫嚷 wait in line 排队

identification n.身份

sunburnt adj.晒黑的messy adj.凌乱的，肮脏的 scared adj.惊恐的，担惊受怕的thriller n.惊险小说(戏剧、电影)swiftly adv.迅速的 black eye（打得）鼻青脸肿 *pool n.台球

tournament n.锦标赛，联赛 *nap n.小睡，打盹

border n.国界，边境

Lesson 2 psychology n.心理学

acknowledge vt.认可，承认 being n.人；物；生物

get rid of 处理掉，摆脱 profession n.职业，专业

fool around 胡闹，瞎弄 from time to time 不是地

authority n.权威；权利 figure n.人物

campaign n.运动

result in 导致，造成alongside prep.在…旁边，与…并排 resist vt.抵抗，抵制

tension n.紧张，焦虑

caution n.谨慎，小心

scratch n.痕迹或划伤

vt.划（破）scold vt.骂，责骂

forbid vt.禁止，不准 run into 撞上

Lesson 3 comedy n.喜剧

comedian n.喜剧演员 *imitate vt.模仿

put on 假装

turn sb.off 令人讨厌

regardless of 不管，不顾

purely adv.完全地，仅仅

universal adj.通用的，普遍的；全世界的 seal vt.封，密封

astonish vt.使惊讶，使惊骇 saucer n.茶托，茶杯碟

*steak tartare 鞑靼牛肉末 raw adj.生的，未煮过的disgusting adj.厌恶的 desperate adj.不顾一切的*boarding school

寄宿学校 obtain vt.等到，获得

partly adv.部分地 compensate vt.补偿，赔偿

convince vt.使相信 play around 四处游戏

pull faces 做鬼脸

rarely adv.很少，难得

*presence n.存在；到场，出席 *genius n.天才

Communication Workshop depth n.深（度），纵深

scare vt.使恐惧 string n.绳，线

starve vi.挨饿，饿死 loaf n.(面包的)一条

yawn vi.打哈欠 tough adj.艰难的cross-talk n.相声 component n.成分，组成部分

thanks to 多亏；由于 accomplish vt.取得（成功），完成（任务）

Unit 18 Warm-up breathless adj.令人屏息的*masterpiece n.杰作，名作 *scenic adj.自然景色的，风景优美的superior adj.高级的，上等的 sideways adv.向一边，向一侧

vertical adj.垂直的，竖的 adore vt.敬爱，非常喜欢

rainbow n.彩虹

Lesson 1 *flock vi.聚集

*beholder n.观看者 consistent adj.一致的，始终如一的 *corset n.紧身胸衣 woolen adj.羊毛制的 *shawl n.披肩，围巾

tattoo n.纹身

slim vi.& adj.（通过节食、加强运动等）减肥；苗条的overweight adj.超重的，过重的 commitment n.责任，义务；承诺 die out 完全消失，灭绝

accompany vt.伴随，陪同 range n.（数、量、年龄等的）变化范围

conscience n.良心 *inner adj.内部的，里面的subjective adj.主观的 dimension n.方面；度量

command n.命令，指挥 tasteless adj.没有味道的botany n.植物学 skateboard vi.用滑板滑行

Lesson 2 symphony n.交响乐，交响曲

accessible adj.容易理解的 tune n.曲调，旋律

delicate adj.精美的，理解的 deliver vt.递送，传送

thrill n.兴奋；恐惧 v.使兴奋 dignity n.尊贵；庄严

polished adj.优雅的，精致的 refresh vt.消除…的疲劳，使振作精神

*sentimental adj.多愁善感的 shabby adj.低劣的；肮脏破烂的harsh adj.刺耳的，刺眼的 chorus n.合唱部分

tendency n.倾向，趋势 vain adj.自负的*lyrics n.歌词

abrupt adj.突然的,出其不意的disturbing adj.使人烦恼的 version n.版本；说法

*stuff n.东西，材料 steady adj.平稳的；稳定的 Lesson 3 Christian adj.基督教的endless adj.没完没了的,永无休止的 freezing adj.严寒的,冰冻的 romantic adj.浪漫的 *tranquil adj.平静的,宁静的*hoarfrost n.白霜

bend v.弯曲

*homesickness n.想家，思乡 *drown vi.& vt 淹没，淹死

vague adj.模糊的 *hoof n.蹄

stout adj.肥胖的

bound n.一跳，一跃

oval adj.卵形的，椭圆形的 bow n.弓；弧形物；蝴蝶结

*jerk n.猛拉，猛地一动 *chimney n.烟囱

*sleigh n.雪车，雪橇 *thistle n.蓟（一种野生植物，叶片带刺，开紫花）

tone n.语调；语气

unlike prep.不想，和…不同 convey vt.传达,表达

affection n.爱慕，钟爱 Communication Workshop merchant n.商人

treat vt.对待 trap vt.诱捕，设圈套

theme n.主题

manner n.方式，方法

drawback n.缺点，弊端 strike vt.打；打动

striking adj.引人注目的，突出的 evident adj.明显的，明白的*cute adj.娇小可爱的

recommend vt.推荐，介绍

recommendation n.推荐，介绍 plot n.情节；小块土地

*Dj n.电台流行音乐主持人 hang on a second 等一下

catalogue n.商品目录

bits and pieces 各种各样的零碎东西

childish adj.孩子的，幼稚的------------------------Language Awareness –Unit 16 low-fat

pat

present

refer

domestic

tactic

justify

on the other hand

deliberately

upgrade Language Awareness –Unit 17 lion tamer

surgery

cough

crisis

do sh good

circus Warm-up Language Awareness –Unit 18 Magnifying

attendant

thug

drop

attacker

initial

Lining

dust

elementary

第四篇：人教版高中英语选修7Unit2教案2范文

Unit 2 Robots Part 1 Teaching Design 第一部分教学设计

Period 2 A sample lesson plan for Learning about Language(Revise the passive voice including the infinitive)Introduction In this period students will be first helped by the teacher to discover and learn to use some useful words and collocations, and then to discover and revise the passive voice including the infinitive.The following steps of teaching may be taken: warming up by having a dictation, discovering useful words and collocations, reading more about the 22nd century, learning about the passive voice, discovering useful structures and closing down by putting on stage a text play of Satisfaction Guaranteed.Objectives To help students revise the passive voice To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and collocations To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures Procedures 1.Warming up by having a dictation To begin with, let’s take a dictation to strengthen our memory of the text.Larry Belmont worked for a company that make robot.Recently a robot that could do housework would be tested out Larry's life, Clair, for three weeks.Clair felt alarmed by the robot's humanly appearance.Before long she began to trust him.She told him that she and her home were not elegant enough for her husband and she envied the rich and powerful woman.The robot decided to protect her from being harm.He gave her a new haircut and changed her makeup and asked her to buy something to decorate her home.Before the night he was to leave Clair, they held a party.The guests were impressed by Clair and her home, especially by the handsome robot, whom they thought was her husband.Claire knew this is almost a dream and she felt very sad.However, the company was very satisfied with Tony, the robot although he needed rebuilding because it is absurd to have women falling in love with a machine.2.Discovering useful words and collocations

A collocation is two or more words that often go together.These combinations just sound “right” to native English speakers, who use them all the time.While going over the text, try to recognize the collocations, treat them as single blocks of language and copy them out into your Collocation Book.Now go to page 13.Work in pairs to finish the three exercises in 10 minutes.3.Learning about the passive voice ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST

The active object becomes the passive subject.am/is/are + past participle was/were + past participle

Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me.The movie bores Jack.The movie surprises them.Passive: Simple Present

I am fascinated by the movie.Jack is bored by the movie.They are surprised by the movie.Active: Simple Past The movie bored me.The movie fascinated Jack.The movie surprised them.Passive: Simple Past

I was bored by the movie.Jack was fascinated by the movie.They were surprised by the movie.PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS(PROGRESSIVE)Passive form:

am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle

Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon.June is helping Su and Ling.Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me.Su and Ling are being helped by June.Active: Past Continuous

I was cleaning the bathroom.They were cleaning the bedroom.Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.Passive: Past Continuous

The bathroom was being cleaned by me.The bedroom was being cleaned by them.The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form:

have/has been + past participle had been + past participle

Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift.Jack has mailed the gifts.Passive: Present Perfect

The gift has been mailed by me.The gifts have been mailed by Jack.Active: Past Perfect

Steven Spielberg had directed the movie.Penny Marshall had directed those movies.Passive: Past Perfect

The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg.The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.Active: Future Perfect

John will have finished the project next month.They will have finished the projects before then.Passive: Future Perfect

The project will have been finished by next month.The projects will have been finished before then.FUTURE TENSES

Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle

Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift.Jack will mail the gifts.Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me.The gifts will be mailed by Jack.Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake.Sue is going to make two cakes.Passive: Future with GOING TO

The cake is going to be made by me.Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS

The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle

Active: WILL / WON'T(WILL NOT)Sharon will invite Tom to the party.Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party.(Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)

Passive: WILL / WON'T(WILL NOT)

Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon.(Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)

Active: CAN / CAN'T(CAN NOT)Mai can foretell the future.Terry can't foretell the future.(Terry can not foretell the future.)

Passive: CAN / CAN'T(CAN NOT)The future can be foretold by Mai.The future can't be foretold by Terry.(The future can not be foretold by Terry.)

Active: MAY / MAY NOT

Her company may give Katya a new office.The lazy students may not do the homework.MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

Her company might give Katya a new office.The lazy students might not do the homework.Passive: MAY / MAY NOT

Katya may be given a new office by her company.The homework may not be done by the lazy students.MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

Katya might be given a new office by her company.The homework might not be done by the lazy students.Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T

Students should memorize English verbs.Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T

English verbs should be memorized by students.Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.Active: OUGHT TO

Students ought to learn English verbs.(negative ought to is rarely used)

Passive: OUGHT TO

English verbs ought to be memorized by students.Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT

Students had better practice English every day.Children had better not drink whiskey.Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT

English had better be practiced every day by students.Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.Active: MUST / MUST NOT

Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad.Customers must not use that door.Passive: MUST / MUST NOT

A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.That door must not be used by customers.Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO

She has to practice English every day.Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day.DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO

Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day.The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO

English has to be practiced every day.The dishes have to be washed by them every day.DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO

Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day.Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.Active: BE SUPPOSED TO

I am supposed to type the composition.I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book.Janet is supposed to clean the living room.She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum.They are supposed to make dinner for the family.They aren't supposed to make dessert.Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO

The composition is supposed to be typed by me.The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied.The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet.Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her.Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them.Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.PAST MODALS

The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle

Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs.The children shouldn't have broken the window.Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE

The verbs should have been learned by the students.The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.Active: OUGHT TO

Students ought to have learned the verbs.(negative ought to is rarely used)

Passive: OUGHT TO

The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.Active: BE SUPPOSED TO(past time)I was supposed to type the composition.I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book.Janet was supposed to clean the living room.She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum.Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner.They weren't supposed to make dessert.Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO(past time)

The composition was supposed to be typed by me.The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied.The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet.Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her.Dinner was supposed to be made by them.Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.Active: MAY / MAY NOT

That firm may have offered Katya a new job.The students may not have written the paper.MIGHT / MIGHT NOT

That firm might have offered Katya a new job.The students might not have written the paper.Passive: MAY / MAY NOT

Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm.The paper may not have been written by the students.MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm.The paper might not have been written by the students.4.被动语态小结

●被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.●非谓语动词的被动语态

v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例I don't like being laughed at in the public.●It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有： It is said that„据说,It is reported that„据报道，It is believed that„大家相信，It is hoped that„大家希望，It is well known that„众所周知，It is thought that„大家认为，It is suggested that„据建议。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）

●谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？

系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例Your reason sounds reasonable.●非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：I’ll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out.（可看作to work out省略了for me）.在too„ to„结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive(for me)to buy.在there be„句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）

在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? ●介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。

“under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。

常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction(is being constructed).“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎„„胜过„„、范围、限度”。

常见的有：beyond belief(令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及。例The rumor is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．

“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过„„、高于„„”。

例His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough． “for+名词”结构，表示“适于„„、为着„„”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale.(= The house is to be sold).“in+名词”结构，表示“在„„过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。

例The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事„„中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。

例Today some treasures are on show in the museum(= are being showed).“out of+名词”结构；表示“超出„„之外“，常见的有：out of control(控制不了)，out of sight（超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。

例 The plane was out of control(can’t be controlled)．。“within+名词”结构，“在„„内、不超过„„”。例He took two days off within the teacher's permission． 5.Discovering useful structures Go to page 14, and finish the two exercises in pairs.6.Closing down by putting on stage a text play of Satisfaction Guaranteed Acting out the text is a very good way to motivate us to read out loud the text and to improve our spoken English.To practice speaking let’s now try to turn the text into a play and put it on stage.Larry Belmont: I am Larry Belmont.I am working for a company.My company makes robots.Tom: I hear that you company is experimenting with a robot that could be used to do the housework.Larry Belmont: Yes, it is.The robot is going to be tested out by my wife, Claire.Claire: I don’t want the robot in my house, especially as you would be absent for three weeks.Larry: I don’t think the robot would harm you.Tom: neither will it allow you to be harmed.Claire: All right.Let it come to me.(The robot comes in.)Claire: My god!You look so human.What is your name? Tony: I am the robot, called Tony.You are right.I don’t look like a machine at all.Claire: You are tall and handsome.Tony: Although my facial expressions never change.Claire: And your hair is smooth and black and your voice is deep.(On the second morning Tony brought her breakfast.)Tony: Here is your breakfast.Do you need help dressing? Claire: I am embarrassed, you know.Go away quickly.Tony: Am I disturbing and frightening that I look so human?(One day, Claire mentioned that she didn’t think she was clever.)Tony: You must feel very unhappy to say that.Claire: You are offering me sympathy? You are a robot!Anyway you are a nice guy.I trust you.Tony: What else can I do for you? Claire: My home isn’t elegant enough Larry.He wants to improve his social position.You know I am not as elegant as Gladys Claffern.She is one of the richest and most powerful women around.Tony: Then I will try my best to make you and your home elegant.(Claire borrowed a pile of books from the library for Tony to read or, rather, scan.)

Claire: May I look at your fingers? So beautiful!Now you may turn pages.(Suddenly she reached for his hand.)Claire: Your fingernails are so nice.Your skin is so soft and warm.What a pity you are a machine!Tony: May I give you a new haircut? May I change the makeup you wear? Claire: I ma going shopping this afternoon.Could you come with me? Tony: No, I couldn’t.I am not allowed to accompany you to the shops.But I will write out a list of items for you.(Claire went into the city and bought curtains, cushions, a carpet and paint.Then she went into a dress shop.)Claire: I am here to buy a dress for myself.Could you help me with that one? Salesman: Don’t you see I am busy?

Claire: Is that Tony? This is Claire speaking.I am at a dress shop.The salesman is so rude to me here.Tony: pass the phone to the salesman.Salesman: Yes, I am.Sorry to be bothering you.I apologize to you and your wife.Claire: Thanked you, Tony.You are a “dear’ to me.Gladys Claffern: It’s you, Claire!

Claire: Yes, I am shopping for a new dress for myself.Gladys Claffern: By the amused and surprised look on your face, I knew that you are having an affair.Your husband’s name is Larry, not Tony.Claire: Sorry, I have to go home now.(When Claire got home, she wept with anger.)Tony: why are you crying? Claire: I met Gladys at the shop.She overheard me talking with you over the phone.Tony: I suggest you invite Gladys and her friends to the house the night Larry is to return.By that time, I think the house will be completely transformed.Claire: All right.Do as you like.Tony: I will work on the improvements.You just stand by.Claire: I can help you with the cleaning.(Claire fell off a ladder.)Tony: Be careful.I am coming to save you.I did it.Claire: Why are you holding my firmly in your arms? I could feel the warmth of your body.Get away!(The night of the party arrived.)Tony: The clock is striking eight.The guests would be arriving soon.Claire: Go to go into another room.(At this moment, Tony folds his arms around her, bending his face close to hers.Claire: Tony, what are you doing? Tony: I am leaving you tomorrow.I don’t want to be away from you.(The front door bell rings.Tony frees her and disappears from sight.Claire: The windows are open.They saw everything!Guests: How clean and tidy are your rooms!Gladys: I have never seen anyone so handsome as Tony.I envy Claire!Claire:(murmuring to herself)But Tony is just a machine.Leave me alone!(The next morning a car drove up and took Tony away.)

第五篇：高中英语人教版选修8翻译课文翻译

英语 选修8 翻译

Unit1 一个多元文化的国家

加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史后，你就不会对此感到惊讶了。

美洲土著人

最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。欧洲人在16世纪来到这儿后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死，不过，还是有一些人在经历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。

西班牙人

在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，并夺去了他们的土地。两个世纪以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。在首批移 居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立-加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。但是，这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙的影响。这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。

俄罗斯人

19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有25,000人。

淘金矿工

1848年，在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久，在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人。随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。事实上很少有人圆了发财梦。一些人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人还是留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，并在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了。

后来的移民

虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的移民却是在1 9世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。今天，加利福尼亚州各地都有美籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）的“中国城”里。

19世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到了加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麦的移民建立了自己的城镇，至今仍然保留着丹麦文化。20世纪20年代，电影业在加州的好莱坞建立了起来。这个行业吸引了大量的欧洲人，包括许多犹太人。今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。

日本农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的，而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。非洲人从1 9世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作。

最近期的移民

在最近的几十年里，加利福尼亚成了更多的亚洲人的家，包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老挝人。从20世纪70年代以来，计算机工业吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人来到加州。

未来展望

世界各地的人，由于受到气候条件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以致不可能存在一种主要的种 族或文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。

Unit2 克隆：它将把我们引向何方？

克隆一直与我们同在，而如今它还要持续下去。这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象。

克隆技术有两大用途。第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的。克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。它的程序如下图所示：

1．母羊(A)提供一个卵细胞。2．在卵细胞中取出细胞核。

3．卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。

4．母羊(B)提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞。该细胞核应包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。5．取出该细胞的细胞核。

6．用电把母羊(B)的躯干细胞核和母羊(A)的卵细胞结合起来。7．细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。

8．把胚胎植入另外一头母羊(C)体内，母羊(C)就是克隆羊的代孕者。

9．这头小羔羊就是母羊(B)所提，供的细胞核克隆而成的。

一方面，整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长¨多莉看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。研究克隆的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上．这让他们很沮丧。多莉总共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。可悲的是，同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。科学家的脑海里产生的问题是：“这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢？这种现象会不会永远发生？如果改进程序，问题会不会解决？

另一方面，多莉的出生引起了一阵强烈的反对，对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了巨大的影响。它引起了争议，因为它突然打开了人们的眼界，看到了有可能：用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至克隆出人类。

尽管目前供克隆研究的人体卵细胞和胚胎还很难得到，但报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他的野心。宗教领袖也提出了道德方面的问题。各国政府惶恐不安而且更加谨慎，有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究。但是其他国家如中国和英国，则还在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富有的医疗救助的证据。然而，科学察们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向何处困惑。

Unit3 蛇的困扰

我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候，她感到很心烦。“我们院子里有几条蛇，”她告诉我说，“蛇时不时地爬到屋子旁边来，似乎是在屋子附近离胡桃树不远的地方安家了。你能不能把它们赶走？”我感到很自豪。这回我有机会来表现一下自己了。我要发明某种仁慈的东西，既可以把蛇捉住，而又不会伤害它们。我知道我的父母是不会让我伤害这些生物的。

我所做的第一件事就是看看有没有现成的任何产品能帮助我。但是，看来只有一种毒蛇的药粉。很明显，我得找一种新的方法了。于是我就着手研究蛇的习性，以便能用最容易的方法来捉住他们。好在这些爬行动物都很小，问题比较容易解决。

经过一番研究准备之后，我决定采用三种可能的方法：第一，铲除蛇的栖息地；第二，用男人或女人的香水或食物把它们引进陷阱；第三，降低它们的体温，使它们困乏，这样就很容易把它们捉住。我决定采用最后一种方法。我买了一个制冰淇淋的不锈钢碗。在碗的内壁和外壁都抹上果冻，这些果冻冷却后会冻结。我把这个碗放进冰箱，冷冻了24个小时。与此同时，我还准备了一些冰块儿。

第二次试验我用的还是冻结的碗和冰块儿，但是这次我是在夜晚气温开始变凉的时候把它们放在蛇窝的上方，然后像以前那样用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那儿。第二天一早我就去看结果。这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查的时候，发现蛇都是睡意浓浓的。但是一把它们提起来，它们就要咬我。因为它们都是毒蛇，所以很显然我还得改进我的捕蛇方案。

第三次试验重复了上一次的程序，不过第二天早晨我的手里拿了一个捕鱼用的小网。这是因为我预料蛇还全再咬人。但是经过仔细监视，证明这些蛇是制造不了麻烦的，一切都按计划进行着。我把这些温顺的蛇收集起来，第二天就愉快地把他们全都释放到野外去了。

由于朋友和亲戚的敦促，我决定把我这次的发明运到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认可。只有你得到这种承认，你才可以说你是一个真正的发明者二（评定）专利标准非常严格，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。此外，你的想法如果属于下列情况，那么你也不可能得到专利：

·一种发现·一种科学理论或数学模式·文学或艺术·一场游戏或一笔交易·一个电脑程序 ·一种新的动植物物种

你的产品要经过仔细调查，证明它确实是与众不同的，你才能获得专利。专利局还有一大批审查人员，他们的唯一职责就是审查你的专利申请是否有效。如果通过了所有这些审查，你申请的专利就会在你提出申请的18个月之后公布出来。于是，我填了表，向专利局提交了申请书。现在就是等，待和期盼了。将来你看看我的银行结余金额就会知道我是否成功了祝我好运吧。

Unit4 皮格马利翁

主要人物： 伊菜扎·杜利特尔（伊）：穷苦的卖花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活

希金斯教授（希）：语音学专家，坚信一个人的英语水平决定这个人的社会地位 皮克林上校（皮）：陆军军官，后来成了希金斯教授的朋友，并给他安排了一项任务 第一幕

决定性的会面

1914年的某日晚上11点15分，在英国伦敦某剧场夕。正下着倾盆大雨，四处响着出租车的鸣笛声。有一位男士在躲雨，边听人们谈话边观察着人们的反应。他一边观察，一边作记录。附近一个穿着黑色衣裙围着羊毛围巾的卖花姑娘也在躲雨。这时有位先生（先）从这儿路过，他迟疑了片刻。

伊：长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命的孩子一束花吧！先：对不起，我没有零钱，伊：长官，我可以给你找零钱呀。先：（惊奇地）一个英镑你找得开吗？没有再小的钱了。伊：（带有希望的神色）啊！好啦，从我这买一束吧。拿这一束，只要三个便士o（举起一些已经枯萎的花）

先：（不舒服地）现在别烦我，好姑娘。（在他的口袋里找什么，这时语气好些了）等一等，这儿有几个零钱。这点钱对你有用吗？雨下大了，不是吗？（说完就走了）

伊：（对先生付的钱表现出失望的样子，但是有总比没有好）先生，谢谢了。（看到有人在记什么，感到担心）嗨，我跟那位先生讲话，又没做错什么事。我有权卖花吧，我有权嘛！我不是小偷，我是个老实姑娘，老老实实的！（开始哭起来）

希：（友善地）好啦，好啦！谁伤害你了，傻姑娘？你把我当成什么人了？（递给她一条手帕）

伊：我还以为你是一个便衣警察呢。希：我像警察吗？

伊：（仍在担心）那你为啥要把我说的话记下来呢？我怎么知道你是不是写对了呢？那你把你写的关于我的东西给我看看。

希：你看吧！（把写满字的纸递给她）

伊：这是什么呀？不像规规矩矩的字，我看不懂。（把纸退回给他）希：我懂。（模仿伊的声音读）长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命孩子一束花吧！（改用自己的声音）好了吧，你呀，如果我没有弄错的话，你出生在里森格罗佛： 伊：（困惑不解的）如果我是又怎样呢？跟你有什么关系呢？

皮：（本来是一直望着这个姑娘的，这时跟希金斯说话了）太棒了！请问你是怎么知道的呢？ 希：对人的发音进行研究、分类，如此而已。这是我的专业，也是我的业余爱好。你可以根据几句话判定是哪个地方的人。我可以根据任何谈话来判定他们是哪个地方的人，差距不过六英里，有时候在伦敦甚至不超过两个街区呢。

皮：恭喜你了！不过，你这样做有收入吗？

希：当然有哆，还挺高呢。这是个致富的年代

人们从伦敦的穷人区开始工作，年收入才80英镑，最后到了富人区工作，年收入就是10万英镑了，但是他们一张嘴就会露出马脚（暴露自己的身份）。如今如果让我一教，她就会变成一个上层阶级的淑女…… 皮：是吗？那太妙了！

希：（粗鲁地）你瞧这个姑娘，英语说得那样糟糕，使她注定要在贫民窟里待上一辈子。不过，先生，（高傲地）要是一旦有人教她把英语说好了，她就可以在三个月以内冒充公爵夫人出席大使主办的花园晚会了。说不定我还可 以给她找份工作，当一名贵夫人的侍女或商店的店员。这些工作都要求英语说得好呢。

伊：你说啥来着？店员？这正是我想要做的，真的！希：（不理睬她）你相信我说的话吗？ 皮：当然相信。我自己就学了好多种印度方言，而且…… 希：真的吗？那你认不认得皮克林上校呢？

皮：当然认得，皮克林就是我。那么请问您是谁？ 希：我是亨利·希金斯。我还打算要去印度见你呢： 皮：我也正是到英国来找你的！

伊：我呢？你们怎么帮助我呢？ 希：啊，拿去吧！（漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔去一把钱）好老兄，我们该美美地庆祝一番了。（一道离去）伊：（惊奇地看着收集起来的钱）啊，我还从来没有见过！整整一个英镑呢！一笔财富呀！这的确给我帮大忙了，真的。明天我一定去找你，亨利·希金斯。等着瞧吧！你那口（模仿他的声音）“真正的英语”……（用自己的声音）我倒要看看你能不能帮我找到……（离去）

Unit5 周口店洞穴参观记

一群英国学生（学）来到周口店洞穴参观。有一位考古学家（考）正领着他们参观。考：欢迎到中国来参观周口店洞穴。很高兴见到你们这些从英国来的对考古学感兴趣的学生。你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了世界上居住在这个地方最早人类的证据。我们在这儿进行的挖掘工作已经很多年了，而且…… 学1：

对不起，打断一下你的讲话，请问他们是怎么住在这个地方的呢？这儿只有石头和树木。考：问得好。你是个敏锐的观察者，在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。

学2：那他们是怎样取暖的呢？他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。

考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭，还可以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚，这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。我们还没有找到门，但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。

学3：在那以前有些什么野兽吗？考：嗯，我们在洞里发现了老虎和熊的骨头。我们认为这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了。现在，你们看这个东西能告诉我们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢？（指着一张有针线的照片让大家看）

学2：哎呀，那是一根针！天哪，难道他们还会修补东西吗？ 考：除此之外，你认为还可能派别的什么用场吗？

学4：让我看看。这个东西最多三厘米长，看起来像是用骨头做的。我不知道他们是怎样做成针眼的……

学2：（插话）你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿？他们又是从哪里得到衣料的呢？ 考：他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料。你能猜出他们用的是什么吗？

学1：哇，他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗？他们那些衣服是怎样做成的？我确信它们裁剪并缝起来又厚又重。

考：我们有证据表明，他们的确穿的是用兽皮制的衣服。我们不断发现一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看样子他们可能是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮，再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他们可能在兽皮上擦上大量的盐，使皮变柔软。最后进行剪裁，缝起来就成了。确实是既难又脏的活！现在来看看这个吧。（指着一串项链）考：你真聪明！有块骨头实际上是野兽的牙齿，贝壳是从海边捡来的。你还认得别的骨头吗？ 学1：这根很像鱼骨头，对吗？

考：很对。植物学的分析结果明确地告诉我们，这儿四周曾经是一个很．大的浅水湖。毫无疑问，当时湖里是有鱼的。

学3：不过，湖并不是海呀，我们离海还远着呢¨眷客，更壳又是怎么来的呢？

考：早期人类之间也许有贸易来往，或者他们也可能旅行到海边去。我们知道，他们跟着兽群四处走。他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀野兽来充饥。这就是他们被称之为猎人和采摘者的缘故。现在，咱们去参观洞穴好吗？