第一篇:祝福教学案及答案0
《祝福》教学案
【课前预习】
1.zhēnɡ shàn tuán kē páo jiàn xīn lǐ niù
2.(1)精神无所依托,感到非常无聊。(2)形容人声喧嚣杂乱。(3)很顺从,很熟悉。(4)难为情的样子。
3.小说一共写了三次“祝福”的情景。
第一次是鲁镇各家准备“祝福”的情景。通过鲁镇“祝福”环境的描写,揭露了人与人之间的矛盾冲突,预示了祥林嫂悲剧的社会性。第二次是对鲁四老爷家“祝福”的描写。写出了鲁四老爷在祝福时凭着封建宗法思想和封建礼教的淫威,把祥林嫂逼上死路。特定的环境描写,推动了情节的发展,增强了人物形象的真实性和感染力。第三次是鲁镇的“祝福”情景。主要是通过“我”的感受写的,祥林嫂死的惨象和富人们的幸福形成鲜明的对照,深化了主题。同时在布局上起到了首尾呼应的作用。
4、理清线索和结构
序幕 写祝福景象
结局 祥林嫂寂然死去
开端 祥林嫂初到鲁镇 发展 祥林嫂初卖改嫁
高潮 祥林嫂再到鲁镇
尾声 再写祝福景象(倒叙)
【分析人物形象及主题】
1、初到鲁镇:顺着眼---表现他的老实、善良、忠厚;
再到鲁镇:顺着眼,有泪痕,无精神——表现她内心悲哀、痛苦; 临死之前:眼珠间或一轮----表现她精神麻木、呆滞。
2、A. 第一次是青黄,第二次还是青黄,第三次是黄中带黑;
B. 脸色的变化-----表现了她生活情况的逐渐恶劣,更说明心理的极大负担,身心的极度悲痛。
3、总结祥林嫂形象:祥林嫂是生活在旧中国的一个被践踏、被愚弄、被迫害、被鄙视的勤劳、善良、质朴、顽强的劳动妇女的典型形象。
4.通过对祥林嫂悲剧命运的叙述,批判封建政权、族权、夫权、神权对人的毒害,也揭示广大民众的病态灵魂,引起疗救的注意。
5、探讨以“祝福”为题,而不以“祥林嫂”为题的意义:
(1)小说起于祝福,结于祝福,中间一再写到祝福,情节的发展与祝福有着密切的关系。
(2)通过这个标题,就把“凶人的愚顽的欢呼”和“悲惨的弱者”的不幸,鲜明地摆到读者的面前,形成强烈的对比,在表现主题方面更增强了祥林嫂遭遇的悲剧性。小说起于祝福,结于祝福,情节的发展与祝福有密切联系。同时,祥林嫂是在祝福中死去,题为“祝福”就用祝福的热闹繁忙来反衬祥林嫂的悲剧命运。(3)祝福是一种封建习俗。在旧社会,劳动人民无福可祝,无福可言,而祥林嫂正是因为这祝福而逼上绝境的。可见,小说取名为《祝福》具有深刻含义。【文段阅读】
6.①雪是冬天所特有的景物,而在这里写雪,有推动故事情节发展的作用。正是因为看到了雪,祥林嫂才又想起了阿毛的事,引出了下面的事情。②雪还是祥林嫂悲惨命运的暗示,“微雪点点的下来了”,是暗示祥林嫂的又一不幸来临了。她本来生活就已经十分悲惨,又无故地增加了一道精神枷锁。7.(1)课文比原文多了一些补充部分,更进一步揭露鲁四老爷剥夺了祥林嫂洗器皿的权利,使得她只能坐着看柳妈洗器皿,这是一种精神上的伤害。也正是由于“闲”,她才会从“自己再没有开口的必要了”,重新想到阿毛的往事。(2)把“眼”改为“脸”,才能问起伤疤的事。这一改动,显得更为准确。
8.①祥林嫂的诉说反复过无数遍,达到背诵如流的程度,表现了一种没有变化、麻木迟钝的感情,这正是苦难留给她的精神伤疤。②这不是一般的追述,而是在咀嚼自己的痛苦和不幸,但这痛苦和不幸并没有随着时间的流逝而淡薄,而是始终缠绕着她。③祥林嫂想得到同情和安慰,但所得到的是冷淡和嘲笑。她丧子是不幸的,但还要接受冷淡和嘲笑,这就更不幸了。
【基础积累】1答案:A 解析:B项,“间”应读“jiàn”;C项,“蹙”应读“cù”;D项,“模”应读“mú”。
2答案:A 解析:A项,拟人。3答案:A 解析:A项,“扛鼎之作”即花大力气完成的在社会上影响广大,意义深远的作品。B项,“敝帚自珍”是指家里的破扫帚也被自己珍惜,比喻对自己的东西非常珍惜。不合语境。C项,“沸反盈天”形容人声鼎沸,极其嘈杂喧闹,而不能形容花开的繁盛。D项,“岁寒知松柏,患难见真情”比喻只有经过严峻的考验,才能看出一个人的品质。而句中强调的是时间。
4答案:B 解析:A项中的“均价”和“都超过”矛盾,不合逻辑;C项“不仅„„而且”有递进关系,应先“数量”后质量,语序颠倒;D项是两面与一面不搭配。5.答案:语言描写
解析:塑造人物形象的方法有很多,诸如语言描写、动作描写、环境描写、心理描写、细节描写等。本篇小说中“说”“道”等词语表明本篇小说塑造人物的主要方法是语言描写。
6.参考答案:从“现在的长毛”“辫子?这倒是要紧的事”等语句,从七斤辫子被剪、赵七爷骨子里深刻的封建意识可以看出,这是在辛亥革命时期。
解析:每篇小说都有其社会背景,判断小说中所描写的环境属于哪个历史时期,就应当通过文中标志词来推断,如文中“辫子”“长毛”等可以推断这是辛亥革命时期。7.参考答案:赵七爷是辛亥革命时期清朝封建遗老的典型代表,他从骨子里维护封建统治。当他风闻皇帝又坐了龙庭的消息后,故意到七斤家进行撩拨,使七斤一家子急得没法,这反映了他的阴暗心理和劣根性。
解析:概括分析人物形象的特点,应当通过这个人物的言行举止来分析。
8.参考答案:从两个人的语言可以看出,当时广大群众在思想上是被蒙蔽的,十分麻木,他们不仅不理解革命,而且对反动势力也缺乏认识。
解析:因为“七斤嫂”“九斤老太”是当时人民群众的代表人物,结合文中期待“皇恩大赦”“没有读过书”等词语及文中最后一段的相关信息分析即可得出当时人民群众的思想状况。
第二篇:《祝福》教学案
《祝福》教学案
第一课时
一、学习目标:
、了解故事情节,掌握倒叙方法的作用
2、抓住祥林嫂的外貌描写,体会人物描写的技巧
二、基础掌握
、字音
监()生
镯()子
朱拓()
陈抟()
瘦削()间()或
悚()然
支梧()
不更()事
惴惴()
谬()种
新正()
荸荠()()
怔怔()
草窠()
呜咽()
驯()熟
讪讪()拗()
炮烙()()
歆()享
牲醴()()
阿()弥陀佛
2、解释
四书
间或
不更事
沸反盈天
新正
歆享
三、基础拓展
.下列词语中字形、字音全部正确的一组是()
A.修葺(qì)渲染(xuàn)倾轧(yà)叱咤风云(zhà)
B.蓦地(mò)缄默(jiān)遒劲(qiú)朝夕揣磨(mó)
C.裨益(bì)犒赏(kào)惬意(xiá)腾挪跌宕(dàng)
D.谙习(ān)感喟(kuì)荟萃(cuì)胜卷在握(quàn)
2.依次填入各句横线处的词语,恰当的一组是()
①学术界对这件出土文物所属的年代,一直有
②要把那些党纪国法,敢于顶风作案的领导干部交司法部门制裁
③请容许我大胆地一下鲁迅先生那副知名的短联:舒眉傲对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛
A.异议违反篡改
B.异议违犯窜改
C.争议违犯窜改
D.争议违反篡改
3.下列各句中成语使用恰当的一句是()
A.中国古代文化浩如烟海,让我们徜徉其中,含英咀华,尽情感受遥远的馨香
B.等我们来到厅,里面已是万头攒动、济济一堂
C.李向群在抗洪斗争中威武不屈,献出了年轻的生命,他不愧为新时期的雷锋
D.大连万达战胜了浦项制铁,无独有偶,鲁能泰山也战胜了现代恐龙
4.下列各句中,没有语病的一句是()
A.古往今来,凡成就事业,对人类有作为的,无不是脚踏实地、艰苦奋斗的结果
B.晚会上,他们神情自若,舞姿潇洒,谁能相信他们不是年过花甲甚至年逾古稀的老人呢?
C.昨天,市图书馆举办知识经济讲座,聘请了东南大学的教授,会议室的座位真是座无虚席,好多人站着听了一下午
D.虽然国际互联网给我们带来了不少商务、、购物上的便利,但是我们对网上信息的真实性和安全性越来越感到怀疑
四、文本体悟
、小说在结构上采取了怎样的记叙方式?这种手法有什么作用?
2、课文是怎样描写鲁镇祝福景象的?哪些语句带有作者的感情或有特定的思想内容?
3、思考:找出文中关于祥林嫂的三处肖像描写,比较它们的异同,思考其用意
五、课外阅读
《绿的歌》
冰心
我的童年是在大海之滨度过的,眼前是一望无际的湛蓝湛蓝的大海,身后是一抹浅黄的田地
那时,我的大半个世界是蓝色的蓝色对于我,永远象征着阔大、深远、庄严„„
我很少注意到或想到其他颜色
离开海边,进入城市,说是“目迷五色”也好,但我看到的只是杂色的黯淡的一切
我开始向往看到一大片的红色,来振奋我的精神
我到西山去寻找枫林的红叶,但眼前这一闪光艳,是秋天的“临去秋波”,很快的便被朔风吹落了
在怅惘迷茫之中,我凝视着这满山满谷的吹落的红叶,而“向前看”的思路,却把我的心情渐渐引得欢畅起来!
“落红不是无情物”,它将在春泥中融化,来滋润培养它新的一代
这时,在我眼前突兀地出现了一幅绿意迎人的图画!那是有一年的冬天,我回到我的故乡去,坐汽车从公路进入祖国的南疆小车在层峦叠嶂中穿行,两旁是密密层层的参天绿树:苍绿的是松柏,翠绿的是竹子,中间还有许许多多不知名的、色调深浅不同的绿树,衬以遍地的萋萋的芳草“绿”把我包围起来,我从惊喜而汇入恬静,静默地、欢悦的陶醉在这铺天盖地的绿色之中
我深深地体会到“绿”是象征着:浓郁的春光,蓬勃的青春,崇高的理想,热切的希望„„ 绿,是人生中的青年时代
个人、社会、国家、民族、人类都有其生命的青年时代
我愿以这支“绿之歌”献给生活在青年的社会主义祖国的青年们!
1、文中“临去秋波”比喻什么?用这一比喻表达了作者什么感情?
答:比喻
表达了作者的感情
2、文中“‘向前看’的思路却把我的心情渐渐引得欢畅起来”这句话中“‘向前看’的思路”指的是什么?从文中摘出它所指的语句,然后再简要概括出上述整句话表达了作者怎样的精神分别把答案写在下面横线上
答:“向前看”的思路指的是
表达了作者的精神
3、作者见到“绿”感到“惊喜”,甚至“陶醉”了,这是为什么?
答:
4、下面说法正确的两项是
A.的开头,作者说“那时,我的大半个世界是蓝色的”这是因为“我”那时大多沉醉于这蓝色中
B.“我”离开海边,进入城市后,“看到的只是杂色的黯淡的一切”这暗指城市色彩的驳杂,与辽阔大海的一片湛蓝相比显得黯然失色
c.文中“落红不是无情物”是引自明代诗人顾炎武《己亥杂诗》,其下句是“化作春泥更护花”
D.的题目是《绿的歌》,作者却先写大海的湛蓝,城市的杂色,枫林的红色,这是为突出后面的绿色作铺垫
E、成功地运用了比拟手法,分别赋予蓝色、杂色、红色和绿色以人的思想感
第二课时
一、学习目标
、分析小说的环境
2、领悟小说的主旨
二、复习巩固
、选词填空:
①“刚才,四老爷和谁生气呢?”我问“还不是和祥林嫂?”那短工
(a.简洁b.直捷c.直接d.简捷)的说
②但随后也就自笑,觉得
(a.偶尔b.偶然c.间或d.随便)的事,本没有什么深意义,而我偏要细细推敲„„
③“我正要问你一件事——”她那没有
(a.精神b.神采c.光采d.精采)的眼睛忽然发光了
④脸上瘦削不堪,黄中带黑,而且消尽了前先
(a.悲凉b.悲苦c.悲郁d.悲哀)的神色
2、填入下面一段文字横线处恰当的一组词语是:()
我
常见些但愿不为所料,以为未必竟如所料的事,每每恰如所料的起来,很恐怕这事也一律
A.尽管
而
就
B.因为
却
所以
c.既然
也
所以
D.即使
也
就
3、“你放着吧,祥林嫂!”四婶慌忙大声说四婶这句大喊在文中的作用是:()
A.表现了封建统治阶级对祥林嫂的歧视和摧残
B.表现了地主阶级的迷信与自私
c.使祥林嫂用替身赎罪的幻想破灭了,造成她在封建神权压力下精神崩溃
D.表现了地主阶级的凶恶本质,说明祥林嫂死于封建政权的迫害
4、《祝福》开头景物描写的作用是(不限于一项):()
旧历的年底毕竟最像年底,村镇上不必说,就在天空中也显出将到新年的气象来灰白色的沉重的晚云中间时时发出闪光,接着一声钝响,是送灶的爆竹;近处燃放的可就更强烈了,震耳的大音还没有息,空气里已经散满了幽微的火药香
A.真实地描绘了鲁镇旧历年底的欢庆气氛
B.具体交待了故事发生的特定环境
c.形象地展现了祥林嫂悲剧命运的社会背景
D.衬托“我”及时回到故乡过年的欢愉心情
E.表现“我”对故乡鲁镇深沉的感情
5、《祝福》开头一段文字中对鲁四老爷语言、外貌描写的作用是(不限一项):()
A.为展示小说的人物关系拉开序幕
B.表现鲁四老爷是一位令人敬畏的长辈
c.说明“我”对四叔的矛盾心情
D.表现鲁四老爷对晚辈的关心及对新党的仇视
E.表现了鲁四老爷冷漠无聊、顽固守旧的思想和性格
6、下面这句话表现了这些老女人:()
有些老女人没有在街头听到她的话,便特意寻来,要听她这段悲惨的故事
A.发自善良本意的同情
B.把咀嚼别人的痛苦当成开心的事
c.同情是主要的,好奇心是次要的 D.好奇心是主要的,同情是有限度的三、基础拓展、选出下面划线的字读音完全正确的一项()
A.不啻(chì)迂讷(nâ)
邑庠(xiáng)咸与(yù)维新
B.忤(wǔ)逆觇(chān)视
叱咤(chà)乳臭(xiù)未干
c.酵(jiào)母斡(wò)旋
安谧(mì)为虎作伥(zhàng)
D.鸩(zhân)毒嗾(shuō)使
萧瑟(sâ)自怨自艾(yì)
2、下列词语中没有错别字的一组是()
A.长篇累牍川流不息风驰电擎残羹冷炙
B.随声附合趋之若鹜固若金汤泽被后世
c.贻笑大方遐思迩想众口砾金莫明其妙
D.孑然一身恬退隐忍臻于郅治不经之谈
3、下列各句中,加点的词语使用恰当的一句是()
A.迄今还没有一个人设计出一种计算机能在解决难题时转念再用另一个办法
B.今天的孔庙曾经具备了一个小型汉代雕刻陈列馆的条件了
c.越来越多的北京人选择中国周边的国家当作自己和家人度假的地方
D.我们还没有一个有效的措施扼制盗版的产生,难怪《宝莲灯》被盗版的这一天是迟早都会到来的4、下列各句中的成语使用恰当的一句是()
A.某领导任命的这位学科带头人,既不懂外文,又看不懂电路图,面对着浩如烟海的国外科技资料,只能望洋兴叹
B.敌人被打跑了,但我们知道,他们不会甘心失败,一定会重整旗鼓,卷土重来
c.桂林的山水真是神奇秀丽,青青的山,绿绿的水,栩栩如生,令人陶醉
D.大家诚挚的劝慰,使他消除了顾虑,这才说出了难言之隐的苦衷
5、下列各句,没有语病的一句是()
A.我报收到的群众来信中,反映这方面问题的读者来信始终没有间断过
B.谁又能否认任何新生事物都是在斗争中成长壮大起来呢!
c.扶贫工作组的同志们经常下到农村了解情况,他们的足迹踏遍了黄冈的五十多个乡镇
D.大家事先都知道这场灾难势必难免,政府也作了移民安排,但还是有人没有逃脱这场无妄之灾
四、文本阅读:、祥林嫂死了,不论是自杀,还是冻死,鲁镇上的人们都有着直接或间接的责任仔细阅读小说,找出杀害祥林嫂的凶手,讨论这些人是如何将祥林嫂逼上死地的
2、祥林嫂对加于自己身上的命运,并不只是逆来顺受,她是反抗过的,她是怎样反抗的?你怎样看待她的反抗?
3、祥林嫂的悲剧是必然的,她悲剧的根源在哪里?从而总结主旨
4、环境描写包括自然环境与社会环境,请从中找出这些描写并加以分析
五、课外延伸:、把下面横线上的长句改为较短的句子,要求读起来简短明确(4分)
为了使书中的每篇都更有说服力,安先生从数以千计的图片中精选了十几幅具有震撼力且能突出主题的照片作为每篇的配图
答:
2、校训是大学的精神它不仅反映一所大学的学术传统和办学宗旨,也深刻砥砺着一代代学子的品行下边是中国两所著名大学的校训:
复旦大学:博学而笃志,切问而近思
山东大学:气有浩然,学无止境
请仿照上述示例,为下面几处大学拟制校训,要求:①采用对偶形式②体现学校专业特点(任选两处即可)(4分)
某师范大学:,某医科大学:,某地质大学:,3、从下列文字中,概括“高纯度”饮用水的缺点(不超过32个字)(4分)
人们饮用纯净水的初衷,是避免污染,但纯净水对人体健康的危害绝不可小视科学家指出,饮纯净水,无异于让肾脏“下岗”据专家分析,现在市场上的各类所谓“高纯度”饮用水,在消除细菌、有机污染物及致癌物质等的制造过程中,也不可避免地将大量人体必需的微量元素消除得一干二净众所周知,“水至清则无鱼”,试想连鱼都养不活的水,于我们人类能有多大好处呢?研究表明,“高纯度”饮用水的凝聚态结构,还会把人体内原有的微量元素淋洗出去这样一来就减弱了人体的免疫力,可以引发许多疾病
答:“高纯度”饮用水
五、练笔活动
课外观看或了解电视剧《橘子红了》,比较祥林嫂与秀禾的性格和命运
第三篇:祝福学案答案
《祝福》学案(第一课时)
编写者审核人________审批人________
一.三维目标:
1、训练学生概括小说情节的能力。
2、学习本文综合运用肖像描写、动作描写、语言描写等塑造人物的方法。
3、准确把握祥林嫂的形象特征,理解造成人物悲剧的社会根源,从而认识旧社会封建礼教的罪恶本质。
4、品味文章细节。
二.知识积累
1、字音积累
钝()响寒暄()朱拓()间()或悚()然踌蹰()()不更()事谬()种淡()然俨()然
雪褥()瑟()瑟有声尘芥()堆形骸()脸颊()沸反盈()天贺家墺()荸荠()()絮絮()呜咽()驯()熟桌帏()讪讪()咀嚼()()渣滓()()瞥()拗()不过蹙()缩门槛()窈()陷惴惴()歆享()牲醴()()蹒跚()()
2、字形积累
寒暄(喧哗)烟霭(和蔼)走投无路(回头)形骸(惊骇弹劾)惴惴(揣摩湍急)
3、字义识记
俨然∶讪讪:
怔怔:寒暄:
沸反盈天 :
三、文学常识:
1、《祝福》选自《,作者是,他的另两部小说集是《》和《》,散文集是《》,散文诗集是《》,还有杂文集16本:《热风》;《坟》;《华盖集》;《华盖集续编》(1926);《而已集》(1927);〈三闲集〉,〈二心集〉(1930);〈南腔北调集〉(1922——1933);〈伪自由书〉;〈准风月谈〉;〈花边文学〉;〈且介亭杂文〉(1934——1946);〈且介亭杂文二集〉;〈且介亭杂文末编〉;〈集外集〉;〈集外集拾遗〉。
2、“四书”指《、《》、《》、《 》,“五经”指《》、《》、《》、《》、《》五部经典著作。
四、文本整体感知,梳理情节:
1.本文以祥林嫂的悲剧一生为主线安排的,本文的情节结构是怎样的?这样安排有什么好处?
2.这篇小说所写的人物有几个,请大致给他们分类。
点拨:
1、()——(鲁四老爷、祥林嫂婆婆)
2、()——(四婶、刘妈、鲁镇其他冷漠麻木的民众)
3、()——(“我”)
4、()——(祥林嫂)
五、合作探究:
1.小说主要采用什么描写方法描写主人公的,文中有几处突出的肖象描写,三次肖像有什么变化,请找出并分析。
2.请从文中找出描写祥林嫂眼睛的句段画出,并作简要分析。
六、课外延伸:
细读并画出小说中的环境描写,思考它有哪些作用?试分条论述
点拨:
开篇简洁地勾画出“旧历的年底毕竟最像年底”的新年气象,为小说情节开展勾画背景和渲染气氛。
下文描述祝福的礼仪和福礼,又描写了年底常有的大雪天气,忙碌的新年沉寂的雪夜,互相映衬,为下文抒发悲愤的感情渲染了气氛。
在柳妈恫吓祥林嫂时,“微雪点点的下来了”“祥林嫂……旋转眼光,自去看雪花”,起了点明时节,并和全文中的写景相呼应相协调的作用。
结尾一段,“远处的爆竹声联绵不断,似乎合成一天音响的浓云,夹着团团飞舞的雪花,拥抱了全市镇”,写出祝福时刻繁乱喧闹的景象,扣紧题目,并为最后抒情渲染了气氛。
环境是人物活动的具体场所,它包括社会环境和自然环境(自然景物)。而环境描写是指对人物所处的具体的社会环境和自然环境的描写,包括社会环境描写和自然环境描写(景物描写)。它对表现人物的身份、地位、性格,表达人物心情,渲染气氛都有重要作用。因此,环境描写在文章中起着重要的作用。主要有以下几方面:
一、交代事情发生的地点或背景,增加事情的真实性。例如:“车窗外是茫茫的大戈壁,没有山,没有水,也没有人烟„„”《白杨》首段便交代了地点:使人初步感受到大戈壁的荒凉与贫瘠,为下文爸爸的沉思做了铺垫。另外如《孔已己》中开头对鲁镇酒店的格局的描写也是如此。
二、渲染气氛,烘托人物的心情。例如“天灰蒙蒙的,又阴又冷,长安街两旁的人行道上挤满了男女老少。”《十里长街送总理》一文中的环境描写,渲染了悲哀的气氛,衬托出人们悼念周总理的极其沉痛的心情。另外如《故乡》中对故乡景象的描写,渲染了一种悲凉的气氛。而鲁迅《药》一文结尾一段:时令虽已是清明,然而天气仍“分外寒冷”,“歪歪斜斜”的路旁是“层层叠叠”的丛冢;这里没有生机,只有“支支直立”的枯草发出“一丝发抖的声音”;这里没有啼鸣的黄莺,只有预兆不祥的乌鸦,而且“缩着头,铁铸一般站着”。这里借助环境描写渲染出了坟场阴冷、悲凉的气氛。
三、寄托人物的思想感情。例如《心愿》一文,在点明“我”在一个假日去巴黎的一座街道公园看书之后,交代了“我”周围的环境以及“我”由花丛联想到北京一事,表达了作者思念祖国的思想感情。
四、反映人物的性格或品质。例如《一夜的工作》一文写周总理工作的环境:“这是高大的宫殿式的房子,室内陈设极其简单„„”可以看出,总理生活多么简朴。又如《穷人》一文中写道“屋外寒风呼啸,汹涌澎湃的海浪„„这间渔家的小屋却温暖而舒适。”由此可知,桑娜是个十分勤劳的人。另外如《驿路梨花》中对小茅屋的描写,则写出了人们的热心与善良。
五、推动情节的发展。例如:《曹操煮酒论英雄》中“酒至半酣,忽阴云漠漠,聚雨将至。从人遥指天外龙挂”一句,因为天气的变化,引出了对“龙”的评论,从而推动了情节的发展。
另外如《边城》中写道:“天已快夜,别的雀子似乎都休息了,只杜鹃叫个不息。石头泥土为白日晒了一整天,草木为白日晒了一整天,到这时节各放散出一种热气。空气中有泥土气味,有草木气味还有各种甲虫类气味。翠翠看着天上的红云,听着渡口飘来生意人的杂乱声音,心中有些儿薄薄的凄凉。”情窦初开的翠翠“在成熟中的生命,觉得好像缺少了什
么”,“好像眼见到这个日子过去了,想要在一件新的人事上攀住它,但不成”。翠翠渴望爱情而还没有着落,有孤单失落之感。这时祖父在渡船上忙个不息,顾不上她,杜鹃叫个不
息,泥土、草木、各种甲虫类气味,生意人的杂乱声音,更增添了翠翠内心的纷乱和孤独之感,因此她“心中有些薄薄的凄凉”。这里的环境描写成为人物心里活动的契机并映衬着人物的心情,还有推动故事情节发展的作用。
六、深化作品主题
分析小说的主题,离不开对人物和情节的细致分析,也离不开对环境的认真考察。如老舍的《骆驼祥子》中,为了刻画人力车夫祥子的辛苦,揭示旧社会劳动人民的悲惨,作者极力刻画了日烈雨暴的情景。当日烈到人不能忍受的程度,祥子还不得不拉车挣钱;当雨暴到人不能行走的程度,祥子还不得不在雨中挣命。通过这样的环境描写,展现了祥子吃苦耐劳、勤劳的本性,从而揭示了旧社会劳动人民生活的疾苦和悲惨的主题。
当然,一段具体的环境描写,它的作用往往是多方面的,这需要根据具体的语言环境去综合分析,切忌生硬地把它归结为某一种作用。
练习:研究祥林嫂几次不幸遭遇发生的时间:以“春天”为突破口,以“一个没有春天的女人”为话题分析课文:
(1)春天是什么?
(2)为什么说祥林嫂没有“春天”?
点拨:
作者安排祥林嫂遭受挫折的时间都发生在春天或临近春天:A、(春上死了丈夫),逃到鲁镇做工。B、(新年刚过),被婆婆卖到贺家坳。C、(春天)(过年时)阿毛被吃。D、死去。春天是美好的季节,给人无限的生机和希望,但给祥林嫂的却只是打击与绝望。鲁迅先生巧妙的安排更加突出了祥林嫂的悲剧性。
(3)谁剥夺了祥林嫂的春天?
点拨:
从小说情节分析、总结入手,为什么做工?为什么改嫁?为什么捐门槛?为什么行乞?——罪魁祸首是封建制度。
七、作业:1.请你结合祥林嫂的生平遭遇,为她拟一副对联或挽联。
2.练习册课后练习
3.课外阅读鲁迅的小说集《呐喊》《彷徨》,做读书笔记。
这句话出自《为学》,原文如下: 天下事有难易乎?为之,则难者亦易矣;不为,则易者亦难矣。人之为学有难易乎?学之,则难者亦易矣;不学,则易者亦难矣。蜀之鄙,有二僧:其一贫,其一富。贫者语于富者曰:“吾欲之南海,何如?”富者曰:“子何恃而往?”曰:“吾一瓶一钵足矣。”富者曰:“吾数年来欲买舟而下,犹未能也。子何恃而往!”越明年,贫者自南海还,以告富者,富者有惭色。西蜀之去南海,不知几千里也,僧富者不能至,而贫者至焉。人之立志,顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?
西蜀之去南海,不知几千里也,僧富者不能至而贫者至焉。人之立志,顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?是故聪与敏,可持而不可持也;自恃其聪而不学者,自败者也。昏与庸可限而不可限也;不自限其昏与庸,而力学不倦者,自力者也.天下的事情有困难和容易的区别吗?只要做,那么困难的事情也变得容易了;如果不做,那么容易的事情也变得困难了。人们做学问有困难和容易的区别吗?只要学习,那么困难的也变得容易了;如果不学习,那么容易的变得也困难了。
四川的边境上有两个和尚,其中的一个贫穷,其中的一个富有。穷和尚对富和尚说:“我想去南海,怎么样?” 富和尚说:“您凭借着什么去呢?” 穷和尚说:“我凭借一个水瓶一个饭钵就足够了。” 富和尚说:“我几年来想要买船顺江而下,还没有能够去成。您凭借着什么能去!” 到了第二年,穷和尚从南海回来了,告诉富和尚。富和尚显出了惭愧的神色。四川距离南海,不知道有几千里路,富和尚不能到达可是穷和尚到达了。一个人立志求学,难道还不如四川边境的那个穷和尚吗?因此,天资聪明和敏捷,虽然可靠却也是不可靠的;
自己仗恃着聪明与敏捷而不努力学习的人,那就是自毁前程的人。愚笨和平庸,好像会限制人,却也限制不住人;不被自己的愚笨平庸所局限而努力不倦地学习的人,那就是能成就自己的人了。
第四篇:阅读理解教学案0
阅读理解教学案(理科)
制作人:岳光艳 审核人:明文玲 使用时间:_____ ——课前预习案——
阅读中几种题目的对策: 1)细节事实题:标志:fact(from the fact we could learn)(we learn from the fact that)细节实事题中常见的迷惑手段:单词替换;常识判断;颠倒因果;偷换概念;扩大范围
2)例证题:标志:example,illastration,case/examplify,illastrate,demostrate 返回原文找出该例证(定位)90%向上,10% 向下搜索例证支持的观点3)词汇题:标志:在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组要求急于解释判断该词是否超纲若未超出大纲则其常见意思必然不是正确答案,其正确答案是根据上下文推测处的一个深刻涵义或生僻涵义若为超纲词或为大多数人不认识的单词,则其字面意思或常见意思就是正确答案。4)句子理解题:标志:在题干中明确提出原文中某处的一个句子要求进行理解。返回原文找出该句,并对其意思进行精确理解,必要时进行语法分析。正确答案是与原句意思最接近最一致的一个选项。
——课中探究案——
Body and Food Your body, which has close relations with the food you eat, is the most important thing you own, so it needs proper treatment and proper nourishment(营养).The old saying “An apple a day keeps the doctor away ” is not as silly as some people think.The body needs fruit and vegetables because they contain vitamin C.Many people take extra vitamins in pill form, believing that these will make them healthy.But a good diet is made up of nourishing food and this gives all the vitamins you need.The body doesn’t need or use extra vitamins, so why waste money on them?
In the modern western world, many people are too busy to bother about eating properly.They throw anything into their stomachs, eating hurriedly and carelessly.The list of illnesses caused or made worse by bad eating habits is frightening.1.“Your body has close relations with the food you eat.”It really means that
.A.all kinds of food you eat can be made into your body B.your body is made up of the food you eat C.what you eat has a great effect on your health D.the more you eat, the fitter you will feel 2.The old saying referred to in the passage tells us that ______.A.eating apples regularly does lots of good to our health B.the apple is the best among all kinds of fruits C.apples can take the place of doctors
D.an apple is a sure cure for illness 3.In the second paragraph, the writer tries to let us know ______.A.our bodies need food or we can’ t live
B.often eating apples is a good habit C.taking vitamin pills is completely useless
D.a good diet is of great importance for our health 4.In the modern western countries ______.A.people don 't want to pay more attention to their eating B.lots of people’ s illnesses are caused or made worse by bad eating habits C.people throw everything into their stomachs without chewing D.people are only too busy to cook meals for themselves
5.From the passage we can draw a conclusion that if we want to keep healthy, we should ______.A.only eat an apple a day
B.eat improperly C.take as many vitamin pills as possible D.throw something into our stomachs slowly and carefully ——课后巩固案——
A
Dear Mr.President, I would like to personally thank you for your time and concern for our great country.I would like to take a few minutes to address a few concerns that I have with the United States.First of all, I would like to address the war.In my opinion, we should have never been involved with Iraq to the extent that we are now.I believe we should pull our troops out.However, I think there should be a timetable that we follow but the timetable should not be released because the enemy does not need to know when we are going to pull out.Also, the war takes out a ton of our money, which leads me to my next issue.The economy right now, in the opinion of many Americans is the biggest issue with which we are facing right now.No one can predict what will happen one day or the next.The obvious thing to do is to put 700 billion dollars in the economy, but that bill failed and was rejected by the House of Representatives.Instead of putting 700 billion dollars in, I think the money should be equally distributed among Americans to pay off their debts.I’m not sure if this would work, but I think it is a positive alternative we could take.My final issue I would like to call to your attention is teachers’ salaries.The high school students of today are America’s future.In a way, America’s future depends greatly on the high school teachers of America.Saying this, it is sad that teachers’ salaries are where they are.While teachers are working harder and harder every day to teach high school students, CEOs of big companies that are driving our country’s economy into the ground are getting bonuses.I’m not saying that teachers’ salaries should be the same of CEOs of companies, but I do strongly believe that action should be taken to increase the salaries of teachers because they have one of the most important jobs in America---preparing our country for the future.Once again, thank you for your time and your effort you put into making this great country a better place.Sincerely, Walker 1.What’s the author’s attitude towards the Iraq War?
A.Supportive
B.Objective
C.Negative D.Positive 2.What’s true about the time of pulling the troops out?
A.We should pull the troops out without delay.B.There is no need to have a timetable to follow.C.The public has the right to know the timetable.D.We should keep the time secret from the enemy.3.According to the author, the 700 billion dollars ______________ A.is the biggest issue with which we are facing right now.B.has been accepted by the House of Representatives.C.should be equally shared among Americans.D.should be put in the economy.4.When talking about high school teachers, the author thinks that _______________ A.the teachers’ salaries are not high enough.B.the teachers’ salaries should be as high as CEOs’.C.the teachers work harder than CEOs of companies.D.teaching is more important than any other job in America.5.Which of the topics is NOT included in the letter? A.Election
B.International affair
C.Finance D.Education
B Not too long ago, our teacher, being a “tree-hugger”(as the kids call her), had us write an essay on an environmental issue.I was eager to start, but something made me stop.“What is an environmental issue ?” one kid asked.“What if we don’t care about the environment ?” another complained.“ It’s not like it affects me.”
These comments astounded me.I have always cared about the environment and assumed that others did too.From the surprised look on my teacher’s face, I could tell she felt the same way.In no time, I finished my essay.In my essay I wrote about logging(伐木), which is an important industry, but if we continue to cut down trees without replacing them, it will damage the environment.There are so many things that we can do to save our world.Recycling, of course, is always a good thing, but not everyone has a recycling plant nearby(I don’t).There are other ways to help the environment.Plant a tree.Don’t waste water.I can’t stand it when a person’s excuse for not caring is “Nothing’s going to happen in my lifetime, so why should I care ?” Sure, the chances of something terrible happening are slim, but I want people to realize that if we don’t deal with it, someone will have to eventually.Do you want that to be your children ?
When my teacher told me to read my essay to my class, I was a little embarrassment because I didn’t want everyone to call me “tree-hugger”.I realize now that if being a tree-hugger means you cares about the environment, I’m a tree-hugger 100 percent.I just wish more people were too.1.Why do the students call her teacher “tree-hugger” ?
A.She likes hugging trees.B.She knows a lot about trees.C.She grew up in the country.D.She cares a lot about the environment.2.The underlined word in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ____.A.helped B.changed C.shocked D.interested 3.Paragraph 5 is mainly about ____.A.what we can recycle
B.how we can save the earth C.why we should protect the earth
D.what damage we are doing to the earth 4.We can infer from the text that _____
A.the students don’t like the teacher
B.the teacher liked the author’s essay C.the author is ashamed of being a tree-hugger D.the author should have written a better essay
C Here is a true story about a famous man who worked in the White House and a criminal.They once faced the same thing: their mother gave them apples when they were young.The criminal said: one day, my mother brought some apples and asked my brother and me: “Which do you want?” “The reddest and biggest one,” my little brother said.My mother stared at him and said to him angrily: “You should learn to give the good things to others;you shouldn’t always think of yourself.” Seeing this, I suddenly changed my idea and then said to my mother: “Mum, please give me the smaller one and give the bigger one to my little brother.” Hearing my words, my mother was very happy.She kissed me on my face and gave the reddest and biggest apple to me as a prize.From then on, I learned to tell lies, fight, steal and rob.In order to get what I wanted, I played hard.As a result, I was sent into prison.The famous man from the White House said: One day, my mother brought some apples.She said to my brother and me: “You all want the reddest and biggest one, right? Well, let’s have a competition.Now I divide the grassland in front of the gate into two and I will give one to each of you and you must shear(修剪)it well.And I will give the reddest and biggest apple to him who does it the most quickly and best.”
After the competition, I won and I got the biggest apple.In our family, as long as you want to get the best things, you must take part in competition.I think it is fair.No matter what you want, you must pay lots of efforts.1.The criminal got the reddest and biggest apple because ______.A.he told the truth that he wanted a smaller one B.his mother loved him more than she loved the younger brother C.elder brother should of course have the bigger one D.he knew how to make his mother happy from her answer 2.We can conclude from the passage that______.A.it’s important to make children aware that no matter what they want, they must pay work B.it’s wrong to ask children to choose apples when they are not old enough C.it’s wrong to ask children not to always think of themselves
D.it’s always necessary to have a competition when we give children apple 3.The writer tells the story by_____.A.organizing it in the order of time B.making a comparison between two men C.providing some scientific information D.describing it in the order of space 4.It is implied in the passage that______.A.we should always try to win competitions which can bring us a lot B.in order to get what we want, we should play hard C.giving children apples will lead them to become criminals D.a mother’s educational method has a great influence on a child’s growing
【小题1】Which of the following is true of the membership card? A.Its number is l0865 305305.B.It belongs to Mr.E.M.Driscoll.C.It is valid through the year of 2010.D.It gets the owner a discount when used.【小题2】If one wants to attend a business lunch in London at l2:00,the latest train that he should take at Oxford leaves at.A.11:45 B.11:15 C.10:35 D.10:05 【小题3】If you would like to have some vegetable beef, what may be your choice? A.French Slam®
B.Chicken-Fried Steak® C.The Super Bird® D.Sandwich with Salad or Soup® 【小题4】The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008,A.the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points B.the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged C.the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease D.the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase 【答案】
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标题/来源:2013-2014学年河北石家庄无极中学高二上期第一次月考英语卷(带解析),日期:2013/11/4 【题文】One day an out of work mimic(滑稽演员)is visiting the zoo and attempts to earn some money as a street performer.As soon as he starts to draw the crowd,a zoo keeper grabs him and drags him into his office.The zoo keeper explains to the mimic that the zoo's most popular attraction,a gorilla(大猩猩),has died suddenly and the keeper fears that attendance at the zoo will fall off.He offers the mimic a job to dress up as the gorilla until they can get another one.The mimic accepts.So the next morning the mimic puts on the gorilla suit and enters the cage before the crowd comes.He discovers that it's a great job.He can sleep all he wants,play and make fun of people and he draws bigger crowds than he ever did as a mimic.However,eventually the crowds tire of him and he tires of just swinging on wires.He begins to notice that the people are paying more attention to the lion in the cage next to his.Not wanting to lose the attention of his audience,he climbs to the top of his cage,crawls across a partition(隔离物),and dangles from the top to the lion's cage.Of course,this makes the lion very angry,but the crowd loves it.At the end of the day the zoo keeper comes and gives the mimic a raise for being such a good attraction.Well,this goes on for some time-the mimic keeps taunting the lion,the crowds grow larger,and his salary keeps going up.Then one terrible day when he is dangling over the angry lion he slips and falls.The mimic is terrified.The lion gathers itself and prepares to attack.The mimic is so scared that he begins to run round and round the cage with the lion close behind.Finally,the mimic starts screaming and yelling,“Help me,help me!”But the lion is quick and attacks.The mimic soon finds himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and the lion says,“Shut up,you idiot!Do you want to get us both fired?”
【小题1】The mimic visits the zoo to________.A.take care of the dying gorilla B.beg some money from the zoo keeper C.ask for a job there D.perform and earn some money there 【小题2】The zoo keeper offers the mimic a job to act as the gorilla because________.A.it is more expensive to hire a real gorilla B.the real gorilla died but the keeper does not want to lose its visitors C.he likes the mimic's performance D.he wants to help the mimic who is out of work 【小题3】What does the mimic feel about the new job at first? A.He likes it because he has enough freedom in the job.B.He likes it but he prefers to working as a mimic.C.He doesn't like it for people do not respect him.D.He doesn't like it because he gets little pay.【小题4】The mimic climbs to the lion's cage because________.A.he finds it more interesting to climb the cage B.he wants to play with the lion C.he wants to attract the attention of his audience D.he has never seen a lion before 【小题5】What does the passage mainly tell us? A.The mimic and his job B.The mimic and his success C.The actor and the mimic D.The mimic and his animals 【答案】
抱歉!您的用户级别不够,不能查看试题答案和解析。普通用户不能查看试题答案和解析。点击查看解决办法。题号:1775737,题型:阅读理解,难度:较易 标题/来源:2014届江西南昌三中高三8月第一次月考英语卷(带解析),日期:2013/11/1 【题文】I was reading these interesting stories behind a group of great logos in the world.Personally Nike is my favorite one – it’s so simple.And I liked the stories behind them, which made me forget all other things.McDonald’s, Apple, Mercedes Benz and Adidas own great logos as well, and they are among my favorites.Nike In the Greek myth, Nike is the goddess of victory and the source of inspiration for soldiers.This logo represents the wing in the famous statue of the Greek goddess.Nike’s logo was designed by Carolyn Davidson in 1971 for $ 35, and was registered as a trademark in 1995.McDonald’s
The logo was designed in 1962 by Jim Schindler to resemble the archshaped(拱形的)signs on the side of the company’s then walk-up hamburger stand.Later on, the two golden arches were combined together to form the M.The McDonald’s name was added to the logo in 1968.Apple There are different stories behind Apple’s logo.The first logo was a reference to the religious story of Adam and Eve, in which the apple represented the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge.One year later, the second logo was designed in 1977 by Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne, and it described Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree.This logo didn’t stay long.One year later it was replaced almost immediately by graphic designer Rob Janoff’s “rainbow apple”, a rainbow-colored silhouette(轮廓)of an apple with a bite taken out of it.And then the rainbow-colored apple was replaced by the one-colored logo in 1998.It has not been changed so far.Mercedes Benz The Mercedes Benz logo, which was originally created by Gottlieb Daimler in 1909, consists of a simple description of a three-pointed star that represents its rule of the land, the sea and the air.The company was founded by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.Mercedes is the name of Maybach’s elder daughter, while Benz came as a result of a combination with Benz, Cie and DMG in 1926.Adidas The Adidas logo, which was created by the founder of the company Adi Dassler, represents mountains, pointing towards the challenges that are seen ahead and goals that can be achieved.The logo was used for the first time in 1967.【小题1】What does the author think of the stories of the great logos? A.They are attractive.B.They are practical C.They are boring.D.They are out of date 【小题2】What does Nike’s logo stand for? A.The statue of the Greek goddess.B.The wing of the Greek goddess.C.The goddess of victory.D.The source of inspiration for soldiers.【小题3】We can learn that Apple’s present logo is ______.A.Newton’s sitting under an apple tree B.the rainbow-colored bitten apple C.the religious story of Adam and Eve D.a bitten apple with only one color 【小题4】______ stands for the rule of the land, the sea and the air.A.The Mercedes logo B.The Adidas logo C.Nike’s logo D.Apple’s logo
【小题5】Which of the following time orders describes the births of the great logos? A.McDonald’s – Apple – Nike – Mercedes Benz.B.Nike– Mercedes Benz – McDonald’s – Apple.C.Mercedes Benz –McDonald’s – Nike – Apple.D.Nike– McDonald’s – Apple – Mercedes Benz.【答案】
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标题/来源:2014届江西吉水中学高三(实验班)上期10月英语卷(带解析),日期:2013/11/1 【题文】“Just take a deep breath.” “Don’t think about it.” “You’re more likely to die in a car wreck on the way to the airport than you are in a plane crash.” These are just some words given to people with a fear of flying.But as Tom Cruise, playing Lt.Daniel Kaffee in the movie A Few Good Men, said, “I get sick when I fly because I’m afraid of crashing into a large mountain.I don’t think Daniel will help.”
But there’s a new application that just may.Today, the VALK Foundation, a Dutch group that’s a partnership between KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and the University of Leiden, launches the app(application)in the US.The VALK Foundation was one of the first centers for research and fear-of-flying treatment in the world and is the organizer of three world conferences on fear of flying.The foundation said the app, called Flight App VALK, is the first scientifically-developed, web-based treatment for people who suffer from mild to moderate fear of flying.“The fear-of-flying application we have created aims to transfer all of the knowledge we have developed through our program into a mobile application that will help ease travelers’ fears,” said Dr.Lucas van Gerwen, director of the VALK Foundation.Dr.van Gerwen is also a psychologist and professional pilot with more than 30 years experience.The foundation said up to 30% of adults are fearful fliers.The Flight App is designed to help relax passengers before and during flights by educating users about flight safety and turbulence.It explains the sounds and sensations(感觉)they can expect during departure, flight and landing.And, if a passenger’s flight stress reaches a panic level, they press a special panic button which provides audio and written information to help decrease stress levels.Most importantly, the Flight App can be used during the flight in the airplane mode.Once downloaded, the program does not require Internet connection in the air.【小题1】By saying the words at the beginning of the passage, people are expected to ______.A.decrease their fear of flying B.get rid of their doubt about plane C.have a good time on their flight journey D.use some medicine to cure their fear of flying 【小题2】According to the passage, the VALK Foundation ______.A.is a group focusing on psychology on the flight B.was the first center to do research into fear of flying C.organizes the world conferences on fear of flying annually D.focuses on researching and offering treatment on fear of flying 【小题3】Flight App VALK is aimed to ______.A.help passengers experience the fear of flying B.help relax passengers before and during flights C.treat people who suffer from mild fear of flying D.teach people the basic knowledge of taking flight 【小题4】What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A.Many adults are suffering from fear of flying B.It’s convenient for people to use the Flight App C.Many planes will be installed with the Flight App.D.The Flight App can decrease stress levels effectively 【小题5】In which column of a newspaper can we read this passage? A.Culture B.Entertainment C.Technology 【答案】
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D.Education
第五篇:《祝福》导学案答案
《祝福》导学案
【学习目标】
1、训练学生概括小说情节的能力。
2、学习本文综合运用肖像描写、动作描写、语言描写等塑造人物的方法。
3、准确把握祥林嫂的形象特征,理解造成人物悲剧的社会根源,从而认识旧社会封建礼教的罪恶本质。
4、品味文章细节。【学习重点】
1、理解小说以“祝福”为题的深刻含义。2、学习目标3。【学习难点】
1、祥林嫂有没有反抗性格,该如何评价。
2、学习小说传神含蓄、隽永洗练的语言,领悟其深层含义和情感。【学法指导】
1、学生通过复述课文培养概括小说情节的能力。
2、学生进行研究性学习,小组讨论分析祥林嫂的悲剧根源。3、朗读精彩语段,体悟语言的深层含义及情感。【知识链接】
创新设计P14自主学习篇
背景资料(见创新设计P16右中)封建思想的几个主要组成部分 :(1)秩序
封建思想的核心是维护封建秩序,讲“君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲”,不能破坏封建社会的尊卑秩序,在鲁四老爷这样的理学拥护者看来,像康有为那样的改良,都是洪水猛兽,更不要说是变革了。祥林嫂的再嫁,破坏了封建夫权秩序,鲁四老爷自然是无比仇恨,斥为“谬种”。
(2)妇女的“三从”封建秩序对妇女的压迫尤为深重,妇女没有人身权利,在家从父,出嫁从夫,夫死从子。违背这一秩序的妇女,都被视为“罪人”。
【学习过程】
第一、二课时(预习)
一、描绘导入
大雪漫天,狂风怒吼,爆竹声声。在现代文学人物画廊里,艰难地走出一位衣衫褴褛、面容憔悴、神色悲哀、白发蓬松、目光呆滞的四十上下的女人。那又瘦又长的左手提着一个装着只破碗的竹篮,干枯的右手拄着一枝下端开裂的长竹竿。她,就是祥林嫂——鲁迅著名
小说《祝福》中的主人公,一个惨遭封建宗法思想和封建礼教迫害的旧中国农村劳动妇女的典型形象。
今天,让我们读读先生的《祝福》,听听主人公祥林嫂哀怨凄楚的倾诉吧!
二、整体感知,梳理情节
1、这篇小说所写的人物有几个,请大致给他们分类。
点拨:(1)封建礼教的代表、害死祥林嫂的罪魁: 鲁四老爷、祥林嫂婆婆
(2)害死祥林嫂的帮凶:四婶、柳妈、鲁镇其他冷漠麻木的民众
(3)敏感、有良知,但软弱,退缩,圆滑世故的知识分子:“我”
(4)封建礼教的受害者:祥林嫂
2、小说采用什么记叙顺序? 点拨:倒序
3、小说中哪一句在结构上起承上启下的作用,显示由倒叙转为顺叙的? 点拨:“然而先前所见所闻的她的半生事迹的片断,至此也联成一片了。”
4、作者在结构上采取倒叙的手法有什么作用? 点拨:造成悬念;形成对比,突出主题。
5、本文以祥林嫂的悲剧一生为主线安排的,课文排版时已将情节自然分明,请列出小说情节结构,并标示在课文中相应位置。
情 节 内 容
记叙方式 序幕: 鲁镇祝福的气象和鲁四老爷 结局: 祥林嫂寂然死去 倒叙 开端: 祥林嫂初到鲁镇 发展: 祥林嫂被卖改嫁 高潮: 祥林嫂再到鲁镇
尾声: 祝福景象与“我”的感受
6、本文什么地方给你感受最深?说一点理由。点拨:开放话题 畅所欲言
二、文本解读,合作探究
1、有人说祥林嫂“没有春天”,你认为呢?试以课文为依据简要说明之。
点拨:作者安排祥林嫂遭受挫折的时间都发生在春天或临近春天:A、(春上死了丈夫),逃到鲁镇做工。B、(新年刚过),被婆婆卖到贺家坳。C、(春天)(过年时)阿毛被吃。D、死去。春天是美好的季节,给人无限的生机和希望,但给祥林嫂的却只是打击与绝望。鲁迅先生巧妙的安排更加突出了祥林嫂的悲剧性。
祥林嫂也有过“短暂的春天”。
2、哪些人应对祥林嫂的死负责?谁是“元凶”?据此体会许寿裳先生的名言:“人世的惨事,不惨在狼吃阿毛,而惨在礼教吃祥林嫂。”
点拨:鲁四老爷有三次“皱眉”。第一次是祥林嫂初到鲁镇时,他“讨厌她是一个寡妇”,所以皱了眉。鲁四老爷在猜测祥林嫂可能是“逃”出来的时候皱了第二次眉,他对一个在自己家无法生活不得不“逃”的妇女,非但没有同情,反而嫌厌,说明他恪守礼教之顽固。这位老爷第三次皱眉发生在祥林嫂二进鲁镇时,这次,他暗暗告诫四婶,不可让“败坏风俗”的祥林嫂参与祭祀,这又恰恰成为日后在精神上彻底击垮祥林嫂的直接原因。再如鲁镇的众人,竟一致把祥林嫂因抗拒被卖而撞伤的额头视为“耻辱的记号”,把她的悲哀“咀嚼赏鉴”成渣滓后,再行“唾弃”,他们所取的立场,仍是礼教的立场。
祥林嫂周围的人对她表现出令人颤栗的凉薄与冷漠。如柳妈便是无聊冷漠人中的一员。她是“善女人”,“吃素,不杀生”,与人为善。但是她对待祥林嫂,却没有像对待其他生命那样有同情心。柳妈对祥林嫂的再嫁也不以为然,认为祥林嫂“索性撞一个死,就好了”。她又把祥林嫂的谈话传播出去,供他人谈笑。这种人情的冷漠也可在鲁镇女人们“鄙薄”“烦厌”的神情中、在四婶“祥林嫂,你放着罢!我来拿”慌忙的语调中、在短工“简捷”“淡然”的回答中看得分明。
祥林嫂是一个“勤快”“能做”而又善良的女人,她是在久已走投无路的绝境中苦苦地挣扎到最后一息的。她并非死于自杀,对自己的死不承担任何责任。再者,许多在祥林嫂死亡事件中犯有过失的人物:鲁四老爷、四婶、婆婆、柳妈等也没有一个可以承担祥林嫂死亡的“直接”原因,实际上他们也是封建思想的牺牲品。祥林嫂一生犯了个大错——寡妇改嫁。她触犯了“好女不更二夫”,从一而终的“灭人欲”的理学科律。最终被封建道德熏染的鲁镇人合谋杀害了。可见,封建礼教和迷信才是残杀祥林嫂的“元凶”。
3、面对不幸的命运,祥林嫂抗争过吗?如有,请用文中四个最精练的动词概括并简要说明。
明确:反抗过。对于封建礼教横加给她的种种迫害和摧残,范伯群先生说:“大致是由逃、撞、捐、问这四个层次构成的。”祥林嫂从山里逃出来,到鲁镇做工,她是在上有严厉的婆婆,外有封建孝道和封建妇道的环境下逃出来的,她的行为无疑是一种维护人的尊严的抗争;改嫁时“出格”的吵闹——“一头撞在香案角上”“一路上只是嚎,骂”,是她对婆家为她安排的命运的反抗;她倾其所有到土地庙捐门槛,洗刷污秽,让自己享有人的权利;临死前对鬼神的怀疑,问“我”灵魂的有无,则更体现了她对天经地义的神权的一种叛逆。这一切都表明祥林嫂曾抗争过。
4、学生思考:祥林嫂的反抗与封建礼教吃人之间有着怎样的联系(即如何辩证地看待她的反抗)?
甲:祥林嫂的逃、撞、捐、问,反映了她命运发展的基本历程。这一切,都表明她有顽强的生命力,对封建礼教也曾进行过坚韧的反抗。这反抗闪烁着反封建礼教、反封建迷信的亮色。
乙:小说确实刻画了祥林嫂的反抗性格,但这种反抗并不是为了摆脱她灵魂上的迷信的枷锁,也不能说明闪着反封建的亮色,而是封建礼教“规范”下的产物。祥林嫂的出逃是为了躲避被卖的厄运,抗婚是不愿做“回头人”。其实质都表明她的行为在遵循旧礼教“从一而终”的道德规范。捐门槛是祥林嫂不甘心向命运低头的表现,但实质上不仅使她深陷封建礼教和迷信的泥潭,最终又成了灵魂再一次被愚弄摧残的证明。至于临死前祥林嫂在“照例相信鬼”的鲁镇,大胆地发出对灵魂有无的疑惑,我们同样不能认为这是她对封建迷信的彻底否定,而是她矛盾心理的反应。因此说,祥林嫂的抗争是自发的,还缺乏明确的认识,不是也不可能是自觉地针对封建社会制度及其意识形态。抗争的结果,也不是跳出了“苦海”进了“狼窝”,就是怀着恐怖走向更加痛苦的深渊。这种命运的结局正是那个社会给她安排的。
5、小说为什么以祝福为题,而不以祥林嫂为题?[来源:Z|xx|k.Com] 点拨:情节发展与之有关,提供了背景。作者在一开篇就首先为鲁镇笼罩了一片喜庆的祝福气氛:“旧历的年底毕竟最像年底,村镇上不必说,就在天空中也显出将到新年的气象来。”直到文末,仍然让人们沉浸在祝福的欢乐中:“远处的爆竹声联绵不断,似乎合成一天音响的浓云,夹着团团飞舞的雪花,拥抱了全市镇。”小说起于祝福,结于祝福,中间一再写祝福,情节的发展与祝福有着密切的关系,祥林嫂却在这样的氛围中倒毙在雪地上,把悲剧性的情节安排在喜庆的大背景下,更显其悲哀,更令人思索。从以上分析看出,作品就是在写祥林嫂一生的悲惨遭遇,题目用《祝福》而不用《祥林嫂》,通过标题,形成对比,增加了祥林嫂遭遇的悲剧性。
三、探讨小说艺术特色 1.分析祥林嫂的肖像描写(1)读下面三段选文:
头上扎着白头绳,乌裙,蓝夹袄,月白背心,年纪大约二十六七,脸色青黄,但两颊却还是红的。……手脚都壮大,又只是顺着眼……
她仍然头上扎着白头绳,乌裙、蓝夹袄,月白背心,脸色青黄,只是两颊上已经消失了血色,顺着眼,眼角上带些泪痕,眼光也没有先前那样精神了。
五年前的花白头发,即今已经全白,全不像四十上下的人;脸上瘦削不堪,黄中带黑,而且消尽了先前悲哀的神色,仿佛是木刻似的;只是那眼珠间或一轮,还可以表示她是一个活物。她一手提着竹篮,内中一个破碗,空的;一手拄着一支比她更长的竹竿,下端开了裂:她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。
(2)三个语段分别描写了祥林嫂哪个时期的外貌?她的外貌有哪些变化?为什么有这样的变化?
明确:分别描写了祥林嫂初到鲁镇,再到鲁镇,临死之前三个时期的外貌。初到鲁镇是“顺着眼”“脸色青黄”“两颊还是红的”。除表现她的忠厚老实之外,还说明她备受婆婆虐待,但毕竟年轻。再到鲁镇,仍“顺着眼”,但血色已消,眼角还带些泪痕,眼光也没有先前精神。这是她被卖改嫁,丧夫失子,精神备受刺激,内心极度悲伤而诉说不出的表现。最后,“我”在河边遇到她时,她脸上瘦削不堪,黄中带黑,而且消尽了悲哀的神气仿佛木刻似的;眼珠间或一轮,还表示她是一个活物。从脸色的变化到眼珠的呆滞无光,是岁月沧桑在她身上烙下的深刻的苦难的印记,说明祥林嫂已经走到了人生的尽头,成了垂死的人。小说的外貌描写不仅表现了人物性格,更重要的在于表现了人物命运的变化。
(3)鲁迅先生曾经说过:“要极俭省地画出一个人的特点,最好是画他的眼睛。”请同学们速读课文,找一找文中有几次写到祥林嫂的眼睛,有怎样的表达效果?
明确:小说中曾经九次写到祥林嫂的眼睛。如初来时顺着的眼;到再来时没有原来精神,且带些泪痕;捐门槛后“分外有神”;四婶一声吆喝,第二天“眼睛窈陷下去”;乞讨时“间或一轮”;问“我”时“瞪着眼”等。眼睛是心灵的窗口,眼睛最能传神,通过眼睛可以窥视心灵的秘密。大师通过对祥林嫂几次眼神的描写,十分传神地展示了人物的内心世界。揭示了主人公祥林嫂的悲剧命运。
2、欣赏语言特色,品读相关文段。分角色朗读。(参阅创新设计P16左上)*沉郁的语言特色 *个性化人物语言 *雅俗共赏的白话文学语言
【归纳小结】
请大家概括小说的主题。
确规明确:《祝福》通过对祥林嫂悲惨人生的叙述以及造成祥林嫂悲剧一生的社会环境的勾勒,揭示了旧中国农民尤其是广大妇女悲苦生活的社会根源,从而更深刻地揭露了封建礼教和封建迷信的吃人的本质。同时还有促人警醒,呼唤劳苦群众的自我意识之意。
【当堂检测】
1、课文中作者没有写出鲁四老爷的肖像,请你通过想象,选择一个场景,刻画鲁四老爷的肖像,特别是眼睛。字数为200左右。
2、祥林嫂悲惨的一生就是旧中国广大劳动妇女辛酸生活的缩影,请速读课文,从课文
中整理出祥林嫂的生平事迹,为祥林嫂写篇小传。祥林嫂小传
祥林嫂(生卒年不详),卫家山人,一生艰辛坎坷。早年嫁给比她小十岁的丈夫,有婆婆和一个小叔子,家中以打柴为生。××年春,丈夫不幸去世,祥林嫂孤身一人来到鲁镇,后在鲁四老爷的家中作女工。祥林嫂虽然是一个寡妇,但她模样周正,手脚都壮大,又常常顺着眼,是一个安分耐劳的人。试工期内她干活勤快有力,很快就成为了鲁四老爷家中正式的女工。日子一天一天的过去,但是祥林嫂的做工却丝毫没有懈怠,到年底,筹备福礼,全是一人担当。然而好景不长。新年刚过不久,祥林嫂的婆婆突然来到了鲁镇,强行带走了祥林嫂。哪知道祥林嫂的婆婆为了给小叔子筹办结婚的彩礼,竟然将祥林嫂强行嫁到了里山。在众人的迫使下,祥林嫂又嫁给了第二个丈夫。
年底,祥林嫂的儿子出世了,一家人的生活倒也平静了一段时间。时隔不久,厄运又一次降临,先是丈夫死于风寒,接着儿子又惨死狼口,生活的重创彻底击垮了祥林嫂。为维持生计,祥林嫂又一次来到了鲁镇给鲁四老爷家做工。但是这一次,祥林嫂不但没有先前的灵活,记性也坏了许多,脸上死尸似的没有一丝笑容。她逢人便讲起儿子的死和自己的悲惨遭遇,渐渐的被乡里人所厌恶。鲁四老爷以为祥林嫂的作风败坏了风俗,于是从此祭祀时便不再让她插手。这对祥林嫂来说犹如一记重锤,精神越发的不济了。后来,祥林嫂听信了旁人迷信的说道,去庙里捐了门槛,试图要洗刷自己身上的罪孽。然而一切努力都是枉然,祥林嫂的境遇每况愈下,终于被逐出了鲁家,直至后来沦落到街头,成了乞丐。三四年后,腊月二十四日夜里或二十五日凌晨人们准备祝福的那天,祥林嫂在鲁镇离开了人世。终年四十年左右。
第三课时(展示)
各班根据具体情况分组对以上问题进行交流展示
【学习反思】
你这节课心情怎样?
拓展阅读答案【答案】①“朦胧的敬慕”在文中是孩子对伟人的模糊的敬慕。②文中通过三个事例来表现对“伟人”的“朦胧的敬慕”:微跛的小孩吊唁鲁讯先生;“我”瞻仰“民国编造者”孙中山先生的遗体;“我”珍藏有关孙中山先生的资料。
【采分点】第一问2分,第二问3分,每个小点1分。
【答案】这篇文章采用了“总——分——总”的结构方式。①②段总写作者对死人的不同心理感受。③-⑩段分写:其中③-⑤段写作者为鲁迅守灵的所见所感,⑥-⑩段写作者回忆幼时瞻仰孙中山先生遗体时的所见所感及对自己的深远影响。⑾-⑿两段总结全文,点明主题,照应标题。
【采分点】结构方式2分,分析4分,每个小点1分。
【答案】衬托。用孙中山先生的伟大人格衬托鲁迅先生的伟大人格。用作者孩提时代对孙中山先生的“敬慕”衬托“微跛的孩子”对鲁迅先生的“敬慕”。【答案】选A、E。
【解析】A“他由开始的忍不住想笑,转变为极大的崇敬”有错,原文是说“如果稍换一个情况,我将忍不住笑出来的,然而,我那时是用极大的崇敬心情替他掀开帏幔,一直目送他走下殡仪馆的台阶。E“对鲁迅的崇高精神、伟大人格内涵的理解及由此产生的敬慕之情都是朦胧的”这句话有错,作者为鲁迅先生守灵时已是成年,这时对鲁迅的崇敬就已经不是孩提时的朦胧。