期末英语翻译部分

第一篇：期末英语翻译部分

补全句子： 1.（应该适合人类，并有助于人机合一)Should serve man and contribute to cybernetics 2.（不断发新产品，并具备以前计算机所不具备的功能）design new machines continuously, which are capable of doing work that earlier computers could not;（在平常活动中肩负起更多的责任）take over more functions in daily life.3.（预测产品和服务的市场可接受度）predict which products and services the market will bear;（评估产品生命力的宝贵工具）an invaluable tools for assessing the viability of a product 4.（每当DOS执行一个程序）each time DOS executes a program;（当你正在通过Microsoft Windowws执行多个程序时）when executing multiple programs via Microsoft Windows 5.（当工作难找的时候）When jobs are scarce;（常常被有经验的工人排挤）tend to be pushed out in favor of experienced workers 6.（在这些更强大的目标导向的工具方面进行投资是有意义的）it is a good time to invest in these more powerful , goal-directed tools 7.（为用户进行内容定制）it executes the user’s custom contest;（将处理后的内容转换到所用的特定设备）it then loads the content onto the designated device in use 8.（不懂得与时俱进）do not keep up with regulations;（只会束缚人们的手脚）haue their hand tied 9.1.(是一个富于变化的领域，包括许多相互作用的组成部分)a diverse field with many interacting components;（赋予信息，激发对话）imparts information, stimulates dialogue 10.（从食品，动物到植物健康部门的各种专家）a diverse range of experts from the food, animal and plant health sectors 11.（从某种程度上）to a certain extent;（我国土地资源的后续利用，食品安全和生态环境）follow-up utilizing of land resource, food security and ecological environment of our country 12.（细菌太小，肉眼看不见).Bacteria are too

small to see with the naked the eye;（以避免细菌污染）avoid contamination with bacteria 13.（常被用作奶油的代用品）often used as a

substitute for butter

14.（转基因食品）genetically modified food;（转

基因食品优点）the merit of GM food 15.（加强食品监督与管理）strengthen the

supervision and administration of food safety;（维护好食品市场的秩序）maintain a good order of the food market

16.（采取了一项方案，就是在其投入英国市场食

品上做标注）introduced a labeling scheme for their products in the British market

17.（停止进口诸如火腿，肉制品等）suspend the

import of meats such as ham, pork products and others

18.（没能说服数百人改掉这一恶习）has failed to

convince hundreds of millions of people to abandon the bad habit 19.（令人质疑）raise eyebrows

20.（延伸覆盖大范围的市场）stretches across a

wide range of markets

21.（擦亮品牌）burnished the brand name 22.（为总裁们完成了一项最大的采购）have

made the ultimate acquisition for chief executives;（大手笔的花掉220亿美元财富的一部分）splashed some of the $22bn fortune 23.（使谷歌在未来几年里成为不可忽视的力量）

keep Google the force to be reckoned with for years to come

24.（以13.99的优惠价格抢购最新、最喜欢的Ｔ

恤衫）snap up your latest favorite T-shirt on sale for $13.99

25.（你将或多或少不得不面对数额巨大的出价）

you will be faced with a huge number of offers, to varying degrees

26.（使你在行业中处于更有利的地位）give you

a competitive advantage in your industry 27.（占谷歌所有搜索查询的四分之一）accounts

for a quarter of all Google search queries 28.（尝试区分人类访客和自动化访问者或机器

人）try to distinguish human visitors from automated visitors or robots

29.（富于创新精神的搜索引擎）innovative search engines 30.（提出设计）come up with a design 31.（坚守社会责任和保护自然环境的承诺）commitment to social responsibility and protecting the environment 32.（为订立国际条约和行动纲领建立共识）builds consensus towards international treaties and programmes of action 33.（在我们的短暂一生中，最好贡献莫过于此了）I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world 34.（我们要竭尽全力确保《京都议定书》生效）We should make every effort to ensure the Kyoto Protocol to come into force 35.（对生态环境影响相对较小）relatively little effect on the ecological environment;（一项重要政策）an important policy 36.活着的树木可以吸收碳）Living trees absorb carbon;（大气中碳的释放）the release of carbon into the atmosphere 37.（受由污染引起的酸雨影响）is affected by the acid rain caused by pollution 38.（尽管氮无毒且很大程度上不活泼）Although nitrogen is nontoxic and largely inert 39.（由清水状态转变为藻类过量繁殖状态）from a clear –water state to an algal bloom 40.（毁灭一个地理上孤立的小族群）wipe out a geographically isolated group 整句翻译：

41.为实现这些目标，在1997年签署了《京都议定书》，并于2005年开始强制生效。The Kyoto Protocol, which set about realizing those aims, was signed in 1997 and came into force in 2005.42.如果不能重新拟定新的国际公约，人类将没有任何机会来防治严重的气候突变问题。Without a new global agreement , there is not much chance of averting serious climate change.43.人们担忧的是对碳排放征税将使商业和经济受到创伤。What is worrying is that carbon taxes will hurt business and the economy.44.请你举一个具体的例子，说明你是怎样对你所处的环境进行评估并找到重点，以获得你所期望的结果的。Provide an example of how you assessed a situation and achieved good results by focusing on the

most important priorities.45.我们决心将每一个项目的成本降到最低，尽量提高效益。We are determined to minimise the cost of each and every project and to maximize

cost-effectiveness.41.（智商体现一种遗传的，即可继承的特质，或

者是文化传播的特质，该特质受家长和社会经济地位的影响。无论是哪一种，测试智商都不能影响社会的流动性）.IQ measures a genetic, and therefore heritable, traits or a culturally transmitted trait, influenced by parents and socio-economic status.Either way, testing IQ could not influence social mobility.42.（数据已经添加或更新在数据库中，但由于没

有达到从属记录源中的标准而将无法显示）43.The data was added or updated in the database，but will not be displayed because it does not satisfy the criteria in the subordinate record source.44.（没有一种学科方法证明，暴露于10ppm某

种污染达24小时是“安全的”，而暴露在超过那个污染程度便是“危险的”）There no scientific way to demonstrate that exposure to a pollutant in a concentration of one hundred parts per million for twenty-four hours is “safe”, while

exposures

above

that

level

ale

“dangerous”.45.（香港大学非常重视研究工作，专门成立了研

究生院协调各学院的研究教学工作，确保研究教育的质量）With much emphasis on research activities, Hong Kong university has established a Graduate School to co-ordinate research among faculty members and to ensure quality research and education.46.（传统的看法人为错误消息框的作用是在用

户错了时通知他们。实际上，大多数错误公告的作用是在计算机对指令感到不明时向用户报告）Conventional wisdom has held that error messages tell users when they have made a mistake.Actually, must error bulletins report when the computer gets confused.47.（由于某种原因，越来越多的人逐渐重视饮食

问题。无论因为情绪上的压力或是身体上的意外创伤，还是由于自信心的缘故，人们似乎都从饮食上寻求慰藉，而不是去寻求专业帮助）More and more people are developing eating issues for many different reasons.Whether it is because of emotional stress, traumatic incidents, or self-confidence issues ,people seem to run to food for comfort instead of seeking professional help

48.（其他人争论说，粮食匮乏不是粮食产量的问题，而是政府忽视了农业发展，未能有效利用粮食援救。而且保护性的贸易壁垒使消除饥饿更加困难）Others argue that food insecurity is not an issue of a shortfull in food production but rather that governments have neglected agricultural development ,made ineffective use of food aid ,and ,through protective trade barriers, made hunger alleviation more difficult to attain.49.你是否想过为什么快餐连锁店能够立刻做好你所点的菜，而在家里妈妈总是要花费几个小时的时间做饭？答案很简单。快餐连锁店使用了能够加快烹饪过程的物质，而科学证明，这些物质有害人体健康，如果长期食用，会产生严重的危害。Have you ever wondered as to why the fast food joint are able to provide you with your order in no time whereas mom at home takes hours to cook? The answer lies in the simple fact that in fast food joints substances that enhance the cooking process are used.It has been scientifically proved that these substances are very harmful to health and pose serious threats on continuous consumption.50.这看上去好像是科幻小说中的情节：政府已经宣称克隆动物所产的肉和奶是安全的，而今，克隆食品赫然出现在了全国的食品供应链中。It sounds like a scenario from a science-fiction novel: The government has declared that meat and dairy from cloned animals is safe.and now cloned products can show up in the nation’s food supply.53 51..如今，食品和药物管理局（ＦＤＡ）将要求进口商能够证实他们外国的供应商正在采取必要的安全防范措施。换句话说，他们应该能够确定来自智利的黑鲈与来自缅因州的龙虾符合同样的安全标准。Now, the FDA will

require importers to be able to verify that their foreign suppliers are taking the necessary safety precautions.In other words ,they’ll be able to make sure that sea bass from Chile meets the same safety standards as lobster from Maine.整句翻译：

52.如果该公司能够迎接复杂的、高度精密的生产

和极端期限的挑战，它不仅能提高自身作为行业翘楚的声誉，而且还会打开其他机会之门。If this company can meet the challenge of the complex, high-precision production and the tight deadline, it will not only burnish its reputation as industry leader but open up other opportunities.53.ＢＰ（英国石油）令人吃惊的谈到其在中国扩

张的雄心。不多，分析师们警告称，中国炼油行业盈利能力不佳意味着在该行业的任何投资到头来都可能是不具吸引力的。BP has raised eyebrows by talking about its ambitions for expansion in China.However, analysts warned that the poor profitability of China’s refining industry meant that taking a stake in the sector might prove unattractive.54.即使经过几年温和增长，股票期权也能使投资

者获得可观收益。Even after a few years of moderate growth, stock options can produce a handsome return for investors.55.空中客车公司（Airbus）与波音公司一直就世

界军事飞机合同进行一场长期的殊死战斗。就在一个月前在美国，ＥＡＤＳ，空中客车的母公司，拿走了波音公司一个将近四百亿美元的空中加油机合同。Airbus have been fighting a long and bruising battle with Boeing for military aircraft contracts around the world.Just a month ago in the U.S., EADS, the parent company of Airbus , snatched away a nearly 40 billion air tanker contract from Boeing.56.在现在所有语言中没有一个词可以准确地描

述信息技术对人类生活的巨大影响。No word in all languages exists to describe the great impact of information technology on human life.

第二篇：期末-英语翻译

Sentence Translation 1.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die.由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡的。

2.When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.当一个人看到某种东，闻到某种东西，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在运用感官在感受。

3.We can get more current from cells connected in parallel.电池并联时提供的电流更大。

4.There are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金属具有导电和被磁化的能力。

5.The speech synthesis process typically begins with recording a human voice and analyzing it to extract important frequency and amplitude data.言语合成过程一般是先记录人的说话声并通过分析获得重要的频率和振幅数据。

6.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in the heaven or near the horizon.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。

7.About 20 kilometers thick, this giant umbrella is made up of a layer of ozone gas.地球的这一巨型保护伞有一层臭氧组成，其厚度约为20公里。

8.Much less is connected with the separation of generation, and there is considerable uniformity of opinion as to the delimitation of families.这与属的划分关系不大，而在科的划分上观点是相当一致的。

9.The molecules continue to stay close together, but do not continue to retain a regular fixed arrangement.分子仍然紧密地聚集在一起，但不再继续保持有规则地固定排列形式。

10.The frequency with which the filter should be removed, inspected, and cleaned will be determined primarily by aircraft operating conditions.过滤器拆卸，检查及清洗的次数主要取决于飞机的运行状况。11.Other factors affect the configuration of the total system.另一些因素则将影响整个系统的结构。

12.Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed by any means known to man.用人们已知的方法，既不能创造能量，也不能消灭能量。13.In normal flight the hatch doors fair into the fuselage.飞机正常时，舱门与机身平整贴合。

14.It is customary to refer to design levels as high or low on component completely.习惯上根据部件的复杂程度把设计级称为高设计级或低设计级。

15.The main economy of the system stems from the ability to move cars in a continuous train without uncoupling.此系统的主要经济之处在于它能够移动列车的车厢而不必将它们脱钩分开。16.The rise in temperature could not have happened of itself.温度上升不可能是出于自身的原因。

17.Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.不论物体的形状如何复杂，人们均可求出它们的体积。

18.The more energy we desire to send, the higher we make the voltage.要求输送的电能越多，就得使电压升的越高。

19.The most typical humanlike characteristic of a robot is its arm.机器人最具人性化的特点是它的机器臂。

20.In our studies of the implication for the First Law, we were able to see the importance of the distinction between state and path functions.我们研究第一定律时，可以明白区分状态函数和路径函数的重要性。21.This seems to indicate that further research would be necessary.这似乎表明进一步研究的必要性。

22.Natural environment can be easily ruined by inappropriate exploration.开发不当容易毁坏自然资源。

23.The average value of voltage can be measured point by point.电压的平均值可以逐点测量。

24.The problem of materials is eased by the lower boiling point.由于沸点较低，材料问题易于解决。

25.The field exists in all directions but decreases in strength inversely as the square of the distance from the poles of the magnet.磁场围绕在磁铁的周围，其强度按距离磁铁两级的距离的平方成反比减弱。26.Optical communication are free from electromagnetic interference.光电通信不受电磁的干扰。

27.The visual image of the letters making up the word is converted into its spoken equivalent.组成词的各字母的视觉形象被转换成该词的对应发音。

28.The longer wave lengths of radio signals pass through the atmosphere relatively undisturbed.相对来说，波长较长的射电讯号通过大气时没有收到干扰。

29.A China-made 300 MW unit has already been put into operation and the 600MW unit is under trial manufacture.国产20万千瓦机组已投入运行，而60万千瓦的机组正在生产中。30.Surrounding every magnet there is a region where magnetic forces act.在每一块磁铁的周围都有一个磁力作用的区域。

31.With its many advantages, wood is not without its drawbacks as a fuel.尽管木材有许多优点，但作为燃料仍有缺陷。32.Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.运动是绝对的，而静止是相对的。

33.At present, microwave technology, which includes microwave heating and microwave survey, is being widely applied to industrial and agricultural production.目前，微波技术，包括微波加热和微波测量，正广泛地应用于工农业生产。34.Now that we have a working knowledge of dynamics, it becomes possible to quantify the model for a gas.由于我们已经掌握了实用的动力学知识，我们可以用数量来表示气体模型了。35.She switched on the engine before we could stop her.我们还没来得及阻止她，她已经开动了发动机。36.But for air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.要是没有空气，地球温度就会发生剧变。

Paragraph Translation 1.Changes and developments in a science are determined by numerous causes.Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting pint for the next.But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sciences and the general atmosphere for learning.一个学科的变化和发展取决于众多因素。每一个学科都是过去的产物，上一代人达到的水平是下一代的起点。但任何一个学科都不是在真空中发展的，都要参照或者接触其他学科和总的学术环境。

2.Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can’t live independent of the culture.Besides it own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectual premises in it.Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes.科学家和从事学术研究的人都要受自己所处的时代和国家的影响。他们不可能脱离文化生活。科学发展的道路不仅受过去的影响，也受当时世界的社会环境和知识前提的影响。学科的应用和其他人对该学科的期望可能在很大程度上决定学科发展和变化的方向。

3.The reason for not classifying carbon dioxide as pollutant is that it is a natural component of the atmosphere and needed by plants to carry out biological synthesis.No one would argue that carbon dioxide is a necessary component of the atmosphere any more than one would argue the fact that vitamin D is necessary in the human diet.However, excess intake of vitamin D can be extremely toxic.之所以不把二氧化碳列为污染物，是因为二氧化碳是大气的天然成分，植物进行生物合成需要二氧化碳。正如人们普遍认为人的饮食不可缺少维生素D一样，也都认为二氧化碳是大气不可缺少的成分。但是摄入过多的维生素D会有很大的副作用。

4.Living system, be they an ecosystem or an organism;require that a delicate balance be maintained between certain compounds in order for the system to function normally.When the excess presence of one substance threatens the wellbeing of an ecosystem, it becomes toxic despite the fact that it is required in small quantities.生命系统，不论是生态系统还是生物，都需要在某些化合物之间保持微妙的平衡，以确保系统功能正常。尽管少量的某种物质是必要的，但当该物质过量出现威胁生态系统的健康时，就具有了毒副作用。

第三篇：专业英语翻译部分

仅供参考！发现错误请及时指出！

15页

Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil.On the global scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the Koppen climatic classification systems major climate types.At regional and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil formation.Instead, Pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material, topography, vegetation, and time.The two most important climatic variables influencing soil formation are temperature arid moisture.Temperature has direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral particles.Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher temperatures.Temperature also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth, moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration.If additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high.If the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels in a soil tend to be low.High moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering, of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant growth.The availability of moisture also has an influence on soil pH and the decomposition of organic matter.气候在土壤形成过程中扮演了重要角色。从全球尺度来看，主要的土壤分类和科彭气候分类法确定的主要的气候类型有明星的联系。在区域和地方性的范围内，气候显得不是那么重要。取而代之的是母质，地形，植被和时间。温度和湿度是影响土壤形成的两个重要的变量。温度直接影响基岩风化产生矿物颗粒。温度越高，基岩转化为矿物颗粒的比例越大。温度同样影响土壤微生物的活跃度，土壤化学反应的频率和数量，植物生长的比例。大多数的土壤湿度是由降水减去蒸发作用控制的。如果降水超过蒸发作用消耗的水，土壤湿度就会很高。如果降水少于蒸发作用，土壤的湿度就会变低。土壤内大量的可用的水气会提升母岩温度和沉积，化学反应，还有植物生长。微生物也会影响土壤的PH和有机物的分解。

Living organisms have a role in a number of processes involved in pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation, profile mixing, and biogeochemical nutrient cycling.Under equilibrium conditions, vegetation and soil are closely linked with each other through nutrient cycling.The cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost completely controlled by the presence of animals and plants.Through litterfall and the process of decomposition, organisms add humus and nutrients to the soil which influences soil structure and fertility.Surface vegetation also protects the upper layers of a soil from erosion by way of binding the soils surface and reducing the speed of moving wind and water across the ground surface.成土作用过程中，生命体参与了其中的有机物积累，属性混合和生物化学养分的循环。在平衡条件下，植被和土壤通过彼此的养分循环紧密联系在一起。土壤中的碳氮循环几乎都需要动物和植物的参与控制。通过落叶和分解过程，微生物把腐殖质和营养成分带给土壤，也因此影响了土壤的结构和肥力。表层植物也可以固定表层土壤来保护上层的土壤不被途经的风和水带走。

Parent material refers to the rock and mineral materials from which the soils develop.These materials can be derived from residual sediment due to the weathering of bedrock or from sediment transported into an area by way of the erosive forces of wind, water, or ice.Pedogenesis is often faster on transported sediments because the weathering of parent material usually takes a long period of time.The influence of parent material on pedogenesis is usually related to soil texture, soil chemistry, and nutrient cycling.母质是指土壤形成所在的岩石和矿物质。岩床的风化或者由侵蚀力（比如风，水，冰）带来的沉积物都可以变为形成母质需要的物质。外来的沉积物形成的成土作用通常都比较快，因为风化母质需要很长一段时间。母质在成土过程中的影响就是它参与了土壤的质地，土壤化学和养分循环。

The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation.It is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air temperature.A figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation patterns.气体上升聚集达到饱和，是否存在这种饱和基本上决定了地球表面降水的分布。同时，大气中包含水蒸气的含量也影响了降水，水蒸气的含量是由大气温度控制的。下面的一组数字将阐明全球降水模式。

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Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that move water from the Earth’s surface to its atmosphere.Evaporation is movement of free water to the atmosphere as a gas.It requires large amounts of energy.Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant to the atmosphere.Scientists use the term evapotranspiration to describe both processes.In general, the following four factors control the amount of water entering the atmosphere via these two processes: energy availability;the humidity gradient away from the evaporating surface;the wind speed immediately above the surface;and water availability.Agricultural scientists sometimes refer to two types of evapotranspiration: Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential Evapotranspiration.The growth of crops is a function of water supply.If crops experience drought, yields are reduced.Irrigation can supply crops with supplemental water.By determining both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration a farmer can calculate the irrigation water needs of their crops.蒸发作用和蒸腾作用是把水从地表带到大气的最主要的两个过程。蒸发是空余的水变成蒸汽进入大气的移动过程。这个过程需要大量的能量。蒸腾作用是水通过植物进入大气。科学家用蒸散作用来统称这两个过程。通常情况下，下面四个因素影响了这两个过程：可利用的能量、蒸发表面的温度梯度、蒸发表面即时风速、可用的水。农业科学家认为蒸散作用有两种方式：实际的蒸散和潜在的蒸散。农作物生长是供水的过程。如果作物经历了干旱，就会导致减产。灌溉可以给作物提供附加的水。如果知道了实际蒸散和潜在蒸散的量，农民就可以计算作物灌溉需要的水量。

Infiltration is the movement of water from precipitation into the soil layer.Infiltration varies both spatially and temporally due to a number of environmental factors.After a rain, infiltration can create a condition where the soil is completely full of water.This condition is, however, only short-lived as a portion of this water quickly drains(gravitational water)via the force exerted on the water by gravity.The portion that remains is called the field capacity.In the soil, field capacity represents a film of water coating all individual soil particles to a thickness of 0.06 mm.The soil water from 0.0002 to 0.06 mm(known as capillary water)can be removed from the soil through the processes of evaporation and transpiration.Both of these processes operate at the surface.Capillary action moves water from one area in the soil to replace losses in another area(biggest losses tend to be at the surface because of plant consumption and evaporation).This movement of water by capillary action generally creates a homogeneous concentration of water throughout the soil profile.Losses of water stop when the film of water around soil particles reaches 0.0002 mm.Water held from the surface of the soil particles to 0.0002 mm is essentially immobile and can only be completely removed with high temperatures(greater than 100 degrees Celsius).Within the soil system, several different forces influence the storage of water.渗透是水从降水进入土壤层的过程。渗透由于一些自然的因素会发生空间的和暂时的变化。下完雨之后，渗透会形成一个土壤完全充满水的情况。但是这种情况只是暂时的，一部分雨水会由于重力作用排出。留下的那一部分雨水被称为土地含水能力。土地含水能力展示给我们一个水薄膜，在这个薄膜里，所有相互独立的土壤粒子被厚度仅仅为0.06毫米的水包裹着。土壤中0.0002到0.06毫米的水都可以通过蒸散作用排出。所以这些过程都发生在表面。毛细作用把水从一个地方搬运到另一个流失水的地方（最大的水流失应该就是植物表面的蒸腾和蒸发）。这种毛细作用可以报证土壤内的水的浓度是均匀的。土壤粒子包被的水薄膜到0.0002毫米时，水就停止流失。这时的水本质上除了超过100摄氏度的情况是不可移动的。在土壤系统内部，这几种力量影响了水的短缺度。

Population Structure / Population Pyramids

The population structure for an area shows the number of males and females within different age groups in the population.This information is displayed as an age-sex or population pyramid.Population pyramids of LEDCs typically have a wide base and a narrow top.This represents a high birth rate and high death rate.Population pyramids of MEDCs typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age groups.The top obviously gets narrower as a result of deaths.Population pyramids for every country in the world can be found here.Population pyramids are used to show the structure of the population according to age and sex.一个地方的人口结构告诉我们该地不同年龄段男性和女性的人口数量。这些信息展示出了一个年龄-性别或者人口数量的金字塔。发展中国家的人口金字塔通常有很大的根基和很窄的塔尖。这体现了这些国家的高出生率和高死亡率。发达国家的人口金字塔在不同年龄段大概是均匀分布的。塔尖由于死亡的原因会稍微窄一些。世界上所有国家的人口金字塔在这里都可以找到。人口金字塔通常用来展示人口在年龄和性别上的结构。

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The increase of greenhouse gases are the primary causes of the human-induced component of warming.Because of burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture, the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third.Changes this large have historically taken thousands of years, but are now happening over the course of decades.温室气体增加的主要原因是人类-诱导气温的上升。因为化石燃料的燃烧，大地没有植被以及农业，大气中二氧化碳和其他温室气体的排放量已经上升了1/3。经历这么大的变化曾经需要数千年，但是现在只在近十年内就完成了。

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Sea Level Rising.With the melt of ice cap and glaciers, sea level has rised 0.8 to 3.0 millimeter.With large numbers of cities located in coastal areas, this causes serious problems.Beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks.Wetlands are lost.This is a picture of Shanghai at present, while this may be the picture of Shanghai several years later.Another serious problem is the threat of salt water intruding into underground fresh water in coastal areas.Millions of people will be forced to leave their homes and homelands.海平面上升。随着冰盖和冰川的融化，海平面已经上升了0.8到3.0毫米。由于很多城市坐落在沿海地区，这就可能带来灾难性的问题。海岸侵蚀开始出现，尤其是在陡峭的海岸。湿地逐渐消失。这正是上海现在发生的，也可能是几年以后上海出现的景象。另一个严重的问题是盐水侵入沿海地区的底下淡水。数以万计的人民不得不背井离乡。

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They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point.Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country.However, not every country has a primate city, as you'll see from the list below.他们通过影响力支配这个国家，是整个国家的焦点。他们的规模大小和活动变成一股强大的推动力，带来额外的居民，让这些首位城市变得更大，以至于跟国内的其他小城市相比有些不协调。但是，并不是所有国家都有这样一个首位城市，你可以从下面的表里看出来。

Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country.This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second.一些学者定义首位城市就是比排名第二和第三位城市人口总和还要多的城市。但是这个定义没有体现从城市规模的角度分析，排名前两位的城市也是不成比例的，所以并不被认可。

The law can be applied to smaller regions as well.For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million.Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City.这个法则可以用到小的区域。举个例子，加州的首位城市是洛杉矶，城市人口达到1600万，比旧金山的700高出甚多。甚至村庄也可以用首位城市法则来分析。

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Scope of land consolidation schemes（本段蓝字为不确定部分）

Land consolidation has always been regarded as an instrument or entry point for rural development.Early concepts of rural development were virtually the same as agricultural development because of the predominant role of agriculture in rural areas at the time.Improving the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability in rural areas;what was good for the farmers was good for rural areas.An overall objective of early projects was thus to increase the net income from land holdings by increasing the volume of production and decreasing its costs.With this focus on agricultural development, these projects served to consolidate parcels and enlarge holdings and included provisions such as irrigation and drainage infrastructure to improve water management, construction of rural roads, land levelling, soil improvement measures and changes to land use such as converting agriculturally inferior land into forest land or wetlands.土地合并经常被认为是发展农村的一个手段或者切入点。早期的农村发展概念基本上和农业发展一样的，因为那时候的农业生产占据了农村的主导地位。改进农业结构看起来是和保留农村地区社会生存能力一样的事情。对农民好也就是对农村地区好。因此早期项目的总体目标是通过增加产量和减少成本，以此增加从土地获得的净收益。随着注意力转移到农业发展上，这些项目服务于巩固捆绑，增大资产，还这些规定：修建灌溉和排水基础设施来提升用水管理能力，修建农村公路，土地平整，土壤改良措施以及改变土地用途比如说把贫瘠的土地转变为森林或者湿地。

Such agricultural improvements are still essential but rural space is now no longer regarded as one of agricultural production alone.Concepts of rural development have become much broader and have expanded to include increased environmental awareness and a wide range of nonagricultural applications.The emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the interests of agriculture, landscape, nature conservation, recreation and transportation, especially when land is required for the construction of major roads.这些农业进步仍然是必不可少的，但是现在农村地区不再仅仅是农业生产的区域了。农村发展的概念已经变得更加广阔，已经拓展到包含环境意识和非农业应用的领域。土地合并的项目的重点已经不再只关注农业重组，它上升到通过平衡农业利益，地形，自然保护，娱乐和运输(尤其是需要修建主要干道的时候)来获取最大的利益。

Environmental conditions are being given increasing priority.Roads are being constructed to suit the landscape.Water bodies are being restored, often with buffer zones.Land consolidation projects are also used for the protection of wetlands and to change land use patterns especially in areas endangered by frequent floods or soil erosion.人们把环境情况作为优先考虑。修路需要符合地形。水体被修复，一般都还有缓冲区。土地合并项目经常用于保护湿地，还有改变土地利用模式，特别是在因为频发的洪水和水土流失致使土地濒临消失的地方。

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Leakage

The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased;these subtracted amounts are called leakage.In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers' expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies(who often have their headquarters in the travelers' home countries), and not to local businesses or workers.In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage.消费者的支出除去税费，利润，支出的工资以及进口所需剩下的一部分，就是旅游目的地的直接收入，也叫做渗漏。在大部分全包价旅游中，旅游者支出的80%付给了航空公司，酒店和其他国际公司（通常在旅游者来源国有分支部门），并不是当地的商店或者工人。此外，大量的达到目标水平的收入一般会经过渗漏再次离开当地。101页

Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values.Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a dominance by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents.In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners.Long-term tourists living in second homes, and the so-called amenity migrants(wealthy or retired people and liberal professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmosphere and peaceful rhythms of life)cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass.旅游业的发展和相关切实需要的房地产需求可能戏剧性的促进了建筑造假和土地价值。不止是这些造成了当地居民-特别是在发展中国家-难以得到基本日常所需，还会导致外来者在土地市场和迁移这些对当地人属于经济侵略的领域处于支配地位。在哥斯达黎加，近60%的酒店属于外国人，长期的游客住在第二个家，这些所谓的美化城市的居民（富人或者退休的人，还有那些想要享受平静生活和优美环境的自由主义者）的数量如果达到一个临界值，就会引起他们新家附近的价格飞涨。

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Storm structure

The process by which a disturbance forms and subsequently strengthens into a hurricane depends on at least three conditions.Warm waters and moisture are mentioned above.The third condition is a wind pattern near the ocean surface that spirals air inward.Bands of thunderstorms form, allowing the air to warm further and rise higher into the atmosphere.If the winds at these higher levels are relatively light, this structure can remain intact and allow for additional strengthening.一股躁动气流随后加强成为飓风的过程需要至少3个条件。温水和降水是必不可少的，第三个条件是在海洋表面有内螺旋的空气所形成的风。雷电风暴的形成，让空气温度升高，然后上升到大气。如果在这个更高高度的风是相对轻的，这个结构还会保持完整然后继续加强。

第四篇：水利专业英语翻译部分

Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性

Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth’s surface.Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water.Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land.The polar regions are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight.It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。在水中，氧这种最丰富的化学元素与氢结合，其含量多达89%。水覆盖了地球表面的大约3/4的面积，并充满了陆地上的许多裂缝。地球的两极被大量的冰所覆盖，同时大气也挟带有占其重量0.1%～2%的水蒸气。据估计，在温暖的夏日，每平方英里陆地上空大气中的水量约为5万吨。

All life on earth depends upon water, the principal ingredient of living cells.The use of water by man, plants, and animals is universal.Without it there can be no life.Every living thing requires water.Man can go nearly two months without food, but can live only three or four days without water.地球上所有的生命都有赖于水而存在，水是活细胞的基本组分（要素）。人类、植物和动物都得用水。没有水就没有生命。每一种生物都需要水。人可以接近两个月不吃食物而仍能活着，但不喝水则只能活三四天。

In our homes, whether in the city or in the country, water is essential for cleanliness and health.The average American family uses from 65,000 to 75,000 gallons of water per year for various household purposes.在我们的家庭中，无论是在城市还是农村，水对于卫生和健康来说都是必不可少的。美国家庭的年平均用水量达6.5～7.5万加仑。

Water can be considered as the principal raw material and the lowest cost raw material from which most of our farm produces is made.It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs.Animals and poultry, if constantly supplied with running water, will produce more meat, more milk, and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.水可以被认为是最基本的和最廉价的原料。我们的农产品，大部分都是由它构成的。水是农作物和动物生长的要素，也是奶类和蛋类生产的一个很重要的因素。动物和家禽，如果用流动的水来喂养，那么每磅饲料和每个劳动小时会生产出更多的肉、奶和蛋。

For example, apples are 87% water.The trees on which they grow must have watered many times the weight of the fruit.Potatoes are 75% water.To grow an acre of potatoes tons of water is required.Fish are 80% water.They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to live.Milk is 88% water.To produce one quart of milk a cow requires from 3.5 to

5.5 quarts of water.Beef is 77% water.To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water.If there is a shortage of water, there will be a decline in farm production, just as a shortage of steel will cause a decrease in the production of automobiles.例如，苹果含87%的水分，苹果树就必须吸收比苹果多许多倍的水分；土豆含75%的水分，那么种植每英亩土豆就需要若干吨水；牛奶含水量为88%，为了生产每夸脱牛奶，母

牛需要3.5～5.5 夸脱的水；牛肉含77%的水，为生产1磅牛肉牛必须饮用许多磅水。如果缺水，就会使农产品减产，就像缺乏钢会引起汽车产量下降一样。

In addition to the direct use of water in our homes and on the farm, there are many indirect ways in which water affects our lives.In manufacturing, generation of electric power, transportation, recreation, and in many other ways, water plays a very important role.水除了直接为我们的家庭和农场利用外，它还以许多间接的方式对我们的生活产生影响。在制造、发电、运输、娱乐以及其他许多行业，水都起着很重要的作用。

Our use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing population.Already there are acute shortages of both surface and underground waters in many locations.Careless pollution and contamination of our streams, lakes, and underground sources has greatly impaired the quality of the water which we do have available.It is therefore of utmost importance for our future that good conservation and sanitary measures be practiced by everyone.我们对水的利用随人口的增长而迅速增加。在许多地方，无论地面水或地下水都已经严重短缺了。由于任意污染河流、湖泊和地下水源，已经大大地损害了人们能够利用的水的水质。因此，人人有责对水采取保护措施和卫生措施，这对于我们人类的未来是极端重要的。

Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量

Evaporation is the transfer of water from the liquid to the vapor state.Transpiration is the process by which plants remove moisture from the soil and release it to the air as vapor.More than half of the precipitation which reaches the land surfaces of the earth is returned to the atmosphere by the combined processes, evapotranspiration.In arid regions evaporation may consume a large portion of the water stored in reservoir.蒸发是水从液态变成气态的过程。蒸腾是植物将从土壤中吸收的水分以汽体的形式释放到大气中去的过程。到达地面的降雨有一半以上以蒸发与蒸腾相结合的形式─腾发，回到大气中去。在干旱地区，蒸发可以消耗掉大量的水库存水。

The rate of evaporation from a water surface is proportional to the difference between the vapor pressure at the surface and vapor pressure in the overlying air(Dalton ’s law).In still air, the vapor-pressure difference soon becomes small, and evaporation is limited by the rate of diffusion of vapor away from the surface.Turbulence caused by wind and thermal convection transports the vapor from the surface layer and permits evaporation to continue.水面蒸发率与水表面水气压与上层空气大气压的差成比例（道尔顿定律）。在静止的空气中，气压差不久就变得较小，蒸发受水面水汽弥散速率的限制。由风引起的扰动和热对流将表层的水变为水汽，（从而）使蒸发得以持续下去。

Transpiration is essentially the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.Rates of transpiration will, therefore, be about the same as rates of evaporation from a free water surface if the supply of water to the plant is not limited.Estimated free water evaporation may, therefore, be assumed to indicate the potential evapotranspiration from a vegetated soil surface.蒸腾从本质上是指水分从植物的叶表面的蒸发，因此，如果植物供水不受限制，蒸腾速率大约等于自由水面的蒸发率。因此，估计的自由水面蒸发量可以假定代表有植物的土壤表面的潜在腾发量。

The total quantity of transpiration by plants over a long period of time is limited primarily by the availability of water.In areas of abundant rainfall well distributed through the year, all plants will transpire at about the same rates and the differences in total will result from the differences in

the length of the growing seasons for the various species.Where water supply is limited and seasonal, depth of roots becomes very important.Here, shallow-rooted grasses wilt and die when the surface soil becomes dry while deep-rooted trees and plants will continue to withdraw water from lower soil layers.The deeper-rooted vegetation will transpire a greater amount of water in the course of a year.The rate of transpiration is not materially reduced by decreases in soil moisture until the wilting point of the soil is reached.整个长时期的植物蒸腾总量主要受水的可获得量限制。在雨量充足且年内分布均匀的地区，所有植物都将以大致相同的速度蒸腾，蒸腾总量的不同是由于各种植物生育期长短不同而引起的。对于供水受限制和季节性（降雨）的地方，植物根系的深度是很重要的。在这样的地区，当表土变干时，浅根系的草凋萎后便死亡，而根深的树木和作物将继续从深层土壤中吸取水分。深根植物在一年蒸腾过程中将蒸腾掉大量的水分。在土壤含水量达到凋萎点之前，植物的蒸腾速度实质上不会因土壤水分的减少而减少。

Evapotranspiration, sometimes called consumptive use or total evaporation describes the total water removed from an area by transpiration and by evaporation from soil, snow, and water surfaces.An estimate of the actual evapotranspiration from an area can be made by subtracting measured outflow from the area(surface and subsurface)from the total water supply(precipitation, surface and subsurface inflow, and imported water).Change in surface and underground storage must be included when significant.腾发量有时被称为耗水量或总蒸腾量，表示某一区域植物蒸腾、土壤蒸发、雪蒸发和自由水面蒸发的总水量。某一区域上的实际腾发量可以从本区总的供水量（包括降雨、地面和地下流入量以及引入的水量）减去从本区实测流出量（地表和地下流出量）来进行估算。当地表和地下储存量的变化显著时必须包括在腾发量之内。

Several attempts have been made to relate evapotranspiration to climatological data through simple equations such as用最简单的方程表示腾发量与气象数据之间的关系，人们已经进行了许多尝试，如：

Where: is the consumptive use in feet and is the sum of the growing season maximum temperatures less 32ºF.With in centimeters and temperatures in degrees Celsius, Eq.(18.1)becomes式中： 表示耗水量，单位是英尺； 代表植物生长季节最高温度减去32ºF的累计值。当 以厘米为单位，温度由ºC表示时，方程(18.1)变为

Such formulas agree fairly well with average values of annual evapotranspiration over a period of years, but it clear that the evaporative process is too complex to be well defined by a simple temperature function.这些公式与多年某一阶段的年平均腾发量吻合良好。但由于蒸发过程的复杂性，很显然，我们不可能用简单的温度函数去很好的定义腾发量。

As indicated before, the potential evapotranspiration from an area can be estimated from the free water evaporation.Actual evapotranspiration equals the potential value as limited by the available moisture.On a natural watershed with many vegetal species, it is reasonable to assume that evapotranspiration rates do vary with soil moisture since shallow-rooted species will cease to transpire before deeper-rooted species.A moisture-accounting procedure can be established using the continuity equation

如前所述，某一区域的潜在腾发量可以用自由水面腾发量来估算。实际腾发量等于有效水量受限时的潜在腾发量。对于一个有多种植物的自然流域，假设腾发速率确实随土壤水分的变化而变化是合理的。这是因为浅根植物将在深根植物前停止蒸腾。我们可以用连续方程建立水量平衡方程：Where: is precipitation;is surface runoff;is subsurface outflow;is actural

evapotranspiration;is the change in moisture storage.式中： 表示降雨量； 表示地表径流量； 表示地下流出量； 表示实际腾发量； 表示水分储存的变化。is estimated as（可用下式估算：）

Where: is the computed soil moisture storage on any data and is an assumed maximum soil moisture content.A moisture-accounting procedure of this type may be used to calculate runoff as well as estimate evapotranspiration.式中： 表示任何计算的土壤水分储存量； 表示一假定的最大土壤含水量。这个典型的水量平衡方程可用于计算径流量和估算腾发量。

第五篇：考研英语翻译部分总结

翻译部分

特点：

（1）反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例；

（2）考题难度加大；

（3）语法现象难度有所降低；

（4）突出简单翻译技巧，如:词、词组的省略及补译，译出it，they，this，that等代词的真正代表的含义，词义选择、引申、词性转换，长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。万学海文提醒考生们应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。

策略：

1.要有意识地进行长句，复杂句式结构分析的训练。善于在复杂的句式结构中找出主体结构，特别是主句的主语和谓语，并以此作为句子理解和翻译的起点。

2.善于积累词汇。特别要注意一词多义，常见词一般具有多义性，翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义，如develop除了“发展”的意思外，还有“形成”的意思。同时要注意一词多性，特别是名词、动词、形容词三种词性的互换，平时要有意识地做一些“名词动译”、“动词名译”等方面的训练。

3.注意词语的固定搭配。特别注意动词+介词、动词+副词的搭配，因为此类搭配常常伴有词义的改变。4.注意同义词、近义词、形近词的区分和辨析。做真题分析题型，涉猎要广泛。不要一字一字翻译，通读全文，理解大概意思后再开始动笔。