国际结算中英文互译总结（推荐）

第一篇：国际结算中英文互译总结（推荐）

面值：face value 赊账：open account 破产法：bankruptcy law 印花税：stamp duty 总资产：total assets 贸易壁垒：trade barrier 进口关税：import tariff 资金转移：fund transfer 有形贸易：tangible trade 无形贸易：intangible trade 国际惯例：international customs and practices 清算系统：clearing system 银行竞争：banking competition 国际支付：international payment 缺乏经验：lack of expertise 全球策略：global strategy 专业服务：professional service 财务报表：financial statement 远期汇票：term bill 跟单汇票：documentary draft 流通工具：negotiable instrument 授权签字：authorized signature 金融机构：financial institution 运输单据：shipping document 托收指示：collection instruction 拒绝证书：protest 商业用途：commercial utility 契约安排：contractual arrangement 付款义务：obligation of payment 独立责任：independent responsibility 合同义务：contractual obligation 信用评估：credit evaluation 经济衰退：economic recession 法律文件：legal document 指定银行：nominated bank 信誉调查：credit investigation 提货担保：shipping guarantee 转移风险：transfer risk 信用额度：credit line 汇款人账户：remitter's account 可兑换货币：convertible currency 大小写金额：amount in words and figures SWIFT密押：SWIFT authentication key 第二还款来源：the second source of repayment 多式联运提单：multimodal transport document 全球金融市场：global financial market 需要时的代理：agent in case of need 全球经济一体化：economic globalization 带有不符点的单据：discrepant document 有条件的付款承诺：conditional undertaking of payment 无条件的支付承诺：unconditional promise of payment 全球金融同业通讯协会：SWIFT 无条件的书面支付命令：unconditional order of payment in writing 海外分支机构和代理行：overseas branches and correspondent banks

1.国际结算涉及有形贸易和无形贸易，外国投资，从其他国家借贷资金等等。The international settlement involves tangible trades, intangible trade, foreign investments, funds borrowed from or lent to other countries and so on.2.许多银行注重发展国际结算和贸易融资的业务。

Many banks have focused on their business of international settlement and trade finance.3.大多数国际间的支付来自于世界贸易。

Most of the international payments originate from transactions in the world trade.4.一般来说，国际结算的方式分为三类：汇款，托收和信用证。

Usually the international settlement is divided into three broad categories: remittance, collection and letter of credit.5.用于国际结算的的货币是可兑换的货币。

Currencies used in the international settlement are convertible currencies.6.每一个通信和支付系统都有自己的使用规则。

Each communication and payment system has its own rules.7.有五种美元清算的方式。

There are fives US dollar fund transfer payment methods.8.欧元是欧盟国家使用的货币。

Euro is the single currency of the European Union.9.香港作为国际金融中心必须遵循国际惯例。

As an international financial center, Hong Kong must follow international payment practices.10.两家银行建立代理行关系的原则是基于双方的互惠互利。

The overall principle to establish correspondent banking relationship between two banks is on the basis of mutual benefits.11.一家银行对其所在国金融系统的重要性是对该银行进行评级的重要因素。

The importance of a bank to its country's financial system is a major factor in the rating process.12.穆迪和标准普尔在对银行进行评级时有许多相似之处。

Moody and Standard&Poor's share many similarities in rating banks.13.许多著名的大银行是根据一定的程序来向代理行提供信用额度。

The credit line for a correspondent is worked out according to certain procedures in many sizeable and well-known banks.14.银行不仅可从贸易融资中获利，而且还可以介入金融活动之中。

Not only banks can gain from trade finance, they can also engage in those financial activities.15.由于这张信用卡的持卡人不讲信用，发卡银行将取消该卡。

The issuing bank of this credit will cancel the holder's card because of his poor credit standing.16.旅行支票异于在国外银行·旅店·商店·机场等兑现。

Traveller's checks are easily encashable at banks, hotel, shops and airports abroad.17.汇票和本票的定义有一些相似之处。There are some similarities between the definition of a bill of exchange and a promissory note.18.请开立一张以Mr.Smith为付款人的金额为2000美元的即期汇票。Please draw a sight draft on Mr.Simth for US dollars 2000.19.由于电信业的迅猛发展，大多数的付款义务都是通过电汇方式完成。

With rapid telecommunication, most payment transactions are handled by telegraphic transfer.20.在付款业务中总是会出现一些差错。

In the process of payment transfer, some mistakes may occur.21.处理付款业务中的典型错误是将头寸付款方式和链式付款方式的报文混淆。

It is a typical mistake to confuse the message types of the cover method with those of the serial method.22.在一些国家，通常用于国内付款的链式方式也用于跨境付款。

In some countries and for some currencies, the serial method-typical for domestic payments-is also used cross-border.23.电汇常常用于大金额和时间较紧的情况。

T/T is often used when the remittance amount is large and the transfer of funds is subject to a time limit.24.跟单托收适用于出口商既不想用赊账也不愿意用信用证的情况。

Documentary collections are suitable in cases where the exporter is reluctant to supply the goods on an open account basis, but does not need the strong security provided by a documentary credit.25.《跟单托收统一惯例》是国际托收业务中通行的规则。

The Unifrom Rules for Collections from an internationally accepted code of practice covering documentary collections.26.单据应符合进口国家的法律和法规的要求。

The type of documents should comply with the laws and regulations of the importing country.27.拒绝证书是法庭认可的拒付的法律依据，它要由公证机构来制作。

Bill protesting is a legal evidence of dishonor acceptable to a court of law, and it will come into force by a notarization of notary office.28.在此契约安排下的每一项条款都是独立的。

Each item in contracts in this arrangement is independent of one another.29.进口商也要对远期汇票进行承兑并到期付款。An importer is also obliged to make an acceptance on the term bill of exchange and make payment on its due.30.既然大多数的信用证都是不可撤销的，故此字样印就在开证申请书上。

Since the great majority of credits are irrevocable, the indication of irrevocability is printed in the application form.31.出口商在向他的银行提示单据前就应确信其单据满足了信用证的要求。

Before the exporter presents the documents to his bank, he must ensure that they fully meet the requirements laid down in the credit.32.银行必须根据信用证的条款和要求仔细的审核单据。

The bank must check the presented documents carefully against the wording of the terms of credit.33.用于国际贸易中的保函分两类：直接保函和间接保函。

The guarantees used in international business can be divided into two categories: direct guarantees and indirect guarantees.34.银行开具各种类型的保函：投标保函·履约保函·预付款保函和尾款保函。

Banks issue various types of guarantee or bond, and they are bid bonds, performance bonds, maintenance or retention bonds.35.预付款保函向买方提供了一个资金安全的保证。

The advance payment guarantee provides financial security to the buyer.36.开立传统的信用证是为了国际贸易中货物交易的付款。

The traditional documentary letter of credit serves the purpose of securing payment of the contract price in the international trade of goods.37.信用证和保函的主要不同点是：信用证是一个付款工具，而保函是一个合同义务被履行的保证。

The main difference between a letter of credit and a guarantee is that the letter of credit actually represents a payment instrument while the guarantee is an assurance that contractual obligations will be fulfilled.38.出口商收到信用证后，将根据信用证的要求准备出货和缮制单据。

On receipt of a letter of credit, the exporter will prepare his shipments according to the requirements of the credit and complete the relating aocuments.39.一般来说，信用证里要规定最后交单日期。

In general, the latest date of presentation is specified in the credit.40.在信用证业务中，银行应只审核单据。

In credit operations, banks must make examination on the basis of the documents alone.41.银行对没有要求提示的单据不予理会，以避免由此而产生的拒付。

Banks should disregard cnditions without stating the documents to be presented in compliance to avoid unnecessary refusal.42.提单是出口商和承运人之间的运输合同。

The bill of lading is an evidence of the contract for carriage between the exporter and the carrier.43.国际贸易融资是银行向进口商和出口商提供的国际结算项下的融资服务。International trade finance is a financial service under the international trade settlement provided by banks for importers and exporters.44.信用额度内容和贸易融资产品是构成贸易融资的重要因素。

Credit line structure and trade financing facilities constitute important factors of trade finance.45.在信用证业务下，银行应该特别关注贸易背景和市场。

The bank should always keep an eye on the trade background and its market under the letter of credit.46.监督是控制打包放款风险的重要措施。

Supervision is an important step to control the risk of packing loan.47.出口押汇是出口银行提供的贸易融资产品。

Export bill purchased refers to a financing facility provided by exporter's bank.

第二篇：国际经济法专业术语中英文互译

国际经济法专业术语中英文互译 1.EXW工厂交货（指定地点）2.FCA:货交承运人（指定地点）3.FAS:船边交货（指定装运港）4.FOB:船上交货（指定装运港）5.CFR:6.CIF:7.CPT;8.DAF:9.DES:10.DEQ;11.DDU:12.DDP:13.Offer:14.Offer or;15.Offeree:16.Invitation for offer:17.Subject to our final confirmation:认

18.Cross 叉发价

19.Withdrawal: ：成本加运费（指定目的港 ：成本、保险加运费（指定目的港）：运费付至（指定目的地）边境交货（指定地点）

：目的港船上交货（指定目的港）目的港码头交货（指定目的港 未完税交货（指定目的地）完税交货（指定目的地）：要约

：要约人；报价人；发盘人

受要约人；接盘人，受盘人；被发价人 要约邀请；发盘邀请 需经我方最后确offer:交叉发盘；交叉报价；交错报价；交要约的撤回

20.Revocability:：发价的撤销 21.Counter-offer;还价；还盘；反要约 22.Acceptance:接受；接纳；承兑；赞同 23.Mail box rule:投递生效原则

24.Receive of the letter of acceptance rule:到达生效原则

25.Late acceptance:：迟到的承诺;逾期承诺 26.Identified to the contract:将货物特定化；将货物划定在该项合同项下（将货物划作履行某一合同的标的）

27.Shipping documents;装运单据;货运单据；船运单据

28.Sale by description;凭文字说明买卖 29.Sale by sample:凭样品买卖

30.Fundamental breach of contract根本违约；重大违约

31.Anticipatory breach先期违约 32.Specific performance实际履行 33.Breach of condition违反条件条款 34.Breach of warranty违反担保条款

35.Unconditionally appropriated to the contract无条件地划拨于合同项下

36.Reserve the right of disposal保留对货物的处分权

37.To the order of the seller or his agent：以卖方或其代理人的名字为抬头的提单；凭卖方或其代理人指示的提单

38.Sale on approval:：试销；试用买卖

39.Floating cargo:：在途货物；水运途中的货物 40.Quality to be considered as being about equal to the sample符合样品凭规格、等级或标准买卖

41.Sales by specification, grade or standard凭规格、等级或标准买卖

42.Fair average quality符合通常目的；中等品；良好平均品质（国际上买卖农副产品时常用此标准）

43.Sales by brand of trade mark 44.More or less clause溢短装条款；或多或少条款 45.Bulk cargo：散装货

46.Nude cargo裸散货,裸装货，裸包装 47.Gross for net：以毛重作净重,以毛作净

48.US $500 Per M/T CIF New York每吨500美元,CIF(到岸价)纽约

49.Fixed price定价；标价；固定价格 50.Sliding-scale按滑动费率支付专利权税 51.Time of shipment装运时间，装船时间 52.Time of delivery交货时间，交付时间 53.Advice of shipment：装运通知，装船通知

54.Insurance to be effected by the buyer保险由买方办理

55.Inspection and claim clause检查与索赔条款 56.Upon arrival of port of destination到达目的港后 57.After discharge of the goods at the port of destination到达目的港卸货后

58.Inspection certificate of quality质量检验证书；品质检验证书

59.Inspection certificate of weight：重量检验证书 60.Sanitary inspection certificate卫生检验证书 61.Veterinary inspection certificate兽医检验证书；动物检疫证书

62.Plant quarantine certification植物(病虫害)检疫证明

63.Force majeure clause不可抗力条款 64.Arbitration仲裁,公断 65.Bill of lading提单 66.Charter-party：租船合同 67.Gencon航次租船合同

68.Baltime巴尔的摩定期租船合同 69.Prima facie evidence：初步证据

70.Conclusive evidence绝对证据；最后证据；决定性证据

71.Shipped or on board bill of lading已装船提单 72.Received for shipment B/L备运提单；收货待运提单

73.Clean B/L清洁提单

74.Claused B/L, or Foul B/L不清洁提单 75.Letter of Indemnity保函；保证书 76.Open B/L, Bearer B/L不记名提单； 77.Oder b/L指示提单 78.Direct B/L：直达提单

79.Ocean through B/L：海上联运提单 80.Liner B/L：班轮提单 81.Charter B/L：租船提单

82.Negotiable quality：流通性；可转让性 83.Assignor：转让人；出让人

84.Assignee：受让人；代理人；受托人

85.Endorsement in blank ：空白背书；不记名背书 86.Special endorsement：记名背书

87.Due diligence：特别背书 应有的谨慎；应有的注意 88.Seaworthiness 船舶适航 89.Cargoworthiness 适货

90.Latent defect 潜在缺陷 91.From tackle to tackle 钩到钩 92.Deviation 绕行 93.Voyage Charter 航次租船 94.Time charter 定期租船合同 95.Charter by demise 光船租船 96.Laytime 装卸时间 97.Demurrage 滞期费 98.Dispatch money 速遣费 99.Lien 留置权 100.Trading limits 航区限制 101.Chartered period 特许期限

102.Employment and indemnity雇用及赔偿（条款）103.Payment of hire 租金 104.Off hire 停租 105.Air consignment 航空托运 106.Air waybill 航空货运单 107.Successive carriers 连续承运人 108.Actrual carrier 实际承运人

109.International multimodal transport 国际多式联运 110.Container 集装箱

111.Uniform liability principle统一赔偿责任原则

112.Network liability principle网状责任制 113.Insurable interest 保险利益

114.Disclosure of material facts 重要事实披露 115.Material representation 116.insurance policy 保险单 117.Accidents 意外事故 118.Total loss 全损 119.Partial loss 部分损失 120.General average 共同海损 121.Particular average 单独海损 122.Actual total loss 实际全损 123.Constructive total loss 推定全损 124.Sue and labor expenses 施救费用 125.Salvage charge 救助费用

126.Free from particular average(FPA)平安险 127.With particular average(WPA)水渍险 128.All risks 一切险 129.Subrogation 代位 130.Abandonment 委付

131.Export credits guarantee 出口信贷担保 132.Negotiable instruments可转让票据 133.Predecessor 前手

134.Promissory note 本票 135.Draft 汇票 136.Drawer 出票人 137.Drawee 付款人 138.Payee 收款人 139.Issue 出票 140.Sight bill 即期汇票 141.After sight 见票后付款 142.Without recourse 无追索权 143.Presentment 出示

144.Acceptance of draft 承兑汇票 145.Dishonour 拒付 146.Protest拒绝证书 147.Notary public 公证人 148.Collection 托收 149.Principal 委托方 150.Remitting bank 托收行 151.Collecting bank 代收行 152.Remittance letter 汇款书

153.Document against payment(D/P)付款交单 154.Document against payment sight 即期付款交单

155.Document against payment after sight远期付款交单

156.Documents against acceptance(D/A)承兑交单

第三篇：国际结算部分术语中英互译

国际结算部分术语中英互译

International Settlement Endorsement Endorsee Dishonor Remitter

Remitting Bank Reversing Bank Mail Transfer, M/T

Payment in Advance Be sold up

Documentary Collection

Document against Acceptance, D/A Trust Receipt, T/R Expiry Date Packing Loan Credit Line

国际结算Correspondent Bank 背书Endorser

被背书人Holder of value 拒付Remittance 汇付人Beneficiary 汇出行Paying Bank

中间行Telegraphic Transfer, T/T

信汇Remittance by Banker’s Demand Draft, D/D 预付货款Open Account Transaction, O/A 售定Consignment

跟单托收Document against Payment, D/P 承兑交单Collection Bill Purchased 信托收据SWIFT

有效期限Documentary L/C 打包放款Outward Bill 开征授信额度

代理行 背书人

付过对价持票人 汇付 受益人 汇入行 电汇 票汇

货到付款，赊销 寄售

付款交单 托收出口押汇

环球银行金融电讯协会跟单信用证 出口押汇

第四篇：一份中英文互译采访稿

主持人：各位好，欢迎收看《交通在线》，我是主持人A。今天请到我们演播室里的是来自南京市玄武区交警大队第二支队大队长B，让我们一起同B探讨我们生活中的交通问题和怎样降低交通事故发生率。你好，Hello everybody, Welcome to the online traffic, I'm the host MR zhang, todaythesecondteamcaptainsfrom nanjing xuanwu borough traffic police brigadeComes to the scene of the show , now let us welcome MR yang, Todaywewill talk about the traffic problem in our life and how to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents together with MR yang,hello MR yang

大队长：你好，主持人，各位观众朋友们好。hello host,hello Everyone audience friends,主持人：B，现在南京市的交通在上下班高峰期，经常出现拥堵现象，是什么造成这种现象的呢？anjing's traffic in the rush hour nowoften appearscongestionphenomenon, what cause this phenomenon?

大队长：随着市民生活质量的提高，人们对物质的要求也就越来越高As people life

quality rise, people are more and more high to the requirement of material，所以现在南京市40%的居民都有自己的私家车，So now, 40% of the residents of nanjing has its own private cars很多人不想乘坐公交去上班，就开车去上班，A lot of people don't want to go to work by bus, So they drive to work从而造成道路上的车流量增大，进而导致在上下班时道路拥堵的现象。Resulting in increase of road traffic, leading to road congestion phenomenon during work

主持人：除了私家车的增多，还有其他原因吗？In addition to the increase in the

number of private cars, there are other reasons

大队长：另外一个原因，也是一个很重要的原因，就是我们个别市民的个人素质不是很高，Another reason, is also a very important reason, is our individual citizens' personal quality is not high经常闯红灯，造成车辆不能正常的行驶，从而导致车型速度慢，这也是导致交通拥堵的重要原因。They often go through a red light, causing vehicles can not be normal, which may lead to a slow car, this is also the important reasons for traffic congestion

主持人：B说的第二个原因呢，确实是发生在我们周围，B says the second reason,is indeed happening all around us一些市民就是在红灯还有十来秒的时候就开始去穿越人行道，从而使得过往的车辆减速行驶甚至是停下来，这样也是很不文明的行为。Some citizens can not wait to cross the pavement beforethe red light turn red , so as to make the vehicles slow down or even stop, this also is very uncivilized behavior.宁可多等一分，也不强行一秒。We shouldkeep Would rather wait a minute, not to force a second in mind

大队长：还有一个因素也是应该考虑的，There is another factor also should

be considered就是南京现在正在修建地铁，造成路面的阻塞，也导致了车流速度比较慢。预计是2015年年底，南京市地铁全面开通，这将会大大减轻路上交通的压力。There is another factor also should be considered, that

is the subway is being built in nanjing now, causing the road block,and also ledsto traffic speed slow.Expected by the end of 2015, the nanjing subway willcomprehensive open, which will greatly alleviates thetraffic pressure

主持人：地铁是一项很重要的惠民工程，这也将给南京带来不可估量的发展。但是现在的交

通事故发生的特别频繁，我们应该如何去减少交通事故的发生呢？Subway is a very important huimin project, it will bring immeasurable development in nanjing.But now facing particularly frequent traffic accidents, what shouldwe do to reduce the number of traffic accidents?

大队长：80%的交通事故都是因为没有遵守交通法规所造成的，出现最多的是醉酒驾车所导

致的交通事故，所以在这里再次提醒广大司机朋友，醉酒不驾车，驾车不醉酒。同时呢，也提醒你们驾车时要注意去观察，遇到可疑车辆就尽可能的去避让，确保自己的行车安全。80% of all traffic accidents happen because of failure to observe the traffic rules, the most traffic accidents caused by drunk driving, so once again remind the driver friends here,do notdrivethe car whenafteryoudrink.At the same time, also remind the driversthat pay attention to the things around,and avoidsuspicious vehiclestoensureboth you safe.主持人：喝酒误事，不仅是对自己身体的不负责任，也是对家人的不负责任，更是对别人生

命的一种亵渎，drinkingis not only irresponsible of her body, but

also to thefamily,that behavior is also a blasphemy to others马上是“国庆节十一”长假了，the National Day long vacation is right away对于辛苦工作的朋友们可以出去旅游没放松一下紧张的心情，也释放一下工作压力，forthe hard working people, they can go out to travel to relax tense mood, and also release the pressure of work但是这期间出行安全是不可少的，B，你要给各位什么出行建议呢？But during this travel, security is important ,B, what are you going to give your travel advice?

大队长：十一，七天的长假，广大朋友要是驾车出远门旅游，要注意行车时的安全，喝酒了

千万别开车，同时也要注意系好安全带，若是在南京市游玩，骑自行车出行会是另一番的滋味，同时也为南京的洁净的环境做出一份贡献。好，祝大家国庆玩的愉快Seven days holiday, if the broad masses of friends choose to drive out to enjoy your tourism, attention should be paid to the safety of driving, drink don't drive, also should pay attention to fasten your seat belt at the same time, if in nanjing, riding a bicycle trip will be the taste of another time, but also contributing to a clean environment in nanjing.Well, I wish you all enjoy your National Day。主持人：刚才B的话，给大家一个很不错的建议啊B just nowgive us a good

suggestion，现在我们正在提倡绿色出行，Now we are promoting green travel所以不远行的朋友可以骑上自行车欣赏南京的古韵。So the friends who do not want to go far can ride bicycle to appreciate nanjing elegance好，谢谢B能到我们演播室，Thank you to our studio B祝大家十一玩的开心，下次节目，再见I wish you all have a good time,see you next time, bye

第五篇：国贸翻译(中英文互译)

1.Labor productivity劳动生产率

2.production-possibility curve(ppc)生产可能性边界

3.absolute advantage绝对优势comparative advantage比较优势4.principle of comparative advantage比较优势原则：(A country will export the goods and services that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import the goods and services that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost.)5.opportunity cost机会成本(the value of other goods and services that are not produced because resources are instead used to produce this product.)increasing marginal cost 递增边际成本6.Constant Marginal Cost: 边际成本不变

7.(community)indifference curve(社会)无差异曲线 8.labor-intensive劳动密集型的

9.terms of trade贸易条件:(the ratio of the price of its export commodity to the price of its import commodity)

10.Zero-sum game 零和竞争Positive-sum game合作博弈 11.Factor-endowment生产要素Factor-proportions要素比例 12.Export-oriented、import-competing sector出、进口导向部门 13.economic growth经济增长 balanced growth平衡增长 biased growth偏颇增长 immiserizing growth悲惨性增长

14.product cycle hypothesis 产品生命周期理论The five stages: 五个阶段The introduction of the product；Expansion of production for export ；Standardization and beginning of production abroad through imitation ；Foreign imitators underselling the nation in third markets ；Foreigners underselling the innovating firms in their home market as well.15.Dutch disease荷兰病Alternative Theories of Trade贸易的替代理论16.Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Global oligopoly全球寡头垄断17.Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变Internal scale economies内部规模经济External scale economies外部规模经济

18.Intra-industry Trade产业内部贸易(two way trade in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products)Inter-industry trade产业间贸易(a country exports some products in trade for imports of others quite different products)19.Small country(price-taker)小国Large country(price-setter)大国 20.Tariff关税:（a tax on importing a good or service into a country customs）countervailing

duties（反补贴税）anti-dumping duties（反倾销税）Specific tariff(从量税)Ad Valorem tariff(从价税)Compound tariff(复合税)Alternative duties(选择税）Monopsony power买方垄断势力The Nationally Optimal Tariff全国最优关税

21.consumption effect消费效应 production effect生产效应

22.Nontariff barriers(NTBS)非关税壁垒Import Quota(Quota)进口配额import-license auction进口许可证拍卖resource-using application procedures使用资源的应用程序Resource-using procedures资源使用的过程Voluntary Export Restraints（VER）(自愿出口限制)TBT(technical barrier to trade)(技术性贸易壁垒)23.Domestic Content Requirements国内成分要求Mixing requirements混合要求Net loss净损失

24.Government procurement政府采购业务 fixed favoritism固定偏袒25.Market failure市场失灵Government failure政府失灵 26.The infant industry幼稚产业spillover effect 溢出效应

27.Predatory dumping掠夺性倾销（恶性倾销）Cyclical dumping周期性倾销Seasonal dumping季节性倾销: sell off excess inventories of a product 28.Antidumping duty反倾销税(discrepancy不符)Export Subsidy出口补贴Government subsidize exports政府补贴出口Countervailing duty反补贴税Strategic export subsidy战略性出口补贴Game theory.博弈理论 29.price discrimination价格歧视

30.Trade Blocs贸易集团: each member country can import from other member countries freely, or at least cheaply, while imposing barriers against imports from outside countries.31.Trade embargoes贸易禁运: some countries discriminate completely against certain other countries, for a policy dispute.Block exports to or imports from, even block both exports and imports.32.Free-trade area自由贸易区: members remove trade barriers among themselves but keep their separate national barriers against trade with the outside world.(NAFTA北美自由贸易区)

33.Customs Union关税联盟: members remove all barriers to trade among themselves and also adopt a common set of external barriers.(EEC, 欧洲经济共同体European Economic Community 1957-1992)34.Preferential Trade Arrangement优惠贸易协定: provide lower barriers on trade among participating nations on trade than with nonmember nations 35.Common Market共同市场: members allow full freedom of factor flows(migration of labor and capital)among themselves in additional to having a customs union.(EC欧共体（European Community)

36.Most favored nation principle(MFN最惠国): any concession given to any foreign nation must be given to all nations having MFN status 37.Trade creation贸易创造: net volume of new trade created by forming the trade bloc.Increase the welfare of the country because it shifts productions from less efficient domestic producers to the more efficient producers inside union.38.Trade diversion贸易转向: the volume of trade diverted from low-cost outside exporters to higher-cost bloc-partner exporters.Reduce the welfare of the country.ASEAN东南亚国家联盟APEC亚太经贸合作组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 39.H—O model: a nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and deep factor and import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively scare and expensive factor.