考研英语写作24分讲座讲义之几种主要信函的写法

第一篇：考研英语写作24分讲座讲义之几种主要信函的写法

考研英语写作24分讲座讲义之几种主要信函的写法

1.几种主要信函的写法

英文书信主要分为事务书信和个人书信两种，前者是单位与单位之间或个人与单位之间来往的信件，后者是亲朋好友之间的来往信件。事务书信包括申请信、推荐信、求职信、订购信等等;个人书信包括慰问信、祝贺信、道歉信以及一般的个人信等等。在格式和语体方面，事务书信比较正规，而个人书信则比较随便。在这部分中，我们结合信函的实用程度和考研作文对篇幅的一般要求选取了五种我们认为有可能成为考研作文命题对象的信函。

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⑴ 求职信

求职信是用来向某一单位求取一份工作的信函，它属于广义的申请信的一种。之所以将求职信与其他类型的申请信分开来写，是因为其目前应用的普遍性和重要性，因此希望考生给予足够的重视。

写求职信时，要注意以下几点：

首先，措辞要礼貌，对求职单位要加以一定的褒扬，并表示对该单位的向往之情，希望能到该单位工作。

第二，简洁、明了、具体地说明自己的能力和条件。因为求职信通常是跟简历一起寄给用人单位的，所以在信中提到自己的能力和条件时，不是要简单重复简历中已有的内容，而是要用简洁、明了、具体的语言提出自己特别突出的或者可能引起用人单位特别的注意的能力和条件。

第三，对于要求取的工作岗位，要特别写明，给用人单位一个考虑选择的机会。

第四，要突出招聘者的利益，不要一味强调自己的需要和期望。

求职信一般分为三个部分来写，至于分成几段，没有严格的要求。第一部分说明从哪里得到的关于这份工作的信息，又或者写信人只是投求职信碰碰运气。

第二部分主要是推销自己，表达自己对应聘职位的兴趣以及介绍自己的最突出的能力和条件。如果求职者对应聘职位没有太多的了解，可以特别表达一向愿意接受新挑战的愿望，并强调一下自己在适应新环境、处理人际关系方面的能力。

最后一部分当然是表达一下希望，例如希望能得到面试的机会。

下面给出一封齐头式的求职信，省略了信头和信内地址，从称呼开始。

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company.Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality products like Mandolin network system.I am interested in joining such a professional organization.As you can see from the enclosed resume, my previous work in an export company has provided me with lots of opportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers home and abroad.By communicating with them, I have got very familiar with the international trade and the current market.Besides, my educational training at university concentrated also on international trade which equipped me with a solid foundation in sales and trade.As such, I believe that my service could be of great benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and new business connections.I hope to have an opportunity to meet your human resource manager in order to let you know more about me.I enclose a resume and could be available for an interview at your convenience.Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you for your consideration.Sincerely yours，J.S.Wu

⑵ 其他申请信

当一个人想得到某种机会或某些东西，如申请得到奖学金、求学、申请出国签证等，往往通过申请信来请求。

写申请信的时候一般应注意以下几点：

首先，语气要诚挚友好，措辞要严谨，千万不要表现出强求的意思。

第二，对于申请的内容和原因一定要写得非常清楚，不能含糊。

第三，尽管不能表现出强求的意思，但是期望得到的心情一定要表达出来。

申请信如何分段，也没有严格的规定，其内容一般应包括以下几个部分：明确是在写申请;申请的具体内容和缘由;自己的情况和条件;提出要求，如回信、面试等等。每一部分都要做到清晰、简明。

对于不同的申请内容，在介绍自己情况的时候也要有不同的侧重。例如在求学信中，应比较侧重介绍自己已有的学位及专业情况;在申请留学经济资助的信中，应着重介绍自己的学业及学术水平，因为国外很多学校颁发奖学金是以此为标准的。

以下是两封申请信，第一封是求学信，另一封是申请留学资助的，第一封信用的是齐头式，第二封信用的是缩进式，信头和信内地址都已省略。

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am writing to apply for admission to your university to pursue my M.S.degree.I have read the annual prospectus issued by your university and found that it has the best graduate program of chemistry.I am greatly interested in the program.I graduated in 1997 from Beijing University, majoring in Chemistry and holding a B.S.degree.At university, I took many fundamental courses in Chemistry and my English is excellent as I had served as the head of English Association for two years.Since then I have been teaching Chemistry in Beijing Normal University.Through my teaching experience, I have not only deepened my understanding in this field, but mastered many complicated research skills as well.Two of my former professors and the present dean of our department have kindly written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter.Could you please send me the necessary forms and any information about financial aid in your program?

Thank you very much.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Sincerely yours，Fan Wei

Dear Sir or Madam:

I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student.I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship, considering my academic record and the fact that I have no relatives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor.I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June.During my four years in the university, I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks.With Chemistry as my major, I minored in Physics and Mathematics.Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned.My English is very good.I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University, Shanghai.I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulties while studying in the United States.I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration.Thank you very much and look forward to your reply.Sincerely yours，Wu Li

最后列举一些写申请信常用的表达法，供考生参考：

I am writing to you because I wish to …

I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and the application forms …

I am a graduate from …，I am very interested in …

Please send me all relevant information concerning the program you offer.I should be most grateful to you if you would send me …

I would appreciate very much if you could send me …

Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to your favorable reply.Enclosed in this letter please find three letters of recommendation and a certified copy of my transcript.⑶ 推荐信

推荐信是求职或者求学所需要的材料。写推荐信的人一般是有身份、有地位的人士，而且必须对申请者比较了解。最好是申请者原单位的领导或资历较深的同事，或者是学校里的教授、本专业的专家等等。

写推荐信应该注意以下几点：

首先，推荐人在写信前应该详细了解聘方或学校的要求、工作性质、专业特点等有关情况，有针对性地介绍并推荐申请者。

第二，推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，语气要积极、热情。但为了客观起见，也可适当提一下申请者的不足之处，但一定要说明这种不足之处是可以通过学习和锻炼得到克服的。

第三，推荐信的篇幅不宜过长，但也不能三言两语敷衍了事，一般以250到350字为宜。

第四，推荐信的称呼一般用To whom it may concern或者Dear sir or Madam。而且推荐信通常由推荐人直接寄给用人单位或学校。

推荐信一般分成三段到四段，主要包括三个方面的内容：推荐人与被推荐人之间的关系;被推荐者的能力、品质和优点，在这部分至少应该写两个优点，但最多不要超过四个，而且如果能够用具体的例子来证明，效果会更好;建议录取被推荐者。

下面是一封推荐信：

To whom it may concern:

I sincerely recommend Ms.Zhang Chen to participate in your program and researching group.I am a department manager in Guangyou Trade Company and Ms.Zhang had been worked in my department for nearly three years.As her direct supervisor, I have a good understanding in her working ability.She was very careful and sensitive to figures.Her monthly statistics and report forms were always the best of the company.And as I knew more about her, I found that she was very much interested in accounting.So I provided her with the opportunity to work with the experienced accountant in our company so that she would be able to learn from him.What I appreciate most is her diligence and the ability to learn quickly.By self-study, she passed the exam of accountant qualification.I must admit that it was not an easy task, but she managed it through hard work.Since she had already had a deep understanding in this area, I asked her to be responsible for the computerization of the accounting system in our company.It was within my expectation that she accomplished it successfully.And now, as she has determined that she would choose accounting as her life career, I would like to lend my full support in her effort.Therefore, I strongly recommend you to accept Ms.Zhang in your program.I believe that thanks to all her virtues, she would make herself a good student in your prestigious program and make a good contribution to it.And I really hope that I will have the opportunity to cooperate with her again after she got the MACC degree.Thank you very much!

Yours sincerely，Li Tong

Department Manager of Guangyou Trade Company

最后列举几个写推荐信常用的表达法，供考生参考：

I proudly introduce … to your attention.I am certain that … will build a bright career with your instruction.I would safely say that … will be excellent with your program.I have no doubt that … will make a strong candidate for your program.… is surely the right person for your program.⑷ 邀请信

邀请信分为两种：一种属于个人信函，例如邀请某人共进晚餐、参加宴会、观看电影、出席典礼等。另一种邀请信则属于事务信函，一般是邀请参加会议、学术活动等等。

第一种邀请信邀请的对象一般是朋友、熟人，所以内容格式上的要求都比较松，可以写得随便一些。只要表明邀请的意图，说明活动的内容、时间、地点等等。但既然是邀请信，那么就一定要在信中表达非常希望对方能够参加或者出席的愿望。这种邀请信的篇幅可以非常短，下面以一封邀请看电影的短信为例：

Dear Jane，We have four tickets for a famous film shown at Guangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth.Will you join us? We’ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in front of the cinema, so don’t disappoint us!

Warmest regards.Alice

第二种邀请信一般由会议或学术活动的组委会的某一个负责人来写，以组委会的名义发出，而且被邀请者通常也是属于比较有威望的人士。因此，这类邀请信的措辞要相对正式一些，语气要热情有礼。

这一类邀请信通常要包括以下内容：首先表明邀请对方参加的意图以及会议或学术活动的名称、时间、地点;然后要对被邀请者的威望和学术水平等表示推崇和赞赏，表明如果被邀请者能够接受邀请，会给会议或者活动带来很好的影响;接着要说明会议或活动的相关事宜，最好是能引起对方兴趣的事宜;当然不能忘了表达希望对方能够参加的诚意;最后还要请收信人对发出的邀请做出反馈，如确认接受邀请。

下面是一封邀请对方参加学术会议的信函：

Dear Professor Wang，On behalf of the Ohio State University and the IEEE Computer Society, I would be very pleased to invite you to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to October 28, 2004.You are an internationally acclaimed scholar and educator.Your participation will be among the highlights of the Conference.We sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation.As you know, this is the 10th anniversary of the Conference and we plan to make it a truly international meeting.We have accepted many papers from several foreign countries, including two from China.If you can come, please let us know as soon as possible, since we have to prepare the final program soon.We are looking forward to your acceptance.Sincerely yours，Peter White

无论是收到哪种邀请信都要复信，明确表示接受与否。而且无论接受与否都要对邀请者表示感谢。接受邀请的回信一般包含以下内容：首先感谢对方的邀请，并重述邀请信中的主要内容;然后愉快地表示接受邀请，并简要说明自己的打算;最后表示期待赴会和与对方见面的心情。

下面是一封接受邀请的信，与上面第一封邀请信相对应：

Dear Alice，Thank you very much for your invitation.It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film.I will arrive at the cinema before eight.I look forward to meeting you on Friday.Thank you for thinking of me.Yours，Jane

谢绝邀请的回信一般包含以下几方面的内容：首先还是要对对方的邀请表示感谢;然后具体说明自己无法接受邀请的原因，并对无法出席表示遗憾;最后表达自己的祝愿，即祝愿自己未能参加的会议或者活动能够顺利进行。

下面是一封谢绝邀请的信，与上面的第二封邀请信相对应：

Dear Professor White，Many thanks for your letter dated 15th August, inviting me to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to 28, 2004.Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have been suffering from a disease since this summer.I am firmly advised that it would be unwise to undertake any distant and long travel in the near future.I feel very sad to miss the opportunity of meeting you and many others in the field of Computer Science.I wish the conference a complete success.Faithfully yours，Wang Xuan ⑸ 感谢信

感谢信属于个人信函，是用来对馈赠礼物或曾经得到某人的关怀、照顾表示感谢，在西方国家用得比较普遍。感谢信在格式上没有很严格的要求，主要是要写得真挚，表达诚挚的感激之情，不能给人一种草率的印象。

由于感谢的对象、原因和内容不同，感谢信的内容也会有所区别。例如，对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢的信，一定要提到所赠的礼物以及自己对礼物的喜爱之情;又如因为曾在对方家里小住而写的感谢信，一定要提到在对方家里居住时候的感受。但是，无论如何，一封感谢信通常都包括感谢的原因、内容以及诚挚的感激知情。

下面给出两封简短的感谢信，一封是对朋友赠送礼物表示感谢，另一封是在对方家里小住过一段时间，离开后表达感谢的信。

Dear Sandy，When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it.I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present.It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come.Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes.Cordially，Susan

Dear Professor Anthony，Thank you for a delightful stay.Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship.I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect.Many thanks again for your warm hospitality.Cordially，Tom

⑹ 咨询信

咨询信指的是用于了解信息、资料和情况等等的信件。写咨询信要注意以下几个问题：

第一，从措辞上来讲，一定要有礼貌，要比较客气地说清楚你想了解什么或者有什么要求。

第二，所提的问题一定要具体、明确，不能含糊其辞，否则会让对方感到无从回答。

第三，如果同时有好几个问题需要对方回答，可以考虑分段写;如果问题比较简单，则无需分段，但一定要将每个问题分别写清楚。

第四，一定要记得在信中向对方表示感谢。

写咨询信的时候，一般分三个部分来写。首先说明自己的情况，写咨询信的目的;第二步讲明自己要咨询的问题，要简洁明晰;在新的结尾要向对方表示感谢。此外，记得要注明联系地址与电话，以便对方答复。

下面是一封咨询信的范例：

To: London Woolen Products

From: Angel Clothes Store

As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens.We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample.Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list.If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time.Please note our new address and telephone number.Thank you in advance for your attention.Sincerely，……⑺订购信

订购信一般用于订购某种货物或机票、车票，属于事务信件。在书写订购信的时候，最重要的是要清新明白地说明所要订购的对象的数量、价格、规格等等，如果是机票、车票等，则须说明出发地、目的地、出发时间等。此外，写明你自己的名字、地址、邮编，以及你期望的送货方式等也是非常重要的。要避免写冗长的句子，因为此类信函以传达信息为主，所以能让对方明白你的意图是最重要的。

下面是一封订购飞机票的信函：

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible.Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m.tomorrow.A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred.I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying.If there is no seat available at 8 a.m.tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight.Thank you very much!

Yours faithfully，Steve Brown

⑻ 投诉信

投诉信一般是针对质量低劣的产品或者服务，其送寄对象应该是对方主管部门的负责人。写投诉信的目的是为了让对方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的问题，继而给出你所期望的解决方法。因此，写这类信件最重要的一点是要实事求是，一定要遵守“简明、公正”的原则，切勿夸大其词，引起对方的反感。

投诉信中应该包含的内容有：你所投诉的问题;该问题给你造成的不良后果;与投诉有关的重要依据，如商品简要说明、购买日期地点等;你所希望的解决方法和最后结果。此外，还可以向对方建议解决问题的最后日期，并表示对所投诉问题的妥善解决充满信心。

投诉信一般可分为三段：第一段说明信的主要意思，即提出要解决的问题，以及解决问题的重要性;第二段可以解释一下详细的情况，提出与投诉有关的重要依据;最后一段一般是提建议，说出你所期望的解决方法。

以下是一封样信：

Dear Sir，Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday.We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office.The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs.The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189.Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50.Thank you very much.Sincerely yours，以上是八种我们认为有可能考到的信函类型，当然也有可能在考试中出现不在其列的信函类型，但是相信考生可以根据我们所给的这些讲解和示例推出一定的规律来应对。需要指出的是，为了给大家一个比较完整的内容和结构上的示例，以上的样信在字数上并不都符合100词的要求。但各位考生在考试时一定不能忽略字数上的要求，因为这也是判分点之一。结构和格式尽可以参考以上的样文，字数上还请考生自行把握。

第二篇：2013考研考研英语作文写作160篇信函的写法

考研1号英语

2013考研考研英语作文 《写作160篇》中最主要的几种信函的写法

考研英语作文中最主要的几种信函的写法

英文书信主要分为事务书信和个人书信两种，前者是单位与单位之间或个人与单位之间来往的信件，后者是亲朋好友之间的来往信件。事务书信包括申请信、推荐信、求职信、订购信等等；个人书信包括慰问信、祝贺信、道歉信以及一般的个人信等等。在格式和语体方面，事务书信比较正规，而个人书信则比较随便。下面就举例出有可能成为考研英语作文命题对象的信函。

⑴ 求职信求职信是用来向某一单位求取一份工作的信函，它属于广义的申请信的一种。是因为其目前应用写求职信时，要注意以下几点：

首先，措辞要礼貌，希望能到该单位工作。

起寄给用人单位的，不是要简单重复简历中已有的内容，第四，求职信一般没有严格的要求。第一部分说明从哪里得到第二部分主要是推销自己，表达自己对应聘职位的兴趣以及介绍自己的最突出的能力和条件。如果求职者对应聘职位没有太多的了解，可以特别表达一向愿意接受新挑战的愿望，并强调一下自己在适应新环境、处理人际关系方面的能力。最后一部分当然是表达一下希望，例如希望能得到面试的机会。

下面给出一封齐头式的求职信，省略了信头和信内地址，从称呼开始。Dear Sir or Madam:I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company.Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality products like Mandolin network system.I am interested in joining such a professional organization.As you can see from the enclosed resume, my previous work in an export company has provided me with lots of-1-

考研1号英语

opportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers home and abroad.By communicating with them, I have got very familiar with the international trade and the current market.Besides, my educational training at university concentrated also on international trade which equipped me with a solid foundation in sales and trade.As such, I believe that my service could be of great benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and new business connections.I hope to have an opportunity to meet your human resource manager in order to let you know more about me.I enclose a resume and could be available for an interview at your convenience.Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you for your consideration.Sincerely yours,J.S.Wu

⑵ 其他申请信当一个人想得到某种机会或某些东西，如申请得到奖学金、求学、申请出国签证等，往往通过申请信来请求。

写申请信的时候一般应注意以下几点：

请信如何分段，明确是在应比较侧重介绍自己已有的学位

160篇》，涵盖话题广，连续7年命中原题。-2-

第三篇：考研英语写作应用文之便条写法

考研英语写作资料-应用文写作之便条写法

便条是一种简单的书信。虽然内容简单，但却有其独特的风格。主要目的是为了尽快的吧最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。常见的便条有收条、欠条、留言和请假条等。

便条可以有题目，也可以省略题目。

便条开篇须有称呼语，但称呼可以比较随便。

日期部分可写在便条的右上角。

日期的签署通常只需写星期几或星期几的上午、下午，也可只写上午或下午和具体时间。只写日期也可以。便条结尾须署上留条人的姓名，位置在正文的右下角。

便条的形式和内容简洁，故可以用几句话概括。

文内语言尽量通俗口语化，简单扼要，直截了当，无需使用客套语言。

便条虽简单，但中心务必突出，更要注明活动的时间及地点。

便条不需邮寄，不用信封。通常请人代为转交。有时可写在留言板和留言簿上。

基本写作格式

便条内容和类型不尽相同，可以灵活变通。但各类便条必须包括以下几个基本要素；

1）Date：便条日期

2）Salutation：称呼

3）Body：正文 4）Signature：署名

样例

收条：即收到钱物之后，给交钱或送物人写张字据，说明已经收到某物，可留作证据。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。

Jan.23rd,2003 Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this month''s tuition fee.Li Man

For the Finance Office of Foreign Language Institute

欠条；留下字据，表示欠某人某物。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。

Sept.16th, 2002

Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows:

A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren

A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen

Wu Zhuo

For the Office ofSocial Science Department

留言；用书面留下要说的话。留言涉及的方面很多，包括约会，通知，请求等任何可用便条留下的口信。

Tuesday

Dear Li,As the Spring Festival is drawing near, I''m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours.I''m sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m.today, to Room 6 of Lijing Hotel?

Yours always,Jiayang

请假条：往往指由于生病或特殊情况不能亲自当面请假，用假条的形式告假。所以，请假条大多是病假条。可以自写，也可请他人代写。写假条最重要的是说明原因和请假的期限。

Jan.10th

Dear Ms.Jiang,I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning''s two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever.Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully, Tian Ye

常用句子

I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，请早日来电，我将不胜感激。

Delighted!Will call at 2 p.m.tomorrow.来条收悉，定于明天下午两点拜访。

Encl.: Doctor''s Certificate of Advice.附；医生证明

I shall be bery happy to call at your house at 6:30 this everying.Until then,...我定于今晚6：30去你家，望等候。

Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.见条后，请立即来我办公室。

Mr.Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的帮助。

I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。

Yours note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一张入场券均已收到，不胜感激。

I''m very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and I''m sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀请观看你们的音乐会，我一定按时到场。

Please accept this little figt as a small token of my esteen for you.奉上这小小的礼物，以表达我对您的崇高敬意。

结束语

I trust my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience.望我的缺席不会给你带来太大的不便。

Please favor me with an early reply.敬请早复。

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早处理此事。

Please give an extension of leave for three days.请准予续假三天为盼。

考研英语便笺写作(Note Writing)重点

2006年考研英语写作分成两部分：第一部分是应用文写作，包括书信、便笺、备忘录等，要求写100字左右；第二部分是短文写作，这部分字数要求跟以往不一样，以往要求写200多字，现在要求写160字到200字之间。本文给大家讲讲便笺写作（Note Writing）写作要点。便笺写作（Note Writing）实际上与书信写作（Letter Writing）大致相似，但有三点主要不同：

1.便笺较随便，因此语气通常更轻松，格式和语言都是如此。

2.通常便笺较短，应言简意赅，这意味着你必须略去冗余信息。3.便笺写起来往往更具个性化，通常语言更接近口语，更直接。

一、样 题：

Directions:

You are late for an appointment with a professor.You also have books that are due at the library in a few hours.Write a note to your roommate asking if she could return the books for you.In return for the favor, offer to buy her lunch.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

范文：

Dear Jane,I have a big favor to ask you.I am late for my appointment with Professor Jones, and need to go directly to his office.I also have two books that are due back at the library this evening.As I will not be able to get to the library before it closes, I was wondering if you would possibly have the time to return the books for me.

I realize this is a big favor to ask of you, as you are also very busy.In return for help, I would like to buy you lunch tomorrow.Thanks in advance!

译文：

亲爱的简，

我要请你帮个大忙。我与琼斯教授有个约会，现在已经晚了，我得直接去他的办公室。可我还有两本书要还图书馆，今晚就到期了。我可能在图书馆关门之前赶不到那里，所以我想知道你能否有时间帮我还。

我知道你也很忙，这可真太麻烦你了。为了感谢你帮忙，我明天请你吃午饭吧。谢谢！

二、模拟练习

模拟题一：

Your roommate has been very busy and has neglected to clean his part of the dormitory in an appropriate length of time.Write a note asking him to rectify the situation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.模拟题二：

An acquaintance of yours is selling textbooks that you require for a course you are taking next semester.Write him a note enquiring about the books'' conditions and prices.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

第四篇：-2010考研英语强化写作讲义

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 1 3/25/2013

2010考研英语强化写作讲义

主讲：王江涛

第一节 考研写作总论

一、课程安排：

1、考研写作总论：复习计划、时间分配、写作学习、大纲解读

2、段落写作：框架结构、启承转合、段落写作经典范文

3、图画作文：

4、词汇写作、句子写作

5、应用文：书信、备忘录、报告、摘要、告示

二、复习计划：

1、攻克词汇：

1）词汇书：

2）软件：《新东方背单词》（5）

3）记忆法：blog.sina.com.cn/jtwang分类：考研复习：十天攻克考研词汇

2、精研真题：96-09共14年真题 1）词汇： 2）选项： 3）句子结构：

4）背诵：阅读A节经典文章 5）英译汉：阅读A节、C节经典文章 6）写作真题：

3、适当模考：2010年1月

三、时间分配：

1）14：00－14：15 写作A节

2）14：15－14：50 写作B节

3）14：50－16：00 阅读A节

4）16：00－16：20 阅读B节

5）16：20－16：40 阅读C节

6）16：40－17：00 完型填空

四、写作学习：

（一）提高实力：

1、中译英：仔细对比原文，寻找差距

2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善

3、默写：仔细对比原文，发现写作弱点

4、仿写：

（二）掌握技巧：万能框架 附：20大必背范文：

（一）小作文：

1、新版考研写作教材（09年6月版，下同）P.3 最新考研英语大纲样题

2、P.5 2005年高分作文

3、P.5 2006年高分作文

4、P.6 2007年高分作文 5、2008年范文：题目见P.6 1

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 2 3/25/2013

Dear Bob，I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when I left Canada.I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully.Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD enormously.I can either send it to you by express mail or alternatively compensate you at a reasonable price.If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience.I really hope you will accept my sincere apology.Faithfully yours，Li Ming

6、P.7 2009年范文 Dear Editors, I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest.It is my view that limiting/prohibiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance.To crack this hard nut, I would like to give/offer/render/propose several useful/practical recommendations as follows.First and foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags.In addition, we should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags.Last but not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department stores or supermarkets.I hope you would find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discuss this matter to further details.Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

7、Directions:

You live in a room in college which you share with another student.You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties in the room.Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term.You would prefer a single room.Explain your reasons.Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation.I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him;for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own.Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely, Li Ming 8.Directions:

One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers.Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 3 3/25/2013

Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post.With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times.Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record.Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School.What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children.This won him great popularity among his students.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised.I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.Yours sincerely，Li Ming 9.Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by Mr.Shakespeare.Write a special letter to express your thanks.Dear Mr.Shakespeare, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude.I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious.Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach.If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.Yours sincerely, Li Ming

10、Directions:

The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest.Write an announcement which covers the following information:

1)the purpose of the contest，2)time and place of the contest，3)what is required of the candidates，4)details of the judges and awards.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.Chinese Speaking Contest

January 10, 2009 To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week(17 January)at the Students’ Auditorium.Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week.Five professors will be invited to be judges.The first six winners will be given awards.Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.The Students’ Union

Department of Chinese Language and Literature

参 考 译 文

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 4 3/25/2013

1、尊敬的先生或女士：

我写信是为了询问关于雅思考试的考试准备资料的信息。

我想知道您是否有一本包括雅思考试所需词汇的词汇书，以及有答案和范文的历年试卷。其次，我应该如何付款——通过现金、支票还是其他任何方式？如果可能的话，我想使用信用卡。最后，这些书如何送来，我大约什么时间可以收到？如果额外费用不多的话，请您最好使用特快邮件。

如果您能尽快答复，我将非常感谢。

您真诚的，李明

2、尊敬的王先生：

十分感激您两个月之前聘用我为杂志《设计与时尚》的编辑。我非常珍惜这个和您以及其他同事共事的机会。这将是我一生中的难忘经历。

但是，对于一个喜欢计算机科学远多于时尚设计的年轻人来说，我认识到目前的工作并不符合我的教育背景与个人能力。因此，我决定辞职，找一份与我从前教育背景相关的工作。

我为离开可能造成的不便深表歉意。

您真诚的，李明

3、尊敬的先生或女士：

希望工程这项高尚的事业感动了我，同时这项工程迄今所取得的成就也鼓舞了我。因此，我想通过给贵省偏远地区的一个孩子提供经济帮助，来为希望工程贡献我的微薄之力。

如果您能帮助我找到一个刚开始上学但家庭无法为其负担学费的小女孩，我将不胜感激。本人计划按支付她的学费直至她中学毕业。我希望把捐款直接汇给她的家人在当地开设的银行帐户中。

您真诚的，李明

4、尊敬的先生/女士：

我是本校的一名学生，常来图书馆度过业余时间。总而言之，您这里提供的服务相当不错，但我有一些建议希望您采纳。如果您能好心考虑我的建议，我将非常感谢。

首先，是否可以请您延长阅读时间？在白天，大多数学生在上课，来不了图书馆。其次，书架上有些书已经过时了。如果您能好心提供一些例如最新杂志等的书籍，我们将非常感谢。

我确实希望拥有一个更加舒适的图书馆。再次感谢您的时间和关注。

您真诚的，李明

5、亲爱的鲍勃：

我写此信的目的是为了向你道歉。在离开加拿大时，我忘了把那盘披头士乐队的CD还给你。走的时候太匆忙了，我把所有东西都塞到行李中，没有仔细检查。当时要是多加注意的话，就不会犯这种低级错误了。

因为我知道你特别珍爱那盘CD，所以一定要想办法解决这个问题。我可以寄快递包裹给你，也可以按合理的价格赔偿你的损失。如果你不介意的话，我也可以在下次去加拿大的时候把它给你带回去。

请在方便的时候尽快让我知道你倾向哪一种解决方案。希望你能接受我真诚的道歉。

您真诚的，李明

6、尊敬的编辑：

多年来我一直怀着极大的热情与兴趣阅读贵报。我认为限制使用一次性塑料袋非常重要。

为解决这个难题，我想提出如下几个实用的建议。首先，我们急需禁止免费使用一次性塑料袋。其次，我们应该开发取代塑料袋的替换方式，如纸袋或布袋。最后，在商场或超市应以更高的价格提供塑料袋。

我希望您觉得上述建议有益，同时希望进一步讨论这一问题。十分感谢您对我的建议给予及时的关注。

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 5 3/25/2013

您真诚的 李明

7、尊敬的先生或女士：

我写信是为了表达关于住宿的不满。由于我发现目前的居住状况很不方便，我想下学期搬到一个单间。

我需要解释的是，我不满的原因是我室友不体谅的行为。首先，他的朋友经常来访。其次，他经常举办一些吵闹的聚会。

为了解决这个问题，我希望引起有关当局的注意。我相信您也会同意，唯一的解决措施是搬到一个我自己的房间。因此，如果您可以给我找一个最好不在同楼，但离校园越近越好的单间，我将非常感谢。

您真诚的，李明

8、尊敬的先生或女士：

我写信是为了推荐我最好的一个朋友周伯通申请这个职位。由于拥有杰出的领导能力和令人愉快的个性，他多次当选清华大学学生会主席。

尽管他很忙，但他完成了自己的学业——青少年心理学，并取得了出色的学习成绩。毕业之后，他被分配到清华附中做一名教师。此外，他热爱自己的职业并喜欢和孩子们工作。这使他在学生中很受欢迎。

因此，我毫不犹豫推荐他作为您招聘职位的理想候选人。我确信您将做出雇用他的明智选择。

您真诚的，李明

9、尊敬的莎士比亚先生：

我写信是为了表达我衷心的感谢。我指的是那天我被一辆出租车从自行车上撞下来的不幸事件。

如果没有您给予我的第一手的及时帮助的话，恐怕后果会更严重。大家都认为正是您在那个紧急事件中的快速反应才导致了满意的后果。

尽管现在越来越多的人谈论到大公无私的必要性，但是我们看到很少有人言行一致。如果有更多人像您的话，世界会更加美好。

您真诚的，李明

10、中文演讲比赛

2009年1月10日

为提高同学们中文演讲的能力并丰富课外活动，中文系学生会将于下周六（1月17日）在学生大礼堂组织全校中文演讲比赛。有兴趣参加的同学请于下周二之前在本班班长处报名。我们将邀请五位教授担任评委，并将给前六名获奖者者颁奖。欢迎大家积极参加。

中文系学生会

（二）大作文

1.98年范文：考题见教材16页

The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life.Regretfully, quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense, just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to lay eggs which are round without any angles and corners and have shells, egg whites and yolks.Odd and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country.Administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes;manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality;commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services.Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations, duties and jobs in these so called promises? I guess your answer will be negative.As a matter of fact, their intention to make such commitments is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public.I dare say that our society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and 5

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 6 3/25/2013

morally.But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one can survive the intense competition under market economy system.They should remember the old saying, “Honesty is the best policy”.2.01年范文：考题见教材18页

When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word.The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes.As a matter of fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the most sublime of human emotions.As an illustration of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of the deadly earthquake in Sichuan Province.Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can——be it money or goods——to help their needy fellow citizens.Furthermore, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.It is my view that the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are.We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers.Only by doing so can we help to make the world a better place, for, as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.3.02范文：考题见教材18页

The picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face.She wears ribbons, necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group.Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental charm/glamour to her beautiful look/appearance/features.What the picture conveys goes far beyond only/merely a new fashion trend.Instead, it carries cultural meanings/implications as well.The fact that people from different countries are attracted to mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally.In other words, a nation’s unique/distinctive culture can become international through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges.Since the trend of globalization become irresistible, the increasing cultural exchanges can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship.It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished.Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture for those ideas from the other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world in the long run.Nevertheless, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side.Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.4.03年范文：考题见教材19页

The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances.As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse that shelters it from the threatening lightning and storm.With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom.On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals scattered on the ground.To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously.The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society;the greenhouse epitomizes parents’ doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality.Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings.On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to be more independent in life.On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems.Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world.5.06年范文：考题见教材20页

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As is vividly depicted in the photos above, Beckham, the smart British football superstar, is enjoying a striking popularity among the adolescents.In the first picture, Beckham’s name appears on a young man’s face.The caption indicates that worship for the idol is written on the face.In the second photo, another young man is doing Beckham’s chic hairstyle in a barbershop.We are informed that he is spending 300 yuan imitating his idol’s haircut.Undoubtedly, the pictures have subtly reflected the social phenomenon that idol worship is prevalent among the teenagers nowadays.Beckham represents the image of sport hero whose handsome appearance and unparalleled football skills are passionately adored by all the sports fans.Likewise, several teenage girls won their fame overnight in The 2005 Super Girl Contest in China, which provoked nationwide noisy debates on the value and harm of admiring these idols.Briefly speaking, young people are inclined to idolize the people who excel in appearance, intelligence or talent.Hence, idolatry, the thought-provoking social phenomenon, is a double-edged sword which can exert profound influence on the growth of young people.If we simply worship the idols by imitating their hairstyles or pursuing fashions unreasonably, the obsession will certainly waste us a great deal of money or time, endangering the efficiency of our work.On the contrary, we will lead a positive and fruitful life if we endeavor to improve ourselves by bridging the gap between our models and us.Accordingly, the latter attitude should be adopted to direct our way of life.6.08年范文：教材43页 7.09年范文：考题见教材22页

As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, a large number of people are surfing on line within a stretching spider web, either to entertain themselves or to meet the work's needs.Unfortunately, it seems rather ironic to present people separated from each other by the spider web when they attempt to communicate.Undoubtedly, the spider web serves as a symbol of Internet, both connecting people and isolating them from each other.The metaphorical and impressive portrayal has subtly revealed the duality of the relationship between man and Internet.On the one hand, there is no denying that Internet is currently one of the most efficient media used for interpersonal communication.As a college student, I get on line every day to discuss news with other people on BBS, to study English by registering for web courses, to chat freely through MSN Messenger with my friends.But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain face-to-face contact with their friends and colleagues.Once indulged in the fictitious world, people feel reluctant to approach others and to concentrate on real life.That's why some people have lost the skill of direct contact and get alienated from others.Hence, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence.After all, Internet is invented to connect you and me, and to bring conveniences to our life rather than set a barrier to keep people beyond reach.8、教材27页：2000年高分作文（1）

9、教材40页：05年高分作文

10、教材42页：07年高分作文

参 考 译 文

1、过去几年发生了一个现象：各行各业开始出现了各种各样的承诺。遗憾的是，相当多的承诺纯粹只是空话，正如漫画中的这只母鸡一样，承诺下蛋不见棱见角，并保证有蛋皮、蛋清、蛋黄。

尽管这些承诺听起来奇怪有趣，但在全国各地都可以看到听到这样的虚假承诺。管理部门保证不接受任何贿赂，公正有效地履行指责；生产厂家保证生产高质量产品；商业企业发誓提供真货和礼貌热情的服务。在这些所谓的承诺中，除了他们的义务、责任和工作之外，你还能发现任何新的和实质性的东西吗？我想你的答案将是否定的。事实上，他们做这种承诺的目的只是披上华丽的外衣以便取悦并欺骗公众。

我认为这个社会正在受到腐败和欺骗的影响，这在物质和道德上都在对社会造成了伤害。但这只母鸡及其同类应该知道：在市场经济体系的激烈竞争中，没人能通过欺诈的言语而生存下去。他们应该牢记这条谚语：“诚实为上策”。

2、当我们用到“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指对异性的吸引，这是对这个词非常狭隘的解释。下面的图画注解了爱的真正含义，它强调了爱心是情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，历史上处于不同文化中的人们 7

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 8 3/25/2013

都把爱当作人类最高尚的情感。

举一个例子证明爱心的力量，我们应该记得中国各族人民如何响应号召去支援四川地震中的受难者。尽管他们的收入按照国际标准衡量还是处于低水平，但是全国人民毫不犹豫地尽他们所能捐献——不管是钱，还是物品——去帮助那些受难的同胞们。并且，他们这么做不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表示爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，正如图画所描绘的，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

3、这幅图画生动描述了一位可爱的美国小女孩身穿传统的中国服装，面带甜蜜的微笑。她戴着具有某个中国少数民族服饰特征的发带、项链和其他装饰品。毫无疑问，这套服装为她美丽的外表增添了东方的魅力。

这幅图画所表达的远远不只是一种新的时尚潮流。反之，它具有文化内涵。神秘的中国文化吸引了各国人民这一事实，显示了在某种程度上，一种文化可以被国际性地接受、尊重、欣赏和分享。换而言之，一个民族独特的文化可以通过全球性的经济和文化交流走向世界。由于全球化潮流不可阻挡，所以文化交流可以有效增进相互间的理解和友谊。

在我看来，我们应该保存和珍惜作为无价精神财富的民族文化。同时，我们很有必要推广世界文化，因为来自其他文化的观点，即使乍看起来相互矛盾或荒谬，但从长远看来，可以为我们观察这个世界提供一种不同的视角。然而，在我们面临不同文化时，应该充满理智地取其精华、去其糟粕。只有这样我们才能积极发展民族文化，并使我们的世界丰富多元、五颜六色、充满活力。

4、上述这组图生动描述了一朵鲜花在不同环境中的命运。如第一幅漫画所示，这朵鲜花被放在舒适的温室里，保护它免于可怕的闪电和风雨。拥有合适的温度、湿度和肥料，鲜花正在充分绽放。相反，当被搬出温室并暴露在风雨之下时，鲜花很快就凋谢枯萎了，花瓣散落一地。

首先，这些图画的目的是告诉我们温室花朵经不起风雨，然而我们应该认真对待它们所微妙传达的的象征含义。这朵娇弱的鲜花自然和我们的年轻人联系起来，具体而言，就是当代社会的独生子女。温室是保护孩子免受风雨的父母溺爱和优越物质条件的缩影，而风雨就是严峻的现实。一旦年轻人开始寻求独立并且接受来自现实世界的挑战，人们发现他们已经被惯坏了，在困难面前无法足够坚强。

总之，我们很有必要从这些发人深思的图画中得出积极的含义。一方面，我们可以经常利用它们来启发年轻人在生活中更加独立。另一方面，父母们应该充满理智给孩子们更多自由来处理困难和问题。只有经历更多的挑战和磨练，年轻人才能培养强大的个性和能力，而且只有这样他们才能成为这个竞争世界中的强者。

5、以上的照片生动地显示出来，相貌英俊的英国足球巨星贝克汉姆在年轻人中广受欢迎。在第一张照片中，贝克汉姆的名字出现在一个年轻人的额头上。文字表明：对偶像的崇拜写在了脸上。在第二张照片中，这个年轻人正在理发店中做贝克汉姆的时髦发型。我们得到的信息是他正花300元来模仿偶像的发式。

毫无疑问，照片巧妙地反映了这样一个社会现象：偶像崇拜目前在青年人中非常盛行。贝克汉姆代表了体育界英雄的形象，他的英俊外表以及高超的球技正是球迷们热情追捧的。同样，2005年中国举办的“超级女生”大赛中，几个十几岁的女孩一夜成名。围绕着崇拜这些偶像的意义和危害，这个事件激起了全国性的争论。总之，青年人往往容易崇拜那些在外表、才华和特长方面极其出色的人。

在我看来，偶像崇拜这个发人深思的社会现象，其实是把双刃剑，可以深刻影响青年人成长。如果我们只是靠模仿偶像发型或追逐时尚的方式来崇拜他们，这种痴迷将必定浪费我们大量的金钱和时间，影响我们的工作效率。相反，如果我们靠弥补我们和榜样之间的差距来努力提高自己，我们就会过一种积极和收获显著的生活。因此，我们应当采取后面一种态度来指引我们的人生。

6、如图画中生动所示，尽管每人只有一条腿，但是两个残疾人通过团队合作正在快速奔跑。显而易见，正是合作才使得他们走南闯北成为可能。

尽管这幅图画很简单，但它向我们表达了发人深思的含义。随着经济和社会的发展，竞争日渐激烈。任何人都无法完全独 8

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立完成一份工作。因此，越来越多的人开始重视团队合作。事实上，普遍公认合作的能力是想要获得成功的任何人都应该具备的最重要的素质。

因此，我们迫切需要采取措施来提高人们的合作意识。我们应该牢记合作对于社会和自身都非常重要。每个人都应拥有合作的能力。只有这样我们才能获得成功，而且只有这样社会才能变得更加和谐。

7、这幅漫画象征性地阐释了无论是为了自我娱乐还是适应工作的需求，很多人在一个拉伸的蜘蛛网之内网上冲浪。然而，看来相当讽刺的地方是，这幅图呈现了他们在试图互相交流的同时，却被蜘蛛网彼此隔开。毫无疑问，这个蜘蛛网作为互联网的一种象征，既连接了人们，又使他们彼此隔离。

这幅比喻并使人印象深刻的图画象征性揭示了人与互联网之间的双重关系。一方面，不可否认网络目前是用于人际交流的最高效媒介之一。作为一名大学生，我每天上网与他人在BBS上讨论新闻，通过注册网络课程来学习英语，借助MSN和我的朋友们免费聊天。但另一方面，很多人承认他们太沉迷于网络而不愿与朋友和同事保持面对面接触。一旦沉迷于这种虚幻世界，人们不愿接近他人并关注现实生活。这就是一些人丧失了直接沟通技能并与他人疏远的原因。

因此，我们很有必要以一种合理的方式使用互联网，避免过度沉迷。毕竟，人们发明互联网是为了连接你和我，为我们的生活带来方便，而非设置障碍使人彼此疏远。

8、如图所示，我们可以清楚看出随着商业捕鱼的发展，鱼的数量明显下降。在一幅图中，1900年有很多种鱼，只有一艘捕鱼船。相反，在1995年，只有一条鱼，但是渔船很多。

这些图画的目的是告诉我们应该充分重视海洋资源的减少。由于过渡捕捞，鱼的数量明显下降。如果我们让这种情况听之任之，我们不知道鱼的未来在哪。到那个时候，我们的环境将遭受巨大的破坏。

因此，我们很有必要采取严厉措施。一方面，我们应该呼吁政府制定严格的法律控制商业捕鱼。另一方面，我们应该提高人们的意识：海洋资源对我们非常重要。只有这样才能保护我们的海洋资源。同时，我认为我们人类能够克服这个困难，并将拥有美好的未来。

9、这幅图画反映了一些中国家庭中普遍存在的现象——子女成年后如何对待他们的父母。当父母年龄太大，不能照顾自己的时候，他们就成了负担，被自己的子女们像足球一样踢来踢去。这是一种不公正的可鄙现象，引起了很多中国人的愤慨。

作为一个以很多美德闻名于世的民族，中国人民自古以来一直奉行孝道。许多广为传颂的故事反复强调了这种历史悠久的爱老敬老的传统，如西汉时缇萦舍身营救蒙冤的父亲免于肉刑的故事。

那些千方百计逃避照顾双亲的责任的子女们应该牢记，他们在出生和成长的过程中亏欠父母太多了。没有父母关怀备至的照料和不懈的工作，他们怎能健康成长并且取得成功？他们怎能虐待父母而不受到良心的谴责？

我们每个人都应该遵守从祖先那里传承下来的美德。只有这样我们才能无愧为中国人。

10、如图所示，一场足球赛正在进行。左边的人似乎在守一个对于射门轻而易举、不可避免的“大门”，而右边的人由于拥有关于“巨大守门员”的幻觉，踢球很犹豫。显而易见，他们两个人都夸大了面前的困难。

这幅图画确实反映了一个目前在中国很普遍同时发人深思的社会现象。由于问题超出他们应对的能力，年轻人总是放弃。表面上看，这幅图画似乎有一些道理，但当我们仔细思考时，我们就会发现在这个现象之下有一个明显的趋势：缺乏自信。首先，众所周知，我们生活在一个充满各种困难的多元化世界。我们别无选择，只能面对。其次，态度是采取第一步的关键。拥有勇气和信心来解决问题，你就会发现问题并非你想象的那么“严重”。以我们自己为例，研究生入学考试似乎是我们面前的一个可怕的怪物。有些人放弃了，而有些人则坚持了下来。因此，拥有信心和对困难的正确估计，并且竭尽全力，我们就将解决所有的问题。

总而言之，我认为我们年轻人应该以正确的方式面对困难。世上无难事，只怕有心人。

五、大纲解读：两大黄金原则（大纲见新教材PP.1-2）

1.2.印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰 语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 10 3/25/2013

1）语言：

（1）基本正确（2）丰富多变 2）结构：逻辑性

（1）段落结构：总分总

A.主题句：1句 B.描述或论证：2-3句 C.（小结：1句）

（2）评分标准：

A.关联词 B.同义替换 C.代词替换

3）内容：不跑题

第二节 段落写作

一、考研论说文框架结构：3段，12句，160－200词，5－7个关联词，5－7个从句

（一）第一段：引言/起始/淘金段，图画描述，3句

1、总体描述：人物/动物/事物＋动作＋环境，1句

2、挖掘细节词、串连成句：1－2句

3、文字说明/象征寓意：1句

（二）第二段：主体段，意义阐释，5句

1、主题句：象征寓意，1句

2、论证：3句

1）因果论证：2007年考题见教材P.21，2008年考题见P.22 We are facing/encountering different/various kind of difficulties/challenges.Competition is becoming increasingly fierce.Everyone has his or her own advantages/benefits and disadvantages/shortcomings.We are lack of experience Stress/pressure 2）举例论证：

A.Numerous examples can be given, but this/these will suffice.B.I can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).C.This/These case(s)effectively clarify that…

3）

2002年考题参见教材P.18 The American girl represents a great many foreigners.The traditional Chinese costume symbolizes Chinese culture.联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象）

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 11 3/25/2013

The fact that the American girl wears traditional Chinese costume indicates that national culture can be accepted internationally.4）正反论证

3、小结：1句，概括论证，总结本段

（三）第三段：结论段，建议措施，4句

1、结论句：1句

2、针对双方提建议：2句

3、包装结尾、展望未来：1句

Only in this way can we solve this problem.It is high time that we solved this problem.二、启承转合：

（一）（二）启：启动观点、开篇点题 承：观点承接、正面论证

1、First(ly), In the first place, First and foremost, Above all, On the one hand, For one thing，2、Second(ly), In the second place, Besides, In addition, What is more, Furthermore, Moreover, On the other hand, For another

3、Third(ly),(The)Last but not(the)least, More importantly, Even worse，（三）转：观点转折、反面论证

Conversely, Nevertheless, Unfortunately, Whereas, Yet, Instead, In/By comparison/contrast, On the contrary

（四）合：文章结尾、合并归纳

As a result/consequence, Consequently, Accordingly, Thus, Hence, Generally/Briefly speaking，三、段落写作经典范文：参见第一节大作文（7）（2009年范文）

四、范文学习五大步骤：

1、读透：十遍精读：

1）精彩词汇 2）精彩词组 3）精彩句型

4）句子结构：简单句、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致、名词单复数 5）段落结构：总分总，主题句＋论证＋小结 6）关联词：小作文3－5个，大作文5－7个 7）同义替换：词汇＋句型 8）代词替换： 9）精彩观点： 10）分析评论：

2、造句

3、大声朗读

4、背熟

5、运用

第三节 图画作文

一、2007年范文：见教材P.42

二、2008年范文：见教材P.43 11

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 12 3/25/2013

第四节 词汇与句子写作

一、遣词造句四大要素：

1、ACCURACY：extensive(a wide range of)knowledge, fierce competition

2、VARIETY：

1）

（1）I hold the opinion that, As far as I am concerned,（2）cling to the idea, in my opinion/view, point out，（3）maintain, reckon, assert, hold, claim, emphasize, insist, suppose, assume 2）（1）（2）（3）Due attention has to be paid to, Importance should be attached to, be of great importance/significance vital, essential, crucial, significant 3）people in growing/expanding/increasing/mounting numbers 4）for the purpose of, aim to/at, in a bid to

3、DIFFICULTY：primary/fundamental factors/causes.4、SPLENDOR：

1）My eyes were sparkling with delight.2）He flied into a stormy rage.3）I fell into the abyss of unspeakable pain.4）Such is human nature, that a great many people are willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.二、词汇写作经典范文：见第一节大作文（1）（98年高分作文）

三、七大亮点设置：

1、1）Natural disasters claim hundreds of lives every year.2）I do appreciate your efforts.3）Once in front of me, lay a real chance.Yet, I did not value it.Not until the moment I lost it, did I realize how regretful I was.If God gave me another opportunity, I would never stop making progress.4）I sat outside in the hall.Everything inside me has gone away.I didn’t think.I could not think.I knew she was leaving me, but I prayed she not.(Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises)

2、A culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared.3、environmental protection/awareness

4、with due consideration of, take into account/consideration5、1）

（1）（2）（3）

2）

（1）Only in this way can laid-off workers completely shrug off poverty and regain their dignity in life.只有这样下岗工人才能彻底摆脱贫困并且重新获得他们生命中的尊严。

总而言之，只有长期学习才有助于你掌握大的词汇量。

考虑到上述所有论证，政府早就该实行改革把传统教育模式转变为素质教育。

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 13 3/25/2013

（2）In conclusion, it is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a large/considerable vocabulary.（3）Given all the above arguments, it is high time that the authorities enforced reforms to convert traditional education strategy into education for all-round development/quality-oriented education.6、As John F.Kennedy put it, “Ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.”

7、1）Just as an old saying goes, “All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.”

2）Just as an old saying goes, “God only helps those who help themselves.”（天助自助者/自助者天助之！）

四、句子写作经典范文：见第一节大作文（2）（01年范文）

第五节 应用文

一、课后复习：

1、消化笔记：

2、中译英、背诵、默写、仿写：20大必背范文，滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善

3、总结框架、考前模考：

二、书信格式：

（一）称呼

1、题目无人名：Dear Sir or Madam，2、题目有人名：Dear＋人名，（二）正文：3段、7句、100－120词、3－5关联词、3－5从句

1、第一段：1－2句

1）自我介绍

（1）I am a staff member from your company/corporation.I am a staff member from Motorola(China)Electronics Ltd.（2）I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.2）写作目的：

（1）I am writing the letter in purpose of resigning from my current post/position.（2）I am writing to inform you that I wish to request if you could help me find a potential beneficiary of the Project Hope.2、第二段：3-6句

1）改写提纲一：1句

2）改写提纲二：1句

3）改写提纲三：1句

3、第三段

1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）

（1）（2）（3）2）期待回信

（1）I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.（三）落款 My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you.I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.13

2010考研英语强化写作讲义Page 14 3/25/2013

1、结尾客套：Yours sincerely，2、签名：Li Ming

三、经典书信：2009年范文（见第一节小作文6）

四、其他应用文：

（一）告示：见第一节小作文（10）

（二）备忘录/报告： Directions:

You are the president of a company.Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 20, 2008 To：Percy Shelley, Vice President From：Li Ming, President Subject：Computer Training of the Staff As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff.We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program.We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover.Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks.Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.（三）摘要：

Directions: Write a summary of the following essay.A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions.We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts.We are incredibly heedless in the information of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship.It is obvious not the ideas themselves that are dear to us, but our self－esteem, which is threatened.We are by nature stubbornly pledged to defend our own from attack, whether it be our person, our family, our property, or our opinion.We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished.In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions;indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing.We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us to seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them.The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.参考答案

A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong.We may have been heedless in their information, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change.We may have to give up, but we are not convinced.We do not study the origin of our beliefs;we believe as we have been accustomed to believe, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.14

第五篇：考研写作讲义

考研写作讲义

考试类型: 应用文写作(俗称小作文, 10分, 建议考场15分钟完成, 建议字数在100-120之间最好, 低于75字会扣分, 分值10分)

看图说话作文(中国特色之”看图大作文”类型, 20分, 建议考场35分钟完成, 建

议字数在200-230之间最好, 低于160会扣分, 分值20分)

攻克重点: 通常讲,所有的国内外高端考试(国内考研, 国外雅思托福GRE/GMAT, 都是字数

要求多的要写好), 但考研是”双管齐下”, 小作文重在词汇，大作文重在内容和表

达。

评分标准:

1． 一共6个档次，对于坐在这个教室的同学来说只需要关注”四五六”三档,其他的无意义, 三档会得到14-18分, 四档会得到20-24分, 五档会得到26-30分.2． 所有的作文考试基本都是从四个角度去考察和评分: 观点, 结构, 论证, 语言,考研也一样.3． 针对于具体的评分, 我们把握这么一个顺序: 很好完成任务, 较好完成任务,基本完成任务.(考研的评分标准依然借鉴的是雅思)

考试内容:

1.小作文包括信件(商务信函和私人信函), 备忘录, 摘要, 报告, 告示.(前两种最

可能考到, 从2005年开始小作文到现在这4年考的均为信件, 其他形式没有出

现过, 05年辞职信, 06年寻找被资助人, 07年建议信, 08年道歉信)

2.大作文主要为图画作文, 这是中国人具有”中国特色”的一部分, 目前两图和一

图均出现过, 具体统计为: 两图写作（99、00、03、06、07）一图写作（98、01、02、04、05）98年母鸡承诺下蛋;99年人口上升和野生动物灭绝加重;00

年海上捕鱼95年之对比;01年爱心是盏灯;02年文化影响;03年温室花朵的两

种反应;04年终点与起点的意义;05年养老足球赛;06年贝克汉姆崇拜;07年个

人自信;08年一起走南闯北

3.不需在开头写题目.4.格式选择”齐头空行”或者”每行缩进”均可.5.语言需要使用书面语，比如 ad—advertisement, TV—television, lab—laboratory,exam—examination, dorm—dormitory, can’t—can not（疑问句除外）

6.拼写选择美式英语和英式英语均可, 但尽量保持一致, 同时尽量不要出现

chinglish.应考策略:

1.三表原则

表述要……………………..表达要………………………

(词, 句, 篇, 语法错误分析)

表演莫………………………..2.熟悉题型与内容

小作文的类型: 私人信函和商务信函

小作文的内容: 感谢信, 投诉信, 邀请信, 致歉信, 失物招领信, 求职辞职信, 建

议咨询信.(注意现在的”合二为一”趋势)

3.确定结构

无论大小作文, 都需要”总分总”模式.4.理由分类（后面有英文部分）/ 5

A.健康(饮食营养/心情放松/生活习惯/烟酒伤害/生命财产安全)

B.便利(交通/娱乐/吃喝/休闲/购物)

C.交流(技巧提高/家人/朋友/同学/同事/领导/网友)

D.习惯与心理(习惯/兴趣/乐趣/风俗/传统)

E.成就感(成功/荣誉感/自信/财富/动力)

F.环保(生态平衡/从植物保护/环境污染)

G.经济(就业/旅游/收入/税收/投资)

H.品格(自信/有经验/坚韧/上进/独立/负责任/宽容等)

I.教育培训(科技发展/知识增加/职业选择)

J.国家文明(民族/社会/世界/文明)

5.语言润色（复杂句式的练习）

6.话题预测

热点话题: 房子, 股票, 油价的价格上升

地震给人们心灵和社会带来的影响

奥运会举办的积极意义

网络道德的严重性和法律干涉的必要性

恒久话题: 人际关系(自己与周围的人以及和社会或者政府的关系)

教育问题(素质教育等)

环保(重要性, 改善状况, 严重后果)

文化差异(积极影响或者消极影响)

个人健康(身体健康和心灵健康)

词汇汇总：

健康

Dietary nutrition,饮食营养 mentally-relaxed,心理放松 personal life habits个人生活习惯, hazards caused by drinking and smoking抽烟喝酒所带来的伤害, property security财产安全, life security生命安全

便利

Convenient life方便生活(a wide range of transportation means各式各样的交通方式, entertainment娱乐, amusement娱乐, recreation休闲, shopping购物)

交流

Communication(communicative skills交流技巧, with family members, classmates, colleagues and netizens网民)

习惯和心理

Personal habits个人习惯

Personal mentality/state of mind个人心态

Local custom/habitual activities当地风俗

Personal interest/preference/fondness/keenness个人兴趣和喜好

Family ties/emotional ties/affectionate ties/loving relation/intimate relation家庭关系/情感纽带/亲密关系

Personal likes and dislikes 个人好恶

Sense of achievement 成就感

Succeed/ successful /success/successfully成功

Sense of honor荣誉感

Reputation/fame 名望和声望

Privilege特权

Fortune/wealth/property/prosperity财富

Well-off/wealthy/rich/prosperous/better-off有钱的Poor/badly-off/worse-off/impoverished贫穷的Confidence/be sure of oneself/hold a strong belief in oneself自信

Motivation/stimulation动机

Mental pressure/stress/tension心理压力

Environment/environmental protection/conservation/preservation 环境保护

Hold an environmentally-friendly attitude持有环保态度

Ecological balance生态平衡

The preservation of plantation and animals动植物保护

Endangered species/extinct species/fossil濒危物种/灭绝物种/化石

Pollution/contamination(water/air/light/noise/radiation)污染

Acid rain/global warming/decreased level of icecap/greenhouse effects/stagnant air/gases---dioxide nitrogen/sulphur 酸雨/全球变暖/冰帽水平下降/温室效应/污染空气/二氧化氮/二氧化硫/二氧化碳）

Carbon-dioxide)

Economic/economical/financial 经济

Fund-raising activities 募集资金活动

Investment/input of money, material and labor投资/投入钱物力和人力

Save/conserve/conservation of water/land/material/resources节约用水/土地/资料/资源

Tour/trip/journey/travel/tourism/tourism resources have been overly exploited旅游/旅游资源杯过渡开发

/packed tour/self-help tour/tourguide打包游/自助游/导游

Employment rate/unemployment rate 就业率/失业率

Salary/wage/income/revenue/additional income/earnings/收入

Live within/below/beyond one’s means收支平衡/量入为出/入不敷出

Expense/expenditure/the money one expends花费

Taxation税收

Quality: experienced/veteran 素质

Competent/competence有能力

Brilliant/intelligent/quick-witted/quick-minded/bright/people with bright mind聪明

Humorous/a strong sense of humor幽默

Cooperative/a strong sense of cooperation/coordination/competition富有竞争力

Persistent/persevering/strong-willed坚持

Aspiring/aggressive/ambitious上进

Independent/a strong sense of independence/live on my own独立

Responsible/reliable/trustworthy/a sense of responsibility 负责任

Tolerate of/be tolerant of /tolerance宽容

Optimistic/pessimistic 乐观/悲观

Modest谦虚

Brave/with courage/heart/daring 勇敢

Kind/warm-hearted/upright/sincere善良

科技

Technology/technological/technician/科技

Technological innovation 科技创新

Education/schooling/upbringing教育/教学/培养

Training 培训

Advance/progress/development发展

Computer science(cyberize, computerize, insecurity and immorality in the cyber world, addiction in online games)电脑科技（网络化，电子化，网络世界的不安全和不道德性，沉迷于网络游戏

Television(commercial, advertisement, couch potato)电视（广告，电视迷）

Satellite/man-made satellite/artificial intelligence)卫星（人造卫星，人工智能）

Robots(physical hazards, a big threat to the human beings because of the possible result of unemployment, free the humans from the laborious work)机器人（身体伤害，由于导致失业而对人类产生的威胁，把人类从辛劳的工作中解救出来）

Knowledge(knowledge accumulation, knowledge upgrading, career selection)知识（知识积累i/知识升级/职业选择）

Job satisfaction, high/low work efficiency)工作满意，高效工作/低效工作）

About: regarding, concerning, involving, as regards, relating to, with reference to, with respect to, with relation to

Very: fairly, considerably, extraordinarily, remarkably, amazingly, extremely, overwhelmingly, strikingly, exceedingly, dramatically关于

小作文可用词汇:(开头目的)

道歉: apologize, make apologetic comments, express my personal sincere apology, express my regret, being apologetic/sorry/regretful.感谢: being grateful/thankful/benedictory for…, thank sb for doing sth, express my appreciation/gratitude/thanks/acknowledgement

投诉: complain about, make my complaints to you, express my disappointment/concern/discontentment/complaints with your…, draw the possible attention from the authority

求学: inquire about the admission to your school, apply for your school, know the detailed procedure of admission to your school

邀请: write this invitational letter to you, invite you to do …, invite you to participate in …, wish you to accept my invitation to do…

求职: being interested in the job/post/position you offered, write the letter to recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the job you offered, as a new applicant of the job you advertised in China Daily, apply for the vacant position of being a … in your company.辞职: quit my job, make the resignation, show my final decision of resigning, send in my papers, leave my current position, find another one to replace me

建议: offer/make my sincere advice/suggestion/suggested ideas/proposal/recommendation, inform you of some of suggested ideas, provide you with some reasonable suggestions for you to consider

结尾词:

期待: expect, look forward to doing, wish, hope that/hope to do/hope for, long for, desire for, look towards

收到回信: hear from you, receive your early response, be formally notified, await your reply, wait for your early reply if possible

没有打扰到对方: hope for no inconvenience this might cause, be deeply sorry for the possible trouble, be wholeheartedly indebted to you

尽可能早: as soon as possible, if possible, as early as possible

中间段落的衔接词:

首先,其次, 然后, 最后: firstly, secondly, thirdly;in the first place, in the second place, in the final place;first and foremost, moreover, additionally, furthermore, eventually, last but by no means least;to start with, to end with, on top of that, in addition to that, added to that, besides, finally, lastly.因果关系: because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by virtue of/on account of;

Because/for/since/as;as a result/consequence/output;

In consequence/in the end/consequently/accordingly/therefore/thereby/hence/thus 转折关系：however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand

越来越多: more and more;the number of … is growing/increasing/on the rise/on the increase

A growing number/an increasing number/a rising number of/an expanding numberPeople in growing numbers/in increasing numbers/in expanding numbers

越来越少: 对应换词即可