第一篇：北师大02-08考博Summary真题及部分答案总结
（2007）
Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance The word(过于具体)Renaissance means “rebirth.”(与下文重复)A number of people who lived in(过于具体)Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed(过于具体)a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age.To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period(hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture(铺垫).Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy.(铺垫)The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860(举例).He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world(the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”)(与前文重复)and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features.Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（详细陈述或让步）;nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（与主题不直接相联）.Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（让步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society.As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them.These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life.Within this new urban society,（铺垫，或属于次要原因）a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（详细陈述或举例论证）.This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity.Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world.This new revival of classical antiquity(the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture)affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）
A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance.As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（举例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（详细陈述）.The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（与上文重复）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible.（详细陈述或属于不重要修饰语
（2006）
（2005）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words
A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote.Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival.Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub.In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety of single-purpose tools came into being.With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago.The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization;the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting.The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools.And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges.Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging.Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding.A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others.Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools.Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools.Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool.The nearly formless chopper.With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location.That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment.One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence.At home U.S.businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners.Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers;middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of their organization’s culture;and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table.Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S.corporations attempted to operate in an international context.Some are mildly amusing.Others are downright embarrassing.All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both.For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world.But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations.Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance.The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises.A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development.Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England.The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow;this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets.Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land.The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton.By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids.Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry.Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances.The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas.Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways.By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition.Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent;but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas.Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market(such as is found in the United States).In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area.Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not.This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events.The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades.World War I began in 1914.Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century.In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided.A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent.European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871.At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before.Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development.Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy.Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences.Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century.Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks.Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon;1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment;1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations;and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war.Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful.Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution.Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments.The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)
build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）
（2006）
Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature.The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age.Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques.Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature.The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art;and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color.Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）
A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form.The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote.Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival.The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool.Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools.Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations.Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.The earliest tools were multipurpose;specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）
(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy.Its successful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century.The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries.Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development.During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）
The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science.In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general.Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations.Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones.He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature.As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power.Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.
第二篇：2015武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案
感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）197431621”群网友热心提供题源
一、阅读理解
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty.Because justice is regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society.To make up for his offence, society must get even.This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him.This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times.It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder.This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied.To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt.The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior.must be found.If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered.However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society.His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this selection is（B）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime B.Approaches to Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal Justice D.Attaining Justice in the Courts
2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（C）.A.type of crime that was proven B.severity for the punishment C.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial
3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.A.forced brain surgery B.whipping C.solitary confinement D.the electric chair
4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（D）.A.prove，that equality demands just punishment B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law C.give moral backing to retributive justice D.prove that man has long been interested in justice
”In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“
This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status.In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5.The phrase ”men's sureness of their sex role“ in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）
A.are confident in their ability to charm women.B.take the initiative in courtship.C.have a clear idea of what is considered ”manly“.D.tend to be more immoral than women are.6.The third paragraph（A）
A.generally agrees with the first paragraph B.has no connection with the first paragraph C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph D.contradicts the last paragraph
7.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A.is based on the study of archaeology B.illustrates how people expect men to behave C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer
8.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）A.approves of B.argues is natural C.completely rejects D.expects to go on changing
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes it hard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets.Farmers in Europe, the U.S.and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to ”promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“.It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance.”What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.“
Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete.Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output.This is no pie in the sky speculation.The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the ”least developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers（C）receive more government subsidies than others.? A.in the developing world B.in Japan C.in Europe D.in America?
10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（A）motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.? A.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?
11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（A）? A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?
B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization? D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies
12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is（C）? A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reserved
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（D）.A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
14.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（A）.A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B.comparing various critical approaches to ”a subject C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
15.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（B）.A.pedantic and contentious B.critical but admiring C.ironic and deprecating D.argumentative but unfocused
16.It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following（C）
A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes
D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history
三、汉译英
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot.I could have my way at home.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.四、作文
How to Prevent Plagiarism
第三篇：马克思主义考博真题
07年 马哲原理
1、试论马克思主义的哲学观。（40分）
2、试论马克思主义哲学的批判的革命的本质及其现实意义。（30分）
3、试论马克思恩格斯关于社会公平的思想。（30分）
原著
1、“人们自己创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲的创造自己的历史„„” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
2、“人的思维的至上性与非至上性……真理与谬误的……” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
3、“认识由感性到理性……从现象到本质，再到更深刻的本质”（关于现象和本质的那段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
4、“认识和实践……”（关于实践和认识无限反复循环的一段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
5、试论恩格斯在马克思主义哲学创立过程中的地位和作用。（20分）
6、试论马克思恩格斯关于政治解放和人类解放的关系的思想。（区别和联系）（20分）08年
马哲原理：
1.试述费尔巴哈和马克思关于人的论述。
2．阐述实践标准的确定性和不确定性的论述，并谈谈其现实意义。3．试论述历史规律的客观性及其特点。马哲史：
1.“人体解剖是猴体解剖的一把钥匙„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。2.“我们不能得意于对自然界的胜利„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。3.“考察的客观性。”要求说出出处、含义和意义。4．“使马克思主义哲学具有中国风格、中国气派”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。04年 马哲原理
1、如何从哲学角度理解社会发展。
2、实践在现实生活中的超越意义。原著
1、《提纲》的伟大变革。
2、列宁三者统一思想。
3、毛泽东《实践论》《反对本本主义》《人的正确思想从哪里来》的内在联系。05年 马哲原理
1、马克思主义中国化特点、主要经验及其意义。
2、和谐社会的哲学基础。
3、人与社会矛盾的当代特点及出路。原著
1、《提纲》第二条。
2、《政治经济学批判序言》两个“不会”“必然”。
3、《终结》 “过程集合体”。
4、列宁《谈谈辩证法问题》最后一段“唯心主义的认识论根源”。
5、文本研究对发展马哲的意义。06年：
马哲原理：
1、试论马克思主义世界历史理论对中国现代化的意义。
2、简述真理是一个过程的思想及其意义。
3、试述社会历史发展的决定论和选择论的辩证关系及其意义。原著：
1.引文为马克思《1857-1858手稿》中关于人的发展阶段理论一段话，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。
2、引文为为“随着自然科学的发展，唯物主义必然改变自己的形式......”一段话，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。
3、引文为列宁“两个归结于”一段论述，要求指出出处，解释文本并说明意义。
4、简述毛泽东在《实践论》和《矛盾论》中对马哲中国化的贡献。07年 马哲原理
1、试论马克思主义的哲学观。（40分）
2、试论马克思主义哲学的批判的革命的本质及其现实意义。（30分）
3、试论马克思恩格斯关于社会公平的思想。（30分）
原著
1、“人们自己创造自己的历史，但他们并不是随心所欲的创造自己的历史„„” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
2、“人的思维的至上性与非至上性……真理与谬误的……” 请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
3、“认识由感性到理性……从现象到本质，再到更深刻的本质”（关于现象和本质的那段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
4、“认识和实践……”（关于实践和认识无限反复循环的一段话）请说出这段论述的出处及含义、意义。（15分）
5、试论恩格斯在马克思主义哲学创立过程中的地位和作用。（20分）
6、试论马克思恩格斯关于政治解放和人类解放的关系的思想。（区别和联系）（20分）08年
马哲原理：
1.试述费尔巴哈和马克思关于人的论述。
2．阐述实践标准的确定性和不确定性的论述，并谈谈其现实意义。3．试论述历史规律的客观性及其特点。马哲史：
1.“人体解剖是猴体解剖的一把钥匙„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。2.“我们不能得意于对自然界的胜利„„”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。3.“考察的客观性。”要求说出出处、含义和意义。4．“使马克思主义哲学具有中国风格、中国气派”一段话，要求说出出处、含义和意义。
中国人民大学中国哲学专业历年考博试题
2000年： 西哲：
1、亚里士多德对柏拉图理念说的批判与继承。
2、安瑟尔谟关于上帝存在的本体论证明。
3、休谟因果说评述。
4、斯宾诺莎唯理论的认识。
5、费尔巴哈对黑格尔唯心主义体系的批评和继承。中哲；
1、庄子对老子思想的继承和发展。
2、《坛经》的心性论综述。
3、朱熹的格物致知思想述评。
4、章太炎儒学观的演变。
5、道家思想的现代意义。2001年 西哲
1、德谟克利特的原子论。
2、康德的感性。
3、经验论的。
4、托马斯·阿奎那的理性和信仰的关系。
5、黑格尔的矛盾。中哲：
1、离间白和合同异的异同。
2、郭象的独化论述评。
3、王阳明的“四句教”的哲学意义。
4、谭嗣同的仁学。
5、以德治国的现实意义。2002年 西哲：
1、柏拉图的理念论。
2、培根的四假象说。
3、休谟的习惯性联想。
4、托马斯·阿奎那关于上帝存在的证明。
5、康德的实践理性批判。中哲：
1、先秦天道观的区别。
2、董仲舒的人副天数说。
3、法藏华严宗的判教理论。
4、严复的中西观。
5、中西哲学的比较。2003年 西哲：
1、亚里士多德的四因说。
2、笛卡儿、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨的“天赋观念说”的异同。
3、贝克莱的“存在即是感知和被感知”。
4、黑格尔的辩证法述评。中哲：
1、老子的“道”的思想和现代意义。
2、葛洪对道家思想的改造。
3、二程学说的异同。
4、孙中山的进化论思想。
5、中国哲学同现代化的关系。2004年 西哲：
1、柏拉图理念论。
2、斯宾诺莎实体学说。
3、康德“哥白尼革命”。
4、黑格尔的“思维与存在的同一性。” 中哲：
1、荀子对孔子“礼”思想的继承和发展。
2、南北朝时佛性与人性之辨。
3、王廷相的道体论及其在气学中的地位。
4、维新派知行观的特点。
5、儒佛价值观的融合与冲突。2005年 西哲：
1、亚里士多德的中道思想与孔子中庸思想比较。
2、笛卡儿是在面临什么样的挑战下提出他的形而上学基础的？他是如何构建他的形而上学基础的？
3、贝克莱的“存在即感知与被感知”。
4、康德的“人为自然立法”。中哲：
1、先秦法家的道论。
2、董仲舒对先秦儒家的改造。
3、朱熹的“无极太极之辩”
4、康有为哲学创新中的中国特色。
5、中国哲学中天人关系的现代意义。2007年 中哲： 1．《易传》的哲学思想 2．葛洪的哲学思想 3．《四书》与宋明理学的关系 4．龚自珍、魏源的哲学思想 5．“和”的中国哲学资源 西哲：
1．柏拉图的洞穴隐喻
2．斯宾诺莎的伦理学思想与庄子人生哲学的异同 3．康德的纯粹理性批判 4．举例说明西方哲学概念在诠释中国哲学中的积极作用和消极作用
2009年（凭记忆，可能有误差，请谅解）中哲：
1，儒家的仁爱和墨家兼爱之间的异同 2，董仲舒的天人合一思想 3，宋明理学中天理的含义
4，评述康有为的“公羊三世说” 5，评述中国儒学与现代化的兼容性 西哲：
1，普罗泰格拉“人是万物的尺度”，并用柏拉图的理念论加以评析 2，中世纪两大派
3，康德是怎样完成他的批判的
4，逻各斯和中国哲学中“道”的异同 中国人民大学2010年博士初试题目 中国哲学：
道家哲学的现实意义近代国学争论 宋明理学分系
《易传》中的天人思想 华严宗一与多关系 综合： 一
1.人与自然的关系及其现实意义 2.唯物史观实现的革命性变革
3.为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义认识论的首要的基本的观点
二
1.庄子的齐物论
2.道教的一个什么思想
3.朱熹的“理一分殊”
4.科学规律的合理性与可错性，并举例说明
三
1.柏拉图为什么把世界二重化，分为可知世界与可感世界？从知识论和存在论的角度回答 2.笛卡尔为什么坚持身心二元论？它的形而上学意义及缺陷
3.黑格尔的思维与存在的统一
4.论可能世界 专业课：2011
历史唯物主义在马克思主义中的地位和作用。
马克思恩格斯公平观。
“黑人就是黑人，只有在一定关系下，黑人才是奴隶；纺纱机就是纺织棉花的工具，只有在一定关系下，纺纱机才是资本。”这段话的出处、含义以及意义。
“考察的客观性（不是枝节，是自在之物本身）”，这句话的出处、含义以及意义。
哲学综合：
马哲原理（三选二）
历史唯物主义的基本观点以及对社会科学方法论的意义
矛盾特殊性的含义以及在实际工作中的意义
科学技术是第一生产力
西哲（四选二）
什么是怀疑主义？怀疑主义在西方哲学史上的意义
亚里士多德“
”（一段关于存在论的话），谈谈这种科学的特征以及在西方哲学史上的演变
上帝本体论证明以及康德对证明的批判
逻辑是什么，它的哲学含义
第四篇：医学历年考博真题总结
国家医学考试中心2005年病理学（博士全国统考题）
一、简答题（20）：
1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：
1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈？
协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）
协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）
一、名词解释（30分）：
APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT
二、填空（？分记不清了）
1.已发现与遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症相关的基因有（）（）（）（）。2.WHO将MDS分为（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七类。3.先天性再生障碍性贫血包括（）（）（）。4.遗传球主要的分子病变涉及（）（）（）（）。
5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成体则主要由（）合成。
6.WHO关于伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML分类为（）（）（）（）。
7.国际多发性骨髓瘤工作组在MM新的分期标准中采用的两项客观指标为（）（）。
8.国际组织细胞协会将langerhans细胞组织细胞增多症分为单系统疾病和多系统疾病。其中单系统疾病中的单部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。9.诊断幼年型粒单细胞白血病的最低实验室标准有（）（）（）。10.MYH-9相关性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。
11.VitK依赖的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。
12.Gaucher病分为（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型为（）缺乏所致，C型为（）缺乏所致。
13.Downey将传单患者异型淋巴分为（）（）（）。
14.B淋巴细胞在发育过程中首先表达的免疫球蛋白为（），其次为（）。15.CD34基因在染色体体定位为（），相应的受体为（）。16.Hodgdin's病的四种病理亚型为（）（）（）（）。
三、简答（好像每题5分）： 1.反应停治疗MM的机理。
2.患儿，女，4岁，1年前外院诊断ITP，持续皮质激素（1mg/kg.d），治疗效果欠佳。此次来诊时PLT20*109/L，双下肢散在出血点。若你接诊，如何处理。3.给严重贫血的PNH患者输浓缩红细胞是否正确？为什么？ 4.简述成人ALL（不包括成熟B-ALL）的预后分组。
四、问答（任选2题，好像每题12分？）1.试述ITP的发病机理。2.试述AIHA的治疗。3.试述AML-M5的治疗。
协和医科大学2004年博士研究生入学考试妇产科学试卷
协和医科大学2004年博士研究生入学考试妇产科学试卷
一、名词解释 先期化疗
HELLP syndrome LEEP USI FETAL DEATH TTTS
四、简答题
1、异位妊娠的保守治疗指征
2、“吊床”学说
3、交界性肿瘤的特点
4、？
五、论述题
1、宫腔镜治疗的并发征及其处理
2、宫颈癌的手术方式及其指征
3、子宫内膜异位症的治疗新进展及其前景
协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
一,名词解释(大约有67个,是关于代谢与分子部分的，只记得三个)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.转化 二,填空(有关代谢的)1.胆固醇：合成部位、直接前体
2.糖酵解:关于整个过程消耗几个ATP,生成几个ATP，NADH，是人就会答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只记得这些)
三,选择
10道题,是关于代谢的,能量代谢占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的电子传递，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸键，某某反应步骤放不放ATP之类，很简单。
四，为什么静脉注射时用G而不是6-P-G? 五，骆驼峰中的脂肪怎样转变为水？ 六，忘了，应该是简单的。
七，2',3'-双脱氧核苷怎样抑制HIV? 八，给小鼠喂食N标记的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有无N标记，如有，有几个？ 九，选择：(蛋白质和酶部分,以前的真题上都有,EASY)十，一种蛋白质在一种组织中含量极低，无法分离纯化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,问如何初步确定它的有无？
十一，什么叫蛋白质组？什么叫蛋白质组学？ 协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
协和医科大学2004年硕士入学考试生物化学试题
一,名词解释(大约有67个,是关于代谢与分子部分的，只记得三个)1.PCR 2.KLENOW片段 3.转化
二,填空(有关代谢的)1.胆固醇：合成部位、直接前体
2.糖酵解:关于整个过程消耗几个ATP,生成几个ATP，NADH，是人就会答 3.糖酵解中有多少酶(只记得这些)
三,选择
10道题,是关于代谢的,能量代谢占大部分,如CO阻止了哪一部分的电子传递，某某化合物含不含高能磷酸键，某某反应步骤放不放ATP之类，很简单。
四，为什么静脉注射时用G而不是6-P-G? 五，骆驼峰中的脂肪怎样转变为水？ 六，忘了，应该是简单的。
七，2',3'-双脱氧核苷怎样抑制HIV? 八，给小鼠喂食N标记的ALa，其排出的CO(NH)2中有无N标记，如有，有几个？ 九，选择：(蛋白质和酶部分,以前的真题上都有,EASY)十，一种蛋白质在一种组织中含量极低，无法分离纯化，已知其Mw，有其antibody,问如何初步确定它的有无？
十一，什么叫蛋白质组？什么叫蛋白质组学？
协和医科大学2004年分子生物学（博士）
1.名解: 同工酶 染色体 染色质 核基质 转化
密码子的偏嗜性 基因簇
2.简答
为什么核酸和蛋白都是有方向的? 信号转导的cAMP通路 什么是内切酶的星号活性
3.判断对错,说明理由 关于乳糖操纵子的
4.论述
给定一个cDNA序列,如何表达,纯化到蛋白质
5.填空
协和生化的老主任是谁(这道题好变态)谁用什么实验证明了核酸是遗传物质 可以磷酸化的氨基酸是哪三个 带苯环的氨基酸是哪三个
DNA在多少nm有最大的光吸收,为什么? 南方医科大学2005年肿瘤学（博士）
南方医科大学2005年肿瘤学（博士）
（共计21条题）
一、简答题（6选4，每题15分）
1.恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。2.肿瘤外科在恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗中的地位。3.自体造血干细胞移植的适应症。对何种肿瘤最有效。
4.拓扑异构酶对恶性肿瘤的意义？举出针对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化疗药名称各一个。5.肿瘤多步骤转移机制。6.细胞信号传导途径的基本组成要素。
二、论述题（选择二题，每题20分）
7.从放疗的局部治疗角度论述放射治疗领域的新进展。（何领域？何进展？反正是这方面）8.目前抗癌药物的开发和应用，除细胞毒药物外，尚有那些药物作用靶点。并举例说明。
（内科考生必答）
9.Indolent（非？）霍杰金淋病瘤的．．．（化疗方案？机理？效果？反正是治疗方面）
（内科考生必答）
10.食管癌吞钡造影X线的主要表现。（胸科考生必答）11.肝癌行肝切除术后的并发症及其原因。12.肝癌行肝动脉栓塞化疗的原理（及？？）。13.基因突变方式及其检测方法。14.基因治疗策略。
15.烷化剂的作用机理。举出3种药物名称。（抗癌药理考生必答）16.说出化疗的毒性反应有那些方面？并各举出一个典型的药物名称。
（抗癌药理考生必答）
17.甲状腺癌（肿瘤？）的诊断、影像（CT）和鉴别诊断。（头颈科考生必答）18.根治性颈淋巴清扫术的并发症及其预防措施。（头颈科考生必答）19.提高大肠癌疗效有那些措施。
20.腹部肿块按性质如何分类。举例说明。
21.肺癌淋巴引流的肺和纵隔淋巴结分群与分组。（胸科考生必答）天津医科大学2003年眼科学
天津医科大学2003年眼科学（博士）
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1、眼表
2、圆锥角膜
3、规则散光
4、对比敏感度
5、基底细胞癌
6、AMD
7、ROP
8、Exotropia
9、Epicanthus
10、Fungal keratitis
二、简答题（每题5分，共40分）
1、简述青光眼临床分类
2、简述干眼症临床表现
3、简述Fuchs综合征临床特点
4、简述调节性内斜视的临床分类
5、简述真菌性角膜炎的临床表现
6、简述低视力概念及国际诊断标准
7、简述视网膜色素变性临床表现及遗传方式
8、简述增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的临床表现
三.问答题（共40分）
1.介绍房水成分，作用及循环径路（10分）
2.说明弱视的临床分类，主要发病机制，治疗时机和方法（15分）3.试述眼科影像诊断技术的进展（15分）首都医科大学2002年神经解剖学
首都医科大学2002年神经解剖学（博士）
简答：
被盖中央束
阴捕神经
黑质
蓝斑
论述：
１脑干的非脑神经节脑干的运动型交叉纤维Wallenberg的解剖基础
２副交感神经系统的二级神经元交通支 颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）
３小脑皮质神经元环路 海马结构的分层和分区 脑室的边界和CSF的循环 首都医科大学近年的神经解剖及普外考博真题
首都医科大学近年的神经解剖及普外考博真题
２００３年神经解剖试题 名词解释
1.肋间壁神经 2.鼻睫神经 3.Ⅶ 颅神经
4.great petrosol N 5.confluence of sinuse 6.rentral tegmentrol decussation 简答
1.底丘脑的神经纤维联系
2.下肢非意识感觉到大脑的纤维联系 3.如何理解cerebelar glomorulus 论述
1.边缘系统组成；PAPEZ环路；Hippocampal分层。2.白质通路和灰质通路；牵涉痛；Otic Ganglion。3.叙述下列的神经支配及走行：
鼓膜张肌，蚓状肌，梨状肌，输尿管。4.脑血管
虹吸部的概念，Paracentral lobule，Lingual gyrus, wernicle 区的血供，Galen V 定义．
２００３大外科试题（选择题省略）１简答：
Thomas sign.脊髓休克 腹管综合征 APUD CELL 肿瘤相关抗原 ２论述：
感染性休克的诊断依据 胰岛素瘤的定性定位诊断
２００２神经解剖试题 简答： 被盖中央束 阴捕神经 黑质 蓝斑 论述：
１脑干的非脑神经节 脑干的运动型交叉纤维 Wallenberg的解剖基础
２副交感神经系统的二级神经元
交通支
颌部区的立毛肌支配（不知道该题是否准确）３小脑皮质神经元环路
海马结构的分层和分区
脑室的边界和CSF的循环
２００１神经解剖
一、名词解释（1-7题，5×7=35；2-12题，3×5=15）
1、边缘系统
2、脊髓灰质板层
3、后屈束
4、内侧纵束
1、攀缘纤维
2、下橄榄核
3、桥小脑三角
4、phrenic n.5、celiac plexus
10、obturator n.11、locus reculeus
12、carvernous sinus
二、问答题（10×5=50）
1、纹状体 ① 位置及组成 ② 纤维联系 ③ 化学递质环路 ④ 动脉供应
2、网状结构 ① 定义 ② 主要核团 ③ 机能组合
3、神经支配 ① 肾上腺髓质 ② 斜方肌 ③ 二腹肌 ④ 蚓状肌
4、解剖基础 ① 交叉性瘫痪 ② 屈曲反射 ③ 翼状肩 ④ 猿手
5、“听新闻记纪录”的解剖学基础 浙江大学2004博士入学考试生理题
浙江大学2004博士入学考试生理题
一名词解释（20）1暗适应 2离子通道 3体温调定点 4有效不应期
二问答题（任选4题，80分）
1PO2,PCO2,H+对呼吸的影响？其中枢和外周机制如何 2脂肪÷食物在消化道中消化和吸收的机制
3安静和应激情况下，对肾血流量如何分配？各有何意义？ 4颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受器的反射过程及调节血压的意义 5学习与记忆的突触生理学机制和特点 6胰岛素的生理作用及分泌调节机制 浙江大学2004博士入学考试免疫题
浙江大学2004博士入学考试免疫题
一 名词解释
1超抗原2 抗原决定簇3kir 4nkt 5互补决定去区 6趋化因子
二大题 抗原提成相关基因作用 2II 性与IV型超敏反应区别
3树突转细胞在免疫刺激和耐受中的作用机制 4Tc细胞的 杀伤细胞作用机制
5趋化作用，ADCC，及调理作用区别
2004年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题
2004年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题
一名解（原题为英文）1。休克抑制期 2。骨不连
3。骨筋膜室综合征 4。非少尿型肾功衰 5。预存自体回输血 二。问答题
1。创伤的检查与诊断方法
2。脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3。腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4。周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5。股骨头缺血坏死的FICAT分期 6。你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7。骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征。
西安交通大学医学院2003年骨科学博士题
西安交通大学医学院2003年骨科学博士题
外科总论部分：
一：名词解释（3分/题）1.基因诊断
2.初期复苏ABC 3.ARDS 4.冷休克 5.应激性溃疡
二：简答题（7.5分/题）
1.肿瘤的国际分期，试以乳癌的分期说明 2.急性排斥反应
三：问题题（10分/题，选答两题）1.创伤修复过程
2.代谢性酸中毒的病因和诊断 3.炎症介质在全身感染中的作用
骨外专业部分：
一：名词解释（3分/题）1.Frank's分型 2.嗅鞘细胞
3.Weak up test 4.新月征
5.腱鞘巨细胞瘤
二：简答题（7.5分/题）1.臀肌挛缩症的防治
2.颈椎骨折不稳定后路固定方法
三：问题题（10分/题，选答两题）1.膝关节炎防治进展
2.长段骨缺损的治疗新进展 3.外固定器在骨科上的应用
西安交大医学院2004年消化内科考博试题 部分
西安交大医学院2004年消化内科考博试题
一、名词解释（6题，每题5分）
1.肝肺综合症 2.自身免疫性肝炎 3.晕厥 4.5.6.二、问答（5题，每题10分）
1、实质性急性肾衰的常见病因
2、肺栓塞的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗
3、IBS罗马Ⅱ诊断标准
4、肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的治疗
5、溃疡性结肠炎和Crohn病的鉴别诊断
三、填空（20分）
武汉大学2004年医学考博试题
武汉大学2004年医学考博试题
消化内科试题 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD的诊断与治疗 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID诱发溃疡的机制 病生试题
一、简答题 简述凋亡的基本过程 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？
二、论述题 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？ 2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。
2004军事医学科学院考博试题－细胞生物学
2004军事医学科学院考博试题－细胞生物学
细胞生物学（以下试题任选五题，每题20分）
1、简述质膜的特性
2、什麽是受体，受体的基本类型。当用表皮生长因子刺激细胞时，简述其信号转导通路Ras-MAPK途径和JAK-STAT途径
3、分泌性蛋白在粗面内质网合成时，都涉及那些结构和因子，这些结构和因子是如何协调蛋白质多肽合成的。
4、溶酶体的概念，基本类型，标志酶，主要的生物学功能及其相关疾病。
5、什麽是细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡的生物学意义。Bcl-2蛋白家族在细胞凋亡中的作用。
6、RNA干涉的基本概念，作用机质，应用范围。
7、简述真核细胞蛋白激酶的分类和特性。
8、线粒体的基本结构。怎样理解线粒体是半自主的细胞器。线粒体除了参与体内的能量代谢外，还参与那些基本的细胞生物活动？
生物化学（带*是分子生物学，遗传学，细胞生物学等，具体还有哪些我忘了，其他专业的可任选8个名词/5个问答）名词： *
1、结构域 *
2、Tm *
3、不对称转录 *
4、核小体 *
5、融合蛋白
*
6、蛋白质和核酸的紫外吸收 *
7、点突变
*
8、（暂时忘了，想起了再告诉大家）
9、酶原
10、酶的活性中心
11、糖孝解及其代谢的两步重要反应
12、逆转录酶
其他等我想起再告诉大家 问答题：
*
1、简述蛋白质的理化性质。蛋白质的二维电泳的基本原理及其应用 *
2、简述质膜膜受体的类型及功能
*
3、什麽是半保留复制，其有什麽生物学意义？ *
4、真核细胞的顺式作用元件的基本种类，与顺式作用元件结合的基本调节因子（转录因子）的基本结构模式都有那些？ *
5、DNA和蛋白质印迹技术的基本原理。简述在Western blotting中都需要注意哪些问题？
6、DNA碱基序列中的chagarff规则 山东大学2004年内分泌考博试题
山东大学2004年内分泌考博试题
名释： Goodpasture syndrome 2 SIADN 3 异源内分泌综合征 4 肝肾综合征 6 伴瘤综合征
问答题 亚急性甲状腺炎的诊断与治疗 2 肾小管酸中毒的分型和机制 3 引起继发性高血压的病因 4 伴瘤综合征的诊断与治疗
论述题 骨质疏松的病因，诊断与治疗 四川大学2004年骨科考博专业试题
四川大学2004年骨科考博专业试题
一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineering Colles’ fracture
Bone-fascia compartment syndrome Galeazzi’s fracture Thomas sign
二、问答题：
⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？
⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？
⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？
⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？ ⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？ ⒍病案分析
男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。X光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。请给出治疗方案并说明理由。苏州大学2004年博士入学外科学考试题
苏州大学2004年博士入学外科学考试题
一． 名词解释：
1.Legg-Calve-Perthes病
2.Garden力线指数
3.腕管综合征
4.Hangman骨折
5.骨嗜酸性肉芽舯
二 论述题。
1.如何根据胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床表现，辅助检查（X线、CT、MRI等）选择治疗方法。
2.简述腰椎划脱症的病因分类和手术指征。
3.简述影响全髋关节置换术远期疗效的因素和相关的预防措施
4.试述加快骨折愈合的生物学方法有哪些，你对BO有何看法 苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题
苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题
第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
1.侧支循环的概念和意义，并举例说明。
2.试述椎骨间的连接。
3.从形态和功能上比较肩关节与髋关节的异同。
4.腋淋巴结及其与乳房淋巴结回流的关系。
5.试述筋膜。
6.脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系及其意义。
7.试述Willis动脉环。
8.内囊的位置和内容，内囊损伤后的表现及其原因。
9.试述血脑屏障。
10.椎体束的组成、行经和支配。
中南大学湘雅三医院2003年耳鼻咽喉科学专业博士研究生入学试题 及 答案
中南大学湘雅三医院2003年耳鼻咽喉科学专业博士研究生入学试题
2003年中南大学湘雅三医院耳鼻咽喉科学专业博士研究生入学试题
一、名词解释（20分）1． nasal cycle 2． Ostiomeatal Complex(OMC)3． Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)4． Laryngeal obstruction 5． bone conduction
二、简答题（每小题10，共计30分）1． 简述鼻源性头痛的特点。
2． 简述喉癌的分型及各自的临床特点。
3． 简述颈部肿块skandalakis的“4个80%规律”与“3个7规律”。
三、问答题（每小题15分，共计30分）1．试述面神经全长的分段及分支。2．试述颈部的境界、分区及各区的境界
四、病例分析（20分）
女，50岁。回缩性涕血6月，右颈部肿块4月，右耳鸣、重听，右面颊麻木感1月。体查：双侧鼻甲不大，中鼻道宽敞，无浓性分泌物。鼻咽部右侧咽隐窝饱满，粗糙伴血痂，伸舌正中，软腭运动正常，双侧扁桃体不大。会厌活动良好，双侧声带瓷白色，活动好，关闭佳。右侧外耳道宽敞，鼓膜光锥变形，鼓膜内陷，有液平面。颈部气管居中，甲状腺不肿大，右侧颈部可扪及5×4cm大小肿块，质硬，不活动，无压痛。问题
1． 写出你的初步诊断
2． 有那些措施对你进一步明确诊断有意义？
2003年博士研究生耳鼻咽喉科学专业入学试题答案
一、名词解释（20分）
1.nasal cycle:正常人体鼻阻力呈现昼夜及左右规律性和交替性变化，这种变化主要受双侧下鼻甲充血状态的影响，约间隔2—7h出现一个周期，称之为生理性鼻甲周期或鼻周期。2.Ostiomeatal Complex: 鼻和鼻窦炎症性疾病的发病机理和病理生理学现代概念认为：中鼻甲、中鼻道及其附近区域的解剖结构的生理异常和病理改变最为关键，该区域称为窦口鼻道复合体。
3.Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)：一般是指成人在7小时的夜间睡眠中，至少有30次呼吸暂停，每次发作时，口、鼻气流停止流通至少10秒以上；或呼吸暂停指数大于5。称之为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征。
4.Laryngeal obstruction：因喉部或其邻近组织病变，喉部通道阻塞而引起呼吸困难。临床上称之为喉阻塞。
5.bone conduction ：声波直接经颅骨途径使外淋巴发生相应波动，并激动耳蜗的螺旋器产生听觉，称之为骨传导。包括移动式和压缩式两种骨传导。二．简答题（每小题10，共计30分）1．简述鼻源性头痛的特点。
（1）一般都有鼻部病变，如鼻塞、脓涕等，多在窦内脓性物排出后缓解；（2）鼻急性炎症时加重；（3）多为深部头痛；（4）鼻腔粘膜收缩或使用表面麻醉剂后，头痛可以减轻；（5）头痛有一定部位和时间。
2． 简述喉癌的分型及各自的临床特点。
根据喉癌发生的部位，将喉癌分为声门上型、声门型和声门下型。其临床表现分述如下。声门上型：早期可无显著症状。可能有喉部不适感；以后可出现吞咽疼痛，放射至耳部。痰中带血，有臭味。该区淋巴管丰富，易出现淋巴结转移，预后较差。
声门型：早期出现声嘶，进行性加重。肿块较大时能阻塞声门引起呼吸困难。该区淋巴管较少，不易向颈淋巴结转移，且容易早期诊断，预后较好。声门下型：早期症状不明显，不易发现。肿瘤溃烂时出现咳嗽及痰中带血；向上侵犯声带时，可出现声嘶；肿瘤增大可阻塞声门下出现呼吸困难。常有气管前或气管旁淋巴结转移。
3． 简述颈部肿块skandalakis的“4个80%规律”与“3个7规律”。
关于颈部肿块的性质，skandalakis总结了4个80%，即80%是肿瘤，其中80%是恶性，恶性中80%是淋巴结转移，原发癌中80%来自锁骨上。关于病程skandalakis总结出3个7的规律，即7天者多为炎症，7个月者多为肿瘤，7年者多为先天性肿块。
三、问答题（每小题15分，共计30分）1．试述面神经全长的分段及分支。
面神经的全长可分为8段：1.运动神经核上段；2.运动神经核段；3.小脑脑桥角段；4.内耳道段；5.迷路段；6.鼓室段；7.乳突段；8.颞骨外段。
自上而下，面神经的分支有：1.岩浅大神经；2.镫骨肌神经；3.鼓索神经；4.面神经出茎乳孔后发出分支；5.面部分支：（1）颞支；（2）颧支；（3）颊支；（4）下颌缘支；（5）颈支.2．试述颈部的境界、分区及各区的境界：
颈部境界：上界为下颌骨下缘、下颌角、乳突和上项线和枕外隆突的连线，下界为胸骨颈静脉切迹、胸锁关节、锁骨、肩峰至第七颈椎棘突的连线。
分区：以斜方肌前缘为界分为前后两部，斜方肌前缘以前的部分为颈前外侧部，斜方肌前缘以后的部分称为颈后部或项部。由胸锁乳突肌分成颈前三角区和颈后三角区。颈前三角区：两边为胸锁乳突肌前缘，底为舌骨体上缘及下颌骨下缘。颈前三角区又分为颌下三角、颏下三角、颈动脉三角、肌三角。颌下三角位于二腹肌前腹、后腹和下颌骨下缘之间，颏下三角位于两侧二腹肌前腹内侧缘和舌骨体上缘之间。颈动脉三角位于胸锁乳突肌前缘，二腹肌后腹及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之间。肌三角位于颈中线，胸锁乳突肌前缘，及肩胛舌骨肌上腹之间。
颈后三角区：位于锁骨上缘，斜方肌前缘及胸锁乳突肌后缘之间。颈后三角区又分为锁骨上三角和枕三角。锁骨上三角位于锁骨上缘，胸锁乳突肌后缘，肩胛舌骨肌下腹下缘之间。枕三角位于胸锁乳突肌后缘，肩胛舌骨肌下腹上缘和斜方肌前缘之间。
四、病例分析（20分）
1．（1）鼻咽癌？（2）鼻咽癌右侧颈淋巴结转移？（3）右侧鼓室积液
2．（1）鼻咽部活检；（2）电子纤维鼻咽镜或纤维鼻咽镜或鼻内镜检查；（3）影像学检查 CT和MRI；（4）EB病毒血清学检查；（5）颈部淋巴结穿刺细胞学检查或活检；（6）颈部、腹部B超和胸片检查
复旦大学医学院2004年神经病考博士试题
复旦大学医学院2004年神经病考博士试题
一 名词解释
MASS REFLEX COMA VIGIL CADASAL 迈热病 二 IHS 的诊断标准
三 多巴胺代谢通路,(图表示)各种抗帕金森病的药物的作用机制
四 右侧延髓背外侧综合症的临床表现
五 大脑静脉回流,及海绵窦炎性血拴的临床表现
六 MS 的诊断标准
七 常见的颠痫综合类型及特征.复旦大学医学院2004年内科学
复旦大学医学院2004年内科学（博士）
（任选五道，每题20分）
1、急性冠脉综合征的定义，治疗原则
2、自发性腹膜炎的定义、发病机理，诊断标准，哪些病人需预防性使用抗生素？
3、肺癌的诊断技术及进展，如何选择合理利用？
4、甲亢的临床类型，Graves病的发病机理
5、肾性贫血的原因，是否需要补铁，为什么？
6、血液恶性肿瘤的治疗中，针对蛋白分子靶向治疗进展？
中山医科大学1995-2000年招收攻读博士研究生入学试题 外科
中山医博士试题（95外科）
1.水电解质平衡
2.肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理
3.胃近端癌R2根治手术方法
4.膀胱肿瘤病理分期
5.纵隔肿瘤及分区
6.肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则
7.全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症
8.硬膜外血肿临床表现治疗原则
9.尿道损伤的治疗原则
中山医博士试题（96外科）
必答题
1.腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点
2.前列腺癌诊断
3.肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断
4.骨结核好发部位、治疗原则
选答题
1.胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗（普外）
2.骨折愈合临床标准(骨外)3.睾丸肿瘤标记(泌尿外)4.颞区硬膜外血肿表现(脑外)二尖瓣狭窄手术指征(心外)
中山医博士试题（97外科）
一.多器官衰竭诊断标准
二.吻合口溃疡病因及诊断
三.肝癌治疗新进展
四.脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗
五.肾癌与肾盂肾癌鉴别诊断
98博士研究生入学考试试题--外科学
1.休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？（20分）
2.外伤性心包填塞的病因、急救处理原则。（16分）
3.上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序。（16分）
4.胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？（16分）
5.睾丸生殖系肿瘤的分类及治疗原则。（16分）
6.L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则。（16分）
中山医博士试题（99外科）
一． 名词解释
1． 手部无人区（2分）
2． 脊柱侧弯（1分）
3． 应力缓冲效应（2分）
二． 问答题
1． 人工关节松动的原因（10分）
2． 二尖瓣狭窄并左心衰的临床表现及治疗（20分）
3． 应激性溃疡的治疗原则（12分）
4． 肝功能分级及其临床意义（10分）
5． BPH的病理改变及鉴别诊断（20分）
6． 试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型（13分）
7． 小脑幕切迹疝的临床表现（10分）
中山医博士试题（2000外科）
1.颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择？
2.听神经瘤的临床表现和治疗？
3.泌尿系梗阻的常见原因及诊断治疗原则（以上尿路结石为例）？
4.消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？
5.外伤性气胸的病理生理改变与剖胸探查指征？
6.手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？ 中山医科大2003年内科考博试题
中山医科大2003年内科考博试题
1.ARDS定义诊断治疗
2.食管喷门失弛缓症的诊断和治疗
3.糖尿病血脂紊乱分型及诊断治疗—1999年美国标准
4.急进型肾小球肾炎的病理分型及治疗
5.纯红再障的诊断及治疗
中山大学医学院2004年药理考博题
中山大学医学院2004年药理考博题
1.阿托品的临床应用 2.量效曲线的参数和意义
3.直接作用在血管平滑肌的药物及机制 4.钙拮抗剂对正常心肌电生理的作用 5.苯二氮卓类的药理作用 今天肿瘤26选7，我选了：
1.肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用 2.信号传导的组成
3.拓扑异构酶在肿瘤中的意义并列举1.2的代表药物各两个 4.根治性化疗的机理及临床应用 5.肿瘤外科新进展
6.基因突变的类型及检测方法 7.肿瘤药物的不良反应及列举药物 其他还有提高结肠癌治疗效果的方法、预防性手术定义及举例、中晚期食管癌临床表现及机理、凋亡特点及机制、AFP临床意义及应用、介入方法及机理、肺癌淋巴结转移途径、致癌药物机理及举例、术前放疗原则、简述免疫治疗、喉癌手术？？？、鼻咽癌术后复发处理？？？、蒽环类药物机理
2004年中山大学医学院外科考博试题
2004年中山大学医学院外科考博试题
膝关节半月板损伤的诊断（10）什么叫血管源性脑水肿（4）
肱骨髁上骨折的分型和手术适应征（7）
胃癌根治术的淋巴结程度，胃癌D2手术淋巴结清除范围（12）典型食管癌的临床表现（7）初期复苏的主要内容（4）
结肠腺瘤癌变的手术适应征（7）胆囊腺瘤的手术适应征（7）肾癌的外在表现（7）
上消化道大出血的治疗原则（12）
前列腺增生和前列腺癌发生在什么部位，它们的鉴别诊断（10）
更正：上消化道出血的常见原因，外科治疗原则？ MODS的中英文全称； 肾癌的肾外表现；
胆囊息肉的诊断方法，无症状胆囊息肉的手术指证？ 膝关节损伤的临床表现以及诊断； 肝功能Child分级中的A级标准；
2004年中山大学医学院生化专业基础试题
2004年中山大学医学院生化专业基础试题
一、名词解释（10*3）
1.分子伴侣、2.随从链、3.尿素循环、4.基因诊断、5.基因重组、6.底物水平磷酸化、7.一碳单位、8.生物转化、9.KLENOW 片段、10.邻近效应
二、简答题（8*5）
1、a－螺旋的特点
2、DNA双螺旋的类型及结构特点
3、遗传密码的特点
4、红细胞糖代谢的特点
5、mRNA的加工修饰包括哪些内容
6、真核基因组的结构特点
7、如果一酶与底物作用的反应曲线成“S”型，解释其原因
8、NADPH参加反应的类型
三、论述题（3*10）
1、人类基因组计划已经完成，今后分子生物学的工作重点应该是什么？
2、为什么在缺氧的条件下，糖酵解反应能够持续进行？
3、如果要用基因工程方法生产胰岛素，如何获得胰岛素基因？ 2004年中山医博士肿瘤学部分试题
2004年中山医博士肿瘤学部分试题
1-7题选答4条。每条10分
1.简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。2.术前放疗的原则 3.根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4.肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？
5.蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6.肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？ 7.8-25选3，各20分。1.肺癌转移的各站淋巴结
2.化疗药物有哪些不良反应？举例说明。3.颈清术有哪些并发症？处理原则？ 4.基因突变的形式和检测方法? 5.AFP对肝癌诊断和治疗的意义
中国科学院上海药物研究所2003年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
中国科学院上海药物研究所2003年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
（任选6题）
1． 举例说明分子生物学技术在药理学研究的优越性。2． IC50，LD50，EC50的定义和意义。3． 举例说明抗癫痫药物的作用靶点。
4． RBA中，特异性结合与非特异性结合的区别是什么？KD和Bmax的意义是什么？如果在RBA中，某药对配体结合有抑制作用，怎样用RBA方法进一步区分这种抑制是竞争性的还是非竞争性的？
5． 简述非甾体抗炎药的最新研究进展。
6． 列举出五种与肿瘤发生发展密切相关的酪氨酸激酶，并简要叙述两条酪氨酸激酶介导的信号传导通路。
7． 参与特异性免疫应答的效应细胞有哪些？并做简要说明。
8． 免疫抑制剂的分类？可以用于治疗哪些疾病？以2种为例，说明它们的作用机理。中国科学院上海药物研究所2004年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
中国科学院上海药物研究所2004年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
（任选6题）
1． 试述帕金森病的病变机理及治疗药物。
2． 离子通道的生理功能是什么？有哪些类别？药物如何影响离子通道的活动？对于每一类离子通道，各举出1~2种作用于该通道的药物。3． 目前正在进行临床研究的防止动脉粥样硬化的药物有哪些类型？简述它们的作用机制。4． 根据Vaughan Williams的分类方法，抗心律失常药物可分为哪几类。它们的药理作用特点是什么？
5． 简述非甾体抗炎药的作用机理。
6． 去年抢救SARS的病人的一项重要治疗措施是大剂量糖皮质激素疗法，简述糖皮质激素的主要药理作用及不良反应。
7． 结合实例简述基于信号传导通路新型抗肿瘤药物的研究进展及其意义。8． 说明Wester Blot 实验方法在分子药理学研究中的用途，并简述实验的主要步骤、结果评定和意义。
第五篇：北京师范大学心理学考博真题
北京师范大学2013年《心理学研究方法》考博真题
一、（20分）多维度-多特质矩阵，给出两个量表，要求写出区分效度和相溶效度，能否从表格信息解释量表的构想效度，如果能，给出分析；如果不能，提出解释其效度的方案
二、（10分）表面效度的概念，为什么能力测试和人格测试都要注意表面效度
三、（10分）共同方法偏差的来源，如果进行统计检验，如何控制共同方法偏差
四、（20分）修订国外的大兴人格问卷，并建立中国常模的步骤和注意事项
五、（20分）结构方程模型和回归分析对比，举出结构方程在实际中的应用（至少5点）
六、（20分）横断设计和纵向设计的比较，给出两个智力不同成分的发展曲线图，让判断分别是什么研究设计，哪一个设计更有优势，并说出其可能的缺陷。
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