英语书信写作指导：书信的种类

第一篇：英语书信写作指导：书信的种类

—、书信写作要求

书信(Letter)一般可分为事务信件或公函(Business Letter or Offical Correspondence)以及私人信件(Private Letter)两大类。一般包括以下几个要点：

1）收信人的姓名和地址；

2）寄信人的姓名及其与收信人的关系；

3）寄信人的地址（有时可以省略）；

4）写信的时间；

5）信的内容。

二、书信的格式

1）信头(Heading)；

2）称呼(Salutation)；

3）正文(Body of the letter)；

4）结束语(Complimentary close)；

5）签名(signature)。

三、书信的种类

1）邀请信

邀请信有正式和非正式之分，也有介于两者之间者。正式邀请信一般属于公函类，私人邀请信一般属于非正式文体。邀请朋友、熟人参加某一聚会时，再词句上不一 定多加斟酌，用词太正规倒显得关系不密切。但是如果与被邀请人不太熟悉的话，最好用正式文体。如虽认识但并不十分了解，文体可介于两个者之间。由此可见，私人邀请究竟用什么文体，关键看与被邀请人之间的亲疏的程度。邀请信要明确写出活动（是晚会、晚餐还是一般的聚会等）、活动的时间地点组织这项活动的理 由，有时还应告诉对方可能出席的人，另外一般希望对方给予答复。

（1）非正式邀请信，如：Coventry St.London

Sept.15th, 1999.Dear Jack,I am going to the cinema to see the Red River Valley and I have two tickets.Would you like to come? The film starts at 7:30 p.m.Maybe we can meet at the Covent Garden Station at 7:00 p.m.and have a drink before the film starts.Please phone me at home to let me know.Looking forward to seeing you.Love

Mary

这封信是写给朋友的，所以用语比较随便，比较口语化。

（2）正式邀请信，如：

Dear Ms.Gupta,It's our great pleasure to announce that Jan.19th is the 3rd anniversary of the founding of our corporation.We have a small party as follows: 7:00p.m.,Jan.19th, Room No.123, Kunlun Hotel.At this moment, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our clients for both courtesy and support over the past three years.Please confirm if you plant to attend.Yours Sincerely,Lewis

这是一封正式邀请信，十分正规，无论从句式，还是用语都十分讲究。

（3）介于正式和非正式之间的邀请信，如：

No.4 Middle School

Beijing 100034

April 29th,2000

Dear Miss Katherine,I am very pleased to write to you.My name is Yu Hong and I am monitor of Class One, Grade Three of the No.2 Middle School of Ji'nan.Last year, you came here to give a speech, which was “Fast Reading”.My classmates and I all thank you very much.We will have an English evening at 7:00--9:00 on the evening of May 4th in our classroom.Would you please come and attend the evening party? At the party, we will sing English songs, play games and so on.And we are anxious to invite you to come to sing us an English song.After that we can enjoy the music.We hope to see you soon.Yours

Yu Hong

这封信是写给一位外籍教师的，这位外籍教师曾经到过这所学校，虽然作者认识，但并不十分了解。

2）感谢信

感谢信可分为感谢馈赠、感谢款待、感谢帮助、感谢送行和感谢探病等。

感谢信一般包括以下几点：

①对收信人的称谓；

②写信的目的；（Thank you for…）

③致谢并详述所收到的礼物或得到的帮助等；

④结尾及谦称。

3）求职信

求职信属于公务信函，格式和用词比较规。信的内容大体上分为三部分：

①写信的目的，②自我介绍，③要求。

注意下面几点：

①写信的目的要直截了当地在信的开头提出。

②自我介绍部分主要介绍自己的学历、工作经历、解决问题的能力等等。在行文、用词上要表现出自信、恳切的态度，语言简明扼要，突出介绍自己的优点，与众不同的特长或有利条件。还要紧扣用人单位的需求，巧用词语，有国地说服对方，此职非你莫属。

③最后提出进一步联系的途径，如：时间、地点。还可以主动提出接受面试或考核等。

④求职信在写作特点上主要用第一人称以及动词的一般现在时。如：

Ms Li Ling

P.O.Box 231

Beijing

July 10,1999

Dear sir(s),I have just read in the newspaper that a secretary of the English language in wanted in your company.I am therefore writing to you to introduce myself.I'd like to get the job.I am a girl college student of 22 years old.My name is Li Ling.I am studying in the language department.I can speak, read and write English very well.As a second language, I can read and speak a little French.I have some work experience as a typist in my spare time at school, and as a tourist guide during summer holidays.The bosses I worked for were all satisfied with my work.I am sure I'll satisfy you as well.You can get more information about my studies and work from the college.I am looking forward to visiting your office at any time for a talk or a test.Faithfully

Li Ling

4）回信

写回信时应特别注意正确理解写信人的意图、所提问题、必须对写信人的问题给予明确的答复。如下例： No.1 Middle School of Nanjing,Jiangsu, China

Jan.23rd, 2000

Dear Jack,Thanks for your letter.Yes, I have some difficulty in learning English.For example, I can't tell the difference between written English and spoken English.Sometimes I often make

mistakes while speaking to others.I want to improve my spoken English.But I don't know how.Would you please give me some advice? As you say, it is really difficult to write toe Chinese characters, but don't worry about it.Have you considered doing plenty of practice? And I suggest you write them as much as possible.I think it will be of great help.I'm looking forward to hearing from you again.Best wishes.Yours

Li Ling

原信中作者问到英语学习的情况，同时征求学习汉语的建议并谈到自己在学习汉语的过程中遇到的问题。回信中作者对来信中的问题作了详细的回答并给出了建设性的建议。

第二篇：英语书信写作格式及

格式：

1)寄件人地址姓名应写在信封左上角。

2)收件人地址姓名应写在信封右下角。

顺序：门牌号，街号，街名，城市名；国名

Eg：

Room 432

Dormitory Building 3

Shanghai International Studies University

Hong Kong Strict，Shanghai 20070

China

室/房 Room

*** *** 村（乡）

*** Village

*** 号 No.*** *** 号宿舍 *** Dormitory

*** 楼/层 ***/F

*** 住宅区/小区 *** Residential Quarter

*** 巷 / 弄 *** Lane

*** 单元 Unit ***

*** 号楼/幢 *** Building

*** 公司 用拼音拼写

*** 厂 *** Factory

*** 酒楼/酒店 *** Hotel

*** 路 *** Road

*** 花园 *** Garden

*** 街 *** Street

*** 县 *** County

*** 镇 *** Town

*** 市 *** City

*** 区 *** District

*** 信箱 Mailbox ***

*** 省 *** Prov.虹口区西康南路125弄34号201室

Room 201,No.34,Lane 125, XiKang Road(South),HongKou District

河南省南阳市中州路42号

No.42，Zhongzhou Road，Nanyang City，Henan Prov.湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店

Hongyuan Hotel, Jingzhou city, Hubei Prov.中山市东区亨达花园7栋702

Room 702, 7th Building, Hengda Garden, East District, Zhongshan

福建省厦门市莲花五村龙昌里34号601室

Room 601, No.34 Long Chang Li, Xiamen , Fujian

山东省青岛市开平路53号国棉四厂二宿舍1号楼2单元204户

NO.204, Building NO.1, The 2nd Dormitory of the NO.4 State-owned Textile Factory, 53 Kaiping Road , Qingdao , Shandong2、信内地址

 写在信纸的左上角，从信纸的左边顶格开始写，低于写信人地址和发信日期一二行，先写收信人姓名、头衔和单位名称，然后写地址；收信人名前加尊称，Mr.Miss Mrs，头衔Dr.prof。Sir，不知姓名，写职位或职称。

Ms.Joanna Kerry

Peking University

Haidian District, 100871

Beijing

China

3.日期

日期顶格写在左上角，在信内地址的下方。

1）.关于发信日期的写法，应注意以下几点：

① 年份应完全写出，不能简写。

② 月份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。

③ 月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May, June, July, 因为较短，不可缩写。

④ 写日期时，可用基数词1，2，3，4，5，……28，29，30，31等，也可用序数词 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, …… 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st等。但最好用基数词，简单明了。

2）.日期可有下列几种写法：

① Oct.20, 2004

② 10 May., 2004

③ 3rd June, 2004

④ Sept.16th, 2004

其中，①最为通用。

Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May

June

July

Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.4、salutation 称呼

 从信纸的左边顶格开始写，每个词的开头字母要大写，至于末尾处的符号，英国人

用逗号，但美国和加拿大英语则多用冒号，但我们常用逗号。

 先生（男人）Mr。Mr.用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，不可只用在名字之前，例

如对的称呼，应该是：Mr.或 Mr.White, 不可是：Mr.Tom。

 夫人（已婚）Mrs, 小姐（未婚）Miss,夫人、小姐统称Ms或Madam. 夫妇俩人Mr.and Mrs.头衔或职称（不分性别）：教授Professor，博士Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.)，总统或校长

President，主席或董事长Chairman，副主席或副董事长Vice Chairman，首相Prime

Minister，总理Premier，省长或州长Governor 市长Mayor参议员Senator 大使

Ambassador，秘书长Secretary General，院长Director,Dean，副院长Vice Director，系主任Dean,Head,Chair，馆长Chief Librarian,Curator

 称呼的具体方式视双方的熟知程度而定。对有一定社会距离，不熟悉的人：Dear Sir;

Dear Madam;Dear President;Dear Mr.Smith

 对相识的人：Dear Shirley;Dear Smith

 对亲近的人或家人：Dear Mom;Dear Dad;Dear Mary, 甚至没有dear 也可以

5、正文(body)

 即信件内的主要内容。正文第一句句子一般和称呼之间空一至二行或右缩进约四五

个字母。

内容要简单明了，一般不用同汉语信一样的“你好（how are you?）”之类的词。一般要开门见山，表明你写这封信的意图。

6.谦语

 即写信人表示自己对收信人的一种谦称，在信的右（或左）下角，写上表示自己对

收 信人一种礼貌客气的谦称。

 和正文隔开1-2行书写

 位置中偏右

 后加逗号

 礼貌尊重程度依社会距离而定：

 正式的、尊称：Faithfully yours, Respectfully yours, Sincerely yours, Truly yours，Yours

truly。

 一般情况可用：Yours

 熟悉或亲近的人可直接用自己的名字 如Mary, Jane7、签名(signature)， 即亲笔签上写信人自己的姓名。

有时，需要在署名的下一、二行位置写上写信人的职位或头衔。（若考试时，题目要求里已明确给出，则需写出。）

8、其他—标点符号

 称呼后面一定要有标点，一般用逗号，或冒号

 结尾客套话后面，一定要有标点，只能是逗号

 署名后面，一定不能有标点

 月份缩写后面用点号

 日子后接年份时，日子后要使用逗号隔开

9.结构

 英语书信的款式一般有两种：齐头式(Block Style)和折衷式(Semi-Block Style)。齐

头式常常在商贸、官方以及一些正式的信件中使用，以显示信件内容的严肃性，真

实性，可靠性。而折衷式则显的比较随便，主要用于家人、朋友、私人之间来往的信件。如果两人之间不是第一次通信，相互比较了解，可以省略信内的双方地址。

 用齐头式信件写信，其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。每段的第一句句子不需要空 格，但段与段之间需要空一至二行。齐头式信件的信尾客套话和签名可以有两种款式。

第一种写在左下方，这是最常用也是最正式的。另外也可以写在右下方，这种形式

则表示写信人与收信人之间的关系比较熟悉随便。

参考范文

1、Nov.30, 2008

Dear Jane,I heard you want to subscribe to an English–language newspaper.Here I’d like to

recommend one to you.Personally, I suggest 21st Century as my favorite, which is

designed especially for college students to study English.The topics discussed are

close to college life and could arouse our attention.Besides, the new words

and expressions are marked, which makes it easier for us to memorize and take

notes.I’ve benefited a lot from reading this newspaper and I believe it can also

help you improve your English.Sincerely yours,Mary2、Nov.30, 2008

Dear Jane,I heard you want to subscribe to an English–language newspaper.Here I’d like to

recommend one to you.Personally, I suggest 21st Century as my favorite, which is

designed especially for college students to study English.The topics discussed are

close to college life and could arouse our attention.Besides, the new words

and expressions are marked, which makes it easier for us to memorize and take

notes.I’ve benefited a lot from reading this newspaper and I believe it can also

help you improve your English.Sincerely yours,Mary

第三篇：英语书信格式及写作

英语书信格式是怎样的呢？要怎么写？以下是小编整理的英语书信格式及写作范文，华语电影。

【英语书信格式】

右上角写日期

-开头“Dear”, “To”, “To whom it concerns” = 一般给政府/比你级别高得写“等等 写完名字点逗号

-另起一行[object Object] 空两个格 写正文

-落款 = ”sincerely yours“ = 给级别高的，很正式的；”yours truly“ = 朋友； ”love" = 亲人 等等 别忘了点逗号

-偏右下角 签名 如果写的是正式文的话 在签名下面 写上print体形式你的名字

例：

May 8, 2006

To whom it concerns,----------------.Sincerely yours,(签名)

(如果正式的话 在这儿署名 例：Cindy Johnson)

信封的写法

(1)收信人地址：英美人多用长信封，收信人姓名、地址写在正面右下1／4处如：

Mr．Henry．SimpsonHillside Lane

Clinton．Ohio 020567

第一行写姓名;

第二行写门牌号、街名;

第三行写城市、州、邮区号码，(国名)。

2）若信封为方形,收信人姓名地址可写在中间,各行可在左边起头写,也可以在下一行向右移一个字母.例如:

Mr．Henry S．SimpsonHillside Lane

寄信人不自称Mr.、Mrs.或Miss，但是在收信人的姓名前则必须加上尊称Mr.、Mrs.或Miss以示礼貌。

住址的写法与中文相反；英文住址原则上是由小至大，如必须先写门牌号码、街路名称，再写城市、省（州）和邮政区号，最后一行则写上国家的名称。

在信封的右上角贴上邮票。

信封上的邮政区号(zip code)，在美国州名之后以五位数阿拉伯数字表示，前三位数代表州或都市，后两位数表示邮区，至于邮政区号10027的念法是one double o two seven。

住址中常用字：有简写的多用简写： 楼 F(e.g.2F)巷 Lane(e.g.Lane 194)段 Section；Sec.(e.g.Sec.Ⅱ)弄 Alley(e.g.Alley 6)路 Road；Rd.(e.g.Chunghua Rd.)街 Street；St.(e.g.Yangkwang St.)Clinton，Ohio 020567

中国人的姓名、地名一律用汉语拼音，姓和名分开写，姓和名开头一个字母大写,名是两个字以上的拼写为一词，只有头一个字母大写，地名也如此。

(2)回邮地址：私人信件回邮地址可写在信封正面左上角，也可写在信封背面正中。业务信件，一般在正面左上角或上面都印有回邮地址。

(3)信封正面左下角可写Personal，Please Forward，Registered，Express，Airmail，General Delivery等。

发信人的地址应写在信封的左上角，收信人的地址应写在信封偏中右偏下处。左上角写寄件人信封中间部分写收件人。

【英语书信写作范文】

第一种、介绍信 Letters of Introduction

实例之一：

Dear Mr./ Ms.,This is to introduce Mr.Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on business.We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr.Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.Yours faithfully,xxx

实例之二：

Dear Mr./ Ms,We are pleased to introduce Mr.Wang You, our import manager of Textiles Department.Mr.Wang is spending three weeks in your city to develop our business with chief manufactures and to make purchases of decorative fabrics for the coming season.We shall be most grateful if you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need.Yours faithfully

第二种、约定 Appointments

实例之一：

Dear Mr./Ms,Mr.John Green, our General Manager, will be in Paris from June 2 to 7 and would like to come and see you, say, on June 3 at 2.00 p.m.about the opening of a sample room there.Please let us know if the time is convenient for you.If not, what time you would suggest.Yours faithfully,实例之二：

Dear Mr/Ms,I represent the W/P Electronics Company in Dallas, and will be in Kunming from next Monday to Friday,(October 5-9).I should like to call on you to discuss our new monitor.Would 0930 hours on Tuesday, October 6 be convenient?

I shall be in Beijing, at the Great Wall Hotel, from Tuesday, September 29, until Sunday, October 4, where a message will reach me.If the day is not convenient, will you please suggest another.Yours faithfully

实例之三：

Dear Mr./ Ms,I am at present in Hamburg visiting the harbour with a view to making known our new type of container for use in Europe.I shall be in Antwerp on Wednesday, 4th June, and should like to call on you at 2.00 p.m.on that day.If I do not hear from you to the contrary, I shall assume that it will be convenient for me to call at that time.Yours faithfully

第四篇：书信写作英文书信的种类专题

书信写作英文书信的种类

事务信函(Business Letter)

私人信件(Private Letter)

书信写作原则

书信格式是首要，称呼署名需地道；

开门见山说意图，咨询建议列几条；

内容不同两段表，感谢客气不能少；

期待回音是老套，语气得当信就好。

英文书信的格式

缩进式(Indented Version)

齐头式(Block Version)

称呼---the salutation

给不认识的人写信：

Dear Sir / Madam,给重要的人写信：

Dear Mr.President John Smith

Dear Mrs.Johns,Dear Professor Middlebrook,Mr.Mrs.Miss后面只用姓氏或全名，不能只写名字。给重要的人写信：

PresidentPres.ProfessorProf.Doctor Dr.给熟人写信：

Dear MichaelDear Joanna

结束语---the complimentary close

写给不认识的人：

Yours faithfully,Yours truly,Yours very truly

写给重要的人：

Yours respectfully,Very respectfully yours,写给熟人：

Yours sincerely,Yours very sincerely,Yours cordially,写给亲朋好友：

Yours,Yours ever,With love from,Yours loving son,过时的结束语不要用：

Yours obedient servant,(您恭顺的仆人)

Your humble servant,(您卑贱的仆人)

英文书信的起首语

我很高兴收到你五月四日的来信……

I was glad to receive your letter of May 4 … 我很高兴地听说……With great delight, I learn that ……

我很愉快地告诉你……I have the pleasure to tell you that …… 刚刚收到你的来信。

I have received your kind letter.星期六的来信，今早收到了。

Your kind letter of Saturday arrived this morning.久未通信，悬念之至。

As I have not heard of you for long, I feel anxious.1

我希望尽快收到你的来信。

 I hope to hear from you soon.盼望下次再见。

I look forward to our next meeting.如蒙即复，不胜感激。

Your kind early reply will be appreciated.可否即予复示？

 Won’t you let us hear from you promptly?

入需其他详情，当欣然奉告。

Any other particulars required I shall be pleased to give you.承蒙厚助，有衷感谢。

The help you send is sincerely valued.书信的语言原则

应试书信主要有两种语言风格：

正式文体(formal style)

半正式文体(semi-formal style)

应试书信一般不会出现非正式文体

书信首段写法

首段写法分两种：

一是首先表明写信人与收信人的相关性，然后再说写作意图。

例如：你租用了一家机构的房屋，但是暖气系统出了毛病。你给这家机构写信。

Dear Sir/Madam,I am at present living in a house which I rented through your agency.I am sorry to inform you that the heating system in the house stopped working five days ago.This is very inconvenient---not to mention dangerous to the health---as the weather is starting to get colder.第二种写法是首先说明写作意图，紧接着表明相关性。

例如：你在机场的免税商店买了Walkman。回来以后，你发现机器有问题。你写封信给商店。Dear Sir/Madam,I wish to complain about a Walkman which I bough three days ago in the Duty Free section of your airport.As is my habit, I made a point of trying it out on the spot.It worked perfectly well, and so I went ahead and purchased it.第三种写法是只在信件开头表明写作意图。其他的放到主体段落写。

例如：你出事了，住进了医院。给你的学校写信说明你要请假的原因。

Dear Prof.Johnson,I am writing to explain my absence

from classes since April 18, 2004.投诉信

内容架构

表达不满

及说明不满，又有礼有节

提出解决方案

若提纲中包含，就一定要写

若提纲中没有，就自己编

写作策略：

表明相关性和意图

礼貌原则

不要责骂收信人



主体段落：

投诉原因，展开说明

现象结果相结合

提出解决方案

再次表示感谢

投诉信开头套话：

I am writing to complain about / that …

I am writing to express my concern / dissatisfaction / disappointment about …

I feel so sorry to trouble you but I am afraid I have to make a complaint about … I am writing to inform you that I find … unsatisfactory.I wish to draw your attention to the problem / fault that I bought …

投诉信结尾套话：

I trust you will take my complaint seriously and …

I will appreciate it very much if you could …

I would be perfectly satisfied if you can kindly …

I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter.范文：抱怨房间，要求换到单人宿舍。

Dear Sir/Madam,I am writing to inform you that I wish to move into a new room next term.I would prefer a single room, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him;for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.For another, he sometimes borrows my stuff without asking me.In these situations, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind in my assignments.I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own, where I will be free from such distractions.Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely,Janice Kennedy

请求信

内容架构

表明请求

说明原因

表达感谢

写作策略：

首段：

说明意图，表达请求

语言要求：礼貌和规范。

主体段落：

说明原因，具体展开

要求：合乎情理。

写作策略：

结尾段：

盼望回复

再次感谢，常用套句：“I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused by this letter.”请求信开头套话：

I am writing to formally request to …

I would like to ask for your permission with this letter so as to allow me to …

I am writing to seek for your assistance in …

Would you be kind enough to … ？

请求信结尾套话：

I am looking forward to hearing from you.I do appreciate the favorable consideration you have shown to me.I would like to thank you for your generous help in this matter.询问信

寻求所需信息

写作策略：

首段：

先写相关性，再说写作意图

不要“问道于盲”。

主体段落： 询问具体问题。如果某个问题较为重要，应该单独占一段。结尾段：

急切心情，提供联系方式，并表示感谢。

询问信开头套话：

I am writing for information about …

I would be most grateful if you could send me information concerning …

I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding …Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.Thank you for your consideration.I look forward to your immediate response.寻找失物信

要收信人帮助寻找失物并将其返还失主。写作策略：

首段：

表明相关信，说明写作意图。

表示歉意。

主体段落：

失物的具体内容及重要性。

结尾段：

如何将其返还失主

并对收信人表达谢意。

I am sorry to disturb you, but I have to …

I am writing this letter to report the loss of my … when I …

I am writing this letter to request your assistance in finding my … which I have lost during the stay in your hotel.I am writing this letter to see if it is possible for me to have my camera back.寻找失物信结尾套话：

I would really appreciate it if you could …

I would be grateful if you could …

I also suggest that the lost bag be sent to … if possible.感谢信

感谢信与投诉信刚好相反，只要把投诉的内容改为感谢的内容就可以了。

感谢信开头套话：

I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for …

I am writing to show my sincere appreciation for …

I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for …

I feel deeply indebted to you and I really don’t know how to thank you enough for your help.I am most grateful for your selfless donation.My true gratitude is beyond the word’s description.I feel most obliged to thank you once more.Please accept my gratitude, now and always.缩进式(Indented version)

Dear ______,___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_________________________________.___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_________________________________.____________________________________.Yours,Kevin

齐头式(Block Version)

Dear ______,_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _________________________________._____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _________________________________.____________________________________.Yours,Kevin

第五篇：书信的种类

 书信的种类

A.邀请信 B.感谢信

C.求职信（包括申请奖学金）F.祝贺信 D.抱怨信(投诉信)E.道歉信 

格式：

（1）日期

（2）称谓（3）正文第一段： 表明写信意图。

（4）正文第二段：解释原因或说明情况

（5）正文第二段：重申写信意图（6）署名

 答题步骤

（一）确定体裁和题材

 答题步骤

（二）确定主题句

通过审题确定体裁和主题后，就要确定主题句。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。（直译保守，意译最佳）

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（1）Listing

列举法是指列举具体的事实或要点来逐步说明和论证主题思想、展开段落的方法。采用列举法的时候，需要注意两点。是要点的罗列要遵循一定的顺序

要使用合适的过渡词语。

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（2）Example

举例法也是一种常用而且有效的展开段落的方法。它是通过生动、典型的实例对比较复杂或者抽象的观点进行阐述的方法。写作时提供的例子必须认真选择，保证例子能够恰如其分，能够准确地说明问题。

举例法常用的一些表达方式包括 for example, for instance, such as, a case in point, to illustrate, in illustration of, by way of examples, I can’t find a better example than…等。举例法其实是一种 “细节描述法” 原文：He dances very well.改后：His gift for dancing in a style that no one has even imagined, known as the

“moonwalk” made him an instant superstar. 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（3）C & C

段落的主题要指出两件以上事物的相同或相异之处时，便可采用比较或对比的方法。“比较 Comparison”用于描述所比对象的相似之处，而“对比 Contrast”则用于描述所比对象不同之处。

比较和对比一般采用两种方法来组织： 逐点比较：逐个问题进行双方面的比较

整体对照：先叙述一方的全部细节，再叙述另一方的全部细节

比较和对比法常用过渡词：like, likewise, unlike, similarly, in the same way, on the other hand, compared with, by comparison, in contrast to, on the contrary, but, yet, instead, while, whereas, however, nevertheless 等。

 Comparison & Contrast: Useful Expressions

Similarities

is similar to Both Also Too as well Differences

on the other hand however

On the other hand, winter is much colder in A.However, winter is much colder in A.A has a mild winter, but / while B has a cold one.In contrast to A, B has a cold winter.A differs from B by having a cold winter.Spring weather in A is similar

to spring weather in B Both A and B have rain in the spring.A also has a rainy spring season.A has a rainy spring season, too.As well, A has rainy spring season.but / while

in contrast to differs from

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（4）C & E

因果关系法（Cause and Effect）是指根据事态发展的因果关系来展开段落的一种写作方法，这种方法常用在说明文和议论文中。

写作的时候，可以从原因入手推导出结果，也可以从结果入手推导出原因。因果关系又是比较复杂，一种事物或现象的起因往往是多方面的，而某种原因也可能会引起多种后果，还有可能多种原因导致了多种后果。一果多因：先写出结果然后分析原因 一因多果：先分析原因然后说明后果  答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（5）Classification

划分和分类法（Classification）就是把要阐述的内容按其属性的不同分门别类、分层次地表达清楚。使用这种方法可使文章层次分明，表达清楚，逻辑性强。

划分指把一个整体分成若干部分，逐个阐述。比如，苹果包括果皮、果肉、果核等组成部分。

分类是指按一定的原则和特点把若干个体纳为一类，使具有相同特征的事物归入同一类别。例如，绘画可以分为水彩画、油画、中国画、版画等等类别。进行划分和分类时，特别需要注意的是要有明确而统一的标准。Classification = Example + C&C

分类法实际是举例法和对比法两者结合在一起的一种方法。为了描写上的方便，我们常常对主题句中提出的某些观点、事物举例加以说明。当所举的例子比较多时，我们常常将它们进行分类，并进行比较。

When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there.Besides old people, who are the usual early risers to do Taijiquan boxing, a lot of youngsters were also there, running, jumping or talking.In the east of the park, I even saw an old lady showing some school children and workers how to do sword-play.这段文章把作者早上散步时所看到的人分为三类：老人、青年人和一位老太太。这样描写既突出了各类人的特点，又写出了他们的共性——清晨锻炼身体。这是典型的分类法。 Classification: Useful Expressions is a kind of Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource.can be divided into Energy resources can be divided into two types.is a type of falls under belongs to is a part of fits into

Coal is a type of non-renewable resource.Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources.Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources.Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources.Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources.Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources.is grouped with is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources.Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.is associated with

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（6）Definition

定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。定义法常用于说明、描写和论证，以提供更多的具体解释来说明某一概念或术语。通常有三种方法对一个词、一条术语或谚语、一个概念下定义：给出同义词、用一个带有定语从句的复合句、用一整段文章，而以第三种方法最为常用。 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（7）T（P）&S  时间法（Time）

在记叙文叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。

在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时（Process)，也常用时间顺序法。

 空间法（Space）

在描写文中描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌时，常按空间顺序（自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等顺序）来展开段落。

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句

小结 Developing by Listing Developing by Example Developing by Comparison and Contrast Developing by Cause and Effect Developing by Classification Developing by Definition Developing by Time and Space Developing by Process  答题步骤

（四）检查 1.题目

2.句子首字母要大写 3.标点问题 4.单词拼写错误

5.比较级错误 6.不一致 7.词性误用

8.结尾用问句，或空喊口号

 如何开头

（一）：对立法

先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题。When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that.......But I think/view a bit differently.When it comes to...., some people believe that.......Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but(I tend to the previous/latter)

Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that....They claim/ believe/argue that...But I wonder/doubt whether...... 如何开头

（二）：现象法

引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论

Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of)...has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus.(has been brought to public attention)

Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality...is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 如何开头

（三）：引用法

先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!

“Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by Bacon.This

remark has been shared by more and more people.“Education is not complete with graduation.” Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opinion.How often we hear such statements/words like these /this “.........”

In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this “......”.

如何开头

（四）：比较法

通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.For years,...had been viewed as...But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing..., people........People used to think that...(In the past,....)But people now share this new.

如何结尾

（一）结论型

通过对文章前面内容的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that.....In summary/In a word , it is more valuable.......重申

---变换表达方式 

如何结尾

（二）后果型

揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of..., if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of.......Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that..will be put in danger.

如何结尾

（三）建议型

对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways.The most popular is....Another method is...Still another one is.....Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.

如何结尾

（四）方向型

其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough.The problem should be recognized in a wide way.There is no quick method to the issue of.., but..might be helpful/beneficial.The great challenge today is......There is much difficulty , but........

如何结尾

（五）意义型

文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort.It will not only benefit but also benefit.....In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ……  写作过程中的七原则（1）主题句原则

一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 写作过程中的七原则（2）长短句原则

写一个短小精辟的句子有时可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.强烈建议： 长短结合、错落有致

在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短。

2）在文章主体部分，可先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几

个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式。文章结尾一般一长一短。

 写作过程中的七原则（3）多变句式原则

1）简单句、并列句和复杂句交替使用。

 简单句只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。 并列句包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，分句由并列连词来连接

 复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由

另一个句子承当

 写作过程中的七原则（3）多变句式原则

2）插入语使句子有层次感

 Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.3）排比句使句子朗朗上口

 Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. 写作过程中的七原则（4）连接词原则

改卷老师一般通过一些关键性的“标签”（连接词）来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。

 1)first, second, third, last = firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，俗) 2)most important of all, moreover, finally

(一般)

(一般) 3)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly  4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally  5)to start with, next, in addition, finally

(强烈推荐)

(强烈推荐)

(强烈推荐) 6)first and foremost, besides, last but not least  7)on the one hand, on the other hand  8)for one thing, for another thing

(适用于两点的情况)

(适用于两点的情况) 写作过程中的七原则（5）多下少上原则

一定要多用具体的下义词，少用空洞的上义词。

 我们说很好的时候，不应说nice这样空洞的词，应用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之类的形象词。

positive, favorable, rosy（美

好的)，promising（有

希

望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good。

 dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替换 bad，但如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换

 affair ,business ,matter 替换thing  beneficial, rewarding替换helpful

 写作过程中的七原则（6）短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：

1）用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。

2）关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！

 I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of 替代 indicate, suggest ,fear  bear in mind that 替换remember  写作过程中的七原则（7）挑战极限原则

在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实独立主格很简单，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主句的主语和分词短语转换成完整句子时的主语一致，而独立主格则不然。

 The weather(being)fine, a large number of people went to climb the Qinling Mountains. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 四级作文总结  宏观：审题

1）几段 2）字数比例 3）每一段几层 4）每一层要点  中层：句型、逻辑 1）主题句必须攻克（三段）2）学会拓展  微观：词汇、衔接