中医英语翻译常用词汇英汉对照03

第一篇：中医英语翻译常用词汇英汉对照03

中草药 Chinese medicinal herbs

炮制 processing

四气五味 four properties and five tastes

清除杂质 eliminating impurity

入药部分 the part used for medical purpose

作用和缓 mild effect

药物采集 collection of herbs

发散解表 relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion

收敛 astringency

方剂学 science of prescriptions

软坚散结 softening hardness to dissipate stagnation

配伍关系 compatibility

燥湿健脾 drying dampness and strengthening the spleen

组成规律 prescription-formulating principle

升降沉浮 ascending, descending, sinking and floating

方剂的加减 modification of prescriptions

归经 meridian tropism

剂型和剂量 drug form and dosage

用药禁忌 contraindication in using herbs

君臣佐使 monarch, minister, assistant and guide

药物用量 dosage

药物毒性 toxicity of medicinal herbs

辛温解表药 relieving exterior syndrome with herbs pungent in taste and warm in nature

十八反与十九畏 eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteen herbs of mutual antagonism

袪风湿药 herbs for expelling wind and dampness

调和诸药 moderating the property of herbs

胸痛彻背 thoracic pain involving the back

温经散寒 warming meridians to dissipate cold

清热凉血药 herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood

宣肺平喘 disperse lung qi to stop asthma

引经报使 guiding action

灵活化裁 flexible modification

针灸疗法 acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, acumox

清散郁热 clearing away and dispersing stagnant heat

针刺补泻 reinforcing and reducing techniques for needling

随症加减 modification according to symptoms

针刺手法 needling techniques, manipulation

药物饮片 processed herbs

进针手法 methods for inserting the needle

内服散剂 powder for oral taking

针刺止痛 alleviating pain with acupuncture

外用膏剂 medicinal extract for exterior application

针刺麻醉 acupuncture anesthesia, acu-anesthesia

开水冲服 mixing in boiled water for oral taking

针感 needling sensation

浓缩浸膏 condensed extract

皮内针 intradermal needle

耳针疗法 ear acupuncture treatment

针刺的角度与深度 angle and depth of needling

提插捻转 lifting, thrusting, swirling and rotating

双手进针法 insertion of needle with double hands

水针疗法 hydro-acupuncture therapy

行针 manipulating the needle

头针疗法 scalp-acupuncture therapy

化脓灸 blistering moxibustion

推拿手法 manipulations for tuina, manipulating techniques

瘢痕灸 scarring moxibustion

减轻疼痛 alleviating pain

艾炷灸 moxibustion with moxa cone

功法训练 exercise for practicing tuina

灯火灸 lamp moxibustion

放松肌肉 relaxing muscles

温针灸 warm needling method

解除肌肉紧张 relieving muscular tension

一指禅推法 pushing manipulation with one finger

活动受限 confined activity

点按法 point-pressing manipulation

关节脱位 dislocation of joint

大鱼际揉法 kneading manipulation with the large thenar医.学全.在.线网站

腰椎间盘突出 protrusion of lumbar vertebral disc

交替搓揉 alternative rubbing and kneading

旋转复位 rotating reduction

腰肌劳损 injury of lumbar muscles

软组织损伤 injury of soft tissues

解除痉挛 relieving spasm

关节粘连僵硬 adhesion and stiffness of joint

外感发热 exogenous fever

滑利关节 lubricating joint

脉象浮紧 floating and tense pulse

手法补泻 reinforcing and reducing manipulations

寒邪束表 pathogenic cold hampering the exterior

拇指平推法 horizontal pushing with the thumb

邪热入里 interior invasion of pathogenic heat

午后潮热 afternoon tidal fever

四肢厥冷 cold limbs

热扰神明 heat disturbing mind

阳气不振 inactivation of yang-qi

形体消瘦 emaciation

少气懒言 lack of qi and no desire to speak

祛痰止咳药 herbs for eliminating phlegm and stopping cough

该文章转载自医学全在线：http:///yingyu/2008/23230.shtml

第二篇：情绪词汇英汉对照

英语情感词汇

高兴 名词：delight;happiness;laughter;pleasure;joy;形容词： delightful;delighted;happy;pleased;pleasant;cheerful;excited;exciting;amusing;merry;joyful;overjoyed;glad;动词：

amuse;cheer;enjoy;laugh;

悲伤 名词: sadness;sorrow;tear;depression;grief；heartbreak(n&v);suffering 形容词：sad;depressed;depressing;blue;down;bitter;miserable;unhappy;upset;gloomy(忧郁的)；discouraged;tearful;heartbreaking 动词： depress;weep;distress;frustrate

感动 形容词：moved;moving;touched;touching 动词： move;touch;affect

惊奇 名词：surprise;amazement;astonishment;shock;wonder;形容词：surprising;surprised;amazed;amazing;shocked;shocking;astonished;astonishing;curious;fantastic;动词：surprise;amaze;astionish;

忧虑 名词：anxiety;pressure;stress;tension;worry（n&v）;concern(n&V)形容词： anxious;worried;tense;nervous;concerned;uneasy(不安的)

满意 名词：satisfaction;形容词：satisfied;satisfying 动词：satisfy

遗憾

名词：pity;shame;

形容词：ashame;sorry;regretful 动词：regret;

恐惧 名词：fear;terror;fright;panic(n&v);形容词：frightening;frightened;afraid;horrible;terrible;trembling;scared;

terrifying;terrified 动词：frighten;terrify;tremble;scare(n&v)愤怒 名词：anger;irritation 形容词：angry;annoyed;动词：annoy;irritate

失望

名词：disappointment;hopelssness;boredom;discouragement;despair(n&v)形容词：disappointing;disappointed;hopeless;boring;bored;desperate；

动词：disappoint;bore;

嫉妒 名词：jealousness 形容词：green-eyed;jealous 动词：envy 其他

形容词：confusing;puzzling;embarrassing;embrassed;guilty(愧疚的)； sympathetic（同情的）；rediculous（荒谬的；可笑的）；disgusting(令人讨厌的)；positive(积极的)；negative（消极的）optimistic(乐观的)；pessimistic（悲观的）；subjective(主观的)；

objective(客观的)；approving(赞同的)；disapproving（反对的）;indifferent(漠不关心的)； considerate(体贴的；考虑周到的);controversial(有争议的)；neutral(中立的)；

suspicious（怀疑的）

第三篇：人力资源常用词汇 英汉对照

人力资源常用词汇 英汉对照

原文链接：

Acceptability 可接受性

Achievement tests 成就测试

Action plan 行动计划

Action steps 行动步骤

Adventure learning 探险学习法

Adverse impact 负面影响

Agency shop 工会代理制

Alternative dispute resolution(ADR)建设性争议解决方法Analytic approach 分析法

Appraisal politics 评价政治学

Apprenticeship 学徒制

Arbitrary 仲裁

Assessment 评价

Assessment center 评价中心

Attitude awareness and change program 态度认知与改变计划Attitudinal structuring 态度构建

Audiovisual instruction 视听教学

Audit approach 审计法

Balanced scorecard 综合评价卡

Basic skills 基本技能

Behavior-based program 行为改变计划

Behavior modeling 行为模拟

Benchmarks 基准

Benchmarking 评判

Benefits 收益

Bonus 奖金

Boycott 联合抵制

Career 职业

Career counseling 职业咨询

Career curves(maturity curves)职业曲线（成熟曲线）Career management system 职业管理系统

Career support 职业支持

Centralization 集权化

Coach 教练

Cognitive ability 认知能力

Cognitive outcomes 认知性结果

Collective bargaining process 劳资谈判过程

Community of practice 演练小组

Compa-ratio 比较比率

Compensable factors 报酬要素

Competency assessment 能力评估

Competitive advantage 竞争优势

Concentration strategy 集中战略

Concurrent validation 同时效度

Consumer price index, CPI 消费者价格指数

Content validation 内容效度

Continuous learning 持续学习

Contributory plan 投入计划

Coordination training 合作培训

Core competencies 核心竞争力

Criterion-related validity 效标关联效度

Critical incident 关键事件

Critical incident method 关键事件法

Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化准备

Cross-training 交叉培训

Cultural environment 文化环境

Cultural shock 文化冲击

Customer appraisal 顾客评估

Data flow diagram 数据流程图

Database 数据库

Decentralization 分散化

Decision support systems 决策支持系统

Defined-benefit plan 养老金福利计划

Defined-contribution plan 资方养老金投入计划

Delayering 扁平化

Depression 沮丧

Development planning system 开发规划系统

Differential piece rate 差额计件工资

Direct costs 直接成本

Discipline 纪律

Disparate impact 差别性影响

Disparate treatment 差别性对待

Diversity training 多元化培训

Downsizing 精简

Downward move 降级

Efficiency wage theory 效率工资理论

Electronic performance support system(EPSS)电子绩效支持系统Employee empowerment 员工授权

Employee leasing 员工租借

Employee survey research 雇员调查与研究

Employee wellness programs(EWPs)雇员健康修炼计划

Entrepreneur 企业家

Equal employment opportunity(EEO)公平就业机会

Essay method 书面方式

Ethics 道德

Expatriate 外派雇员

Expert systems 专家系统

External analysis 外部分析

External growth strategy 外边成长战略

External labor market 外部劳动力市场

Factor comparison system 因素比较法

Feedback 反馈

Flexible benefits plans(cafeteria plans)灵活的福利计划（自助福利方案）Flextime 灵活的时间

Forecasting（劳动力供求）预测

Formal education programs 正规教育计划

Frame of reference 参照系

Functional job analysis, FJA 职能工作分析

Gain sharing plans 收益分享计划

Globalization 全球化

Goals 目标

Goals and timetables 目标和时间表

Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法

Group-building methods 团队建设法

Group mentoring program 群体指导计划

Hay profile method 海氏剖析法

High-leverage training 高层次培训

High-performance work systems 高绩效工作系统

Hourly work 计时工资制

Human capital 人力资本

Human resource information system(HRIS)人力资源信息系统Human resource management 人力资源管理

Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划

Indirect costs 间接成本

Individualism/collectivism 个人主义/集体主义

Input 投入

Instructional design process 指导性设计过程

Internal analysis 内部分析

Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略

Internal labor force 内部劳动力

Internet 互联网

Internship programs 实习计划

Interview 面试

Intraorganizational bargaining 组织内谈判

Job analysis 工作分析

Job classification system 工作分类法

Job description 工作描述

Jobdesign 工作设计

Job enlargement 工作扩大化

Job enrichment 工作丰富化

Job evaluation 工作评价

Job experiences 工作经验

Job involvement 工作认同

Job posting and bidding 工作张贴和申请

Job progressions 工作提升

Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法

Job rotation 工作轮换

Job satisfaction 工作满意度

Job specification 工作规范

Job structure 工作结构

Key jobs 关键工作

Labor market 劳动力市场

Labor relations process 劳动关系进程

Leaderless group discussion 无领导小组讨论法

Learning organization 学习型组织

Long-term-short-term orientation 长期-短期导向

Maintenance of membership 会员资格维持

Management by objectives, MBO 目标管理

Management forecasts 管理预测

Management prerogatives 管理特权

Manager and / or supervisor appraisal 经理和/或上司评估Managing diversity 管理多元化

Markov analysis 马克夫分析法

Mediation 调解

Mentor 导师

Merit guideline 绩效指南

Minimum wage 最低工资

Motivation to learn 学习的动机

Needs assessment（培训）需要评价

Negligence 疏忽

Nepotism 裙带关系

Ombudsman 调查专员

On-the-job training, OJT 在职培训

Opportunity to perform 实践的机会

Organizational analysis 组织分析

Organizational capability 组织能力

Orientation 导向培训

Outplacement counseling 重新谋职咨询

Output 产出

Outsourcing 外包

Panel interview 小组面试

Pay-for-performance standard 按绩效的报酬标准

Pay grade 工资等级

Pay level 工资水平

Pay-policy line 工资政策线

Pay structure 工资结构

Peer appraisal 同事评估

Performance appraisal 绩效评价

Performance feedback 绩效反馈

Performance management 绩效管理

Performance planning and evaluation(PPE)绩效规划与评价系统Perquisites 津贴

Person analysis 个人分析

Person characteristics 个人特征

Personnel selection 人员甄选

Point system 积分法

Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ 职位分析问卷调查

Power distance 权力差距

Predictive validation 预测效度

Profit sharing 利润分享

Promotion 晋升

Protean career多变的职业

Psychological contract 心理契约

Psychological support 心理支持

Range spread 工资范围跨度

Readability 易读性

Readiness for training 培训准备

Reasoning ability推理能力

Recruitment 招募

Reengineering 流程再造

Relational database 关联数据库

Reliability 信度

Repatriation 归国准备

Replacement charts 替换表

Request for proposal(REP)（培训）招标书

Return on investment(ROI)投资回报

Role ambiguity 角色模糊

Role analysis technique 角色分析技术

Role play 角色扮演

School-to-work 从学校到工作

Selection 甄选

Self-appraisal 自我评估

Situational interview 情景面试

Skill-based pay 技能工资

Skill inventories 技能量表

Specificity 明确性

Spot bonus 即时奖金

Staffing tables 人员配置表

Strategic choice 战略选择

Strategic congruence 战略一致性

Strategic human resource management(SHRM)战略性人力资源管理Strategy formulation 战略形成Strategy implementation 战略执行

Task analysis 任务分析

Team leader training 团队领导培训

360-degree feedback process 360度反馈过程

Total quality management(TQM)全面质量管理

Training 培训

Training administration 培训管理

Training outcomes 培训结果

Transaction processing 事务处理

Trend analysis 趋势分析

Utility 效用

Utility analysis 效用分析

Validity 效度

Verbal comprehension 语言理解能力

Vesting 既得利益

Voicing 发言

Wage and salary survey 薪资调查

Wage-rate compression 工资压缩

Web-based training 网上培训

Work permit/ work certificate 就业许可证

Yield ratio 成功率

第四篇：情绪词汇英汉对照

嫌隙 rift 嫌憎 悻悻 bitterly 憎恶 hate（烦闷苦恼）

别扭 awkward 不快 unpleasant 不爽 accurate 心烦 upset 厌烦 tired

烦闷 anguish 难受 uncomfortable 讨厌 hate 烦扰 bother

窝火

窝囊 feel vexed 熬心 boil heart 懊恼

update 憋闷 feel oppressed 憋气 feel suffocated 涔涔 oozes 窝心 sweet 糟心

（忧愁）：因遭遇困难祸不如意的事而苦恼

担心 worry 担忧 worry 发愁 worry 犯愁 worry 愁闷 gloomy 穷愁 poor and disdress 殷忧 yin worry 忧心忡忡 worried

郁郁寡欢 unhappy 愁眉不展 worried 忧心如焚 distraught（抑郁）：心中愤恨，不能诉说而烦闷

压抑 depression 郁闷 depressed 沉郁 depressed 阴郁 gloomy 抑郁寡欢 melancholy

自尊 self_respect（尊重自己，不向别人卑躬屈节）无能感 important 自惭形秽 ashamed of 自馁

骄傲 proud（1、自以为了不起，看不起别人

2、自豪）

得意 proud 高傲 arrogant 狂妄 presumptuous 体面 decent 优越感 superiority 自大 arrogant 自负 conceited 自豪

proud 怏然自足 discontented 自得 contented then self 自满 complancent 自恃 count on 委屈 wrpnged（收到不应该有的职责或待遇，心里难过）抱屈 feel wrong 冤枉 wrong 着急 anxious（急躁不安）浮躁 impetuous 急切 urgent 急躁 irritable 焦急 anxious 焦虑 anxiety 心急 impatient 心急火燎 edgy 心急如焚 anxious 心切 eager 焦心 焦躁 impatient 焦灼 anxious 情急 desperate 心焦 anxious 归心似箭 eager to go home 急不择言 andious not to choose words 急不可耐 impatient 不知所措 loss（心里）

恐慌 panic 意乱 distracted 烦乱 upset 纷扰 turbulence 方寸大乱 inch chaos 坐立不安 restless 七上八下 sixes and sevens 心乱如麻 be terribly upset 神魂颠倒 captivated 火烧火燎 抓耳挠腮 scratching（羞愧）ashamed 感到羞耻或惭愧，不好意思

惭愧 ashamed 丢脸 shame 丢人 loos face 丢丑 lose face 害羞 shy 可耻 shameful 亏心

愧疚 guilt 腼腆 shy 难看

ugly 难堪 embarrassed 怕羞 shy 羞耻 shame 羞辱 humiliation 抱愧 feel ashamed 害臊 ashamed 无地自容 shame 羞人 羞涩 shy（懊悔）做错了事或说错了话，心里自恨不该这样

悔悟 regret 忏悔 repent 后悔 repret 悔恨 remorse 失悔 loss of regret 痛悔 contrite 追悔 regret 自怨自艾 self-pity（抱歉）sorry 心中不安，觉得对不住别人

过意不去 sorry 内疚 guilty conscience 负疚 guilty 歉疚 guilty 惊奇 surprise（觉得很奇怪）

吃惊 surprise 好奇 curious 惊讶 surprised 震惊 shock 诧异 surprised 警觉

vigilance（对危险或者情况变化den敏锐的感觉）

警惕

alert

疑惑

doubt（心里不明白，不相信）

怀疑 suspected

可疑 suspicious

疑忌 jealousloss

为难 difficult

困惑 confused

茫然

loss

迷惑

confuse

迷惘 lost

无所适从 loss

彷徨

wandering

同情

sympathy（对于别人的遭遇在感情上发生共鸣）

感动

moving

恻隐之心

compassion

可惜

unfortunately

惋惜

regret

可怜

poor

怜惜

take pity on

怜悯

mercy

哀怜

pity

心疼

destressed

痛惜

deplored

满意

satisfaction（满足自己的愿望，符合自己的心意）

宜人

pleasant

惬意

comfortble

顺心 liking

如愿

to do so

遂愿

liking

遂心

critical care

随心

heart

圆满

complete

敬佩

admire（敬重佩佩服）

心悦诚服

convinced

赞佩

admiration

佩服

admire

赞赏

appreciation

赞美

praise

赞叹

praise

尊重

respect

尊敬

respect

敬重 esteem

敬仰

respect

敬慕

admiration

钦敬

admire

景仰

admired

崇敬

respect

感激

grateful（因对方的好疑惑帮助而对其产生好感）

涕零

feel grateful

谢天谢地 thank goodness 感恩戴德

deeply grateful

没齿难忘

will never forget

思念 miss（想念）

怀念

miss

牵挂

care

挂念

miss

想念

miss

渴慕 longing

怀恋

nostalgia 牵肠挂肚

worrying about

贪恋

hate to leave 魂牵梦萦

dreaming

轻蔑（轻视，不放在眼里）

轻视

contempt

藐视

deny

蔑视

disdain

鄙夷

disdain

鄙视

contempt

侮蔑

contempt

期望 expect（对未来的事物或者人的前途有所希望和等待）

期待

expect

向往

yearn

期求 on demand

望穿秋水

for ages

殷切

strong

失望 disappointment（1.感到没有希望失去信心。2.因为希望为实现而不愉快）

悲观

pessimistic

沮丧

despression

茫然

loss

失落感

sense of loss

无望

hopeless

心寒

chiling

失意

frustration

懊丧

depressed

怅然

sense of loss

惆怅

melancholy

寒心

chilling

落魄

objection

垂头丧气

dejected

空洞 empty

走投无路

desperation 麻木

numb

大失所望greatly disappointe

心灰意冷disheartened

自暴自弃 low self-esteem

孤独 lonely（单身无靠，感到寂寞）

孤单

alone

孤立

isolated

寂寞 lonely

孤寂

lonely

落寞

lonely

其他

乐观

optimistic

气急败坏

utterly discomfited

亲切

cordial

头痛

headache

头疼

headache

无奈

helpless

心虚

different

幸运 lucky

孤寂

lonely

忘乎所以

carried away

销魂

ecstasy

愚蠢

silly

感人肺腑

touching

动人心弦

touching

叠加情绪

烦躁

irritability

苦闷

depressed

苦恼

distressed

纳闷

wonder

怅惘

wistful

愁苦 anxiety

闷倦

nausea tired

恼人

annoying

忧烦

worry 忧闷

depressed

厌弃

rejected

百抓挠心

artide scratching heart

焦躁

impatient

愁眉紧锁

knitted brows furrowed

惊喜pleasantly surprised

受宠若惊

flattered

清爽

fresh 欣幸

fortunate

一悲一喜

a sad one hi

悲喜交集

mixed feelings of grief and joy

羞怯

shy

哀思

grief

哀怨

sad

悲愤

grief and indignation 悲郁

sad depression 仇怨 hatred

愤恨

resentment

愤懑

anger

感愤

a sense of anger

惊疑

alarmed

愧痛

ashamed pain

恼恨

hate

威惧

apprehensive

疑虑

doubt

忧愤 anger

忧惧

fear

怨愤

discontent

爱莫能助

hel

敬畏pless 黯然神伤

feel depressed

缠绵悱恻

full of pathos

捶胸顿足

wringing

敬畏

fear

虔诚

sincere

平静 calm（心情没有不安或者动荡）

安宁

peaceful

安然

safely

安详

serene

安心

relieved

安慰

comfort

淡漠 indifferent

淡然

indifferent

放心

rest assured

冷静

cool

默然

indifferently

漠视

disregard

宁静

tranquil

轻松

easily

踏实

practical

坦然

calm

心安理得

peace of mind

心静

calm

心平气和

calm

镇定

stabilization

镇静 sedation

宽慰

comfort

索然无味

dull

塌心

fallen heart

泰然

calm

闲适

leisure

自在free

不动神色

fixed look

不露声色

quietly

冷若冰霜

frosty

麻木不仁

insensitive

高昂 high（情绪向上高起）

紧张

nervous

鼓舞

inspire

振作

cheer

振奋

inspire

激昂

excited

激动

excitement

昂扬 high-spirited

激越 intense

冲动

impulse

亢奋

excitement

忘情 immersed

朝气蓬勃

vibrant

精力旺盛

energetic

情绪高涨

mood

荡气回肠

soul-stirring

高歌猛进 advance triumphantly

精神焕发 spitits

慷慨激昂

impassioned

低落 low（情绪下降）

消沉

low

心灰意冷

disheartened 心灰意懒

rely under all difficulties

黯淡

dim

颓废

decadent

颓靡

fall

颓丧

dejected

萎靡

deserting our ideas

沉重 heavy（分量大，程度深）

沉甸甸

heavy

其他

筋疲力尽

exhausted

心不在焉

absent-minded

哀而不伤

sad without injury

心甘情愿

willingly

肝脑涂地

take a shot

豪放不羁

uninhibited

桀骜不驯

rebelious

狂奴故态 so mad slave state 豪情壮志

lofiy sentiments and aspirations 眉高眼低

low eye high brow

有恃无恐

emboldened

肆无忌惮

unscrupulous气馁

表示变化的

放松

relax

解气

vent

气馁

be discourage

丧气

disheartened 扫兴

disappointment

扬眉吐气

proud

消气

cool down

泄劲

slack off

泄气

discouraged

厌倦

weary

宽心

heartwidth

如释重负

relieved

释然

relieved

吐气

blow off steam

翻江倒海

badly 不能自已

not their own

不上不下

flattening

煞风景

unpleasant

转悲为喜

turn sorrow to joy

第五篇：IE专业英语翻译英汉对照

as we are now in a global economy with ever-increasing competition,the need for world-class performance cannot be ignored.this need implies,among other things,the continued emergence of world-classquslity,information

systems,ergonomics,and manufacturing systems.it also means that more firms are likely to invest in such ares to reach their strategic objectives.of course,this brings us to a very specific topic,project justification.我们现在在全球经济中日益增加的竞争，需要世界级的性能不能被忽略.这需要意味着，除其他外，继续出现世界一流的质量，信息系统，人机工程学，制造系统.它也意味着更多的企业可能会投资于战神达成战略目标.当然，这给我们带来一个特定的主题，项目的理由。

it may seem trivial to state that an industrial project must be evaluated in order to justify it.however,the kinds of projectsthat are needed today to survive in our competitive environment are quite different from their counterparts 20 or 30 years ago.they differ in terms of their technological content and in terms of their strategic implications for the firm.whereas yesterday we were dealing with single machine replacement problems, we are now confronted with overall systems, programs, and processes.一个工业项目，必须进行评估，以证明它，它可能看起来微不足道的状态。然而，projectsthat的各种需要，今天在我们的竞争环境中生存是相当不同的同行20年或30年前。他们不同，其技术含量方面，他们为公司的战略意义。而昨天，我们单台机器更换问题打交道，我们现在面临着整体的系统，程序和流程。

the consequence of such complexity is that the traditional investment justification process fails to measure the proper value of projects such as computer-integrated manufacturing systems, information systems, and even ergonomics projects.it is well known thatsuch a failure may result in wrong decisions.poor investment justification processes may lead to poor decision making with respect to today's projects: good projects might be rejected,and bad ones might be accepted.this seems to be the fate of several new technologies(including industrial ergonomics)that are not implemented because their prospective return is not satisfactory.among the causes of such poor rating is the inability to properly estimate the benefits and costs of today's proposal.如此复杂的后果是，传统的投资理由进程失败来衡量，如计算机集成制造系统，信息系统，甚至人体工程学项目的项目应有的价值。这是众所周知的，这样的故障可能会导致错误的决策。穷人的投资理由进程可能会导致穷人的决策：今天的项目好的项目可能会被拒绝的决定，并接受坏的可能。这似乎是不落实的几项新技术（包括工业工效）的命运，因为他们的预期收益不理想。在这种恶劣的评级的原因是无法正确估计今天的建议的好处和成本。

as a result, management must resort to the “leap of faith” approach to justify new systems that are intuitively sound from a strategic point of view but that are not convincing economically.from such considerations it may seem that firms don't have any other choices other than to spent their capital, whatever the cost, and go ahead with implementing the resulting changs that come with these projects.such a strategy would be dangerous.因此，管理层必须诉诸“信仰的飞跃”的方式来证明新系统，直观的声音从战略的角度来看，是没有说服力的经济。从这样的考虑，它可能看起来公司做没有任何其他选择来度过他们的资本以外，不惜一切代价，造成张家来，随着这些项目的实施提前。这样的战略将是危险的的。

if it is true that firms that do not invest in strategic projects due to poor investment analyses may be in a serious predicament in the future, it also would be risky for them to systematically go ahead with such projects when their rate of return is not acceptable.it may also be true that under certain conditions strategic projects may not be the right thing to do.after all, investments such as information technology or computer-integrated manufacturing systems are only as good as their contributions to the overall strategy of the firm.如果这是真的，不投资，由于投资分析差的战略性项目的公司可能会在今后一个严重的困境，也将他们系统等项目提前当他们的回报率是不能接受的风险。它也可能是真实的，在一定条件下的战略的项目未必是正确的事情。毕竟，如信息技术或计算机集成制造系统的投资只作为公司的整体战略的贡献。

engineeringeconomics

工程经济学

the role of engineeringeconomics is to correctly assess the appropriateness of a given project, estimate its value, and justify it from an economic standpoint.if projects are not acceptable, then the evaluation process that has been used to reach this conclusion should also explain their poor returns.that same process should also indicate ways to improve the investment proposal to make it more attractive to management.工程经济学的作用，正确评估某一项目是否恰当，估计其价值，并证明它从经济的角度来看。如果项目是不能接受的，那么，评估过程中已得出这一结论也应该解释他们的低回报。相同的过程也应说明改善投资建议，使其更具吸引力，管理的方式。

engineeringeconomy has been part of engineers' training(and of IE curricula, of course)for a long time.historically, it was used for projects that had only operational implications for the firm.however, as noted above, today's projects may have strategic implication as well.as a consequence, engineeringeconomy is likely to be important for both engineers and management.工程经济已工程师培训的一部分（IE的课程，当然），很长一段时间。从历史上看，它是用于项目，只为公司的业务活动的影响。然而，如上所述，以及今天的项目可能具有战略意义。因此，工程经济可能是工程师和管理的重要。

however, engineeringeconomy can not do it alone.it must be part of a precess that includes not only engineers but management accountants;marking, quality, and health and safety specialists;and others within the firm.such a process should foster interdisciplinary thinking, not unlike parallel or concurrent engineering used in product design.然而，工程经济不能做到这一点的孤独。它必须是一个进动的一部分，它不仅包括工程师，但管理会计师;标识，质量，以及健康和安全专家，和其他人在公司内。这样一个过程，促进跨学科的思维，而不是不像在产品设计上采用并行或并行工程。

at this point it is certainly worthwhile to emphasize the role ofIEs in this process.as

industrial engineers are trained in both technology and engineering economy, they are able to bridge the gap between mechanical,electrical, and computer engineering and ergonomics, on the one hand, and management accounting on the other.highly qualified engineers designing equipment for flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)or information systems, while awere of the technology with which they are dealing, are not necessarily trained to translate technological characteristics into economic and strategic terms.在这一点上，它肯定是值得强调的IE的在这个过程中的作用。作为工业的工程师们在技术和工程经济训练，他们能够弥补的机械，电气，和计算机工程和人体工程学之间的差距，一方面，和其他管理会计。高素质的工程师设计的柔性制造系统（FMS）或信息系统的设备，而他们正在处理的技术与阿韦雷，不一定是培训转化成经济和战略方面的技术特点。

at the other end of the spectrum, management accountants may be well aware of the business needs, strategic aims, and their organization's financial position, but cannot understand the capabilities of new technologies.not surprisingly, communication barriers occer.industrial engineering's main contribution to the economy comes into the picture.the background of IEs in engineering economy provides them with cost models that link technology with the economics of accounting(figure 1).在光谱的另一端，管理会计师可能深知企业的需求，战略目标，和他们组织的财务状况，但无法理解新技术的能力。这并不奇怪，沟通障碍occer。工程的主要工业对经济的贡献涉及到的图片。工程经济背景的IE的提供他们与成本模型（图1）会计核算的经济链接技术。

As the industrial environment has changed drastically, engineering economy has evolved accordingly.Indeed, its aim is not only to compute net present values(NPVs)or internal rates of return(IRRs), but also to design cost models and evaluation processes that can be used within decision support systems for a variety of technological projects.随着工业的环境已经大大改变，工程经济发展。事实上，其目的是不仅要计算净现值（净现值）或内部收益率（内部收益率），而且还设计可以用于决策支持系统内的各种科技项目的成本模型和评估过程。

Armed with economic models tailored to specific technologies, industrial engineers are able to measure, for instance, the cost of flexibility and, in turn, help integrate this figure in accounting cost systems and financial justification models.By including engineering economy in the justification process, firms are therefore better equipped for solving complex justification problems that involve technical and financial specialists working together in an interdisciplinary group.有了针对特定技术的经济模式，工业工程师能够测量，例如，成本和灵活性，反过来，帮助整合这种成本会计制度和财务理由模型图。包括工程经济调整过程中，因此企业更好地解决复杂的问题，涉及的理由的金融和技术专家一起工作，在一个多学科小组。

Such a successful group is likely to shed light on such questions as: What is the rate of return of ergonomics? What is the payback of a six-sigma program? What are the benefits of this new information technology? What is the value of flexibility associated with this FMS? It is unreasonable to think that one person would be able to answer such difficult questions satisfactorily.The need for a project evaluation group thus seems more appropriate in the face of the competitive environment within which firms must compete, on the one hand, and the complexity of the projects involved, on the other.这样一个成功的团队很可能作为阐明这些问题：什么是人体工程学的回报率？一个六西格玛项目的回报是什么呢？这种新的信息技术有什么好处？什么是FMS与此相关联的灵活性的价值？这是不合理的，认为一个人会能够圆满回答这些困难的问题。项目评估组的需要，从而在面对内，企业必须竞争，一方面，涉及的项目，另一方面，复杂的竞争环境似乎更为合适。

Such a concept is certainly compatible with open accounting, which is implemented by firms and aimed at sharing financial information inside the organization.There is another practical advantage of starting a group that has diversity: the persons involved agree to have a unified vision of costs and benefits related to a new technology(if they want to work effectively).Lack of agreement on the nature of costs and benefits may lead to controversies over the project and failure of the justification effort.这种观念当然是兼容开放会计，这是由企业和实施旨在分享组织内部的财务信息。还有另一种开始一组具有多样性的实际优势：有关人士同意有一个涉及到一个新的技术（如果他们想有效地开展工作）的成本和利益的一致看法。缺乏对成本和收益的性质的协议，可能会导致对项目和失败的理由努力的争议。

A project evaluation group, like any group or task force in the firm, should follow a process.In a way, economic justification itself is a process.This may not be obvious, but to evaluate a project, especially one of those proposed today, a great deal of analysis must be done.The justification process can be defined in terms of steps as illustrated in Figure 2.项目评估组，如任何团体或公司专案组，应遵循一个过程。在某种程度上，经济上的理由本

身是一个过程。这可能不是很明显，但评估一个项目，尤其是那些今天提出的，必须做大量的分析。可以定义的理由，在步骤上，如图2所示。

Figure 2（图2）

Steps in the evaluation process

An important advantage of such a process is that the overall evaluation problem is divided into smaller subproblems that can be tackled more easily.Moreover, this process is able to give a sense of direction to engineering economy analysts and to nonspecialists who are confronted with justifying their proposals and have nowhere to start.Such a process is needed for the kinds of projects that are found in today's proposals(e.g.new manufacturing technologies, new computer/information systems, total quality programs, and ergonomics projects).理想的情况下，图2中的所有步骤应执行;但是，根据具体情况，其中一些步骤可能需要更多或更少的努力。但隐或任何理由的程序明确的是，成本和收益的性质确定的事实。然后，他们的行为是在这种或那种方式（工程经济学家，成本估计，和传统的管理会计师都使用一些成本模型）为蓝本。之后，被分配到特定的成本对象，如生产/组装线，部门，工作站或产品成本。然后，由项目产生的未来收益的估计。该项目的评估是在短期和长远的角度而言，随着风险分析（应该做的，如果可能的话）。

lly, all of the steps in Figure 2 should be performed;however, depending on the specific situation, some of these steps may require more or less effort.But implicit or explicit in any justification procedure is the fact that the nature of costs and benefits be identified.Then their behavior is modeled in one way or another(engineering economists, cost estimators, and traditional and management accountants all use some cost models).Afterward, costs are allocated to specific cost objects such as a production/assembly line, department, workstation, or product.Then, an estimate of future benefits resulting from the project is performed.The evaluation of the project is done in terms of both short-and long-term standpoints along with a risk analysis(which should be done, if possible).在评估过程中的步骤

这样一个过程的一个重要的优势是整体评价的问题是划分成更小的子可以更容易地处理。此外，这个过程是能够提供一种方向感，工程经济分析和证明他们的建议，面对非专业和无处开始。这样一个过程是，在今天的建议（如新的制造技术，新的计算机/信息系统，全面质量计划，和人体工程学项目）的项目的各种需要。