第一篇:医学考博-英语阅读技巧(新东方笔记总结)
总体要求:
1)speed:60/min
2)理解具体信息(mainidea,best title)
3)理解文中概念性涵义(concept)
4)相关推理判断和引申(infer)注意:没有一个选项是因为它太接近原文而被淘汰,原意重现本身就是推理
5)根据上下文推测生词的涵义
6)理解文章总体结构
7)理解作者的意图,观点和态度
8)区分论点和论据(例证题)临床实验室
阅读的步骤: 分三步走 临床实验室
1)通读全文,抓住中心:首段原则(第一段非常总重要)首末句原则 clin-lab.com
a.文章论述的主要内容是什么?
b.作者的态度有没有?
c.有没有一些核心的概念?
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2)仔细审题,返回原文(搜索题干中的时间地点人物概念,然后去原文中对照找出相应的地方)
clin-lab.com
3)重复选项,得出答案(选一个选项要有选它的理由,不选一个选项要有不选它的理由)clin-lab.com
几种题目的对策:
1)细节事实题:标志:fact(from the fact we could learn)(we learn from the fact that)从两个方面返回原文:a.题干的时间地点人物概念;b.四个选项的共同点。在细节实事题中常见的迷惑手段:单词替换;常识判断;颠倒因果;偷换概念;扩大范围
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2)例证题:标志:example,illastration,case/examplify,illastrate,demostrate 返回原文找出该例证(定位)90%向上,10% 向下搜索例证支持的观点在四个选项中找出与所找到的观点最一致的一个作为正确答案。
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3)词汇题:标志:在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组要求急于解释判断该词是否超纲若未超出大纲则其常见意思必然不是正确答案,其正确答案是根据上下文推测处的一个深刻涵义或生僻涵义若为超纲词或为大多数人不认识的单词,则其字面意思或常见意思就是正确答案。怎样推测不认识的单词:以该词为中心,向上向下搜索同词性的单词,并将其代入替换看意思是否通顺。临床实验室
4)句子理解题:标志:在题干中明确提出原文中某处的一个句子要求进行理解。返回原文找出该句,并对其意思进行精确理解,必要时进行语法分析。正确答案是与原句意思最接近最一致的一个选项。其中不涉及任何推理过程。尽管英语阅读有“精读”和“泛读”之分,然而,无论哪一种阅读,只有采取了正确的阅读策略,才能达到你的阅读目的。
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一般来说,阅读目的不外乎分为这么几种:要么是为了了解文章的大意,或者掌握具体细节,要么是寻找某些问题的答案,或者是为了学习语言。针对不同的阅读目的,你必须采取相应的阅读策略,只有这样才能真正做到有效的阅读。临床实验室
如果你是为了了解文章的大意,建议你不妨首先研究一下文章标题,看看是否可以从中找到有用的信息;如果文章中还含有小标题的话,可以把它们结合起来加以综合考虑。接着,你可以采用类似浏览的略读策略(skim),从主要部分(如文章的首段和尾段,及每一段的首句和末句等)寻找关键内容,从而快速准确地把握文章大意。
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为了及时把握文章细节,你可以运用寻读策略(scan)。所谓“寻读”,就是要求你在阅读的时候,不过分强调对文章内容的整体理解。只要按照文章顺序,跳跃式地寻找有关的具体内容加以阅读理解即可。换句话说,就是只阅读你认为重要的细节部分,其他可以略过不读。
clin-lab.com
如果是为了寻找某些问题的答案,可以运用主题句(topic sentence)定位策略。按照英语的习惯,通常一段话的首句即为这一段的主题句(当然,有时候主题句也可能是该段落的末句)。针对问题,找到相关的主题句,再对这一段加以仔细阅读、理解,以求找到问题的答案。
clin-lab.com
如果想要借助阅读来学习语言,由于这类阅读的目的超越了阅读的本质,一般可以运用“精读” 学习时采用的单词和语法学习策略,留到以后再具体说明。临床实验室
由此可见,正确的策略对于英语阅读的重要性。从现在起,你可以根据不同的阅读目的,多做些相关训练,来培养自己采取正确阅读策略的能力。
文章来自临床实验室仪器信息网(www.xiexiebang.com)-详文链接:
第二篇:2013医学考博英语复习方法与技巧——学苑教育
2013医学考博英语复习方法与技巧——学苑教育
考题简介:
协和用的是全国医学博士英语统考题,题型有听力(听完后做选择题),单选,完型填空(选择型),阅读理解(选择型,6篇文章),作文(给约1000字中文写英语摘要);北医2007年使用北大考博英语试卷(以往由北医自行命题,2007年以后估计均与北大使用同一份考博英语题),题型有听力(听完后做选择题 + 单词填空),单选,3篇阅读理解+ 1篇英译英(一篇英语文章,从中划出5句话用英语解释),完型填空(无备选答案,自己填空),短文改错(10个错),作文(字数要求250-300字)。
请注意:北京大学每年英语考博听力题型并非完全一致。
学员感受:
无论从题型还是难度系数,北医(即北大)考博英语题比较难,主观题(自己填答案)和客观题(选择题)各占50%;而统考试题相对简单些除了作文以外,均为选择题。
学员经验:
由于在2006年11月底就知道北医与北大英语考题一致,所以从2010年12月正式开始复习时就非常重视英语,每天都会复习一些词汇(包括六级、考研和华慧教育教务中心主编的《北京大学考博英语一本通》全套系列资料,从2011年1月开始做真题中的专项练习,直到2月底才开始做真题套题,一共做了5套真题,每次时间都非常紧张,能够勉强做完全部题目分数在50-65分之间(分数不高,但是了解以往分数线后觉得只要正常发挥,过线应该没问题),正式考试得了60多分。
对于统考考博英语试题,自己甚至连题型都没有关注过,毕竟时间有限,只是在考前3、4天匆匆扫过一眼,知道了个大概试卷结构和试题分量,考了68分,也算是将就了。
值得注意的是,北医和统考英语听力速度不是很快,但是,由于在大教室中用录音机播放,所以与平时耳机甚至是“外放”的听音效果根本无法比较,所有考生均反映听力得分较低。
由于大二过了4,6级,大五考硕之后,主要学习的是专业英语,基础英语的许多知识都忘了,所以,整个英语复习占用了考博复习时间的一半(约每天2.5小时,共3个月,其间包括过年和琐碎的事情的耽误),并且经常翻牛津高阶和张道真语法。
总之,无论从语法还是词汇,北大考的非常全面、细致,考的全是容易混淆的考点,所以,按照北京大学考博英语复习就足够应付医学统考英语了。
第三篇:医学英语考博作文词汇归纳
★医学英语考博作文词汇归纳★
(一)医疗、医院、医生、医生
① doctor medical worker
② physician 内科医生
③ surgeon 外科医生
④ doctor in charge 主治医生
⑤ intern 实习医生
⑥ resident doctor 住院医生、医院
① hospital The specialized hospital 专科医院
The general hospital 普通医院
The community hospital 社区医院
The public hospital 公立医院
The private hospital 私立医院
② clinc 门诊
Conventional clinic treatment普通门诊
③ ward 病房
④ medical team 医疗队医疗手段
① drug therapy 药物治疗
② medical treatment 医疗
③ medical instruments 医疗器械
④ diagnose(v)诊断(n)diagnosis
⑤ prevent(v)预防
⑥ sterilize(v)消毒 |
⑦ administrate a drug 给药
⑧ prevent and treat disease(v)预防和治疗疾病
⑨ TCM 中医
⑩ chemotherapy 化疗
(11)medical service 医疗服务
(12)complain of(v)主述
(13)health checkup 健康普查
(14)diagnosing and treating 诊断和治疗
(15)consult the doctor(v)咨询;4、医疗体制
(1)healthcare system 医疗体制
(2)medical disputes 医疗纠纷
(3)medical accident 医疗事故
(4)the relationship between doctors and patients 医患关系
(5)medical insurance system 医疗保险体系
(6)medical aid fund 医疗救助基金、医德
(1)medical ethics 医德
(2)patient-oriented 以病人为核心
(3)humanistic 人道主义的(4)compassionate 富于同情性的(5)considerate 体贴周到的(6)resolute 果断的
(7)service quality 服务质量
(8)to give top priority to the lives and health of people 6、病人
(1)patient(2)the sick(3)the invalid(4)sufferer
医学考博英语写作必记词汇分类
(二)必知疾病名称、患病的表达方式
⑪ suffer from(v)(2)contract(v)
(3)people with some disease 患病人群
(4)the people susceptible to some disease 易感某种疾病的人、必知疾病名称
heart disease 心脏病
hypertension 高血压
kidney problem 肾病
stroke 休克
the blood pressure 血压
diabetes 糖尿病
obesity 肥胖
terminal illness 绝症
incurable illness 不治之症
cancer 癌症
tumor 肿瘤
cancer of early stage 癌症晚期
emergency case 急症
servious illness 重症
the difficult and complicated cases 疑难病
short breath 短气
syndrome 综合症
complications 并发症
process 病程
bone loss 骨质疏松
short-sighted(adj)近视、其他相关词汇
outbreak and spending break out(v)疾病的爆发
spread(v)疾病的扩散
the incidence of common diseases 常见病发生率
taboo 禁忌
speed up blood circulation(v)improve the cardiac functions(v)side effects 副反应
complain of 主述、传染病专题
(1)感染源
virus 病毒 bacteria 细菌 pest 害虫 channel and media 传染途径及媒介(2)传染疾病
some disease epidemic 传染性疾病 plague 鼠疫
influenza(简)flu 流感
infection contagion 传染病
infectious diseases 传染病
AIDS 艾滋病
SARS(3)传染
epidemic(a)流行的,传染的block the chanel(v)disseminate 传播
cross infection 交叉感染、疾病名称
illness sickness disease ailment suffering 6、疾病的转归(1)疾病的恢复
recover recovery recuperate resume recruit reinstate(2)疾病的恶化
deteriorate aggravate exasperate make worse worsen
医学考博英语写作必记词汇分类
(三)药物、药物名称
medicine drug remedy medicinal herbs power tablet pill 2、相关词汇
drug therapy 药物治疗
side effects 副反应
drug abuse 药物滥用
drugstore 药房
over the counter 非处方药
drug allergy 药物过敏
drug poisoning 药物中毒 prescription 处方
expenses for medicine 药费
charges for medicine drug rebate 药品回扣、药物用法
开药 : prescribe some medicine for some diseases write out a proscription
服药
take a medicine
治„的疾病
a remedy for some diseases
医学考博英语写作必记词汇分类(四)
心理疾病
1、心理学专业词汇
subhealth 亚健康
psychological benefits 心理健康
psychological problem 心理问题
psychological consultation 心理咨询
psychological obstacles 心理障碍
mental obstacles 心理障碍
psychological massage 心理按摩
psychology 心理学/ 心理
psychotherapy 心理治疗
psychological expert 心理专家、相关词汇
questionnaire 3、情绪词汇
overcome disappoint disappointed shy , flush frustration failure willpower optimism optimistical be sensitive to nervous tensional sad agony pessimism pessimistic confident confidence stress pressure depress depressed depression depressive 4、疲劳相关词汇
fatigue tire(v)weariness(n)tired(a)exhausted(a)fatigued(a)weary
医学考博英语写作必记词汇分类(五)
肥胖与营养
1、营养物质
nutrient 营养素
protein 蛋白质
fat 脂肪
glucose 葡萄糖
vitamin 维生素
sugar 糖类
heat calories quantity of heat 热量
carbohydrate 碳水化合物
soft drink beverage 软饮料 cholesterol胆固醇、营养与饮食
a well-balanced diet nutrition 营养
nutritional 营养的nutritious 有营养的nutritionist 营养学家
malnutrition 营养失调
metabolism 物质代谢
fat free food the prepared food 熟食
grain 谷物
food shortages 食品短缺
lack of food breakfast lunch supper 一日三餐
imbalance(n)unbalance(a)失衡、营养失衡相关疾病
stroke;obesity hypertension diabetes!4、治疗措施
diet drug 减肥药
lose weight 减肥
医学考博英语写作必记词汇分类(六)
生活习惯、健康及运动、生活习惯
life-style 生活习惯
a disorder of body and mind a physical and mental disorder crazy tempo of life 快节奏的生活
high tempo of life be accustomed to sth the exercise habit 2、运动与休息
ample sleep 充足的睡眠
relax oneself take sports physical exercises sport activities do sports sports ground(简)gym 体育场馆
entertainment be more/less physically fit sustain the exercise habit constitution 体质
hormone 激素
subhealth亚健康
cooperative medical caresystem合作医疗体系
resist mutation防癌
immunomodulator免疫调节剂
enthusiasm热情
医学考博英语写作必记词汇分类(七)医学研究领域相关词汇
1.下降、减少 reduction,decrease,decline,diminution, drop,descend,go / come down,fall;上升、增加rise;go up;ascend;increase;2.禽流感 H1N1 flu bird flu/avian flu;食品安全 food safety;3.公共卫生突发事件public health emergencies;应急反应 immediate response to;4.关注民生 concern(focus on, pay attention to)people’s livelihood/well-being;5.城乡卫生体系
urban-rural medical and health system 6.预防保健Disease Prevention and Health care,服务体系service system; 7.讲究卫生pay attention to hygiene;个人和环境卫生personal and environmental hygiene 8.lite清淡的;protein-complemented diet蛋白添加饮食; 9.preventive initiatives=preventive measures预防的措施 10.人畜共患病zoonosis=anthropozoonosis.人兽共患病,11.虫媒insect pollination;虫媒传染病insect-borne /arthropod-borne infectious disease:
12.肾病综合征:nephrotic/renal syndrome; 13.epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热;
14.爆发流行:break out, explode;an epidemic outbreak of,explosion 15.传染:infect/infection/infectious,communicate/communicable, contagion/ contagious, transmission/transmittable;
communicable可传达的, 会传染的, 爱说话的[医] 有传染性的;
communicative a.健谈的, 爱说话的, 交际的
16.传播途径route of transmission, bird flu transmits by air/wind;person to person transmission 17.传播,散布:diffuse,prevalence,spread,transmit,disseminate,propagate/ propagation 18.污染pollution/ pollute,contamination/contaminate 19.福祉 well-being, happiness;
20.衰老grow old;aging;consenescence;senility;senile 21.from bad to worse每况愈下;akin to=similar to 相似的;Purulent脓的,化脓的 22.脂肪肝fatty liver;血压 hypertension 23.肠癌Cancer of Rectum and Colon;亚健康 sub-health 24.过劳死 karoshi;death from overwork 25.长期以来 for a long time;over the years 26.养生preserve one's health;nourishing of life;keep in good health 27.分类 be divided into=fall into three categories=be grouped according to their origin, into three classes.=be categorized according to/be roughly classified into three kinds.28.基本职责=basic/ fundamental/essential/elementary duties/responsibilities/obligations;
基本原则fundamental principle/ rule,basic rule or principle;29.morals,morality,ethics均含“道德”之意。morals多用于实践方面,指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准,尤指男女之间关系的道德。morality指符合道德标准的行为,或用道德标准衡量某事,既指社会的又指个人的道德。ethics多用于伦理方面,指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为,常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
30.民众the(general)public,the masses of the people,the common people;合作者co-worker;collaborator;copartner;coagent;31.死亡人数death toll,deaths,the number of people killed in/dying from
The death toll is expected to rise.The death toll continues to rise.There have been more deaths from drowning.How much is the death toll? 死亡人数是多少? 32.归结为 boil down to;come down to;
归因为/归功于 be attributable to、be attributed to、ascribe or attribute„ to、owe„to;
归咎于lay or put the blame on sb、blame„on、ascribe or attribute„ to、impute„ to。
33.大规模on a large scale,extensive,large-scale,massive;大规模流行 large-scale transmission,become a pandemic,massive attack/outbreak 34.表面上on the surface, apparently, ostensibly, superficial, seemingly;因果关系 cause-and-effect relationship, causal relationship/relations;
孤立现象an isolated phenomenon;
复杂的complicated,complex,sophisticated,intricate;
极端复杂性extreme/ exceeding complexity/complicacy。35.低保basic living allowances/subsistence allowances;
养老保险 endowment insurance;
退休养老金retirement pension; Health Care Reform医疗改革
36.激烈运动strenuous exercise;vigorous activity;
37.月经期menstrual period 38.生活的节奏the tempo/the pace of life;a life of quick /fast pace 39.婴幼儿保健the infant health care 40.安乐死euthanasia;
41.得绝症的terminally ill;
42.临终关怀=Hospice Care=end-of-life care
濒临死亡的病人:dying patients,terminally ill patients,incurable patient 43.Secondhand Smoking,also called “involuntary smoking” or “passive smoking”.
第四篇:考博英语 翻译 笔记 必看
倒装和分割结构
为了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1.For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析:本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为: if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文体中,可以将虚拟条件句中的 if 省略,并将助动词提前。
译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。
2.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析:该句中 so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用 so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用 —— 而且随着昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。
3.Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析:该句的 Much as I have traveled 是一个由 as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于 though I have traveled much,但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。
译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业。
4.Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.分析:相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是,如果 only 修饰的不是状语,则不用倒装。译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。
5.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.分析:当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。
译文: 1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。
6.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析: hardly„when 的结构表示 “ 刚 „ 就 „”。含有这种结构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒装的语序。此外,hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时,而 when(或 before)分句中使用过去时。还有,与 hardly„when„ 结构类似的用法还有 barely(scarcely)„when„
译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。
7.To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析: such„that 结构可将 such 或含有 such 的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。
与此用法类似的还有 so„that 结构。
译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。
8.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。正常语序应为: It is certain that„。
译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9.We rally should not resent being called paupers.Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析:这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接,从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。
译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10.Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析:正常语序应为: The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里 bear=carry。
译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻;或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。
1.Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析:本句的主干结构是: Most novelists and historians„fell under Turner’s spell.Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell :被迷住,着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语,起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句 when they considered women at all 是定语从句 who considered women in the West 中的状语成分。
译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。
2.Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析: the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句 that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。译文:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕 " 林肯就是极好的例子。
3.In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.分析:本句的主干结构是: „there were negotiations and„threats of failure。“overcome by„” 是过去分词短语,修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。
译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心 —— 确实有人称之为前所未有的决心 —— 而渡过难关,取得了胜利。
4.The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.分析: in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定语从句 which„ 之间,起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 为 investigations 的后置定语,起到分割作用。
译文:由于剩余价值的发现,使问题明朗化了。而先前,无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5.A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.分析: lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人 1982 年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把 “better” 译为副词 “ 更好地 ”。
译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。
6.It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析: insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语 as a first consideration 分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在 1933 年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。
译文:我们首先应考虑的是,坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系 —— 即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。
7.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析:连词 as 引导的比较状语从句中,it 代替 for two old people to be。to be 后省略了 fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。
译文:象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。
8.As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列结构,作 two other reasons 的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。
译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。
9.Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
第五篇:新东方笔记2009笔记大总结
阅读
一、主旨大意题
1.问法:
a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型 2.命题规律:a.首段 b.尾段
c.中间段
3.方法:首末句原则法(首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句)4.技巧:①结构 a.2~4→尽可能用完 b.≥5→用过1/2部分
②首段首句问句
③首段尾段独句段:主旨题即为此句
④首段举例/谚语:一定在首段两句
5.选项分析:正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑
错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立 6.词汇:同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇
二、例证题
1.问法:example;case;cite;mention;illustrate;prove/show 2.解题方法:跳开本句,左(90%)顾右(10%)盼
3.技巧:①准确定位 ②例子不看 ③90%→一句 10%→一句二句
三、指代题
1.问法:―代‖→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语
↘which 一定向左,可以指代单词,也可以指代句子 2.方法:代入→语法功能→向左or向右
四、长难句分析
1.定义:30words左右,多个分词,多个从句 2.分析:前→后 寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词
转折让步看一半,并列不用全看完,插入成分可跳过,定状细节尽量删
五、文章来源题 1.方法:中心思想法
2.来源:①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography
⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture
六、细节题 ㈠事实细节题
1.问法:4W/H 实义 题干+正确选项=原文一二句 2.方法:寻读①key words(a.实词 b.一次)②research(a.顺序 b.关键词第一次出现的地方)③position(a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位)④choice(同义转换/词性转换/上下文)
3.命题规律:①转折词(but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically)附近②专有名词(人名地名年代)③特殊标点符号④段落首末句 4.技巧:①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义 ⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆,不要指着读
5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变
错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调 6.复习:①思路scan ②在找到的位置达到择读 ㈡是非判断题
1.问法: which; true; correct; mention; except 2.命题规则:①中心思想法(3错1对)②并列列举(3对1错)3.方法:① 3错1对 中心思想法 ②3对1错 选项反定位法 4.解题技巧:①判断是3对1错还是3错1对 ②看题目是否有指定段落 ③看是否有关键词
七、论点论据题
1.题型:①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题
2.文章结构:①花开两朵型(总分)②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型(倒序,结果常在开头)④问题解决型(常以问题开头)⑤层层递进(具体→概括 中心常在最后一段)
八、观点态度题
情感词:褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary
贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted
中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral 干扰词: indifferent, biased, contemptuous ①
口诀法:有客观选客观,没客观选乐观,没乐观选谨慎,没谨慎选惊讶 ②
中心思想法:寻找情感 技巧:①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度 ②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关 ③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端 ⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确 ⑥I hold,personally---表作者
九、语义理解题
1.命题规律:①一词多义②特殊词(符号/缩略词/拼缀词)③超纲词汇
2.方法:看选项词性(浏览选项)→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃(跳开本句,左顾右盼)3.选项分析:正确答案常为引申含义,错误选项常为表面含义
十、判断推论题(整体推论&局部推论)
1.问法:infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know 2.方法:5→尾段末两句
1→首段首末句
2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落
↘中心思想
↘中心思想 ↘中心思想 Ⅰ 题顺序
无顺序:主旨大意 作者态度 是非判断 顺序: 事实细节 语义理解 判断推论 Ⅱ 试卷做题顺序
a.阅读A(80~100min)→作文(60min)→新阅读(20)→翻译(15)→完型(5)b.作文(60min)→阅读A(80~100min)→新阅读(20)→翻译(15)→完型(5)Ⅲ 点面结合法(全读)①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心
步骤:1.1min通读5个题干(语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项)2.通读全文(7~8min)标记题干,上下段首末句
3.回读标记,选择答案(7~8min)
四原则:a.时间对等 读全文=做题 b.首段原则(关注首段,尤其是转折词之后)c.首末句原则 d.路标原则(离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号)Ⅳ解的结构
⑴中心思想是解 ⑵some是解(sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where)⑶趋势是解(trend to, tendency)⑷变化是解(convert, shift, alter, change)⑸重要是解(essential, significant, vital, improtant)⑹具体不是解,概括才是解
⑺简单不是解,复杂才是解 ⑻绝对不是解,相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解 ⑽出乎意料是解 ⑾内容积极向上是解 ⑿常识是解 ⒀本质是解(natural,origin)⒁50%求解(选项相反、相近)⒂特征是解(chatacter)
08年 主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10 翻译
redguard.**
1.信(忠实原文)达(语言通达)雅(习惯修辞)技巧:不翻被动,换主语 ①硬翻 ②主宾颠倒 ③―是‖―有‖→实义 ④添主语 2.考研翻译―八荣八耻‖
以勇于亮剑为荣,以跳过不做为耻;
以直接翻译为荣,以通读全文为耻; 以忠实原文的直译为荣,以天马行空的意译为耻;以宏观把握为荣,以斤斤计较为耻; 以紧扣真题反复训练为荣,以盲目模拟为耻; 以给出一个译文为荣,以给出多个译文为耻; 以做到信达雅为荣,以通篇翻译为耻;
以写对中文汉字为荣,以写错中文汉字为耻。3.做轻重:重---谓语核心 轻---从、分、小
动性词←动词不定式,分词,介词,动名词 承载一个意群(动态意群拆分法)
4.步骤:①找出动性词 ②圈定动性词所辐射的意群范围(引导词、关系词、标点符号)③逐个翻译意群(切块翻译意群)④按中文表达习惯调整语序(调语序做勾联)词法翻译①语境②汉语习惯③词根词缀
1.词义选择---词无本义,意由境生(根据上下文or汉语表达习惯选择词义)2.中英思维区别:英式思维(直线性、重举例、重数据、自爱)
中式思维(迂回性、重说理、轻量化、博爱)3.词义引申:①抽象化引申 ②具体化引申 ③词性转化 4.定语从句:which, that, who要么做主语,要么是宾语
如果定语从句内容简单,信息负载量不大,可以提到中心词前翻译,引导词不需翻;
如果句子内容复杂,信息负载量大,要翻到先行词之后,独立成句,重复先行词。5.状语从句:when, while, that, for, although
从句引导词及从句本身一般都按字面翻译,整个从句翻译后与原文没多大区别。6.同位语从句:同位语从句中 that不充当句子成分
简单的同位语从句往往译成定语,放在名词前; 而复杂同位语从句往往独立成句,that→―:‖
一、并列结构:两个或两个以上的并列成分,有明显的连词或标点连接,翻译时常常需要重复并列成分.最常见的连词是:and, or, but, whether…or…, neither…or…, not only…but also
二、否定结构:
1.部分否定:指代词或副词,如all, both, every, everybody, every one, many,everything等与否定词not搭配使用,常翻译为―并非所有‖,all… not…―不全是‖;both…not…―并非两个都‖;not always―不一定‖,not ofen―不经常‖;not necessary―未必‖ e.g.The situation is not necessary.情况并非如此。
2.全部否定:never, no, not, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, not at all e.g.He is no professor.他根本不是教授。3.否定转移:
1)
否定的主语转为否定谓语
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.能量不能创造,也不能消失。
2)
主语的否定转为从句的否定
She did not come because she wanted to see him.她来了不是因为她想见他。3)
否定主句的谓语转为否定宾语从句的谓语 I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.三、比较结构的翻译 1.AS系列 1)As…as句型:同级比较,表示两者比较程度一样
She is as much interested in music as ever.2)Not so…as句型:跟as…as…相反的结构
3)Not so much…as…句型:与其说,不如说 = not only…but also… He was not so much angry as disappointed.4)Not so much as…句型:甚至没有,甚至不
He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.他甚至都没有让我坐下。2.Than系列
1)
比较级+than to 不至于做
You have more sense than to dump him.你不会把他甩掉吧。2)
More than
More A than B :与其说,不如说
He is more good than bad.More than:
比…多 He more than smiled and laughed.她不仅笑,而且大笑。
She is more than kind to us.她对我们非常友好。
No more than: 既不…也不… He is no more/less a writer than a painter.他既不是画家,也不是作家。/他既是作家也是画家。
四、强调结构的翻译
1.倒装:还原倒装部分后直接翻译
1)
表语前置引起倒装:smart as you are 2)
否定词前置引起倒装:never will they give up the struggle for freedom.2.加助动词do: 加上―的确,务必,千万等词‖ We do have sufficient food and drink.3.it is … that 在被强调部分加上―就是,正是‖等词 it was professor wu that
五、插入结构的翻译:一般直接翻译,但如果修饰整个句子,提到句子前面翻译 1.adv.插入语: incidentally, fortunately, apparently 2.adj.短语作插入语: more important of all, worse still(更为糟糕的是),strange enough(令人足够奇怪的是)3.介词短语作插入语: all in all, in fact 4.不定式做插入语: to tell you the truth(老实对你说),to be exact(确切的说),sa to say(所以说),to be frank(坦率的说),to say the least of it(至少可以这样说)5.分词短语作插入语:considering, all things considered(从整体上考虑),allowing for(考虑到),judging from(从…来判断),putting it another way(换句话说),talking of(提到),taking all things into consideration(全面看来)6.主谓结构
The man, I think, doesn’t deserve your love.常见表达:I think, I believe, I guess据我推测, I’m afraid, It seems, It is said, It is suggested有人建议。
What we call做插入语
What we call, what we used to call, what is called, what the describe as, what can be called, what they regards.新题型
③
排顺序 ②七选五 ③找匹配 七选五: 做题步骤:①先看文章首段,通过阅读文章首段,把握文章主题 ②先阅读后面7个选项,以目标为导向 ③阅读全文并解题
④检验所恢复的文章是否有连贯性和一致性
三大法宝:①由点入面 如果两个可以衔接在的具有关联性和相适性的信息板块,其内容也同样具有千丝万缕的关联性和相近性,存在着许多彼此信息匹配的信息点,通过信息匹配点,判断整个信息板块间的关系
②以点串面 从庞大的信息板块内部确定能形成匹配的信息点通过分析找到的信息点推测两个板块之间是否具有相近性和关联性
③点面结合 上下通读确认是否有连贯性和一致性
1.上下文逻辑关系定位法 在七选五题目中,不论填空出现在段首或段尾,均可以分析和定位该填空上下文的逻辑关系,一旦定位出某种逻辑关系就意味着起着联系上下文作用的该填空必须填入表达这种逻辑关系的信息,这样才能将上下文联系起来。2.复现结构定位
相同词or 不同词 3.无关词排除法
通过在7个待选选项中定位出一些关键词,如果发现这些关键词和原文的主题信息明显无关,那么包含这些关键词的选项很可能和全文主题无关,这说明这些选项失去填回原文的资格(排除错误选项)
4.举例定位法: of these, of those, of them, among…, namely…
观点→例子
例子设置于原文中→上位概念选项 5.总分结构定值
6.时间地点数字的衔接关系定位法 7.指代关系定位法
动词切入点:1)看主语,注意主谓搭配
2)看宾语,看动宾搭配。看宾语是抽象n还是具体n.只能人做主语:believe, regard, think, be impressed by, intend, require, doubt 只能人做宾语:impress, assure of sth 只能物做宾语:ensure 要接具体n.: fasten(the belt), lable the bottle, feed the soil 要接抽象n.: enhance
3)及物和不及物
不及物v.:dispose off, cope with, approve of, speculate on/in, contribute to
4)根据动词后的介词及介词宾语
5)根据句中其他对动词构成限制性成分
名词切入点:①作主语时,谓语和表语线索
②作宾语时,谓语v是线索 ③根据名词前后的介词进行判断
④根据已有名词判断所选n:褒贬意义一致,正式语体一致 ⑤当n后出现从句或前出现adj该修饰成分为线索
形容词切入点:①adj做表语及系表结构时,要看主语和表语搭配的合适性,不是所有的adj都能修饰人or物 ②adv修饰的n,已经受到其修饰成分(另一个adj或从句)修饰要选择的adj要根据该修饰成分修饰 ③由adv修饰时,adv就是线索 ④adj直接修饰n,要注意他们的合适性。
表因果的词:because, for, since, ever since, as, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, accordingly, as a result, due to, because of, thanks to, in that, in response to
表转折的词:but, however, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of,表让步的词:although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 表并列的词:and, and also, or, neither…nor…, either…or…, in the same way, likewise, that is to say, similarly, equally, as well as 表递进的词:also, then, besides, in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, what’s more
完形填空
一、完型填空的误区:
1、很多同学认为完型填空就是语法词汇题
现在考试当中如果还考语法,就考定语从句或同位语从句。语法就准备从句:定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句。语法的变化较慢,词汇的发展较快。完型填空选择的是最佳答案,不是最正确答案。对词汇的把握不能只认识意思,不能只知其一不知其二,不能一叶障目不见森林,不能只知表面意思不知深刻意思。
2、很多同学认为完型填空需要背诵大纲中的5500个单词
背单词的理念:通过真题记单词。背诵真题,把握真题的理念:以真题为圆心,以努力为半径画完美的考研备考的圆。对真题把握的三个标准:1)翻开近十年真题,没有一个单词是生词2)翻开近十年真题,没有一个句子是长难句[好的准备长难句的方法:把真题中所有长难句归类。推荐书籍:《考研英语长难句与词汇突破》李玉技 编著]3)翻开近十年真题,要知道所有选项对错的原因
3、处理好模拟试题与真题的关系,真题是根本,真题是核心
学习过程中应该先做真题,后做模拟试题[建议:做阅读理解方面的模拟试题,做完型填空的模拟题意义不是特别大]
二、完型填空的备考思路
1、背诵近十年真题,要求大家背诵一篇240-280字的文章
2、背诵近十年真题中的所有选项,选项基本上体现了完型填空考查的范围 每个单词一定要知道对错的原因,知道每个单词的准确用法
3、把握解题技巧与方法,没有解题技巧指导的考研完型是比较失败的考研完型
4、背大批量的词组(搜索李玉技高频词组734)
5、适当的做一些模拟试题
三、解题技巧与方法
1、卷子发下来后,利用红花绿叶原则做题。红花词:某个单词在历年真题中每次出现都选 绿叶词:屡出现屡不选,屡不选屡出现 红花词:however yet although because 绿叶词:since ever since now that what if only, in case/lest, or else about, as to, with regard to, in/with reference to What有三大特点:1)what从句只能做主、宾、表从句2)what不能放在名词后3)what后面的从句不完整
涉及虚拟语气的词不选if only +过去式 [only if如果] 注意两个问题:1)红花绿叶原则能做对2-5个题2)红花词偶尔会失手
2、明白ABCD选项的规律
1)ABCD的个数都是4-6个之间,四个答案基本均匀分布2)完型填空中一般而言A较多 3)没有连续三个答案都一样的情况,连续两个答案都一样的情况是0-3个,前后答案彼此都不一样的情况是17-20个
4)在五个一组的答案中,至少要出现三个字母(此规律同样适合阅读理解)
3、完型填空文章的基本特点
1)首段首句一般不出题(2001除外),降低了文章的难度。除了首段首句外,基本上每一句话都要出题2)每篇文章都有明确的主题和作者的态度(态度重要)3)总分结构进行到底,降低了完型的难度4)逻辑关系非常明确
[五大逻辑关系:对立关系、因果关系、并列关系、总分关系、递进关系] 重点放在逻辑关系题
句子对应成分分析法:当你发现并列关系出现,尤其是两个句子互为并列关系的时候,那么在完型填空中,这两个句子就可以通过彼此一一对应的方法来获得答案。
复现关系解题法:就完型填空文章而言,如果某个概念出现两次或两次以上,它提法应当是一样的。
For example 1)表达的总分的逻辑关系2)在句子中是个插入状语,不是句子的必然组成成分。
同义原则:在四个选项中,当两个或三个实词互为同义词时,答案往往在其中。当两个或三个虚词互为同义词时,往往都不选。当四个选项有一个共同的意思时,该意思往往不能够入选。
引导省略式的状语从句的条件:1)从句主语与主句主语相一致2)从句必须是主系表结构3)省去从句中的主语和系动词;4)可引导省略式状语从句的连词:while、when、although、until、unless、if 表语题的解题方法:当表语是名词时,它和主语是对等关系;当表语是形容词或相当于形容词的词时,它和主语是修饰关系。
and题型的做题方法:1)句子对应成分分析法;2)选同义词法;3)可以选同一范围的词 although与but的区别:1)Although从属连词,引导的全部是从句,既可放句首,又可放句中。but并列连词,既可连接两个主句,也可连接两个从句,当连词讲时只能放句中,当其放句首时,是做副词用2)从属连词放句中时,前面一般不加逗号;而并列连词放句中时,前面逗号可加可不加
Indeed与furthermore的区别:
Indeed强调肯定前面的事实,一般不作更深刻的推理furthermore一定要从程度上加深意义 动词题解题的六种方法:1)看主语,注意主谓搭配的一致性(主要看主语是人还是物)主语必须是人的动词:believe、regard、think、be impressed by、inten、require、doubt 主语一般是物的动词:manifest 2)看宾语,注意动宾搭配的一致性
宾语怎样确定:(1)看宾语是人还是物
跟人作宾语的动词:assure、impress 跟物作宾语的动词:ensure(2)看宾语是抽象名词还是具体名词
只能跟抽象名词作宾语的动词:enhance只能跟具体名词作宾语的动词:fasten、label、feed既可能抽象也可跟具体名词作宾语的动词:tighten 3)从动词及物或不及物的角度出发做题
不及物动词:dispose、cope、speculate、approve、contribute有时及物和不及物搭配不一样4)根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系判定动词5)根据动词后的介词以及介词宾语判定答案6)根据能够对动词起到限制性成分来判定动词(一般指形容词)
名词题解题的五种方法:1)名词作主语时,谓语或表语就是信息线索2)名词作宾语时,谓语动词就是线索
3)根据名词前后的介词判定名词4)根据已有名词来判定已选名词5)当名词后面出现定语从句或同位语从句时,从句就是线索
形容词解题的四种方法:1)形容词作表语时主语就是线索2)由副词修饰形容此时副词就是线索3)当多个成分同时修饰一个名词时,答案就在修饰成分中4)当形容词修饰名词时,名词就是线索
副词题解题的三种方法:1)根据主旨做题2)同义原则3)根据时态来判断 做题顺序12步法 先看选项,再看文章
看选项:1)利用红花绿叶原则做题2)使用同义原则3)重点做逻辑关系题4)看文章,做好and题,and前后要么选同义词,要么选同一范围的词,要么用句子对应成分分析法做and题5)所有的not题6)表语题7)复现题8)动词题9)名词题10)形容词题11)副词题12)利用概率原则做题
做题方法:1)关键线索定位法2)句子对应成分分析法3)时间线索定位法4)生活常识解题法5)总分结构解题法 重要语法现象:定语从句 三个词引导定语从句的情况:
AS
1)as 关系代词,引导定语从句,其先行词可以是单词,也可以是句子。[先行词可以是句子先行词只有两个:which和as] 2)as引导的定语从句位置灵活3)在引导限制性定语从句的时候,as只能用在固定结构中,which却没有这样的限制。在引导非限制性定语从句的时候,用as表示主句与从句是顺承或一致关系,用which表示主句与从句是对立或否定关系。
THAN 1)than做关系代词引导定语从句2)than在后面的句子当中作主语 3)主句必须要有比较级
BUT
1)but做关系代词引导定语从句2)主句要用否定式 3)but相当于not—that或not who 写作
一、词 3~4种替换
①后词优先(高中+四级词汇)---短语类+长单词
important: significant, essential, crucial, critical, indispensable learn: attain, obtain, acquire, accumulate very: extremely, extraordinarily, unusually, largely ②短语优先
make: make up build: build up accumulate: pile up like: be fond of, be keen on, care for ③派生词优先
important: importance fond: fondness delight: delightful, delighted, delightfully satisfy: satisfied, satisfactory effect: effective, effectively ④名词优先
think: opinion, idea, notion, consideration, concern, assumption, presumption, argument eg.My(individual)consideration is that environment protection(conservation)is of extraordinary significance.二、句
同义转化+句子扩展
1.同义转化
eg.A对B很重要
A play important part(role)in B.A is to B what foundation is to a skyscraper / water to fish / heart to humans.A means / matters a lot / much to B.The significance of A should never be over looked / ignored / denied / neglected in B.A is / means everything / the whole world to B.2.句子扩展(1)词汇扩展
1)n.前修 派生形容词和复合形容词优先
poor→badly-off→underdeveloped→impoverished
后修 介修 in;on;from;at;of
分修 –ed;-ing
句修 名词+ing = 名词+which/ who do/ does/ is/are doing
the impoverish countries which lie in the third world
名词+ed分词=名词+which/ who am /is/are done
the measures which are taken by the government
2)adj.① adv修饰(情感类)②非常 ③一般
sincerely, truly, frankly, honestly, heartfeltly, heartily
surprisingly, shockingly, generally, roughly, virtually
强调副词:absolutely, definitely, undoubtedly 3)v.能用来修饰adj.的adv.均可用来adv.tips:使用v时,adv若想不起来可尽量generally类型,但adj前务必用adv,修饰(2)句子扩展
1)尽量使用分词
tips:小作文中,中间用Being a 身份 who 修饰-----表自己身份
大作文中,Interested in , Concerned about , Disappointed with
(小中,the reason being that ,大中尾),the consequence being that ,.tips:以上两句一定要用在―,‖之后,that之后跟句子
2)使用从句
①原因性从句 since, as, for on account of the fact that
by virtue of the fact that owing to the fact that
②结果性从句 so that with the consequence that
③条件从句
providing/ provided that, assuming/ assumed that
tips:位于句首引出句子,中间逗号隔开;位于句中引出句子可以不加逗号
④转折
yet, while, whereas
⑤让步 even though despite the fact that
inspite of the fact that
(3)篇章扩展
1)必须在文中使用结构衔接词
tips:小作文中间部分,大作文全部
2)注意使用代词的准确照应
tips:①使用代词时需照应离他最近的前文名词
②注意代词和该名词的性、数一致
三、分析学生最常见的语法错误 1)冠词错误
tips:①单数可数名词不能单独出现,前面必须要有a, an;
②复数名词可单独出现,前面不加冠词,但后面有后置修饰语时例外(+the)
③不可数名词可单独出现,但后面有后置修饰语时例外(+the)
2)并列结构:在一个句子中出现的并列结构的形式必须一致
The eyes of the Sammi are twice bigger than Lily’s(those of Lily).The person with(①who has)broad knowledge and rich experience is supposed to live a better life that the person who does(②without them)not.3)搭配错误
Many wild species have(been)extinct in the worsening natural environment.extinct-adj;extinction-n.die out-v.4)串句:在前后两个独立句子间必须使用连词来衔接句子,而绝不能用adv.小作文写作攻略
1.基本信息:商务信函和私人信函都以商务信函对待,题目中出现人名,必为私人信函 Dear Alice, /Dear Sir or Madam,正文使用缩进时,缩四个字母。三个段落
Yours sincerely, Liming 2.小作文操作口诀:首段直抒胸臆说目的 中间谦虚委婉讲理由 结尾真诚重述送祝福
Tips:3段为7句左右最佳,不能超过十句
3.开头:I’m writing this letter to you in order to do …/ with the purpose of doing …/ in the hope of doing…
Tips:目的词必须是亮点词汇,即符合―四词选择‖
The purpose of mine writing this letter to you is to do…
The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong longing/ craving to do…
eg.(2005)The reason why I write this letter to you is that I have a strong craving to present my unwilling decision of resignation from my present job.TIPS: 1)使用简单句式时,词汇能多亮就多亮。2)使用复杂句式时,词汇可以退而求其次,但一定是越亮越好。中间必须用结构衔接词
1.a.Firstly, your R1 is the point I am mostly interested in/ concerned about/ disappointed with b.First and foremost, being a 身份 who , what I am most eager to express in this letter is R1, which actually impresses/ interests/ disappoints me greatly.c.In the first place, the R1,(I derive from 信息来源)is the most crucial information I am interested in.TIPS:中间部分的第一句话的表述,尽量使用中等长度,但词汇需要偏亮
2.a.Secondly, R2 is as well another aspect I have to pay my special attention to in doing(目的)in this letter.TIPS:使用时,R2必须用亮点词汇,且doing的表述方式必须和首段不同
b.Added to the first point(On top of the first point), the fact that R2(句子)is what I eagerly lay particular emphasis on, which proves to be fairly critical in this issue.eg.the fact that the opening hour of our library overly limited is the… c.In the second place, R2(名词), which is believed as the major point in this matter is also where we interest/ concern/ disappoint lies in.TIPS:该组句式复杂,故词汇可在某种程度上选择简单词,但务必注意词汇和句式要求 3.a.Eventually, R3(名词)is obviously the last element I have to put forward in writing this letter to 目的(动词).TIPS:务必使用亮点名词和动词形式
b.Last but, by no means, least, what I am deeply concerned about in offering my 目的(名词)is the one ,which a large majority of people focus on, namely R3(名词)
c.In the final place, R3(名词)is the last factor which matters/ determines/ means a lot in presenting my longing for 目的(动名).TIPS:①中间部分必须首先出现框架词汇(第一,第二,首先.etc.)
②可以对这9个句子进行随机组合,但最好出现1~2个长句,建议第二、三句
③切记简单句式使用亮点词
④练习时,从头到尾使用相同结构
结尾:a.My sincere gratitude proposal/ application/ complaints has/ have to be repeated and I truly hope that everything goes smooth with you.b.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.c.Actually, I feel fairly grateful/ indeed for your kindness and attention and sincerely look forward to your quick/ prompt response.TIPS:①不允许出现任何语法拼写错误②务必使用亮点词汇③根据题目要求,可适当对模型中词汇进行改动。eg.(2007)
Dear Sir or Madam, The purpose of my writing this letter to you is to offer several useful/ essential suggestions for the service of the library of our university.First and foremost, being a student who spend most of my time in reading in our library, what I am mostly concerned about is opening hours, which actually disappoints me for the hours are fairly limited.Furthermore, the impatient attitude of employee is another aspect I put forward in presenting my proposal.Last but not least, what I am care about the development of our library is the one, which a large majority of student focus on namely the disappointing collection of books.An early response/ reply to me will be obviously to my great delight / satisfaction/ surprise and I honestly wish everything to be smooth around you.复习建议:1.把开头、中间、结尾最简单句式进行组合 2.进行亮点词替换
3.对小作文的中间①②③点进行任意一句长句替换
4.对最终形成的小作文版本进行真题套写,若字数不到80,增加复杂句式,若超过130,进行句式减肥。
黄金句型
1.It is … that …(使用1~2个)出现在大作文中间or结尾
eg.It is the establishment of harmonious relationship that will enhance the advancement of the society.2.倒数
A.so+ adj/adv +系/助动词+主语+(实义动词)+that+剩余部分 如此..以至于…
So grave/ serious is the environment contamination that wild species expanding numbers have been extinct/ endangered/ on the verge of extinction.B.adj.+ though/ as 主语+系词,主句
Effective as the government’s measures prove to be, there is still powerful/ potent…
C.Under no circumstances/ By no means/ On no occasions/ In no ways +助动词+主语+实义动词+剩余部分
绝不…
eg.On no occasions should on individual ignore/ deny the significance of setting up a harmonious society.D.Only when something is accomplished/ by this means/ in this way/ under this circumstance/ on this occasion +助动词+主语+动词
表预期结果
eg.Only by this means can the society be developed/ advanced/ propelled in a sustainable way.3.插入语(通常是第二、三段)主语和实义动词之间,用逗号隔开 adv.::
however, nevertheless, therefore, thereby, thus, generally adj.:
needless to say无需说 most important(of all)sure to say 介词词组:from my point of view, from my perspective, in my view, in my position, in my standpoint, on the contrary, in contrast.句子:
as I perceive it, as I see/ view it, I am sure/ certain, I believe/imagine/conceive 4.被选:虚拟 It is high time that sb.did sth.是…该做… 大作文攻略
一、1.时态为一般现在时
2.使用人称为第一人称I或第三人称(图画中的图像,内容),不许用you.3.必须分三段式:凤头、猪肚、豹尾 4.必须在结尾部分明确出现―我认为‖句式
二、复习方法
1.不限时写作,5篇左右,不修改不检查,但字数需上200.2.40min之内完成,5篇左右,修改语法错误,替换亮点词汇.3.30min之内完成,5篇左右,进行中间、开头、结尾的某1~3句的长难句替换,删除开头,中间,结尾所重复的内容。
4.努力记忆自己在10篇作文中频繁用到的,准确无误的词汇、句式、表达
三、逻辑思路
1.矛盾命题是灵魂,寻找积极意义是方向,开篇综述与分述(综述:图画的整体内容即图中英文or中文说明;分述:对图中细节内容描述,如若细节不描述,会扣3分左右)2.中间析因析果析趋势 3.结尾辨证比较给策略
四、写作方法(一)开头
1.物法a.The picture/ drawing/ cartoon/photograph/ line/ curve/ bar graph/ pie graph describes/depicts/ reveals/ illustrates/ demonstrates an interesting phenomenon of 英文注释/中文翻译/自我解读(n.,动名词)
TIPS:尽量体现准确的稍有难度的图画内容的词汇。使用题目中的英文注释时尽量替换词汇
b.The picture vividly/ clearly reveals the interesting phenomenon/fact that+句子
eg.that there existed/ lay/seemed/ appeared an obvious contrast between the different commercial fishing situation of 1900 and 1955.2.人法 a.It is vividly/ clearly/ symbolically depicted in the picture that+综述
b.As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, 句子(综述)
c.What is vividly depicted in the picture is that 句子(综述)3.单图分述:
sb.In this picture, sb.can been seen doing sth.eg.In the picture, a charming foreign girl can been seen/viewed wearing a piece of Chinese traditional/national costume smiling.sth.In this picture, sth in the drawing can been seen/ viewed advertising its ridiculous promise to the public.TIPS:单图描述时,图中人与物务必带上个人色彩的修饰,该修饰词汇能亮则亮,不能亮则可以使用第一反应词,第一段最少写两行半。
4.双图分述:In the first drawing, 单图例句。On the contrary, we can see / recognized / identify 内 容。
eg.In the first drawing, only a single commercial ship was floating/drifting on the sea while countless/innumerable/uncountable fish was swimming happily under the sea in1900.On the contrary, ninety-five years later, the number of ships over the sea was countless whereas only a lonely and poor fish was viewed was swimming under the sea.TIPS:1.开头部分中,单图分述时,语法务必正确,词汇务必闪亮,信息务必详尽。
2.开头部分中,双图分述时,尽量注意两个图描写时的句型差异。
3.注意加入情感元素(悲伤,孤单,骄傲…)
(二)中间----第一句话揭示寓意
1.a.直抒寓意 The purpose/goal/aim of this picture is to convey the message/implication that 寓意(句子)
eg.The purpose of these two pictures is to convey the message that providing that commercial activities stimulated by alluring profits fail to be controlled, the natural resources will be subjected to an immense loss.b.自问自答 What profound message/implication is mirrored/reflected in the picture above? Evidently/Of course,寓意(句子)
eg.Of course, some children who usually grow in the favorable conditions,(like flowers in the greenhouse,)are mostly likely to be frustrated(or even thoroughly damaged)in great difficulties(in adverse conditions).c.承上启下
In frankness, the phenomenon reflected by the picture above is really a complex and complicated one, which should be analyzed in a practical and rational way, 寓意
。2.原因:a原因(名词)is normally considered as the factor contributing to this issue.TIPS:该原因必须使用亮点词汇且有修饰最好
eg.Too much love and care poured by their parents are normally…
The mutual assistance and affection in an individual’s overall development
b.A large majority of people claim/maintain/show their insight that this issue has to be dealt with carefully, the reason being that 原因(句子)
TIPS:该原因句最好用简单句完成,词汇尽量闪亮,但不许出语法错误。
3.结果:As a consequence, a/an disappointing/delightful/admirable phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that 结果(句子)
eg.The loss of family responsibility in the young generation is normally considered as the factor contributed to this issue.As a consequence, a disappointing phenomenon will be definitely born out, which is that the aged/senior/elderly people in general will hardly seek out a person even among their own children to rely on and therefore live in a merciful way.4.趋势:Assuming that this tendency tends to grow in the society, some positive/negative influence/significance will be undoubtedly resulted.TIPS:此句话要视中间段落的长度而定,同时注意positive和negative的选择。
(三)结尾
In conclusion, what I discussed/argued/claimed above is considerably significant from my personal perspective is the determine in offering a satisfactory solution.TIPS:策略的表述务必准确地道靓丽。可采用动词不定式、动名词的形式表达策略的内容。It is this strategy that has caused/attracted much attention from both the government and the public.So serious this issue/argument is that nobody shall ever overlook the necessity of dealing with it in a most efficient way.Only by this means can/will the society/human races/human being/nature/mankind/the young/the youth/the youngster/the elderly develop/advance/grow/survive in a sustainable/harmonious/wholesome/spectacular manner.大作文复习TIPS:
1.在所有给出的可选择的句子中,挑选自己较为熟悉和擅于运用的句式框架,进而组合成完整的开头、中间、结尾的三段式模块;
2.使用该简单框架时对08年以前的5年作文进行信息套入,结束后检查句式语法错误; 3.依然对上面所练的5篇文章内容进行亮点词汇替换,并对任何一个部分中所出现的重复句式重复短语进行删减or替换;
4.只使用修改后的句式框架以及亮点词汇对真题or模拟题(3篇左右)进行完整套写; 5.考试前主要阅读自己最终所写的篇章版本,对其中的亮词,亮句进行深化记忆。
词汇链接
重要:significant, crucial, essential
非常:considerably 关于:with reference to, as regard
获得:attain, acquire 也:as well, meanwhile
如果:proving that 结果:consequence
发展:advance, advancement 快乐:delighted, delightful, pleased
不能:fail to 著名:prestigious, celebrated
大:immense, titanic 认为:claim, argue, maintain
能力:competent, competence 可能:perhaps, be likely to do
上进:aggressive, aspiring 尽管:even though, despite, in spite of
许多:quite a few, a large number of, a large amount of, a colony of + 聪明:intelligent, quick-written, talented 不许出现:good, bad, things
关于09年的热点话题
一、奥运的积极意义:
1.提升中国的国际形象 promote the international image of China increase the international position/ranking in the world 2.大幅改善了城市的基础设施建设,进而方便了人们的生活
improve the establishment of the infrastructure in the urban area and thereby make it more accessible for the local people to enjoy the convenience and variety.3.促进了中国与其他不同文化人民间的交流以及大大提高了中国传统文化在国际社会的认可度和知名度
enhance the mutual/reciprocal communication between Chinese people and those from other culture and largely improve the popularity and recognition of Chinese tradition culture in the international world/community.二、个人成长
1.优良品质的培养 cultivation of fine qualities of a person persevering坚韧 persistent坚持 competent能力
cooperative and competitive合作与竞争 tolerant and sympathetic宽容与同情
2.来自于社会、家庭和个人的共同努力 the joint/corporate efforts/endeavors distributed by the society, family and individual.3.身心健康的和谐发展
a harmonious and satisfactory development both bodily and spiritually.三、经济
1.潜在经济困难和经济危机
potential economic pressure and crisis across the globe 2.在严峻的局势下,中国政府和公众展示了极大的决心和信心
in such an adverse financial situation, both the government and the public have manifested strong resolution and confident to conquer the possible recession.3.如此成果主要归功于政府的有效举措和社会各部门的配合
such success shall be attributed to the powerful measures from the central and local government and the satisfactory cooperation between different social organs.