第一篇:考博英译汉技巧总结
考博英译汉技巧总结
1.英汉语言的异同
1.1.英语是形合:需要使用连词或者关联词表示各部分的逻辑关系;汉语是意合:句与句之间的逻辑关系“隐含”于上下文之间。如果汉语使用形合句,则显得语气庄重、措辞严谨。
1.2.语序方面,主谓宾的位置比较相似。然而状语、定语的位置有差异。状语:英语可以放在主句前或后,汉语一般放在主句前。状语顺序方面,英语:方式状语+地点状语+时间状语;汉语:时间状语+地点状语+方式状语。定语:汉语大部分在修饰词的前面,英语的状语可以在修饰词的前(形容词)或者后(定语从句)。英语多长句、松散句(中心在句首),汉语多短句、圆周句(中心在句尾)。
1.3.英语中多使用名词,汉语中多使用动词。因此,英语中的名词需要译成动词。
2.词语翻译的五大原则
2.1.转换原则:将具有动词意味的名(形、介、副)词译成动词。
2.2.具体原则:把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的词用较为具体的词进行翻译。2.3.加法原则:增补英语原句中省略的动词或其他省略部分。
2.4.减法原则:英语中的部分不需要翻译【冠词;充当主语的人称代词、作宾语的代词和物主代词;连词(并列连词、复合句中的连词);介词(表示时间地点的英语介词在句首可省略,句尾不能省略)】。
2.5.重复原则:对上下文出现过的词加以重复的译法。汉语多重复,英语多变化。一是重复省略的名词、动词、代词。二是重复宾语。为了明确,英语的一句话中两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语在第二个动词之后出现一次。而汉语,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。三是重复名词。两个定语共同修饰一个名词;被定语从句修饰的名词。
3.名词从句的翻译技巧 3.1.主语从句。
主语从句如果以What, Whatever等代词引导,翻译时一般按照原文的顺序进行翻译。如果是以It引导的主语从句,翻译时要把主句的谓语分译成一个独立句,然后再译从句【谓语分译法】。
It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧是大气中最活泼的元素。3.2.宾语从句。
由that, what, how引导的宾语从句,汉译时一般按照原文的语序进行翻译。有时可以加“说”字,接着译原文宾语从句的内容。He replied that he was sorry.他回答说,他感到抱歉。
由It作形式宾语的句子,汉译时一般按照原文的顺序译,只是It不译。I made it clear to them that they should have got these holes dug long ago.我和他们说清楚了,他们本来早该把坑挖好了。有时需将that引导的宾语从句提前。I owe it to you that I have got the post.我得到这个职位全靠你。3.3.表语从句:可按照原文顺序进行翻译。3.4.同位语从句。
同位语从句汉译时可以按原文顺序翻译,也可以将同位语从句提前,这要视具体情况而定。有时还可以增加“即”、“这样”或者破折号、冒号。
4.定语从句的翻译技巧
英语中定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,绝大部分后置。汉语中所有定语均前置。汉语不用长定语。如果英语中的定语从句太长,不宜译成汉语的定语。如果英语中的定语从句短,一般译成汉语的定语。4.1.译成定语。当英语定语从句比较短,译成汉语也不冗长,该从句可以译成汉语中的定语。即“„„的”句式。4.2.重复先行词译出。如果英语的定语从句在意思上同先行词的关系不太密切,而且整个从句用作补充或说明先行词的附加语,或者定语从句套定语从句,可采用重复先行词的译法:按原次序译出,用名词或代词(这、那、其)等代替先行词。当从句中的which和as代表整个主句时,一般都译成并列句,主语用代词(这、那)等代替。
Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.机械能能转化为电能,电能也可以转化为机械能。(重复名词)
Galileo was a famous Italian scientist by whom the Copernican theory was further proved correct.伽利略是著名的意大利科学家,他进一步证明了哥白尼的学说是正确的。(用代词,汉语多主动)
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporating.液态水变成蒸汽,这就叫蒸发。(which 代整个句子,用代词代替)
4.3.译成状语从句。英语的定语从句,如果在意思上具有主句动作发生的原因、结果、目的、让步、条件等含义,可译成汉语的状语从句。同样可以用名词或代词重复或代替先行词译出。
Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.由于爱因斯坦提出了著名的相对论,因此,他于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖。
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace human.虽然电子计算机有很多优点,但它不能进行创造性工作,也代替不了人。省译关联词。英语的定语从句,如果在意义上作为先行词的陈述部分用来进一步补充说明先行词的具体内容,这时可采用省译关联词的方法,按照原句次序译出。There are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.有许多麻醉品会对身心造成伤害。
5.状语从句的翻译技巧
英语中状语从句包括表示时间、地点、条件、让步、原因等各种从句。汉译时要注意两种语言使用状语方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。一般考虑将状语从句或者状语部分先译,放在主句之前。5.1.时间状语从句
译成相应的时间状语。译成并列分句。
Mr.Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪,人家就把他逮捕了。英语中存在着内容和形式不相一致的情况。有些时间状语从句有时候可以按其逻辑关系译成表示原因、条件、让步等的分句。
The defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness.由于发现了一名新的重要证人,辩护律师决定申请重新开庭审讯。5.2.条件状语从句
译成表示“条件”或者“假设”的分句。译成补充说明情况的分句。
按其逻辑关系转译为表示时间、让步、结果、原因等从句。5.3.让步状语从句
译成表示让步的分句。
译成表示“无条件”的条件分句。5.4.地点状语从句
译成相应的地点状语。
按其逻辑关系,译成表示“条件”的状语。5.5.原因状语从句
译成表示“原因”的分句。译成因果偏正复句中的主句。译成因果关系内含的并列分句。
6.反译法
汉语中表示否定意义的词都含有明显的标志词:不、无、非、勿、未、否、别、没有等。英语更加复杂。除了否定词外,还有否定词缀,如:dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-,-less等、形式肯定、意义否定的各类词语,如:fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond.短语:instead of, in place of、结构 more...than...., other than......, rather than.....由于语言的差异,有时候英语用否定,汉语用肯定。反之亦然。Wet paint.油漆未干。
反义法:将原文的肯定形式译为否定形式,或者相反。包括两个方向的互相转变。6.1.正话反说
Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.美国人的阶级意识远不如种族意识那么强烈。6.2.反话正说
The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.在苦难中,重返故国的念头始终在他心头萦绕着。
第二篇:考博英语英译汉100句
1.The American economic system is.organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文]因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3.If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文]另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这 1 就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
4.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.[参考译文]在美国经济中,私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权,也指其他一些特定的权利,如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签定合同的权利。
5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.[参考译文]同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的,哪些员工工作效率最高,这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.[参考译文]不计其数的其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志出版商,从公用燃 气电力设施到牛奶处理厂,都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.[参考译文]残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能,他们的教育必须适应这些不同。8.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.[参考译文]在过去的30年中,公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪,那就是所有的公民,不管其情况有多特殊,都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.[参考译文]它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去,因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场,同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。10.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.[参考译文]除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件,没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
11.If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.[参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言,如果这不是完全不可能达到的,也是非常难做的,因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味,那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
12.The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.[参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们,成绩进步的学生,学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。13.As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系,非正式的信息流动被切断了,随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
14.The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.[参考译文]现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多,而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时,有时甚至令人难以招架。
15.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.[参考译文]通过远程会议,专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享,而争 5 论的问题能够得到解决,同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。(北京安 通学校提供)
16.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.[参考译文]现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构,在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。
17.While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.[参考译文]在跟你谈话的时候,可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的“商品”和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。
18.The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.[参考译文]英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下 来,至少目前会这样,但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。
19.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.[参考译文]这场辩论是由政府发动的,政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里,甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。
20.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.[参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求,并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候,经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
21.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.[参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性,这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素,这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任,而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
22.Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders? meeting to dictate their orders to the management.[参考译文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的“舒适”阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作,他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会,向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外,跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
23.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.[参考译文]这样的“股东”对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知,而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。24.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.[参考译文]代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接,但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。
25.Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country?s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.[参考译文]在许多形成因素当中,我将挑选出这些:这个国家优秀的小学教育:欢迎新技术的劳动者们:奖励发明者的做法;而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、“空间性的”思考方面的天赋。(北京安通学校提供)
26.As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal pr ocess...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist”.[参考译文]正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那样:“一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成能被清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言表述的过程宋处理的……设计者和发明者……能够在他们的脑中装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。” 27.Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea”.[参考译文]罗伯特?法欧特曾经这样写到:“一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子等等当中,就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把这些字母看成自己思想的展示,在这样的展示中,每种新的次序安排都传达了--种新的思想。” 28.In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.[参考译文]在最后三章中,他脱下手套,将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的活动和战术,而且,对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁;熟 悉的人来说,神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧异。
29.On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.[参考译文]在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上,史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道:“这本书本身就代表理性。”而它确实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造论/地化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话,一切就都好办了。
30.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia?s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.[参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论,澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。
31.Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.[参考译文]一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂,倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定,不可逆转。
32.In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[参考译文]在澳大利亚--人口老龄化,延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度,这些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。
33.There are, of course, exceptions.Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[参考译文]当然,例外是存在的。在美国,心胸狭窄的官员,粗鲁的传者,和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见,这使得它值得被讨论一下。
34.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.[参考译文]我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛 的社会里:一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林,一些用来社交的葡萄酒,早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡,一支用来定神的香烟。
35.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[参考译文]对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量,要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大,然后表现为当停止用药后,令人不快的停药症状的出现。(北京安通学校提供)
36.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.“You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” [参考译文]上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们:“难道这就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁我们的孩子们吗?” 37.“The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column´, ”lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...“ [参考译文]”对任何一个民主社会的考验,“他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到,”不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由,不管有时候这种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快…“ 38.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month´s stockholders´ meeting, Levin asserted that ”music is not the cause of society´s ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.[参考译文]在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中,莱文宣称说:”音乐不是社会问题的原因“,他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师,并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。
39.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ of ”a touch on the brakes“,makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from the truth.[参考译文]有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇,例如”轻踩刹车“以”操纵经济软着陆“,使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。
40.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventi onal measures suggest that both economies, and especially America´s, have little productive slack.[参考译文]经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶,因为传统的计量方法显示两国的经济,特别是美国的经济,几乎没有生产萧条的时候。
41.The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.[参考译文]很不幸,这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。
42.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.[参考译文]例如,阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥,但是它也夺去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换宋的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库,现在这个水库积满了淤泥,几乎不能发电了。
43.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall produ ctivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, [参考译文]企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因素的驱动,比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术,以及在教育和培训上的投资。
44.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.[参考译文]他的同事迈克尔?比尔说,有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公司内部的重新设计,在没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。
45.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ”The Flight from Science and Reason“ , held in New York City in 1995, and ”Science in the Age of(Mis)information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.[参考译文]科学卫士们在会议上也表述了他们的关注,比如1995年在纽约市举行的 “逃离科学与理性”会议,以及去年6 月在布法罗附近召开的“(错误)信息时代的科学”会议。(北京安通学校提供)46.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[参考译文]一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示,反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上,从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构,到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。
47.The ´true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[参考译文]环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗?厄尔里西认为,科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。
48.This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America´s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation´s head counting.[参考译文]这种发展--以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强 17 有力的影响一一使得南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。
49.Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime andother plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.[参考译文]他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地区,比如俄勒冈、爱达荷,还有阿拉斯加,为的是逃避烟雾、犯罪,以及“金州”(加利福尼亚)城市化进程中的其他问题。
50.As a result, California´s growth rate dropped during the 1970´s, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960´s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.[参考译文]结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时下降到了18.5%一稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二,大大低于西部其他各州。51.Unlike most of the world?s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth?s surface;on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.[参考译文]跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是,它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现;相反,它们中有许多位于一个板块较纵深的内部。52.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth?s interior.[参考译文]携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来,但是这些板块相对于另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。
53.As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.(略)
54.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn?t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.[参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们)并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
55.At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.[参考译文]与此同时,美国法律研究所--由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成,他们的建议分量极重--发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针,宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。(北京安通学校提供)
56.In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.[参考译文]但是,在过去的一年间,软件公司已经开发出工具,使得公司可以直接将信息“推出”给顾客,直接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。57.The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.[参考译文]像Virtual Vineyards,Amazon.com这样的先驱网站表明,20 一个将交互性、热情服务和安全性合理结合以销售同类商品的网址是可以吸引网上客户注意的。
58.An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students? career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.[参考译文]有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩,有些人为教育的彻底改革中更为广泛的理由为教室里放置电脑而辩,这两群人之间有一条无形的界线。
59.Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.[参考译文]我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念,这个公民人物如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响,那么其公民特征就是不完整的。
60.Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.[参考译文]另外,在我们这么一个大国里,经济延展到这么多的州、涉 及到这么多的国际公司,因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的
61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.[参考译文]但是,对一个小部分学生来说,职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下,技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。62.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.[参考译文]他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类,并下令.不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得?夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
63.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”.参考译文]在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中,夏皮罗提出,专家组已经达成广泛共识,那就是“试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。
64.Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo?s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.[参考译文]因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类后裔在出生前的最早阶段)用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命,NBAC在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。
65.If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.[参考译文]如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话,那么对管理层来说,期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。(北京安 通学校提供)
66.It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one e ye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.[参考译文]审查者完全有理由相信,知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机,一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。67.Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.” [参考译文]如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一样,那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的“思维与众不同的人”,喜欢其中较为传统的“善于团队合作”的思想者而受到指责了。
68.The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.[参考译文]当今人与人在很大程度上的平等--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等,并且连子嗣的数目都一样--意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比,印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80%的自然选择中的优势。
69.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.[参考译文]当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时,最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图,因为,不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理,很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。
70.With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.[参考译文]然而就未来主义诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单了,因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么--就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的--这种形式也很难被归入文学。
71.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “Pluff!Pluff!” A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.“ [参考译文]但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里,而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着”扑通,扑通,185公斤重“这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官 们体重的描写时,我们不免感到困惑不安。
72.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan?s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[参考译文]战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限,他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。
73.Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the ”Japanese morality of respect for parents“.[参考译文]去年,当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族”尊敬父母的道德品质“的时候,舆论哗然。
74.With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan?s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.[参考译文]随着经济的增长,出现了集中化:全国1.19亿公民,其中整整76%的人口定居城市:在这里,原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃,取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。
75.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared;and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.[参考译文]如果野心的传统具有生命力,那么这传统必会为许多人分享;尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐,在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。(北京安通学校提供)
76.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.[参考译文]当然,人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车--地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化,但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。
77.Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home;the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants;the jou rnalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.[参考译文]相反,我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象,他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足:美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄:激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者,他的子女却就读于私立学校。78.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word ”amateur“ does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.[参考译文]科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线:因为任何规则都有例外。然而,”业余“一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界,尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。
79.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.[参考译文]很自然,这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显,并且可以英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。
80.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.[参考译文]将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较,(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升,而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的
81.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.[参考译文]这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊…卜发表文章就更难了,而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果,该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上,后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。
82.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.[参考译文]一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团,而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团,要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构。
83.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.[参考译文]遗憾地讲,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些十分低层次的发现,比如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误(和这些低层次发现)交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。
84.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers´ demands.[参考译文]我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促成全球化进程的那方基石:即降低交通运输成本,逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒,以及大。幅度拓展市场,这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者需求。85.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile car eer although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming ”I wanted to spend more time with my family.“ [参考译文]一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊,阻碍了我事业的发展,使我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作,尽管表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态,通过声称”我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起“来掩盖我的退出。(北京安通学校提供)
86.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of ”juggling your life“, and making the alternative move into ”downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.[参考译文]或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后一样,我已经发现,放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。87.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ´ 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.31 [参考译文]在美国,这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的--那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后一一现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关;而在英国,最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中,追求简约;生活的原因就多种多样了。
88.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the´ 80s, down-shifting in the mid´ 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.[参考译文]对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说,90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活--用有机肥种;植蔬菜,并且自己放弃一切的风险--不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身;能力是有限的这一事实。
89.If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it´ 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman´ s notorious bad taste in ties.[参考译文]如果你是你讲话对象中的一员,那么你就身处一种(有利)位置宋了解对你们来说都很普遍的经历和问题,而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总臭名昭彰的领带品位进行随意评判也是合适的。
90.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone [参考译文]现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。
91.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least´ a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.[参考译文]但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段,它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作,而且还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。
92.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.[参考译文]但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面,然后立刻放弃98%的不相关部分,而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子,或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。
93.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP.[参考译文]OECD在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计,如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每22美元,这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。
94.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.[参考译文]另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次不像70年代的那些次上涨,它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。
95.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.[参考译文]尽管它裁决并没有宪法权利来支持医生帮助下的自杀行为,34 最高法院实际上支持了被称为“双重效果”的医疗原则;这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个可能有两个效果的行为--一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果是被允许的,如果行为的实施者想要的只是好的效果的话。(北京安通学校提供)
96.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” [参考译文]Nancy Dubler,Montehore医疗中心的主任,认为这一原则将会保护这样一些医生,他们到目前为止还强烈坚持他们不能够给病人足量的镇痛剂来控制他们的疼痛,如果这么做会加速他们的死亡的话。97.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted—suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.[参考译文]在另一个层面上,很多医疗界的人承认,关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论部分是因为病人的绝望情绪,对他们来说,现代医学已经延长了死亡的身体痛苦。
98.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of
end--of--life care.[参考译文]它把对疼痛的治疗不足和盲目积极使用“有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且强迫性的医疗手段”视为生命临终医护的两个问题。
99.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.[参考译文]换句话说,在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着--套约定俗成的写作模式,为新闻报道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些,新闻内容就会一团混乱,让人摸不着头脑。
100.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.[参考译文]如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键,它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目,这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工,而进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。
第三篇:英译汉翻译技巧
英译汉翻译技巧
王 瑛
英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。
一、翻译技巧一
一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。
(一)重点分析句子结构
其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和
一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1.to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语
Miss Jones is a manager.琼斯小姐是位经理。
2.to do句型: 主语 + do +(宾语)+(状语)He teaches English in this school.他在这所学校教英语。
3.there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语
There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美丽的野花。
(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构
英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:
Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) You could have done better if you had been more careful.要是细心一点的话,你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) Hardly had I said that when she entered the room.我刚说完,她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前) It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分) The books were either works on travel or detective novels.这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either„ or„连接两个表语)(三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法
英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点 – 固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法, 旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差, 必将影响到对整个句子的理解。例如:
They came up with a cure for the disease at last.他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法(短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)
The news got around by word of mouth.这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)
It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)
I’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为 “不管...”)
Punishment had very little effect on him.惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对„起作用”)
(四)熟练掌握过渡连接词
过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法,使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型
表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore „
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence „
表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact „
表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing„for another, to begin with, then, last „
表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely „ 表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole „
例如:
The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago.这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。(表示解释) She was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折) He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补) He was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示结果)他病了, 所以未能来。
二、翻译技巧二
每一种语言,在词意的运用,语句的铺排、句子的结构方面,都有其独特的方式,而每一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:
(一)直译法:
一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:
o All roads lead to Roma.条条大路通罗马。
o The soldier was as brave as a lion.那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。
o My brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。
o It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭,从来不是锦上添花。
(二)意译法: 为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息,当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异,用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时,就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式,利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如: He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他穷困, 潦倒,好像过着牛马一样的生活。(转译法-a dog’s life转换词义)
He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。(省略法–behaved 一词不译出) He is a stranger to the company’s business.他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词) All preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
Each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗.(重复法-Each country重复使用“各国”)
第四篇:考博英语词汇解答技巧
考博英语词汇解答技巧
一、动 词
动词及短语动词是博士生入学英语考试词汇部分的一个重要测试项目。该项目对考生的测试点包括:1)动词的认知能力和辨别能力;2)动词用法的掌握程度;3)动词搭配关系的熟练程度。据初步统计在硕士研究生入学考试5500个词汇中,大约有五分之一是动词及动词词组。因此,掌握好这批词汇直接关系到能否通过博士生入学英语词汇部分的考试。
在动词部分中,考生首先应该具备较好的认知能力,即遇见一个动词后,能够较快地确定它的前两个或前三个词义。如:evolve v.,第一个词义是“使发展”,第二个词义是“使进化”,第三个词义是“推论”。在考试中,检查考生这一能力的题是比较多的;考生应该能够根据上下文确定动词的有关词义。在具备认知能力的基础上,考生还需掌握这些词汇的基本用法。如:forbid v.后面不能用to smoke,只能用动词+ing的形式,即smoking;Occur v.(发生),只能用于主动语态,不能以被动的形式出现。最后,还要熟悉动词的基本搭配关系。如:concentrate和associate两个动词,其后面的介词一般只能是on和with。以下是按照上面三种情况出现的词汇题:
1.The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.A.ticked away B.gone out C.broken off D.rung up 2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.A.supplies B.specifies C.presents D.withhold 3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.A.decide B.refrain C.surpass D.delay 第一句表示“外交关系终止”需用动词词组“break off“。
第二句中的 ”provide",第一个词义是“提供”或“供应”,第二个词义是“规定”。四个选择项中,“specify” 含有“规定”的意思,因此B是正确答案。第三句中只有“delay”一词的后面可以采用动名词,所以应该选择D。
考生在平时复习时,可以有意识地按照以上三点记忆动词和短语动词。在准备动词词汇部分时,考生还需注意以下几点。
1.不规则动词的词形变化: 有一定数量的动词,其过去式和过去分词与原形不同。这部分词汇在测试中起到较强的干扰作用。在5500词汇中类似动词较多,以下仅举部分例子:
动词原形 过去式 过去分词 bear忍受 bore borne,born bend弯曲 bent bent bid 表示 bade, bid bidden bid breed 繁殖 bred bred abide 遵守abode,abided abode,abided arise 升起 arose arisen awake唤醒 awoke woke, awaken fling 扔,抛 flung flung forbid禁止 forbade, forbad forbidden freeze 结冰 froze frozen shred 撕碎shredded, shred shredded,shred cast 投,掷 cast cast creep 爬 crept crept dwell 留居dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled 2.动词词形相近,词义不同: 有些动词在词形上相似,但其词义是不同的。考生在平时复习时,需注意对它们的辨别。例: compliment vt.赞美
He is complimented for his fine work.complement vt.补充
They need to complement the factory with more workers.adapt vt.使适应 We have to adapt our thinking to the new circumstances.adopt vt.采用
They have adopted close planting.类似的动词还有:
inquire vt.打听,询问 require vt.要求,命令 compel vt.强迫,迫使屈从 impel vt.促成,推动 compress vt.挤压 comprise vt.包括 confirm v.证实 conform v.符合 affect vt.影响 effect vt.产生,引起 award vt.授予!给予 reward vt.奖赏,报答 ensure vt.保证,担保 insure vt.给„„保险 rescue vt.援救,营救 secure vt.保护,使„„安全 extinguish vt.熄灭 distinguish vt.区别,辨别 wander vt.漫游 wonder vt.惊叹
contract vt.缔结,订约 contact vt.使接触 respect vt.尊重 suspect vt.猜想 类似的形近义不同的动词还有一些,注意了它们之间的词义差别,也有利于我们对这些动词的记忆与辨认。
3.动词词义相近,用法不同 consist vt.一般用于主动态
This class consists of forty students.compose vt.常用于被动语
This country is composed of ten nations.insist v.后面需用介词on。
He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow.persist v.后面需用介词in。
He persisted in working on this experiment.arrive vi.后面需采用at, in, on等介词。He arrived in Bejing yesterday.reach vt.及物动词,直接跟宾语 They reached the village yesterday.4.动词后需用动名词: 有一批动词的后面只能使用动名词。在词汇考试部分中,有时要求考生能够正确判断动词的这一用法。这类常见动词有:
anticipate avoid delay envy escape miss mind risk band enjoy complete imagine consider deny practice acknowledge appreciate favor facilitate postpone quit resent resume include favor deny 例:He will consider giving us a chance to do the experiment.resume permit 5.动词后需用不定式: 英语动词中,还有一些动词的后面只能使用不定式。这类常见动词有: claim arrange demand determine expect intend pretend promise afford refuse decide seek agree care learn manage presume desire consent prepare resolve undertake consented decided 例:She refused to offer her help.agreed intended 6.动词后可用动名词或不定式: 还有一些动词的后面即可以使用动名词,也可以使用不定式。常见这类动词有: continue dislike prefer begin like propose remember deserve regret intend neglect attempt forget 7.动词固定搭配: 动词的固定搭配是英语测试中的一个很重要的项目。动词的搭配关系主要反映在动词与介词、动词与名词的关系上。下面分组做一简单的介绍: 1)动词与介词的搭配: call for 要求,需要 call off取消,放弃 carry off 夺取,夺去 come by得到,获得 come up to达到,符合cut down削减,降低 break down损害,分解 break off终止,中断 break out逃出,爆发 break through突破,突围 bring about 产生,引起 bring forward 提出,提议 drop off 减弱, 减少 drop out退出, 离队
get over克服 give away泄漏 get across使人了解 get at够得着 2)动词与名词的搭配
arrive at a conclusion 得出结论 take in to consideration考虑到 commit a crime 犯罪 make a decision 决定
reach an agreement达成协议 break one's promise 违约 take action 采取行动 keep balance 保持平衡
catch one's breath 喘气 accept a challenge 应战 take a risk 承担风险 keep sb.company 陪伴某人 keep one's head 保持镇定 lose heart 失去勇气 take shape 成型,形成 resist temptation 抵制诱惑 3)动词与名词和介词的搭配 have control over 对„„控制 attach importance to 重视
hold an inquiry into sth.某事进行调查 gain an advantage over 胜过,优于 make the acquaintance of sb.结识某人 make an apology to sb.向某人道歉 make comments on sth.评论某事 lose contact with 与„„失去联系 express sympathy for 对某人表示慰问
二.名词(一)名词的特点
英语和其他语种一样,其名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词以及连词都有各自不同的特点。在学习名词时,应注意名词的一些特点。奉节着重谈一下名词的构成和名词的复数。1.名词的构成
(1)除了英语本族语及少量外来语等拼写简单的名词外,名词多数是由希腊及拉丁词根加上前缀、后缀构成。大量的名词后缀是表示性质、状态和行为的。如:-ance importance(重要性)-ence independence(独立)-ion selection(选择)-ition addition(增加)-sion conclusion(结论)-ation hydration(水化)-ity productivity(生产力)-ment movement(运动)-ship hardship(艰难)-ness weariness(厌倦)-y difficulty(困难)表示“„„人”、“„„者”的后缀,除了-er、-or、-ar、-ee、-eer、-ese、-ess等大家熟悉的以外,还有:-ian musician(音乐家)-ain captain(船长)-ant occupant(居住者)-ent dependent(依赖他人者)-ary secretary(书记,秘书)-yer lawyer(律师)sawyer(锯木工)-ate candidate(候选人)-al rival(对手)-ist socialist(社会主义者)-icist physicist(物理学家)表示地点、处所的有:-age orphanage(孤儿院)-ium auditorium(礼堂)-ary granary(谷仓)-ery surgery(手术室)-ory laboratory(实验室)表示科技学科名称及观测试验方法或技术的有:-graphy seismography(地震测量法)-ic logic(逻辑学)-ics electronics(电子学)-logy zoology(动物学)在认知名词时,也切忌望文生义。如下列单词,似乎不是名词,但它们确实是名词。请写出它们的词义:
1.wireless___ 2.captive___ 2.coefficient ___ 4.graduate ___ 5.alternative____ 6.exclusive____ 7.combustible____ 8.functionary ____(2)有些名词是由其他词类转换而来。如由形容词转来的the old(老年人),the wounded(受伤者,伤员),the sick(病人);由短语动词come out转来的outcome(结果),cry out转来的outcry(强烈反对),还有well-being(福利),等等。2.词的复数
改-y为-i+-es,在-o后加-es或-s,改-f为-v+-es,大家都已熟知。研究生英语 大纲及有关词汇表所列名词中有一些大家不太熟悉的名词复数形式。现介绍如下:(1)以-f结尾的名词,构成复数时只加-s,如:
cliffs(悬崖)griefs(忧愁)gulfs(海湾)proofs(证据)有些以-f结尾的名词可有两种复数形式。如: dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves(侏儒)hoof-hoofs/hooves(蹄)handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieves(手帕)(2)源自拉丁语、希腊语及法语的一部分外来词的复数形式仍然保留不变。1)来自拉丁语的: stratum/strata(地层)larva/larvae(昆虫的幼虫)stimulus/stimuli(刺激)bacterium/bacteria(细菌)2)来自希腊语的:
analysis/analyses(分析)hypothesis/hypotheses(假设)synopsis/synopses(概要, 大意)thesis/theses(论文,论题)criterion/criteria(标准)phenomenon/phenomena(现象)(3)一些外来词兼有原有复数形式和英语规则复数形式。外来词 原有复数 英语规则复数
nucleus(拉)nuclei nucleuses(原子核)syllabus(拉)syllabi syllabuses(大纲, 课程表)medium(拉)media mediums(媒体)symposium(拉)symposia symposiums(座谈会)appendix(拉)appendices appendixes(附录,盲肠)plateau(法)plateaux plateaus(高地)(4)复合名词的复数形式。
1).daughter-in-law----daughters-in-law)2).looker-on--lookers-on(旁观者)3).man-servant--menservants(男仆)4).air-raid--air-raids(空袭)stand-by-stand-bys(可依靠的人或物)(5)一些名词的单复数意义不同。kindness(善意)---kindnesses(善行)anxiety(焦虑)----anxieties(令人忧虑之事)security(安全)----securities(证券,债券)(6)有些名词的复数形式兼有单数形式的意义和新的意义。colour颜色 colours颜色/军旗 letter字母;信
letters字母;信/文学,学问 manner方式,方法 manners方式,方法/礼貌 pain痛 pains痛/努力 scale鳞;尺度 scales鳞;尺度/磅秤(二)同义词学习
我们在学习名词时碰到的问题主要是认知方面的。准确地掌握名词所表示的概念的外延和内涵是学会正确使用名词的基础。学习同义词是帮助我们更好地认知、理解、掌握名词的方法之一。学习同义词时要注意不能从中文释义出发,而应仔细研究英文原文定义及注释,搞清名词所表示的概念的内涵和外延。例如:
The reproductive potentialities of aphides are unmatched in the insect world.A.1atent capacity B.power C.strength D.mentality potentialities,latent capacity,power,strength和mentality这些词都有“力”这个 概念的内涵,相当于逻辑上讲的“各个种概念都具有属概念的内涵”。但这些词又有各自特有的内涵,这些内涵又属于“力”的不同外延。potentiality:power or quality which is potential,and needs development,指潜能,潜力;与latent capacity“隐藏的能力”一致。power:1)ability to do or act指行动的能力;2)faculty of the body or mind指精力,体力,智力;3)strength or force指力,力气;4)energy or force that can be used to work指动力,机力;5)right,control,authority指权,权力,势力。Strength: 1)quality of being strong指力量、强度;2)power measured by numbers of persons present or persons who can be used指实力,兵力或人数。mentality:general intellectual character;degree of intellectual power指精神力,智力。
在于解了上述各词的共同点(即“属概念”的内涵),又明白了它们各自的特有属性(即“种概念”的内涵)后,区别它们也就不难了:potentiality和latent capacity的内涵一样,是同义词;power是最基本的“行动能力”,又具有“力”的不同外延如精力、体力、智力、动力、机力、权力、势力;strength除了具有“力”的不同外延如实力、兵力外,则强调力量的“quality'’;mentality则主要指智力及其 “degree”。
此外,表示“环境”的名词也有好几个。settings具体指舞台背景,故事发生地点,背景音乐等。它和environment在此时是一个意思,即外部环境。circumstance的单、复数都是指外部的环境,相关的人或事,有影响力的人或事。condition的复数表示环境、情形等外部状况,和circumstances同义。surrounding的单、复数也是指周围事物,即“环境”。但要表示舞台背景,故事背景,背景音乐等意思,还是得用“setting(s)”。总之,学习同义词时要多研读英文释义,认真体会,才能获得真经。
三、形容词
形容词是博士入学英浯考试词汇部分的一个重要测试项目。因为形容词是英语三大实词之一,是英语语言文字中意义较丰富、用法较积极的一部分。该项目的测试点包括:1)形容词的认知能力和辨别能力;2)词形及词义相近的形容词的区分;3)形容词和介词的搭配。在国家颁布的硕士生和博士生英语教学大纲附录的词汇表中有相当比例的形容词及与其紧密相关的副词,在各种研究生入学考试和模拟考试中也涉及为数不少的形容词。掌握好形容词有助于考生考试时答题顺利,也为全面掌握英语这门语言打下基础。考生平时学习中应注意积累大量词汇,每学一个单词要知道它的词性、主要词义及其与介词的搭配。认知能力和辨别能力是基础、就是说,见到一组形容词首先要清楚它们的基本含义和用法;其次是辨别这组形容词词义和用法的不同;再次是把这些词义和用法与句子具体的语境结合起来,最后就可确定题目的正确答案。此类题目出现频率较高。例如:
1.TV sets are rapidly becoming accessible to the people in the remote areas.A.doubtful B.obtainable C.imaginary D.negligible 2.All the off-shore explorers were in good mood when they read ____ letters from their family.A.affectionate B.intimate C.passionate D.considerate 3.All the girls seem to be ____ of her beauty and intelligence.A.envious B.indifferent C.distinct D.enthusiastic 例句1题干中 “accessible”词义为“可以接近的,可以弄到的”,选项中doubtful为“持怀疑态度的”;obtainable“可以获得的”;imaginary“想象中的”。答案显然是B。例句2中的四个选项的拼写有些类似。根据语境和阅读,我们可以确定句子需要一个含有“充满感情的”含义的词,affectionate便是答案了。例句3中只有envious(嫉妒的,羡幕的)和介词of搭配。
考生在考前复习时要注意下面几个方面的问题,它们极易成为出题的重点:
1.注意词形相近的形容词。如:conspicuous,miraculous,meticulous,incredulous,2.注意积累大量的同义词和反义词。如wonderful的同义词有:marvelous, excellent,extraordinary,remarkable,miraculous,prodigious等。如generous的反义词有:miserly,mean,stingy,selfish等。
3.注意把形容词的学习和动词的学习结合起来。如:indicate-indicative;receive--receptive;inquire-inquisitive等。
4.注意把形容词的学习和名词结合起。如:defect-defective,intention-intentional等。
5.注意以-1y结尾的单词的词性。名词加-1y多构成形容词。如:heavenly,womanly,worldly等。
6.注意有的单词在拼写不变的情况下既是名词,又是形容词。如:choice goods上等品;quality apple优等苹果;minute particles微小的颗粒。7.注意有些不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化形式。如:
原级 比较级 最高级 good better best bad worse worst little less(1esser)least far farther(further)farthest(furthest)考生在复习当中要注意学会用归纳法和联想法记忆单词。下面举几个形容词和介词搭配的例子。
1.与介词搭配的形容词:
guilty, jealous, envious, ignorant, hopeful, aware, conscious, considerate, thoughtful, desirous, short, irrespective, exclusive, independent, tolerant, worthy, capable, sure, certain, confident, critical, characteristic, suspicious, dubious, wary 等等 2.与介词 to 搭配的形容词: accessible, available, accustomed, adjacent, advantageous, beneficial, alert, alien, agreeable, comparative, attentive, awake, pertinent, relevant, subject, susceptible, contrary 等等 3.与介词 with 搭配的形容词: consistent, compatible, identical, popular, satisfied等等
扼要介绍以上内容,希望起到抛砖引玉的作用。英语考试大纲中没有明确规定哪些词汇和短语需要熟练掌握,哪些只需要认识。因此,考生要尽可能多地熟练掌握考试大纲所涉及的词汇和词组。
四、副 词
副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。(一)副词的分类
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类:
1.时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。
2.频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。
3.地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。
4.方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。
5.强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。
6.疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。(二)副词的用法
1.修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly.2.修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him.3.修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast.4.修饰小品词: They let her well behind.5.修饰不定代词和数词:
Nearly everybody came to out party.7.修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy.9.修饰全句:
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.(三)副词的构成
1.大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。
2.由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。3.由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。4.由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。5.由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。
6.由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。7.由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike,round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。
8.有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向„”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。
9.另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。
四、与形容词同形的副词
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: We had an early breakfast.We had breakfast early.early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。(五)兼有两种形式的副词
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: 1.close做“近”解:
He lives close to the school.He was following close behind.做其他解释时用closely: Watch what I do closely.The prisons were closely guarded..2.dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: She stopped dead.在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: He was dead tired.The wind was dead against us.deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解,例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。3.direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: The train goes there direct.The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome;it goes by way of Paris.做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: He was looking directly at us.She answered me very directly and openly.directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: Answer me directly.Let's meet directly after lunch.有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: They looked around.Let’s go on with the work.上面两句中的around和on都是副词。(六)副词的词序
1.副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。The building is very high.He came long before the appointed time.2.副词修饰动词。
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well.及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well.3.地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。I was born in Zhejiang in 1963.4.频度副词的位置。
在一般动词前:They always say so.有be动词时,在be动词后: I am always busy.有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished.5.两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者:
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China.6.两个以上不种类的副词词序。地点+状态+次数+时间:
She arrived there safely the other day.程度十状态+地点十时间:
They played fairly well there yesterday.五、介 词
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。一些常用介词的搭配能力非常强,可用来表示各种不同的意思,大部分的习惯用语都是由介词和其他词构成的,所以介词出现在英语测试的各个项目中。对介词的测试点主要包括:1)一些主要介词的基本意思的掌握程度;2)介词与其他词特别是动词、形容词和名词的搭配的掌握程度。所以在准备介词词汇时,考生应该注意以下几点:
1.介词在句子中不能独立充当一个成分,而是需要和一个名词或相当于名词的结构一起构成介词短语,从而在句子中充当一个成分。能和介词一起构成介词短语的有: 1)名词。如:
The car crashed into the train, and two men in it were killed on the spot.2)代词。如:
“What does your car look like?” “That is similar in shape with yours.” 3)动名词(短语)。如:
The prosecutor accused the man of smuggling.4)由连接代(副)词引起的从句或不定式短语。如: I am preparing for what to say in the interview.2.关于介词和动词的搭配,考生应该注意:
1)在什么动词后需要跟什么介词,如:rely on依靠,指望;consult with和„商议;remark on就„„发表看法,评论。2)同一个动词在什么情况下跟不同的介词,如:match to使和„„相等/match up调谐,相配;使互相吻合/match up to跟上„„的水平(形势等);gear to使合适/gear up促进,增加。
3.不同的形容词后有时需跟特定的介词,如:be strict with 对„严格; be sick for 思念;be loyal to忠于。
4.不同的名词后也常常需跟不同的介词。如:confidence in对„的信心;satisfaction with对„„满意;loyalty to对„„的忠诚。
5.介词还可以和名词构成成语。如:for instance例如;in proportion成比例,按正确比例,按本来大小(看事物),客观地;in general通常,大体上,一般而言。
六.连 词
连词是一种虚词,不能独立担任句子成分,只起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句子与句子的作用。连词一般分为并列连词(连接平行的词、词组或分句)和从属连词(用来引起分句)。除了连词外,许多连接代词、连接副词、关系代词和关系副词都可以用来引起一个从句。还有一些副词,如anyway,therefore,also,still等也有类似的作用。另外,有些词组,如: on the other hand,for that reason等也可以帮助前后文更加连贯。考生在准备连词时应注意以下几个问题。
1.连接两个分句,一个连词就够了。容易出错的典型例子是: Although he was tired, but he went to work.Because she liked him, so she went out with him.在上面所提到的两个例子中,我们可以选用although或but,because或so,不能 同时使用两个连词。但是连接三个分句时,可以用两个连词。如:
Although he was tired, he went to work, but he didn't stay there long.类似的错误还有把that和where,how或whether连在一起用。如: I asked him that how he was working.l wondered that where he lived.2.关系代词who,whom和which的一个特殊用法是可以连接分句。所以它们既是代词,又是连词。容易出错的典型例子是: He never listens to the advice which I give it to her.在该句中it是多余的,which连接两个分句,同时又代替it而成为第二个分句的宾语。3.That经常用来代替which和who,但是不常用that来代替where和when。容易 出错的典型例子是: The house that she lives is very small.正确的句子应该是:
The house where she lives is very small.The house that she lives in is very small.4.连词不能单独和一个分句连用。连接词要连接两个分句,而这两个分句一般要 写成一句话,即不能写成中间用句号隔开的两个独立的句子。容易出错的典型例子是: When I came back home.It was late.正确的句子应该是:
When I came back home it was late.
第五篇:英译汉应试技巧
关于应试技巧的内容很多,你可以直接把它们下载到你的电脑上,慢慢阅读。
第六章
英译汉应试技巧
英译汉试题是1996年1月始开始出现的一种新的测试学生能力的试题,它主要是考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用汉语来准确而又完整地表达英文意思的能力。这其中涉及到词汇、语法、句子结构剖析,表达方式等各方面知识。翻译的过程是个创作过程,严格意义上讲它要求达到“信”、“达”、“雅”的标准。但从四六级考试角度而言,一般只要求做到“忠实”、“通顺”即可。但纵观历届考生试卷,许多考生在翻译这一项得分不高。许多考生做此项题的最大感受是心理明白英文意思,可就是不能用汉语准确表达出来。这主要是因为考生平时在此方面训练得少,没有掌握英译汉基本技巧。近几年此类题型成为考试的一种趋势(考研英译汉必考,占15%),为此,我们在研究大学英语四六级真题基础上,总结出英译汉试题命题的一些规律,并详细解析各类考题的应试方法和技巧。
第一单元
命题规律
1.定语从句常考
英译汉中要求巧妙地翻译定语从句是最常见的题型。英语中,定语从句都放在被修辞词后面,考生关键就是把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰词之前。此类方法一般叫前置限定的合成翻译法,即把英语的后置定语译在被修饰的名词或代词前。
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome.解析:此句中有个who引导的定语从句修饰前面的“those patients”,我们要用合成翻译法把who引导的定语从句变成一个前置性定语来修饰“patients”。所以此句话可译为:给我们留下极深印象的是:即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人,对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。
例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.解析:此句中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词“features”,考生只要用合成翻译法把该定语从句变成一个前置性定语,此句就不难翻译为:即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出决定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。
但是,当定语从句较它时,如果翻译成位置的定语,就会不符合汉语表达的习惯。在此种情况下,往往把该定语从句用转换法把翻译成并列的分句或作插入语,放在原来它所修饰词后面。
例(1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.解析:此句中Which引导的定语从句较它,我们可以用转换法把它译成并列分词。译文为:他们正在为实现这一理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人内心所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为它而牺牲了自己的生命。
例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.解析:此句that引导的定语从句也较它。如果考生不能精炼地表达出that后面内容而又把它放在“features”前,就不符合汉语表达方式。此时,考生可用转换法把该从句变成一并列分句。译文为:即使是最老道的作家也很可能描述出全部特征,这些特征能够体现出各人面孔的不同。2.宾词从句常考
宾词从句一般在句子中做宾语,它总体上也符合汉语主、谓、宾表达方式。而四六级英译汉试题中的宾语从句本身也较容易,没有复杂结构。故此类试题用顺向法即可翻译出,即顺着字面的内容从前向后翻译,也就是通常所指的直译。
例(1)Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 ream without being damaged.解析:此句话的句子结构很简单,than引导的宾语从句主、谓、宾俱全,more…than是一比较结构,可译成“超过”,without引导的介词短语作状语。全句按字面意思即可译出:科学家有理由认为一个人可以忍受远远超过0.1雷姆的幅射而不受伤害。
例(2)Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇)。But rarely is success so mysterious.解析:此句句子结构也较简单,“Too often”作状语提前(汉语也有此表达方式),believe后面是一个省略that的宾语从句,但从句的主语又是一个what引导的完整句子。第二句是一个含否定意义的倒装句。但整个句子结构基本符合汉语习惯,故可用顺向法翻译为:我们常常相信别人的成功是由于某种特殊的奥秘或者某种机遇。但成功是很少如此神秘的。
3.省略处常考
英语表达中,常有省略主语、谓语而用一短语来表达句意的做法。做此类翻译时,如果按字面意思去处理,句意就不完整,所以考生可用分译转换法,把短语变成一个分句。
例(1)Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.解析:此句中后面两个短语其实省略了“we fed”, 这样在英语表达中,句子结构精炼而又不影响表达意思。但变译成汉语时,考生需要增添谓语等成分,把短语变成分句,才能把句意表达清楚。译文为:然后我们给他们喝四种没贴标签的可乐样品,一次一种,给其中一组喝一般性可乐,给另一组喝低糖可乐。
例(2)…We find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations.解析:此句中“and such-like…”部分其实跟that引导的从句并列,完整的表达法应是“we find such-like factors common to all biological Situations.”考生在翻译时,就需要用分译转换法把后面这一句转换成独立的分句。译文为……我们发现我们必须考虑诸如气候、土壤、植物此类的因素,且此类因素是所有生态环境中常见的要素。
4.状语部分常考
英语中作状语部分时一从句,有时是介词或连词短语。英语的状语部分位置和汉语中的状语位置有时不同,考生做题时要符合汉语表达方式将它提前。故可采用逆向翻译法,即先译后面内容,再译前面的。
例(1)But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.解析:此句中,重点考的是对“almost as well……as they did with it”部分的翻译。考生首先要分析出句子结构,主语是that引导的同位语从句,谓语是“is”, 宾语“victory”。As well … as 考生可将其调为“as well as they did with it without government”。这样,整个句子各部分分清楚之后,考生翻译时把相应状语提前,整个句子表达就通顺了。译文:但是,对许多人而言,穷人象以往一样在没有政府救济的情况下,生活照样过得很好,这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
例(2)What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose profession identity(身份)than to step out of uniform?
解析:此句只要把“for…,or a waiter” 这个状语提前,整个句子结构就容易看出:for…,wate easier way is there to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 所以该句可翻译为:对于一名护士、一名警察、一为理发师或一名侍者而言,还有什么比脱掉制服更加便利的方法能让他们失去职业身份呢?
5.同位语从句常考
同位语从一般都较长,考生先将该从句用顺译法或合成法(视具体情况而定)译成一独立分句,然后前面的先先词视具体情况取舍或巧妙安排。
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.解析:此句重点考that引导的同位语从句译法,该从句中还套用一个who引导的定语从句。考生可以把that引导的同位语从句单独译成一分句。译文为:给我们留下极深印象的事实是:甚至那些没有被告知严重病情的疾人,对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的.例(2)But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well as without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.解析:该句是一个that引导的同位语从句作主语,考生先将that后面内容翻译出来,然后把“the fact”调到后面作is主语。译文为:对许多人而言,穷人象以往一样在没有政府救济的情况下,生活照样过得很好,这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
6.非谓语动词常考
英语中非谓语动词包括分词(过去分词和现在分词),不定式和动名词。英译汉考得较多的是过去分词作后置定语,考生可用前置限定合成翻译法,把后置定语译在被修饰的名词或代词前.例(1)In the1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.解析:此句结构简单,考生翻译关键是把divided修饰的后置定语巧妙安置到land前。译问为:19世纪80年代美国是一个贫富分化极为明显的国家.如果过去分词后置定语不好安置于所修饰词前,考生可用转换法讲该分词后置定语变换成一个并列的分句。
例(2)Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.解析:此句如果把定语放于所修饰词前,句意就比较敖口而难懂。考生可将过去分词后置定语游离出句子之外,单独译成一个分句。译文:社会资助是由人与人之间的资源交换所构成,而这种交换乃是建立在他们的人际关系的基础上。
在四六级英译汉中,出现了不定式作状语的题型。此类题一般按顺向法即可译出.例(3)You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat.解析:此句结构简单,主要考如何把它们切换成两个独立的小分句.译文:你很可能给其他乘客很快的一瞥,打量他们一下,以此让他们确信你对他们没有威胁。
7.表语从句译法
四六级英语英译汉中考了一题表语从句译法。一般而言,是将表语从句部分单独译成一个分句。如果表语从句结构复杂,可将复杂结构肢解成简单句子.例(1)My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.解析:该句表语从句中有一个现在分词后置定语,可用合成法将它放置在先行词one前。其他的可按顺向法译出.译文:我的观点是,一代人对今跟其后的另一代人的频繁抱怨是不可避免的。
8.被动语态译法 被动语态是英译汉中常见的试题。英语中被动语态较多,而汉语表达中则较少。故考生做此类翻译题时尽量按汉语表达方式译成主动语态。
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of ite potential outcome.解析:此句中含有被动语态。如果按字面顺向译,表达就不顺利。故用转换法译成主动语态.译文:留给我们极其深刻的印象的事实是:甚至那些没有被告知严重病情的病人,对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。
综观以往四六级英语英译汉题型。考得最多的是定语部分的翻译。比如用从句作定语,分词作定语的等。考生做此类题时,如果定语部分较短,也较容易放到先行词前,考生可用合成法将后置定语放到先行词前。如果后置定语较长,意义容量大,可用转换法将后置定语变换成一个独立分句.其次考得最多的是状语部分的翻译。有从句作状语,不定式作状语,介词连词作状语,分词作状语等。做此类翻译时,一般将状语先译出,或者前置。另外,不定式短语作状语时,如果句意容量大,可以将他们转换成分句来翻译。
第二单元
英译汉得高分原则和技巧
考生在掌握了命题规律之后,平时学习时就应注意各种题型,侧重练习常考题型的译法。但是,能把句子翻译通顺还不是翻译的最高境界。翻译的的高标准是讲究“信”、“达”、“雅”的结合。考生若想在此项试题中得高分,还必须注意以下几个原则。
1.直译意译互动,但侧重于意译。
四六级英译汉试题中,一般句子能直译出来,但为了达到“雅”的标准,考生在把握了句意,安排好了句子结构基础上,若选用意译,其效果更佳。
例(1)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.解析:此句中“make one face different from another”, 若直译则译为“区别人脸的。”这在汉语表达中不够“雅”。因此考生可根据上、下文(或句),采用意译:即使是最老道的作家也很可能不能描述出不同面孔的区别所在。
例(2)In the 1880s the United States was a lard sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.解析:此句中对“Sharply divided been the immensely wealthy and the very poor.”翻译若采取直译法,则成了大白话:“分成极富的和极穷的。”若意译为“贫富悬殊极大的”,则显得通顺、高雅。
2.注意词义的精选和引申。
英语中的单词一般都有多种意义,不同的语境、词汇搭配关系的不同都导致词意的不同所以考生一定要联系上、下文或上、下句精确地选择词义。此外,有些词根据字典的释义无法进行翻译,这一需要根据基本词义,进行引伸。
例(1)Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.解析:此句中“unidentified”的翻译互关重要,它需要根据上、下文(或句)联系才能最精确地表达出其内涵。根据短文意思,我们可翻译为“没有贴标签的四种可乐样品。”
例(2)In the 1880s the United states was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.解析:此句中“land”的翻译能看出考生的功底。直译为“大陆”、“陆地”都没有达到境。根据上、下文可译为“国家”。
3.适当地增词或减词。
在英汉翻译时,为了更准确地表达原文含义或为使译文更符合汉语习惯,考生要学会适当地增词(如表转折、让步、因果、假设等关系的连词。)
例(1)While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.解析:此句中有while引导的让步状语从句,所以翻译成汉语时一定要增添“但是”,以符合汉语表达习惯。译文:尽管两组表现得比我们预料的要好,但是每组几乎一半参加者作出了两次或两次以上的错误选择。
4.坚持长句短说的表达方法。
英译汉句子中。有些句子结构复杂,从句中再套有从句,或者是修饰性定语、状语太长。考生翻译此类长句时,首先把复杂长句层层剥离,分成相对独立的分句,然后逐个翻译这些分句,直至把整个句子意义表达出来。
例(1)Researchers have established that when people are mentally,bio-chemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effeetively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.解析:此句结构较复杂,前that引导宾语从句。宾语从句中又有一个when引导的状语从句,还有一个that引导的宾语从句修饰changes。此外,还有一个such as引导的短语修饰areas。考生若想翻译好此句子,最好用一个个小短句来表达不同部分的意思。参考译文:研究人员己证实,当人们在动脑筋时,头脑里会产生生化变化。这种变化可以使头脑在一些认知领域(如注意力、记忆力领域等)里更加有效地进行活动。
5.善于分析句子结构
做好英译汉的重要步骤之一就是要会分析句子结构。再长,再复杂句子,把主、谓、宾、状、补一一分析出来。考生心里就会明白句意,然后针对各成分,采用不同的译法翻译出来。考生首要的一步就是找出句子主干:主、谓、宾。主干抓住了,其它成分就能能更好地找出。
总之,英译汉也是考查学生综合能力的一项测试。考生在阅读理解的基础上,掌握上述的命题规律和做题基本原则,一般是能考出理想成绩的。希望考生在平时学习过程中,照我们总结的一些规律和提供的一些建议多加练习。