美国霸权主义演讲稿

第一篇：美国霸权主义演讲稿

各位同学，大家下午好。今天我演讲的题目是《对美国霸权主义的认识》。

所谓霸权主义，是指一国凭借政治、军事和经济的优势，在全世界或个别地区破坏、控制他国主权，谋求统治地位的政策。

从这一定义来讲，当今世界，只有美国才能称得上是霸权主义国家。近几十年来，从美国先后发动过的侵朝战争、侵越战争、入侵阿富汗、入侵伊拉克等战争；曾狂轰滥炸南联盟、利比亚；动辄宣布朝鲜、古巴、伊朗等为“无赖国家”，并操纵联合国对其实施经济制裁；蓄意纵容日本霸占中国的钓鱼岛，纵容越南、菲律宾等东南亚小国霸占中国的南海诸岛；干涉中国内政，频频对台军售，支持分裂中国的台独、藏独、疆独等等。二十一世纪，只有美国才悍然不顾全球民意和全球舆论发动战争，而且，每次战争的借口都子虚乌有，在这个过程中，还“滥杀无辜”，因此，按照定义，美国不仅是一个霸权主义国家，更是单位最大的恐怖组织。乔姆斯基是美国知名的知识分子和语言学家，一向反对美国的军事干涉主义。他认为，美国是世界上最大的恐怖主义国家。不可想象的是某个国家会比它造成更大的损害。然而，人们常说，物极必反。美国推行极端的霸权主义路线，随着其国力的衰退和新兴国家综合实力的增强，将难以再继续推行。进入21世纪后，随着中国和印度和平崛起，特别是美国在伊拉克战争、美元贬值、次贷危机后表现出单极霸权的边缘乏力效应，使美国在世界的强势领导在逐步消弱。应该看到，冷战结束后，美国经历克林顿执政时期的高速增长后，并在小布什总统的第一个任期达到了综合国力的顶峰。而当时的日本却陷入10年“零增长”的泡沫破裂时期；俄罗斯在苏联解体后尚未走出内乱、内战、分裂与衰落；欧洲也为高福利国家的拖累下，艰难爬行发展；而中国的经济发展正在迅速推进，但规模量小。在这种背景下，美国发动了阿富汗战争、伊拉克战争，但却受这两场战争的消耗与拖累，出现发展迟滞。与此同时，其他大国则紧紧抓住本国的发展机遇，加速发展，推进“大国均衡化”进程，成为推进世界向“多极化”或“无极化”的重要力量。由于全球化使世界主要大国之间、发达国家与新兴国家的相互依存日益加深，出现了一种大国力量对比的“均衡化”发展趋势，使美国及其盟国不但单独解决不了阿富汗、伊拉克问题，解决不了伊朗、朝鲜问题，解决不了油价高涨、粮食危机等问题，甚至解决不了美元贬值及次贷危机这

样的本国内部问题，这一系列的问题，决定着美国在逐渐走向衰退，决定着“多极化”或“无极化”将成为世界秩序一个新的发展方向。霸权主义是世界最危险的战争策源地，是危害世界和平安全和稳定的根源。”“现在威胁世界和平的主要是霸权主义。”“当今世界不安宁来源于霸权主义的争夺”。“战争是同霸权主义联系在一起的。”“霸权主义是战争根源”这一论断，并不是空穴来风，第一，超级大国推行的霸权主义是当代世界战争的主要根源。第二，地区霸权主义是引发战争的另一个重要根源。第三，实行社会主义制度的国家，如果在对外政策上违背国际准则和人民的意愿，推行霸权主义，同样会成为引发战争的根源。

历史和现实都表明：和平不能依靠武力来实现，更不能依靠军事同盟来维持。打破国际战略平衡，发展尖端武器系统只会引发军备竞赛，危害世界和平。强化和扩大军事同盟只会制造更多的不稳定因素，损害国际安全。任何国家都不能把自己的安全建立在损害他国安全利益的基础之上。摒弃冷战思维，破除“唯武器论”，各国各地区树立并贯彻以互信、互利、平等、协作为核心的新安全观，才能确保世界的和平、稳定与繁荣。

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第二篇：浅析当代拉丁美洲的美国霸权主义

浅析当代拉丁美洲的美国霸权主义

中国矿业大学文学与法政学院 孟子寻

《当代世界经济与政治》结课论文

拉丁美洲是一个政治地理概念，通常用来指美国以南的美洲地区，包括墨西哥，西印度群岛，中美洲和南美洲。1832年，时任美国总统的门罗在国会咨文中发表了《门罗宣言》，提出了以“美洲是美洲人的美洲”为核心的主张。这一主张日后发展成为了门罗主义，其实质就是排斥外部势力染指美洲事务，加强美国对拉美地区的控制，确立美国在西半球的霸权。长期以来，门罗主义主导着美国拉美政策的制定。

20世纪90年代之后，随着冷战的结束和两极格局的瓦解，拉丁美洲在美国外交的战略地位发生了很大改变，美国的拉美政策也做出了大幅度的调整。但是，由于国家利益的需要和外交思想传统的影响，美国在拉丁美洲推行霸权主义这一基本原则并没发生有改变。本文立足当下美国对拉美地区的外交政策，通过和历史上美国的拉美政策进行对比，探讨当代美国霸权主义在拉丁美洲的影响。

一、美国军事力量在拉美的影响

十九世纪末，美国上升为世界头号工业强国。随着实力的增强。对外扩张掠夺殖民地成为了美国的国策。而出于地缘政治的考虑，美国扩张的矛头指向了拉美。1904年，西奥多·罗斯福总统提出了“大棒政策”，美国开始对拉美国家进行赤裸裸的武装干涉。1909年，美国入侵尼加拉瓜，扶植亲美政权;1912年，美军入侵洪都拉斯和古巴;1915年，美国占领海地;1920年，美军侵占危地马拉城;1926年，美国武装干涉尼加拉瓜革命;1940年，美国在巴哈马、牙买加、安提瓜等国建立海军和空军基地，加大了对拉美地区的武力部署。

冷战开始后，美国加紧了对拉美地区左翼势力的打击。1959年古巴革命成功，美国对古巴政府采取了政治孤立、军事包围和经济封锁的侵略政策，并于1961年4月发动了入侵古巴的“猪湾事件”，但最终失败。虽然如此，美国还是拉拢一些拉美国家继续长期孤立和反对古巴，把古巴排除在美洲国家组织之外。此后，为了防止拉美地区不再出现第二个“古巴”，美国政府采取积极向拉美国家提供军事援助的办法，镇压拉美人民的革命事业。1965年美国出兵镇压了多米尼加的革命，1969年在美国中情局的支持下，玻利维亚政府军逮捕并处死了拉美左翼革命领袖切·格瓦拉。

纵观整个冷战期间，美国为了扼杀拉美各国的革命运动，维护本国在这一地区的利益，对许多拉美国家进行了的直接武装干涉。这也就是这一时期美国军事霸权在拉美影响的突出表现。直到1989年，美国还曾武装入侵巴拿马。但是随着冷战的结束，美国的拉美政策发生了很大的调整，转为强调要加强和改善同拉丁美洲的政治经济关系，大力推进拉丁美洲国家的民主进程。此后美国再也没有公然派出军事力量干涉任何一个拉美国家的内政，与拉美国家在政治经济上的冲突也选择用谈判的方式解决，例如1999年美国正式将巴拿马运河区的主权和平移交给巴拿马政府。

但是，美国从未放弃在拉美地区的军事影响，最突出的表现就是美国南方司令部的存在。它由陆、海、空立军司令部和一支特种部队组成，是美国七大联合作战司令部之一，直接隶属美国参谋长联席会议。该司令部的职能是制定美国对西半球的军事战略，对南美洲大陆和中美洲美军部队实施作战指挥。截止至2010年，南方司令部共有驻军约14000人，分布于拉美地区23个国家。此外,它还指挥并支持美国驻拉美16个国家的军事援助顾问团的工作。南方司令部在拉美地区建有70多个军事设施，涵盖了陆海空三军基地以及导弹发射和反导弹系统。美国在拉美地区强大的军事存在，实质上是对拉美各国的军事威慑，从而进行“软控制”。这是当今美国军事霸权在拉美地区的直接体现。

一、美国经济力量在拉美的影响

经济是政治的基础。在美国用武力对拉美国家进行政治施压的同时，它从未改变对拉美国家的经济渗透。

早在1909年，塔夫脱继西奥多·罗斯福就任为美国总统之后，为了缓解“大棒政策”激起的拉美人民激烈反抗，他提出了“金元外交”政策。这一政策的突出目的是输出资本，扩大美国的商业利益。它主张通过附加性的贷款和投资，扩大对落后地区的资本输出，以此来获得高额的垄断利润，并对落后的国家地区施加政治影响。此后的连续几任美国总统基本上都延续了“金元外交”政策的作法。

二战结束后，欧洲国家遭到了前所未有的打击，这使得美国在拉美的独霸地位更加稳固。但美国此时己不满足于在西半球的独霸地位，它的目标已成为遏制苏联和称霸世界，并希望拉美能成为自己的稳定地盘和战略基地。为此美国加大了自身在经济方面对拉美国家的影响。在四十年代到五十年代的十年里，美国垄断资本对拉美的投资增长了四倍，并且在对拉美地区的投资和贸易中获得了 巨大的垄断利润。此外，美国的私人垄断资本在拉美地区不断膨胀。联合水果公司，美孚石油公司，洛克菲勒石油公司等超级跨国公司一度几乎垄断了拉美地区食品，能源行业的生产销售全过程。

冷战结束后，虽然拉美地区对美国的军事和政治地位的重要性降低，但是在经济方面，拉美的重要性却在上升。首先，对拉出口贸易在美国国民生产总值中的比重大幅上升，拉美地区成了美国最大的贸易伙伴和出口市场。另外，美国对拉进口额也逐年攀升，进口商品以石油、铁矿石、铜矿石等自然资源初级产品为大宗。美国还积极推动建设以本国为主导的美洲经济一体化。1994年，美国、加拿大、墨西哥三国组成的北美自由贸易区建立，这使得美国出口贸易有了更加广阔的市场。此后，随着美国贸易政策变得更加外交化，北美自由贸易区逐渐成为美国实现区域贸易对外扩张的样板，成为向美洲自由贸易区扩展的基石。

但是，当今美拉贸易对拉美国家而言始终存在着不平等。第一，拉美各国对美国的贸易依赖度相当之高，而且绝大多数拉美国家对美国的贸易处于出超地位。以墨西哥为例，如果没有美国或者美国减少由墨西哥的进口，墨西哥经济将受到严重的甚至毁灭性打击。第二，拉美国家对美出口的都是初级产品，从美国进口的多是昂贵的机器设备。美国利用国家贸易的剪刀差从拉美国家攫取了巨额利润。长期的原料出口型经济使得拉美国家产业结构单一，经济畸形发展。虽然很多国家进行了改革，但这个根本性问题并没有得到彻底解决。第三，美国的美洲自由贸易区计划实质上是为了瓦解和弱化南美经济一体化，加强美国的主导。2003年，美国和智利签署了一项双边自由贸易协议，这是美国同南美国家签署的第一份自由贸易协定。美国与智利签订自由贸易协定的意图非常明显，就是分化瓦解南美共同市场。此后，美国相继与秘鲁、哥伦比亚先后签署了自由贸易协定。这使得拉美国家的经济更加依附于美国，导致本国经济自主程度下降。强化对拉美国家的经济控制，是当下美国霸权主义依靠非武力的“软实力”影响拉美国家的重要手段。

二、美国对拉美国家外交政策的影响

外交自主权是主权国家重要的国家权利。但是美国为了维护其国家利益，采用政治施压的手段，迫使拉美国家在制定外交政策的时候，优先考虑美国的国家利益。二十世纪上半叶，在加大对拉美地区军事控制的同时，美国通过一系列的条约，把拉丁美洲置于白己的外交控制之下。特别是在第二次世界大战期问，美国利用拉美人民反对法西斯的愿望，组织以美国为首的西半球军事政治集团，使拉丁美洲实质上成为了美国称霸世界的战略后方。

冷战开始后，在1947年，美国通过《里约热内卢条约》，把20个拉美国家拉入了西方对社会主义阵营的冷战。1948年，在华盛顿召开的美洲国家组织会议对泛美联盟进行了重新解释，使这一主要由拉美国家组成的地区性组织成为长期服务于美国对外战略的工具。1951年，由美国一手包办的《华盛顿宣言》更明确地规定要拉美国家“分担责任”，即与美国一起“防止共产主义颠覆”，进一步把拉美国家的外交政策与美国捆绑。

此外拉美各国追随美国还表现在联合国中充当美国的“投票机器”。联合国的创始成员国总共有51个，拉美洲国家就占了20个。联合国最十年里的表决中，除有关殖民地等少数问题，在许多重大国际事件中，拉美国家都支持美国的政策。在朝鲜战争中拉美国家也与美国站在一边。在反共反苏上，拉美各国也基本上追随美国。古巴导弹危机之后，美国一面联合拉美其他国家对古巴进行孤立封锁，一面大力打压苏联对拉美国家的影响。在美国的压力下，多数国家都先后与苏联断交，到五十年代末，同苏联保持外交关系的拉美国家，只剩下阿根廷、乌拉圭和墨西哥三国。

冷战结束后，美国对拉美国家的外交控制有所放松，拉丁美洲的对外关系也由对美国的“单向依附”转变为“多边外交”，拉美国家与欧盟、中国、俄罗斯以及非洲的关系得到加强。但是美国仍旧压制拉美国家与俄罗斯、中国等国家深化交往合作。随着美洲自由贸易区的扩大，拉美地区国家对美国的贸易依赖程度不断增加。而且，绝大多数拉美国家对美国的贸易处于出超地位。由于本国经济受到对美贸易的主导，这些国家在外交方面也受制于美国。例如2009年美国迫使巴西政府提高对华出口铁矿石的价格，2012年美国在联合国提出的干预叙利亚国内冲突的提案表决中，除了古巴之外的所有拉美国家都投了赞成票。可以说，拉美各国在外交政策方面仍旧把美国国家利益看作重中之重。

四、美国对拉美国家国内政治的影响

美国对拉美国家灌输的影响是多方面的，除了在经济上推动拉美国家实行由美国倡导的自由贸易之外，在政治方面，美国也积极推动拉美国家实行美国式民主制度，保障和维护“人权”。

自二战结束到冷战结束的半个多世纪里，军事独裁政权在拉美地区的国家里广泛存在，军事政变频繁。而这些军事独裁政权为了得到美国的支持，不惜出卖国家主权，甘当美国的附庸。到二十世纪八十年代，拉美有12个国家是军人执政，而且都是拉美地区的大国和重要国家，包括巴西、阿根廷、智利、玻利维亚和秘鲁等。它们的领导人大多通过军事政变上台，人权记录很是不光彩。但是他们反共亲美，使美国对他们一直抱着矛盾的心理。为了反对苏联，这些亲美政权无疑是美国的不可缺少的盟友，但是他们专制独裁的形象和糟糕的人权记录，又给美国的外交形象造成了极大负面的影响，而且成为拉美人民反对美国的理由。

因此，1979年，时任美国总统的吉米卡特提出了“人权外交”的思想，并付诸实施，尽力向别国推行美国的意识形态和社会政治制度。人权外交的实质是借口人权问题干涉别国内政。卡特政府利用军事和经济援助作为手段，逼迫拉美右翼军人政权改善人权，即使他们曾经是亲美政权。同时，加强了同委内瑞拉和墨西哥这些有着代议制民主制度国家的关系，而抛弃了一些南美的军事独裁国家，如巴西。但是，由于“人权外交”损害了不少军人政权的利益，使得他们在一些国际问题上开始不再追随美国。结果双方互相妥协，又回到了从前的关系。人权外交也出现了前后矛盾，最终变成了一种口号。

冷战结束后，随着苏联在拉美地区的影响力消失，美国政府又重提人权外交，在拉美推行民主。1993年，克林顿总统提出了推动建立包括拉美在内的“西半球民主共同体”的计划，并付诸实践。包括促进海地恢复民主，加大对古巴的和平演变，反对秘鲁总统藤森超期连任威胁民主制度等。2001年，布什总统上台后，更加强调民主和人权，对“非民主国家”采取了更加强硬的外交政策。例如加大了对古巴的政治压力，迫使其做出政治改革；暗中委内瑞拉国内反对派势力，试图颠覆查韦斯政权等。

美国对拉美的政治影响，其核心就是要同化拉美，试图在拉美建立美国式的民主，美国式的自由，美国式的发展模式，让拉美沿着美国的道路前进。这样一来，美国与拉美就具有相同的价值观，美国与拉美就在处理国际事务时更能团结一致，使美国对拉美的控制与影响更加巩固和有效。但是，由于美国支持和主导的右派实行的政策没有很好的解决拉美的贫富差距、腐败、社会保障等诸多问题，拉美左翼政府纷纷上台。同时崛起了诸如巴西、委内瑞拉等新兴地区大国，这使得美国对拉美国家的影响力和向心力有所减弱。

五、小结

自美国建国以来，理想主义和现实主义都是美国对外政策中同时存在的两条主线。在某个历史时期，美国的拉美外交政策带有浓厚的理想主义色彩，在另外某个历史时期，则是现实主义占了上风，这取决于美国的国内政治、经济状况，也取决于美国当时所面临的国际环境。这也就决定了美国对待拉美国家实行“硬霸权”和“软霸权”交替使用的局面。

随着国家的强大，拉美独立运动的发展，以及英国西班牙等欧洲国家干涉拉美革命等缘故，1832年美国提出了门罗主义，从而奠定了美国对拉丁美洲政策的基础。1898年美西战争后，美国取得了在美洲绝对领导的地位，为了强化对拉美国家政治经济上的控制，罗斯福总统提出了“大棒政策”，主张以武力为后盾，积极推行向外扩张计划，以迫使拉丁美洲国家听命于美国。在大棒政策的指导下，美国凭借武力，多次公开干涉拉丁美洲国家的内政。由于“大棒政策”激起了拉美人民的激烈反抗，1912年，塔夫脱总统提出了“金元外交”政策，通过经济的手段，间接控制拉美国家。

冷战时期，出于美苏争霸的需要，美国加强了对拉美国家的控制，多次直接或间接地打击拉美国家的社会主义力量，扶持拉美地区的军事独裁政权。而同样是出于维护本国利益的需要，美国又在拉美地区实行“人权外交”，压制独裁政权。这推进了拉美国家的民主进程，使得美国式民主制度在拉美广泛建立。同时美国积极倡导建立以美国为主导的美洲自由贸易区，促进拉美国家市场自由化的进程。其目的都是为了维护美国在拉美地区这一传统势力范围的利益。

冷战结束后，拉美不再是美国外交政策的重点地区，“9.11”事件之后，美国更是将注意力集中在中东地区和亚太地区，对拉美的关注大大减少。目前美国的拉美政策，主要目的是保持自己后院的稳定和主导地位，在这个基础上促进拉美各国的民主政治和自由开放的市场经济，推行新自由主义的改革。但是对拉美在推行这些改革时所出现的经济、社会问题以及政局动荡，采取了漠不关心的态度。同时在推行贸易自由化，建立美洲自由贸易区的过程中，也不愿开放自己的市场，这都引起了美各国的反感和批评，同时使得左翼势力在拉美国家纷纷上台执政，使得美国对拉美的控制力减弱，美国不得不对其拉美政策做出调整。

1987年里根总统在国会咨文中，最后一次明确提出门罗主义是美国制定拉美政策的指导思想。之后，门罗主义一词再未出现在美国政府的出版物中，但是这并不代表门罗主义就此成为历史。门罗主义已经超越了简单的外交指导原则的范畴，而是成为了美国政府一种重要的外交选择。总而言之，由于地缘政治，美国必须重视同拉美的关系，拉美也不能避免同美国打交道。而美国在经济政治军事实力上占有绝对的优势，使得拉美受制于美国霸权的局面将长期存在下去。同时，雄辩的历史也再次印证了这样一条颠簸不破的真理，即一个国家其战略的制定、推行最根本的是为了保护与增进国家利益。

第三篇：美国演讲稿

美国本土位于北美洲中部，位于西半球，领土还包括北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛等。另有加勒比海岛屿波多黎各以及太平洋群岛北马里亚纳等海外领地。其本土北与加拿大接壤，南靠墨西哥湾，西临太平洋，东濒大西洋。海岸线22，680公里。全国最低点为死亡谷（-86米），位于美国加利福尼亚洲的东南方，与内华达州接壤；最高点为麦金利山（6198米），位于阿拉斯加州的中南部，是阿拉斯加山脉的中段。

建国十三州（照念）

美国几乎有着世界上所有的气候类型（地跨寒、温、热三带，本土处于温带），在主要农业地带少有严重的干旱发生、洪水泛滥也并不常见，并且有着温和而又能取得足够降雨量的气温。影响美国气候的主要是北极气流，每年从太平洋带来了大规模的低气压，这些低气压在通过内华达山脉、洛矶山脉、和喀斯喀特山脉时夹带了大量水分，当这些气压到达中部大平原时便能进行重组，导致主要的气团相遇而带来激烈的大雷雨，尤其是在春季和夏季。有时这些暴雨可能与其他的低气压会合，继续前往东海岸和大西洋，并会演变为更激烈的东北风暴（Nor'easter），在美国东北的中大西洋区域和新英格兰形成广泛而沉重的降雪。大平原广阔无比的草原也形成了许多世界上最极端的气候转变现象。

美国有超过17，000种本土的植物和树种，是世界上最多样化的，同时，数千种非本土的外来物种有时也会影响到本土的动植物。美国本土有超过400种哺乳类、700种鸟类、500种爬虫类和两栖类、以及90，000种已经被发现的昆虫。美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。

美国黄石国家公园，自然遗产，1978年列入世界遗产名录。黄石国家公园占地8956平方公里，位于怀俄明州的大片原始森林中。自然景观丰富多样，峡谷、瀑布、湖泊、间歇泉和温泉。还有丰富的野生动物，如灰熊、狼、麋鹿和野牛等。黄石公园建于1872年，是美国的第1个国家公园。1872年3月1日，美国第18任总统格兰特签署了黄石公园法案，美国第一个国家公园诞生了。这也是世界上第一个国家公园。它位于美国西部爱达荷、蒙大拿、怀俄明三个州交界的北落基山之间的熔岩高原上，绝大部分在怀俄明的西北部。园内最高峰为华许布恩峰，海拔3550米。公园内的森林占全园总面积的90%左右，水面占10%左右。园内最大的湖是黄石湖，最大的河流是黄石河。此外，园内还有峡谷、瀑布、温泉及间歇喷泉等，是一个负有盛名的游览胜地。黄石公园以保持自然风光而著称于世。6000万年以来，黄石地区多次发生的火山爆发，构成了现在海拔2000多米的熔岩高原，加上3次冰川运动，留下了山谷、瀑布、湖泊以及成群的温泉和喷泉。大自然用水、火、冰、风在这里精雕细琢，安排了迷人的景色。要游山，东、西、北三面，山峰起伏崎岖，山山之间有峡谷，道路坎坷，山岩嶙峋；要逛水，河、湖、溪、泉、塘，大小瀑布，应有尽有，有的从云端直泻而下，有的自山谷奔流而出，有的从地下涌现；要看动物，有水禽、飞禽及野生的哺乳动物--麋鹿、黑熊、驼鹿和大角羊。据说，黄石国家公园是美国最大的野生动物庇护所。

位于黄石国家公园的大稜镜温泉，是美国最大，世界第三大的温泉。大稜镜温泉的美在于湖面的颜色随季节而改变，春季，湖面从绿色变为灿烂的橙红色，这是由于富含矿物质的水体中生活着的藻类和含色素的细菌等微生物，它们体内的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比例会随季节变换而改变，于是水体也就呈现出不同的色彩。

美国自然资源丰富。煤、石油、天然气、铁矿石、钾盐、磷酸盐、硫磺等矿物储量均居世界前列。战略矿物资源钛、锰、钴、铬等主要靠进口。探明煤储量35，966亿吨。探明原油储量270亿桶。探明天然气储量56，034亿立方米。森林面积约44亿亩，覆盖率达33%。

（假装结束）

硅谷（SiliconValley）。位于加利福尼亚以北，旧金山湾区南部的圣塔克拉拉谷地；一般包涵圣塔克拉拉和位於东湾的佛瑞蒙市。最早是研究和生产芯片的地方，后来这个名词引申为所有高技术企业聚集的地方。现在是当今美国乃至全世界的资讯科技产业的龙头。此外该地也有一些文化设施，如创新科技博物馆。“硅谷”这个名词现已引申为所有高技术企业聚集的地方。

硅谷是最早研究和生产芯片的地方，现在，硅谷是当今美国乃至全世界的资讯科技产业的龙头。

硅谷形成原因、硅谷工业特点（照读）

史蒂夫乔布斯（1955-2011），发明家、企业家、美国苹果公司联合创办人、前行政总裁。1976年乔布斯和朋友成立苹果电脑公司，他陪伴了苹果公司数十年的起落与复兴，先后领导和推出了麦金塔计算机、iMac、iPod、iPhone等风靡全球亿万人的电子产品，深刻地改变了现代通讯、娱乐乃至生活的方式。2011年10月5日他因病逝世，享年56岁。乔布斯是改变世界的天才，他凭敏锐的触觉和过人的智慧，勇于变革，不断创新，引领全球资讯科技和电子产品的潮流，把电脑和电子产品变得简约化、平民化，让曾经是昂贵稀罕的电子产品变为现代人生活的一部分。

1975年：在乔布斯的卧室中，乔布斯和沃兹涅克开始开发AppleI；1976年：AppleI开发工作完成，在乔布斯的车库里他们制造出了AppleI的原型机。1976年4月1日：由沃兹涅克、乔布斯和RonWayne共同成立了苹果电脑公司。1980年：

AppleIII发布，苹果股票上市，并获得巨大成功。1984年1月24日：AppleMacintosh发布。1985年末：苹果发布MacintoshOffice，并首次使用LaserWriter和AppleTalk网络技术，以期让Mac对小型企业更加具有吸引力。1991年：IBM与苹果结成联盟：IBM为苹果开发RISC处理器(即PowerPC)。1993年8月2日：苹果发布第一款PDA(NewtonMessagePad)。1997年8月6日：史蒂芬乔布斯成为苹果事实上的领导

人，他宣布苹果与微软结成联盟。微软购买1.5亿美元苹果股票。苹果将微软IE浏览器集成到苹果操作系统中。1998年1月7日：苹果正式宣布重新赢利，乔布斯宣布1998年第一财季收益为4700万美元。1998年5月：iMac和笔记本电脑

PowerBookG3发布。1998年8月15日：iMac上市，并且成为历史上销售最快的个人电脑。1999年6月：新笔记本电脑PowerBookG3Lombard发布。它比以前的笔记本更轻更小。300MHz的PowerMacintoshG3Yosemite停止生产，新推出450MHz的Yosemite；专业视频编辑软件FinalCutPro发布，它专门征对PowerMac的新火线接口进行了优化。1999年11月5日：MacOS9发布。它带来许多诸如Sherlock1的增强版Sherlock2的新特性。2000年1月6日：在SanFranciscoMacWorld展览会上苹果展示了其最新操作系统MacOSX，MacOSX是基于Rhapsody策略上的新操作系统。2001年3月14日：苹果以价值6200万的苹果股票收购了PowerSchool公司。

PowerSchool公司是一家专为学校提供数据管理软件的公司。2001年10月23日：史蒂芬乔布斯向公众推介便携式MP3播放器iPod，iPod配置了5GB的内置火线硬盘(可容纳多达1000首MP3歌曲)，2英寸背光LCD显示器，内置数字放大器和耳机。另外苹果还发布了用于将MP3文件从Mac上传输到iPod上的工具软件iTunes2。2001年11月10日：iPod发布。2002年3月21日：iPod升级版和23英寸的Cinema显示器在东京MacWorld展览会上发布。2004年，iPodmini发布，苹果和惠普合作。由惠普这样的PC巨头捆绑销售iTUNES。随后，苹果又发布了新款iPod。被冠以iPodphoto。iTunes音乐在线下载网站在美国本土成功推出之后，苹果进一步把市场延伸到世界的其他角落。英国、法国以及德国的iTunes接连开张。2005年，苹果电脑公司与英特尔公司展开会谈，在其Macintosh计算机上使用英特尔处理器芯片。屏弃了IBM的PowerPC。

美国的经济体系兼有资本主义和混合经济的特征。在这个体系内，企业和私营机构做主要的微观经济决策，政府在国内经济生活中的角色较为次要；然而，各级政府的总和却占GDP的36%；在发达国家中，美国的社会福利网相对较小，政府对商业的管制也低于其他发达国家。

在全国各地区，经济活动重心不一。例如：纽约市是金融、出版、广播和广告等行业的中心；洛杉矶是电影和电视节目制作中心；旧金山湾区和太平洋沿岸西北地区是技术开发中心；中西部是制造业和重工业中心，底特律是著名的汽车城，芝加哥是该地区的金融和商业中心；东南部以医药研究、旅游业和建材业为主要产业，并且由于其薪资成本低于其他地区，因此持续的吸引制造业的投资。

中美2011年GDP对比（照读）

小组分工（照读）

第四篇：美国第一夫人演讲稿

Dr.Jill Biden: Thank you, Secretary Panetta and Deputy Secretary Wolin for your leadership.Thank you, General Dempsey, for your kind introduction.Good afternoon, Deanie, and all the Joint Chiefs and your spouses.Thank you for being such great partners to Michelle and me.I want to offer a special welcome to all of our service members and their spouses.We are honored to be with you today.Many of you know, as the General mentioned, that I am a proud military mom.One of the best parts of my role as Second Lady is the privilege of meeting with service members and their families all over the world.I am always amazed at their courage, their determination and their resilience.That inspiration is one of the main reasons the First Lady and I started Joining Forces so that all Americans are helping to support our military families.We've seen Americans step up in so many ways.We've seen businesses hiring tens of thousands of veterans and military spouses--businesses like Sears, Kmart and Sam's Club have made commitments to hire military spouses or make base transfers easier.Medical schools have committed to educate their students about post-traumatic stress and traumatic brain injuries and conduct new research on these conditions.Schools, community organizations and Americans of every age and background have sent care packages, donated childcare and created community celebrations for the military families in their neighborhoods.And Americans are stepping up because they know how much our military spouses and families have done for our country.People like Ann Wells.Ann's husband, Robert, is career combat engineer and command service sergeant major.After 10 years of marriage, Ann went back to school for her nursing degree.As a teacher, I have had the privilege of teaching countless women like Ann, women who fight hard for a good education.But like so many military spouses, Ann moved frequently with her husband and that often meant a new license was required to pursue her nursing career in Hawaii, in Tennessee, in Texas and in Missouri.That's why our efforts here today are so important.They are another way we can show our support for those who serve this country.Please join me in welcoming Ann.(applause)Ann Wells: Thank you, Dr.Biden, for those fine remarks.And to all the leaders of government, our First Lady, Secretary Panetta, General Dempsey, thank you for your leadership and your guidance today.And I just want to thank all of you for making military spouses and our professions a priority today.As an Army spouse for 32 years, I am enormously proud of what my husband does.And I am proud to step up and serve this country in my own way as well.But being a military spouse brings with it some extra challenges, and as a registered nurse, I know that firsthand.I take my profession as a nurse just as seriously as Robert does the military.My family has moved ten times throughout my husband's career.I have long since lost track of the number of months that I've spent waiting around for licensing paperwork to catch up so that I could continue my own career.One move happened 30 days after a deployment;we had to start moving during the Christmas holidays.Moving the family, finding a new home, a new school for the kids, you have to make new friends, all this puts a loss of stress on the families.And, you know, I can't even start looking for a new type of work until I have an address so I can start sending off for my license.There's also the extra cost of applying for the new license which differs from state to state.You have the time waiting for an official college transcript.You have to submit another set of fingerprints to file in the state.You need to figure out what forms have to be filled out, signed and notarized.One time the whole process was so difficult to sort through and Robert was going through some tough times after deployment that I finally gave up and decided I just didn't need to get my license in this state.And many of my friends that I've talked to have similar stories as mine.The issue of occupational license portability is one of the very top concerns we have as military spouses.In serving this country we move a lot;it's just what we do.And for those of us in one of the dozens of professions in this country that require state licensures, these moves can be particularly tough.Moving just in and of itself is tough.Now add the financial pressure of finding a new job and in a new location.We are not looking for a handout.And none of us for a second wants to change a professional standard.We're simply looking to be able to provide for our families and continue the careers that we love.And so I'd like to thank everyone here today for helping military spouses, like me, just to do that, to be there with us.And right now I'd like to turn it over to someone who has worked with Dr.Biden to make a difference in the lives of America's military families.She has not just talked about it;she has actually gotten up and done something about it.Ladies and gentlemen, the First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama!(applause)First Lady Michelle Obama: Thank you so much.Thank you, everyone.Thank you all so much.Someone can give an order to be seated.There are plenty of people here who can do that, correct?(laughter)But thank you--thank you for that wonderful welcome.And thank you, Ann.Thank you for the kind introduction and for all that you and your family have done for our country.I also want to thank Secretary Panetta for hosting us here at the Pentagon.And of course, I have to thank Jill, who has been such a wonderful friend and such a terrific partner in Joining Forces.I also want to join in recognizing General Dempsey and his wife, Jeannie--Deanie, why am I saying Jeannie? Hi, Deanie.How are you?(laughter)Thank you.You've been amazing.You've helped us through.You've kept us on the straight and narrow along with all of the other spouses of the Joint Chiefs.You all have been just amazing supports.And I also have to recognize the Joint Chiefs as well.Thank you all.You all have been so steadfast, just right there every step of the way.We are just proud of everything that you do for this country.And we also have Deputy Secretary Neal Wolin, who is here from the Department of Treasury, who has put so much time and effort into helping prepare this report.We wouldn't be here today without all that you have done, so thank you.Well done.Job well done.Absolutely.(applause)We also have Alan Krueger, who's the Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisors;of course, the First Lady of Kentucky, Jane Beshear, who has been really doing some phenomenal work in her state and taking the lead and stepping up in ways big and small.We really are grateful to everything that you've done.We also have members of Congress here, we have state legislators, and we representatives from many of our nation's veterans service organizations who are here with us.And we are all here today, we have all gathered, to say this to America's military families: We are incredibly grateful for your service.We understand the unique challenges that you face;and we are going to do everything that we can to make sure that you can pursue your careers and provide for your families.Now as Jill said, over the past few years, she and I have had the privilege of visiting with military spouses all across the country.And as Jill said, you all are some of the most courageous, resilient, and inspiring people that we have ever met.You all are the ones who keep your families together when your spouse is deployed.You're the parents who turn off the news at night for fear of what you might hear, who answer all those questions about why Mom or Dad has been gone for so long.You're the spouse who steps up to do the work of two parents, raising the kids, running the household, juggling all the errands and chores all alone.But you are still the volunteer on the PTA.（家庭教师协会）You still lead that food drive.You organize the neighborhood carpool.You're the families who, every few years, you pack up your entire lives, and you move whenever and wherever your country calls.But no matter how much is on your plate, no matter what this country asks of you, you all just keep moving forward.You just keep serving your families, your communities and your country in ways that many of us cannot fathom.But when it comes to moving forward in your own careers, when it comes to getting a job and being able to provide for your families when you arrive at that new base or duty station, far too often, you can't just keep moving because you've run into a brick wall.It happens to military spouses again and again.You're asked to move to a new state.You want to get back to the job you love and the job you need to support your family.But you can't do any of that because your nursing license or your teaching credentials don't transfer when you move to a new state.It happens to nurses like Ann.It happens to school teachers, to childcare providers, to accountants, real estate brokers, dental hygienists, lawyers too--that's supposed to be funny.No one likes lawyers.(laughter)And so many other careers.We have learned that more than one of every three military spouses in the labor force have jobs that require some kind of professional license or certification.So this licensing issue affects more than 100,000 individuals--100,000 individuals.And the vast majority of you are clearly ready to work when you get to your new state.You've already demonstrated your specialized skills.You've already gained years of professional experience.But too often, as Ann said, you're left waiting for paperwork to clear while your skills go unused and more importantly your family's bank accounts shrink.And this is something Jill and I hear about on every single base and in every single military community that we visit.It is the number one issue that military spouses tell us about.And we know that this is a challenge for these families because the one important thing that I have learned about military spouses is they never complain.They never ever ask for anything.So on the rare occasion when our military spouses do speak up and ask for our help, then it's time for all of us to take action.And that's what today's report from the Departments of Defense and Treasury is all about.That's what we're doing.We're all taking action.We've heard your frustrations, and we're finding solutions.And that starts by first recognizing how these issues arise.Now, each state issues its own professional license and sets its own standards of professional competence.Take teachers, for example.To earn a teaching license, states ask for some combination of state and national test scores, supervised work experience, and advanced coursework.But when you analyze requirements like these across several states, you begin to understand the challenges that arise for military spouses.In some states, for example, applicants are required to take an entry-level course in state history or other subjects before the licensing board will grant a license.So if you're a military spouse with years of teaching experience and you move across state lines, you could end up taking extra classes for weeks on end before you can even get a job, and that's just what happens in one profession.When you're talking about dozens of careers, the web of requirements and standards can get pretty thick.But before we go any further, let me be very clear: We're not asking any state to change their standards.6 These state rules are important, and states have every right to set benchmarks just like these.In doing so, they hold our professionals to a high bar and they give us all peace of mind whenever we walk into a hospital or enroll our kids in school.But it's also clear that this system poses very unique challenges for our military families.And recently, a number of states have stepped forward to address this very problem.So let me just tell you about what just some of a few states are already doing.In Tennessee, they're granting temporary licenses in many professions, which will allow spouses to get a job first, then complete any remaining state licensing requirements.In Colorado, the director of their state licensing agency now has the power to waive cumbersome requirements for military spouses who clearly demonstrate their competence.And then in Arizona, they passed legislation to grant licenses, in most professions, to military spouses who have at least one year of experience.So that's three states with three different solutions.In each of them, military spouses with professional skills and experience don't have to wait before they get to work.If they need to complete any remaining requirements in their new state, they can do it as they earn a paycheck.And that's the general guideline that eight other states have followed as they've created laws of their own.And we're pleased that 13 more states have legislation pending or waiting to be introduced.But that still leaves 26 states--that still leaves more than half the country--that have yet to address this issue.And, again, that's where this report comes in.We know that there's no one-size-fits-all solution here.Every state is different.So this report simply provides a roadmap of best practices that leaders across the country can use as a resource as they explore ways that their state can better support these military families.The report contains tips and ideas, not edicts and decrees.But the point is that there are solutions here.This is a solvable problem.So today we are setting a national goal--by the year 2014, we want all 50 states to have passed their own legislation to address these licensing issues.And we know it's an ambitious goal.We know it won't be easy to achieve, but we also know that our nation's military families have waited long enough.(applause)And it's also important to note that this isn't just about military spouses.This issue affects our troops.It affects our military children, all of whom are relying on the income of these spouses earn.This affects our schools and our hospitals and our businesses that need those skilled employees.And all of that affects our entire economy--our unemployment rate, our productivity, our competitiveness all around the world.So it's time for us to come together as a country to find some solutions to this problem that has affected so many of our military families for so long.It is time for us to make sure that our military spouses, that their hard work and professional skills are recognized, no matter what state they move to.And we're all willing to do our part to work together to move this issue forward and to provide support for states along the way.That's why, in addition to today's announcement, when our nation's governors gather at the White House in just two weeks, Jill and I are going to make this ask directly.We're going to ask each of the governors to lead the charge on this issue in their state.We're also going to reach out to state legislators across the country, and we're going to ask them to jumpstart the legislative process.The state liaisons here at the Department of Defense will be working nonstop to help these state leaders craft and pass bills that fit their states' needs.In addition, we're going to be asking advocacy groups like the National Military Family Association to engage at a state level to build the kind of grassroots support that will help get this done.And we're going to urge more national professional organizations to follow the lead of the American Bar Association, which actively is encouraging its state affiliates to make licensing accommodations for military spouses.So we are ready to roll up our sleeves and do some heavy lifting on this issue.We are ready to make this happen.And if we can do this, if we can work together so that every state can find its own solution, we'll once again show all of you--our incredible military families--that America has your back.After all, that's exactly what you do for all of us every single day.That's what you do for us.No matter how much we ask of you, no matter what the personal cost, our military families always answer the call.They always do.And today, as we announce this new effort, I'm reminded of a group of military spouses that I met with a few years ago in Kentucky.One woman we were talking to, she choked up as she told me about some of the challenges that she and her family were facing.And I'll never forget what happened next: another military spouse who was sitting there, she jumped in and she said--and this is a quote--she said, “I don't know this woman.I didn't meet her before today, but when she leaves here, she will have my number.And she will be able to call me anytime.She's got the support of this friend right here.” See and I tell that story because that's who military spouses are.That's exactly who they are.That's the life that so many of you here today lead.That is the commitment that you show every single day to your families, to our communities and to our country.And I just want you all to know that you can call on us, and we will answer.We owe it to you and your families who have sacrificed so much.And so to all of the state leaders out there, in this room and beyond, I want to thank you for everything that you've done so far, and I look forward to working with you to finish this job.And to our troops and our military families, I cannot thank you enough for everything you do for this country.We are inspired by you.We are so proud of you, and we are working as hard as we can to serve you as well as you have served this country.Thank you all, God bless, and God bless the United States of America.Thanks, so much.(applause)

第五篇：美国简介演讲稿

With this beautiful American country song, we can feel a rich American flavor.Ladies and Gentlemen I am Luodan from applied English class 1, today you will follow me to understand local customers and practices of America.Today we are mainly focusing on the History of United States, the American Religion、Literature、Education and American Culture.As we all know, the history of America is not very long, however, during this short history, the United States has created a lot of miracles.There are many significant events.It has influence not only in America but also on the world.On April 19, 1775,700 British soldiers marched to Boston.At the village of Lexington, they confronted 70 militiamen, one of whom fired a shot, and then the American War of Independence broke out.George Washington was one of the most outstanding leaders during the War, he was often revered by Independence, and the United States got total independence.With the development of their economy, the contradiction of the South and the North became sharp.In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected as president, the Civil War broke out.After the War, American realized the unification of the American nation.After that, the communication of South and North increased, especially in religion.Religion is a very important part of life in America, just as some westerners comment that religion shapes the western character and culture.Christianity is the major American faith;almost 85% Americans

英美国家文化展

now are Christian which can be divided into many different religions groups such as Protestant, Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox.The Protestant is the mainstream in America, 90% of all the churches in the USA are Protestant.In modern America, religion is just a kind of thought.And there is a close relation between religion and literature.Under the influence of religions, more and more American literatures arise.Here we divide it into three periods: The Romantic Movement, which originated in Germany but quickly spread to England, France and beyond, reached to America around the year 1820.Yet there was an important difference of romanticism in America coincided with the period of national expansion and the discovery of a distinctive voice.Ralph Waldo Emerson was the most influential writer of romantic period.The American society after the civil war provided rich soil for the rise and development of realism.An important writer to be introduced and discussed in this section is Mark Twain.Between the mid-19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social natural sciences, which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic wittings in the United States.An important writer to be introduced and discussed in this section is Ernest Hemingway.英美国家文化展

The English novelist Mary Webb once said: Education is “Like a big window opening,” and are proud of the fact that the window of knowledge is never slammed shut for any of the nation’s citizens.Children are allowed to attend classes with kids of various races.Schools have equal opportunities for both males and females, and for children with disabilities or handicaps and all ethics backgrounds.The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States.The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group.The eight institutions are Harvard University, Brown University, Columbia University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Princeton University, the university of Pennsylvania, and Yale University.Because of this kind of educational system, there is a wide diversity of culture in America, when it comes to the culture of America, we can’t help thinking of the sports and films.As for the sports, the NBA is the most famous league in America.Through the early 1970s, many outstanding players moved up to the NBA from college ranks, and the NBA comes to its most magnificent period with its superstar, Michael Jordan whose name had become household words the world over, led the Chicago Bulls in winning three NBA champions consecutive in 1991-1993.With the development of culture, the film center moved from

英美国家文化展

the East coast to Hollywood.It became the real start of the American films.Hollywood’s influence is remarkable and omnipresent.Hollywood attracts many foreign superstars.Different cultures communicate and contribute to the wide spread of American culture.OK!This is all I want to say about American,after my introduction ,have you had a further understanding about America,and if you want to know more about it,just contact me,I will give you more information.Thank you!