第一篇：英文合同解读--(八)英语合同的常用句型
英文合同解读--(八)英语合同的常用句型
有限责任公司，股份有限公司，外商投资公司 王辉
2009-08-17 分类 作者
发文日期
正文内容:
一、引导条件从句的句型
in the event that(短语为in the event of), in case(短语为in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）
在英文合同中，以上这些词常用来引导条件从句表示“如果、假如”等情形，基础英语中常用的“as long as”在英文合同中非常鲜见。
例一：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit(or Letter of Guarantee)the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。
例二：In case part of or all know?how of the above?mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。
例三：15% of the above contract price, e.g.US $ 21, 000.00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的15%，也就是21000美元，但该技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。
例四：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s)it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。
需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”；译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。
例五：Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。
句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。而on condition that引导的条件从句，往往表示只要某情况出现，就如何如何。
例六：Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of theordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使买卖公司股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。
例七：In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。
例八：As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called “Internet Marketing”.In this example, “Partner Name” would be “Internet Marketing”.试举一例，如果Stamp.com公司与一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙协议。本例中，该“合伙名称”就是“Internet Maketing”。
If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and write and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予安排，安排法律顾问办公场所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有关情况，缮写、打印稿件等。
相关链接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等
in no case和in no event表示“决不”即无论怎样都不行。
例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船龄超过20年的，买方概不接受。
In the case of 就什么来说，关于，in any case 无论如何
例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.关于危险或有毒货物，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
二、表示“某物所有权属于某人”的句型
Sth.is(shall remain)the property of sb., the title of sth.shall be vested in sb.英语合同表示“某物所有权属于某人”时，常用到这两个句型。如果用the ownership of sth.belongs to sb.,或者sb.owns/possesses sth.就不够正式，而且possess只指目前属于某人，并不能说明获得的来源，而own只表示“对„„的合法占有”。
例一：Any drawings or technical documents interested for use in the Construction of the Plant or of part thereof and submitted to the Seller by the Buyer prior or subsequent to formation of the Contract remain the exclusive property of the Buyer.本合同订立前后由买方送交卖方用于建筑设备或其部分设备的图纸或技术资料仍为买方的专有财产。
例二：Licensee hereby agrees that at the termination or expiration of this agreement Licensee will be deemed to have assigned, transferred and conveyed to Licensor any rights, equities, good will, titles or other rights in and to the Name which may have been obtained by Licensee or which may have vested in Licensee in pursuance of any endeavors covered hereby, and that Licensee will execute any instruments requested by Licensor to accomplish or confirm the foregoing.被许可方特此同意本协议终止或届满时，被许可方视为向许可方转让被许可方因该名称可能已获得或经努力已拥有的任何权利、权益、商誉、所有权或其他权利，并且被许可方应在许可方的要求下签署任何文件以完成或确认上述转让。
三、It is + p.p that（past participle过去分词）+clause
英文合同在使用被动语态时，有一些常见的特殊句型：
It is agreed that+clause
例一：It is mutually agreed that the certificate of quality and quantity of weight issued by the manufacturer shall be part of the document for payment with the adopted Letter of Credit.双方同意以制造厂出具的品质、数量或重量检验证明书作为有关信用证项下付款的单据之一。
例二：It is expressly agreed that Lessee will not, without obtaining prior written permission of Lessor, assert on its behalf, or on behalf of Lessor, any immunity from taxation based on the tax?exempt status, if any, of the Lessor.双方明确同意承租人未经出租人事先书面同意，不得自行或代表出租人基于出租人的免税身份主张免税，如果出租人有该身份。
It is understood that+clause
例一：It is strictly understood that the Sellers can not be held responsible for non?delivery of delayed delivery of the goods ordered if the situation is caused by Force Majeure, such as war, rebellion, fire, strike, new levies imposed by government, mistakes in telegrams, inability of, or refusal by the manufacturers to fulfill this Contract or any other causes beyond Seller?s control.严格明确卖方对于自己无法控制的不可抗力，如战争、叛乱、火灾、罢工、政府新征税、电报错误、生产厂商无能力或拒绝按合同生产，致使的已定货物不能发货或迟延发货概不负责。
例二：It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping Company, other transportation organizations and/or Post Office are liable.双方明确卖方概不承担属保险公司、装运公司或其他运输机构、邮局责任范围内原因所造成已装运货物的瑕疵责任。
It is stressed that+clause
例句：It is essentially stressed that the Buyers are requested to sign and return the duplicate of this Contract within 3 days from the date of receipt.In the event of failure to do this, the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the Contract.必须强调：买方应于收到本合同之日起３天内签字并退还合同的副本，如买方不这样做，卖方保留取消合同的权利。
四、Saving Clause ?
在英文合同中Saving Clause（除外条款, 但书条款）通常有save that句型和save as句型，表示“„„者例外”。
例一：Subject to clause 18.4, each party shall bear its own costs arising out of or in connection with the preparation, negotiation and implementation of this Agreement save that if this Agreement is lawfully rescinded by the Purchaser the Vendors shall pay to the Purchaser its accountancy, legal and other costs and expenses in relation to the investigation of the Company prior to the date hereof and the preparation and negotiation of this Agreement.在遵守第18.4条的条件下，每一方应各自承担其准备、协商和实施本协议所产生的或与之有关的费用，除非如本协议系买方依法解除，则卖方应向买方支付与本协议订立前调查公司以及准备和协商本协议有关的会计、法律和其他花费和支出。
例二：Save as expressly provided herein, this Agreement may be amended or terminated, and any of the terms hereof waived, only by a document in writing specifically referring to this Agreement and executed by the parties hereto or, in the case of a waiver, by the party waiving compliance.除非本协议明确规定，本协议可做修改或终止，本协议任一条款可放弃，仅当通过书面文件特别提及本协议并由本协议双方执行或一方通过弃权声明放弃遵守。?
此外，也常见用provison表示限制条款或但书。
例一：5.6 Legal Proceedings;Injunctions.(a)The Seller, the Buyer and the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts(subject to the provision in Section 5.6(b))to cooperate with each other in connection with any claim, action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation with any other person which relates to the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereunder.法律诉讼；禁止令。（1）卖方、买方和本公司应竭尽全力（除本条第二款的但书规定外）互相配合处理涉及本合同履行与交付及本合同项下预期交易完成的与他方有关的索赔、诉讼、案件、诉讼程式、质询或调查。
例二：Tenant shall not be required to join in any proceedings referred to in the provision at the end of 4.6 hereof unless the provisions of any law, rule or regulation at the time in effect shall require that such proceedings be brought by or in the name of Tenant, in which event Tenant shall join and cooperate in such proceedings or permit the same to be brought in its name, but shall not be liable for the payment of any costs or expenses in connection with any such proceedings, and Landlord shall reimburse Tenant for, and indemnify and hold Tenant harmless from and against, any and all costs or expenses which Tenant may reasonably pay, sustain or incur in connection with any such proceedings.承租人不得被应要求参加本合同第四条第六款最后但书/限制性条款提及的任何诉讼，除非当时生效的法律法规要求该诉讼应由承租人或以承租人名义提起，此种情况下，承租人应参加配合该诉讼或允许该诉讼以其名义提起，但概不承担任何与该诉讼有关的任何费用和花费，业主应偿还并保证赔偿承租人合理支付的因该诉讼产生或遭受的全部费用和花费且确保承租人免于以上责任。
五、As句型
参看本章第一节as的用法
六、Upon sth.英文合同中表达“一经„„，就„„”的含义时，不用基础英语中的as soon as, 而用upon sth.表达。
例如：Upon expiration of such term of contract, the contract shall automatically become void and null.合同一经届满则自动失效。
七、Unless otherwise 和 except(as)otherwise
英文合同中表示“除非另有规定”时，常常用到这两个句型。它们在句中的位置非常灵活，句首、句末或者句中都能看到它们的身影，后接stipulate, provide, require, state, specify等动词或其过去分词。
例一：On the Transfer Date，New Company shall transfer to B, free from any lien or encumbrance created by New Company and without the payment of any compensation, all its right, title to and interest in the infrastructure project, unless otherwise specified in the Agreement or any supplementary agreement.新公司应在转让日向乙方转让其在基础设施项目中的全部权利、所有权和权益，免于新公司创设的任何质押或财产担保，除非本协议另有规定或补充协议。
例二：The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing Party except otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Institute.仲裁费由败诉方承担，除非仲裁机构另有裁决。
例三：Except as otherwise provided herein, all import permits and licenses and the import duties, customs fees and all taxes levied by any government authority other than the Seller?s country shall be the sole responsibility of the Buyer.除非本协议另有规定，所有进口许可证照和政府机关（不是卖方国家）征收的进口关税和所有税费均应由买方独自承担责任。
八、表示“尽力做某事”的句型
Use all reasonable endeavors(efforts)to do sth., make full endeavors(efforts)to do sth.，exert one?s effort(s)to do sth.，exert oneself to do sth.英文合同中表示“尽力做某事”时，常常用到这几个句型，而不用基础英语中try one?s best to do sth.等句型。
例一：Except as contemplated by this Agreement, from the date hereof through the Closing Date, Mattel shall cause each TLC Subsidiary to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business in the ordinary course in all material respects, and shall use commercially reasonable endeavors to preserve intact its business relationships, keep available the service of its employees and maintain satisfactory relationships with its suppliers and customers.除非本协议预期，从本协议日期到成交日，Mattel公司应促使TLC子公司竭尽全力在所有实质方面按通常程式进行交易。并应尽力来保持其商业关系完整，可获得其员工的服务并与供应商和客户维持良好的关系。
例二：However, both parties shall make efforts to get the ratification within 60(sixty)days.然而，双方应努力在60天内获得批准。
例三：Each of Quotesmith and IIS agrees to exert its commercially reasonable efforts so that IIS can begin providing instant quotes on QIM in as short a time as the capabilities and technologies of each party will allow.Quotesmith和IIS均同意尽其全力使得IIS在各方能力和技术许可的范围内尽快开始向QIM公司提供即时报价。
例四：Promptly following the Effective Time, the shareholders of Tunes who are employed by JAMtv or Merger Sub shall exert their best efforts to cause all employees of Tunes and Merger Sub to execute in favor of Merger Sub proprietary rights agreements substantially similar to JAMtv?s existing employee proprietary rights agreement.生效时间后，被JAMtv公司或Merger Sub公司所聘的Tunes公司股东应立即竭尽全力促使Tunes公司和Merger Sub公司的所有员工执行Merger Sub公司控股权协议，该协议实质上与JAMtv公司现有的员工控股权协议类似。
第三节合同各部分常用例句与用词
(Sample Wording and Sentences in Each Part)
英文合同由标题（Title）、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)五大部分构成。标题部分由于比较简单，在此就不多述，而附录由于不是所有合同都具备，固定的句式用词很少，现就前言(Preamble)和证明部分即结尾词两个方面介绍如下。
1.前言部分
前言又分为合同方（Parties）和叙述（Recital）两部分，合同方部分主要载明合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业所在地或住所地以及合同签订的日期等内容，通常有两种句型：
一种是完整的句子，以This Contract is made on, 20, by and between ABC Company Ltd.(hereinafter called Party A)and XYZ Company Ltd.(hereinafter called Party B)为代表。
另一种则是由名词主语加动词过去分词构成的短语，如Agreement made thisday of , between(hereinafter called “Licensor”), and(hereinafter called “Licensee”)。
其中，made 后常用entered/concluded into等并列，this后直接接日期，或者用on，后接方式较为灵活，但接日期更为正式。而表达合同各方时还成对出现of /as one part(y), of/as the other part(y), 或是of/as one hand, of/as the other hand。表示“以下简称”时通常用hereinafter called 或是hereinafter referred to as, 甚至有直接把简称写到括弧里的情形。
合同方（Parties）的句式范例：
例一：This Contract made on April 1, 19, at, China, between ABC Co.with its principal office at, China(hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co.with its principal office at, USA(hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19年4月1日于中国签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国。
例二：This contract is signed on this(date)of(year)in(place)by and between(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and(hereinafter referred to as Party B).本合同由公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月日于地签订。
例三：AAA Corporation, Beijing, China(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer)as one party and(hereinafter referred to as the Seller)as the other party agree to authorize their representatives to sign the present Contract under the following terms and conditions...合同一方中国北京AAA公司（以下简称买方）和合同另一方公司（以下简称卖方）同意授权各自代表签署现有合同，条款如下„„
例四：This contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers;Whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the undermentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below and overleaf...本合同由买卖双方签订，凭此合同，卖方同意出售、买方同意购买根据下文和背面规定条款的如下货物„„
前言的叙述（Recital）部分，往往由whereas引导的句子（鉴于条款）后，再接now therefore...(最为常见)等结构。
例一：Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows...由此，以上述各点和以下规定契约为约因，甲乙双方约定如下„„
例二：Now therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows...由此，双方特约定如下„„
例三： Now, Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises herein contained, it is hereby agreed...由此，以相互本协议包含的承诺为约因，双方特此约定如下„„
例四： Now it is hereby agreed as follows...特此约定如下„„
例五：now, therefore, the parties agree as follows...由此，合同方约定如下„„
例六：It is understood and expressively agreed that...双方确认并明确约定如下„„
2.证明部分，即结尾词(Attestation)
英文合同的该部分，通常表达“双方签字盖章，特此为证”的含义。主要是由in witness where of或者in testimony whereof后接常用的句子。通常有如下形式：
例一：In witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused their respective duly authorized representatives to execute the Agreement on theday ofin the year of.合同双方授权其代表于年月日签订本协议，特此为证。
例二：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written.双方确认本协议于上述所具日期起签订生效，特此为证。
例三：in witness whereof, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the day and year set forth below.合同双方确认本协议自以下注明的日期起由其授权代表签字生效，特此为证。
例四：In witness whereof, the parties have executed this agreement at(designate place of execution)the day and year first above written.合同双方于上述日期于地（指定签订地）签订本协议，特此为证。
例五：In testimony whereof, Assignor has caused this Assignment to be executed by its officer(s)thereunto duly authorized.转让方授权其官员签署生效本转让协议。
（出自：英文合同解读--语用、条款及文本范例）
2010 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.
第二篇：英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系，然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。
☆简单长句及其翻译
在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系；然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻译时以句子的主干为主导；最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明：
1． The Buyers may，within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句，其主干为The Buyers may„lodge a claim„。
修饰谓语动词的状语有三个，a.分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination
b.方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和
c.目的for short-weight
而且状语中还有状语，作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。
众多状语，尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活，然而按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前；而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理，例如本句中的时间状语，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可译成：
货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。
2.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干为„the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price„to the Seller，其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。
从语用的角度来看，商务合同中许多时间状语表示的是某一缔约方必须在何时何地承担某一义务和享有某一种权利，即时效性。因此整个句子的重心不是句子的动词，而是发生动作的时间。
在 译成中文时，为了突出行为的时效性，时间状语应尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词“须”。此句中还含有一个较为复杂的方式状语by opening an irrevocable L/C„，其中含有三个介词短语作定语修饰an irrevocable L/C。按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前。
此外，若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时，英文的通常顺序是方式在前，时间在后，而汉语却正好与之相反，为方式在后，时间在前。因此本句可译成：
买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30 000美元。
3.The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.此 句的句子结构并不复杂但包含一个较为复杂的方式状语。从语用特征的角度来看，方式状语通常都是规定性的，其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段，在合同的语言环境下，即使有关缔约方履行了合同规定的义务，但若其履行义务的方式与合同规定的方式不符，乃构成违约。因此，方式状语的作用通常都是 比较重要的。本句可译成：
设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装，包装须适合于长途海、陆运输，能经受多次装卸。
☆英文合同中并列长句的翻译技巧
由 于撰写合同时不能遗漏任何可能情况，所以英文商务合同中往往有大量并列成分。这些并列成分包括并列的词、短语以及从句。从语用角度看，并列的平行结构使合同的句式平衡，表意完整。在翻译由两个或两个以上的并列单句构成的复杂长句时可以采用分句译法。并列长句的分句之间的语义关系比较松散，因此翻译时可以断 开，分解成单句独立存在。例如：
The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.此句由两个结构相同的并列分句组成，均为主句在前，条件状语在后，在两个条件状语中均含有时间状语，此外，两个并列分句中也都含有时间 状语，均为within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，译成中文时，条件状语应分别置于主句之前，而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时，为了符合汉语句式较短的特点，可以将两个并列分句断开，分解成两个单句，即译成：
若货物经中国商品检验局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。
☆商务合同复合句的翻译方法
由于合同的严肃，严谨，严密性，导致复合句的应用较多，而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。通常遇到此类句型，译员应在在分析句子结构、成分的基础上，采用顺序法、逆序法及分译法翻译进行翻译的策略。
英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总 英文合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系，然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确
一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句，首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点
作为法律文 书，商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务，合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句，可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定，也可能并列平行，因此，在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来，确保合同句子结构的严谨性，以及文意的严 密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等，有时会显得臃肿、晦涩，无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度，与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法
商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高，句子结构复杂，逻辑性强，无疑给译者增添了许多困难，但是，无论多长的句子，多么复杂的结构，它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。
合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤：
首先，译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构
其次，要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词。
然后再分析从句和短句的功能，即：是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等，以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。
最后，分析句子中是否有固定搭配，插入语等其他成分。下面举一个实例说明
例：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.分析：
第一步，拆分句子：此长句可拆分为四个意义段，分别是
1)If a Party breaches „in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)then in addition to „Applicable laws
3）it shall indemnify and „costs, expenses, liabilities and claims
4)that such Party or „as a result of such breach.第二步，句子的结构分析：
1.句的主干结构是主语（It）（情态动词 动词原形）（shall indemnify and keep indemnified„against）宾语（the other Party and the Company）。
2.“if”引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语（given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2）。
3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分，其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语（available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable laws）。
4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。
5.固定结构“indemnify sb.Against „”使某人不受„„
根据以上分析，以及汉语的行文习惯（条件在前.结果在后，以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前），以上条款可翻译为:
如果一方违反任何其根据第18．1条或18．2条所做的陈述及担保或重述，则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。
第三篇：八上英语句型汇总
八上英语句型汇总 1.decide to do sth.决定去做某事
2.want /would like to do sth 想要做某事 3.want sb.to do sth.想让某人做某事
4.ask sb.(not)to do sth.要求某人（不要）做某事5.tell sb.(not)to do sth.告诉某人（不要）做某事 6.It is+ adj.+ to do sth.做某事的……的。
7.It is+ adj.+for sb.to do sth.对某人来说，做某
1.begin/start doing sth.开始做某事2.dislike doing sth.不喜欢做 某事3.feel like doing sth 喜欢想要做某事 4.enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事
5.have fun/a good time doing sth.做某事玩的开心事……的。(difficult/hard/necessary/easy...)
8.the best way/time/place to do sth.做某事的最好方式/（时间）/（地点）
9.help sb.with sth./help sb.(to)do sth帮助某人做某事10.plan to do sth.计划/打算做某事11.hope to do sth.希望做某事
12.happen to do sth.碰巧做某事13.expect to do sth.盼望做某事14.be ready to do sth.乐于做某事
15.try one’s best to do sth./try to do sth尽力做某事 16.learn to do sth.学会做某事17.promise to do sth.许诺去做某事
18.agree/disagree to do sth.(不)同意做某事
19.It’s time(for sb.)+to do sth.到（某人）做某事的时间了
20.how + to do sth.如何做某事 21.need+to do sth.需要做某事
22.invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事23.invite sb.to +地点.邀请某人到某地 24.be+adj+to do sth做某事...be sad/surprised/glad...to do sth.做某事很悲伤/惊讶/高兴...25.be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事26.advise sb.to do sth.劝告某人做某事
27.It’s best(not)to do sth.最好（不）做某事28.refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事
29.It takes sb some time to do sth花费某人多少时间做某事
30.be able to do sth 能够做某事
31.seem+（to be）+ adj.看起来……
32.be up to sb to do sth由某人决定去做某事
33.主语+find /think it +adj+to do sth 某人发现/认为做.....（怎么样）
1.try doing sth.尝试做某事try to do sth.尽力去做某事
2.forget doing sth.忘记做过某事 forget to do sth.忘记做某
3.remember doing sth 记得做过某事 remember to do sth.记住做某事 4.stop doing sth停止做某事 stop to do sth停下来去做某事
6.by doing sth.通过做某事7.without doing sth.没有做某事
8.spend time(in)doing sth花费时间做某事 9.be good at doing sth擅长做某事
10.Thanks/ Thank you for doing sth.感谢做某事 11.play a role in doing sth.发挥作用做某事/在做某事方面扮演重要的角色
12.How/what about doing…?做……怎么样？13.practice doing练习做某事14.keep doing sth.继续/一直做某事 15.keep on doing sth.不断地做某事 16.finish doing sth.做完某事
17.play a part in doing sth.参与做某事
18.There is/are +sb./sth.+doing sth.有…正在做某事 19.look forward to doing sth.期盼做某事
20.be halfway to doing sth.部分地做成某事，完成事情的一部分
21.be busy doing sth忙于做某事 22.mind doing sth介意做某事
1.watch sb.do sth.观看某人做某事watch sb.doing sth.观看某人正做某事2.see sb.do sth.看到某人做某事
see sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事 3.look at sb.do sth.看到某人做某事look at sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事 4.notice sb.do sth.注意到某人做某事notice sb.doing sth.注意到某人正在做某事 5.hear sb.do sth.听到某人做某事hear sb.doing sth.听到某人正在做某事 6.listen to sb.do sth.听某人做某事listen to sb.doing sth.听某人正在做某事
Why not do.sth.?/Why don’t you do.sth.?为什么不做……呢？
make/let/have sb.(not)do sth.使某人(不)做某事
第四篇：英文合同翻译最常用句型总结 专业版
Upon first presentation the buyer shall pay against documentary draft drawn by the seller at sight.The shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.买方凭卖方开具的跟单汇票，于第一次见票时立即付款，付款后交单。
In the event the Buyer does not furnish the seller with shipping instructions on or before August 17, 2007, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract and demand the Buyer to pay any damages he has sustained on account of such failure of the Buyer to give such instructions.如果买方没有在2007年8月17日之前发给卖方装运通知，卖方可以自行取消取消合同，由于买方没有提供给卖方装运说明所引起的卖方已经承担的一切损失，将要求买方全部承担。
If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this Agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, change of this Agreement shall be subject to the approval by the Canadian Government.如果此项协议的有关条款或者条件需要变更，双方应进行协议解决。此协议的任何变动必须通过加拿大政府的批准方可生效。
“Provisional Sum” means a sum included in the Contract and so designated in the Bill of Qualities for the execution of work or the supply of goods, materials, or services, or for contingencies, which sum may be used, in whole or in part, or not at all, at the direction and discretion of the Engineer.备用款是指在合同所含的，用于工程清单的专用款项。该用于施工，供货，供料，服务或者意外事故。它可能被全部使用，也可能被部分使用，或者根本不被使用，其使用情况都由工程师全权决定。
The Contractor shall, subject to the provisions of the Contract, and with due care and diligence, execute and maintain the Works and provide all labor, including the supervision thereof, materials, constructional plant and all other things, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required in and for such execution and maintenance.承包人应当根据合同的各项规定，认真负责任，小心谨慎地进行施工和维修，并提供所有劳务，包括监工，材料，施工设施备以及施工或维修，短期或长期的其他所有事项。
No salary shall be paid and charged against the operating expenses, provided that the commission or brokerage of the Second Party shall be paid and charged as a part of operating expenses.如果第二方的佣金或回扣作为营业费用的一部分，营业费用中将不含工资。
If the technical documentation supplied by party B is not in conformity with Clause 9.1 of the contract, Party B shall be paid and charged as a part of the operating expenses.如果乙方提供的技术资料与合同中的条款9.1项不一致，乙方应该支付给甲方一部分的营业费用。
The Seller, provide that Buyer so agrees, may retain the whole or part of the said incomplete equipment, fabricated or unfabricated parts, work-in-process, and other material referred to in paragraph(D)of this Article in which the amount to be paid by the Buyer shall be reduced by a sum equal to the value of the property so retained.如果买方同意，卖方可以完全或部分保留上述提未完成的设备，已加工和未加工的零件，正在加工的产品，以及条款D中所提到的任何材料。在这个条款中，买方需支付的费用应该减去卖方保留的物品的价格。
Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30, 000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time.买方应在合同签字生效30天内，通过外汇银行向卖方开具不可撤销信用证，全额3万美元，向卖方支付货物价钱，以便卖方能够如期收款。
Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of force majeure specified in Clause 18 of this Contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery On condition that the Seller should agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方不是由于合同中第18条细化的不可抗力未按照合同规定的期限按时交货，则只要卖方同意承担违约金，买方应该同意延期交货。违约金应在汇入行中从协议款项中扣除。
Seller shall have the option of delivering 5% more or less on the Contract quantity.Such surplus or deficiency shall be settled at the market price on the day of the vessel’s arrival, the value shall be fixed by arbitration unless mutually agreed.卖方有权按合同规定数量的5%溢短交货。溢短部分应以船抵之日的市场价计算。如果双方有异议，其价格将由仲裁判定为准。
In case the Contract is concluded on CIF basis, the insurance shall be effected by the Seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks, war risks, S.R.C.C risks(i.e.Strike, Riot, and Civil Commotions).在到岸价基础上订立的合同，将由卖方以发票110%的金额投保综合险，战争险，罢工险，**险，民变险。
第五篇：英文合同
美国资深律师经验：二十一世纪写好合同的五十招（英汉对照）作者：James.Martin 来源： 梅世杰的日志美国资深律师经验：二十一世纪写好合同的五十招（英汉对照）
作者：James.Martin
FIFTY TIPS FOR WRITING THE 21ST CENTURY CONTRACT THAT STAYS OUT OF COURT
二十一世纪写好合同的五十招
作者：James.Martin
译者：胡清平
Published in The Florida Bar Journal, Nov.2000
（本文于2000年11月发表于美国佛罗里达州的律师杂志上）
Note: This article is for background purposes only and is not intended as legal advice.作者注：本文仅供参考，并不旨在提供法律意见
译者注：翻译本文并未得到原作者同意，故译文仅供学习和研究使用.------------------Welcome to the 21st Century.Where practicing law requires us to don the garb of computers and the Internet.And where litigation is as costly as ever.Lawyer bills running $10,000 a month are not unusual in a hotly contested breach of contract lawsuit.With every word, phrase and sentence carrying the potential for winning or losing, the stakes are high.Simple logic, therefore, directs us to cautious and thoughtful drafting.新世纪的到来，要求我们在法律实践中应该多用电脑和互联网，不过，诉讼成本还是那么地高，面对日益竞争激烈的违约诉讼，律师每月开出1万美元的账单也是常有的事。合同中的每一个字，每一个词，每一句话，都意味着潜在的输或赢，换句话说，押在这上面下的赌注也很大，所以，在起草合同时要把握两条原则：小心谨慎和深思熟虑。
Drafting contracts is actually one of the simple pleasures of practicing law.Just 3 years ago at this Convention I presented 50 tips for contract writing.This article updates those tips in the context of our new tools and abilities.Following these tips could result in your writing a contract so clear no one will want to litigate it, saving your client from the trials and tribulations of litigation, truly a good reason to write the contract that stays out of court.然而，起草合同的确又是法律实践中一件有意思的事儿。大约三年前，也是在这样一个会议上，我提出了合同起草的50招。本文在那些招数的基础上，结合一些新的工具和技能，推出了下面这个新版本,但愿它们能帮助你起草无可挑剔的合同，让你的客户免受诉讼的困扰。
These tips apply to writing all kinds of agreements: office leases, real estate contracts, sales agreements, employment contracts, equipment leases, prenuptial agreements.They even apply to stipulations and settlements in litigation, where you want an agreement so clear that it avoids future litigation.Wherever clarity and simplicity are important, these tips will guide you there.The Appendix provides a few sample forms to illustrate these tips.这些招数适用于各种合同，比如，办公租赁合同、不动产合同、买卖合同、劳动合同、设备租赁合同、婚前协议。同样，如果你不想让你在诉讼中所起草的和解条款与协议再起争议的话，也可以参考一下这些招数。另外，通过了解这些招数，你就会明白，起草合同，清晰、简明是多么地重要。本文的附录提供了一些简单的法律文书范本-----这将有助于你理解这些招数。
Before You Write the First Word
第一部分：在动笔之前
1.Ask your client to list the deal points.This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration.Doing this will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement.1.要求你的客户列出合同交易的要点，也可以说是合同的清单、目录或概述。这一招首先帮助你的客户弄清合同的重点所在。
2.Engage your client in “what if” scenarios.A good contract will anticipate many possible factual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those facts arise.Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may not otherwise consider.2.让你的客户提供一些假设可能发生的情况。好的合同不仅能够预见到许多可能发生的情况，而且还能清楚地描述出发生这些情况后合同双方的立场。和客户聊这些情况将有助于你发现一些你可能没有考虑到的问题。
3.Ask your client for a similar contract.Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the past or they have access to contracts for similar transactions.3.请求你的客户提供类似的合同。通常情况下，客户都保留着过去的交易记录或者是类似合同。
4.Search your office computer or the Internet for a similar form.Many times you can find a similar form on your computer.It may be one you prepared for another client or one you negotiated with another lawyer.Just remember to find and replace the old client's name.Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errors of typing.Here are some Web sites where you can find forms:
http:// 5.Obtain forms in books or CD-ROM.Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West's Legal Forms(a nationwide set)and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatises and Florida Bar CLE publications.These can be used as the starting point for drafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording to include in the contract.Many treatises and form books now come with forms on disk or CD-ROM.5.从书中或者是光盘上获取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例书中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文书（全国版）佛罗里达州文书期刊，另外，在有些论文和佛罗里达州律师协会的法律继续教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同时，你可以把这些范本当做原始资料，利用其中某些典型的条款和措词。更为方便的是，许多论文和书中的合同范本都有电子文本储存在磁盘或光盘中。
6.Don't let your client sign a letter of intent without this wording.Sometimes clients are anxious to sign something to show good faith before the contract is prepared.A properly worded letter of intent is useful at such times.Just be sure that the letter of intent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely an outline of possible terms for discussion purposes.See Appendix C.6.如果没有特别申明，不要让你的客户在意向书上签字。有时候，在合同未准备好之前，客户为了表示诚意，往往急于签署某些东西，当然，在这种情况下，如果客户急于签署的是有特别申明的意向书，这也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向书并非合同，只是双方为了更好地沟通协商，而拟定的对未来条款的概述。类似意向书的范例见附录C。
Writing that First Word
第二部分：开始起草合同
7.Start with a simple, generic contract form.The form in Appendix A is such a form.It provides a solid starting point for the structure of the contract.Like a house, a contract must have a good, solid foundation.7.从简单、典型的合同入手。附录A就是一个简单、典型的合同，它提供了一个合同的基本支架。像房子一样，一个合同必须有一个牢固的根基。
8.State the correct legal names of the parties in the first paragraph.As obvious as this is, it is one of the most common problems in contracts.For individuals, include full first and last name, and middle initials if available, and other identifying information, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc.For corporations, check with the Secretary of State where incorporated.8.在合同的第一段要写清楚双方的名称。，这是个简单而又不得不引起重视的问题。如果是个人，要写清姓和名,中间有大写字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，为避免弄错，写名称时可以到公司注册地的相应机构去核对一下。
9.Identify the parties by nicknames.Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make the contract easier to read.For example, James W.Martin would be nicknamed “Martin.”
9.确定合同双方的别称（简称）。为便于阅读，一般要在合同的第一段为双方弄一个别称，如：将詹姆士.马丁简写为“马丁”。
10.Be careful when using legal terms for nicknames.Do not use “Contractor” as a nickname unless that party is legally a contractor.Do not use “Agent” unless you intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specify the scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements.10.使用法定术语作为双方当事人的别称时，要小心。除非一方当事人在法定上就是承包人，否则不要将“承包人”作为其别称。同样，除非你想让一方当事人成为法定上的代理人，否则不要称其为“代理人”，如果坚持要用，最好明确一下代理范围并找到其他可以避免将来争执的方案。
11.Include a blank for the date in the first paragraph.Putting the date in the first paragraph makes it easy to find after the contract is signed.It also makes it easy to describe the contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the “December 20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate.”
11.在合同的第一段要为书写签约时间留下空格。把签约时间放在第一段，当合同签署后，你就能够很容易地找到它，而且，这样做还可以给你在其他相关文件中准确地描述这个合同提供帮助，范例如：不动产买卖合同，订立于2000年12月20日
12.Include to provide background.Recitals are the “whereas” clauses that precede the body of a contract.They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader(party, judge or jury)up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are, why they are signing a contract, etc.The first paragraph in the body of the contract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are true and correct.This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitals are a legally binding part of the contract.12.书写引述语。引述语是指那些放在合同主体前面的“鉴于”条款。书写此类条款的目的是为了让读者（通常指合同双方，法官，陪审团）很快地了解到合同的主要内容是什么，合同双方是谁，以及他们为什么签订合同，等等。当然，合同主体的第一段也可以加上引述语并陈述其是真实准确的，如果这样做了，合同双方将来就不会争执：引述语作为合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？
13.Outline the contract by writing out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order.The paragraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion.It is not necessary to write them all at once;you can write them as you think of them.Try to group related concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs.For example, write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this: Recitals.Employment.Duties.Term.Compensation.13.按逻辑顺序列出合同段落的标题词.合同的段落是按一定的逻辑顺序组织起来的，当然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的标题词，想到多少就写多少，不过，这些标题词要力求总结出每个段落或相关段落的内容。比如：撰写劳动合同时列出的标题词就像下面这些：
引述语
聘用
职责
期限
赔偿
14.Complete each paragraph by writing the contract terms that apply to that paragraph.This is simple.You learned this in elementary school.Just explain in words what the parties agree to do or not do paragraph by paragraph.14.在撰写每一段时要注意内容集中，不要东拉西扯，是的，这很简单，你可能上小学时就学过，但我还是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分别说明合同双方同意做什么，不同意做什么。
15.Keep a pad at hand to remember clauses to add.It is normal to think of additional clauses, wording and issues while writing a contract.Jot these down on a pad as you write;they are easily forgotten.Also keep your client's outline and other forms in front of you as you write, and check off items as you write them.15.放一个便笺簿在手边，以便记下需要添加的条款。在书写合同的同时，你可能随时会想到一些需要添加条款、措词和问题，要尽快记在便笺簿上，因为他们太容易忘了。另外，你最好将客户列出的要点和一些类似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在书写过程中随时查对。
16.Repeat yourself only when repetition is necessary to improve clarity.Ambiguity is created by saying the same thing more than once;it is almost impossible to say it twice without creating ambiguity.Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write it in more than one way.In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficult concept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and that the example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded.16.除非是为了更清晰地说明问题，否则不要在合同中重复陈述某个内容。将一个事实来回地说很容易让人模棱两可。如果你将一个概念重复地解释，那理解起来就更有困难。另外，如果你想通过一个例子来阐明一个难以理解的概念或规则时，一定要考虑到其所有的含义、这个例子的准确性以及它和概念的相符性。
What to Watch Out for When Writing
第三部分：撰写时的注意事项
17.Title it “Contract.” Do not leave this one to chance.If your client wants a contract, call it a contract.A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled “Proposal” was not a contract even though signed by both parties.The lesson learned is, “Say what you mean.” If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word “Contract” in the title.17.标题上注明“合同”两字。不要为碰运气而忽略这个。如果你的客户需要合同，就要注明是合同。一个仍在联邦法院里任职的法官就曾经裁定：有双方签字，但标有“建议书”的文件并非合同。这给我们的教训就是，你怎么想，就应该怎么说。如果你想让你的文件成为具有法律效力的合同，就要在标题中注明“合同”字样。
18.Write in short sentences.Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones.18.写短句子，因为短句子比长句子让人更容易理解。
19.Write in active tense, rather than passive.Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent.Example of active: “Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer.” Example of passive: “The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller.”
19.用主动语态而不用被动语态。相对而言，主动语态的句子更简短，措词更精练，表达更明白。还是让我们来来看一个例子吧，主动语态的句子：卖方将把此物卖给买方;被动语态的句子：此物将被卖方卖给买方。
20.Don't use the word “biweekly.” It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week.The same applies to “bimonthly.” Instead, write “every other week” or “twice a week.” 20.不要用“双周”之类的词，因为这有可能产生歧义----是两周还是每隔一周？类似的词还有“双月”,所以最好这样写:“两周”或“每隔一周”。
21.Don't say things like “active termites and organisms”.Avoid ambiguity by writing either “active termites and active organisms” or “organisms and active termites.” When adding a modifier like “active” before a compound of nouns like “termites and organisms”, be sure to clarify whether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one.If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write the modifier in front of each noun.If you intend it to apply to just one noun, place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in front of it.21.不要说“活动着的白蚁和有机体”之类的话，为了避免模棱两可，最好这样写：“活动着的白蚁和活动着的有机体”或是“白蚁和活动着的有机体”。当一组名词（如“白蚁和有机体”）前有一个修饰语（如“活动着的”）时，你一定要弄清楚这个修饰语是修饰两个名词还是仅仅修饰第一个名词。如果是修饰两个词，可以用排比的手法分别在这两个词之前加上修饰语，如果你只想修饰一个名词，那么你就应该把这个词放在这组词的最后，然后在它的前面加上修饰语。
22.Don't say “Lessor” and “Lessee.” These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped.Use “Landlord” and “Tenant” instead.The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B.This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract.22.不要说“出租人”和“承租人”。这对一个租赁合同来说是些不好的别称，因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印错误。可以用“房东”和“房客”来代替他们。同样，在合同中也不要说留置权人和留置人，抵押权人和抵押人，保证人和被保证人，许可人和被许可人，当事人A和当事人B......到底怎么说，这就要看你驾驭语言的能力了，不过，要把握的一条原则，即在整个合同中，对合同一方只能用一个别称。
23.Watch out when using “herein.” Does “wherever used herein” mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.23.使用术语“本文（herein，也可译为”“在这里”）时要当心。为了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”时最好特别申明一下“本文”是指整个合同，还是指其所在的某一段落。
24.Write numbers as both words and numerals: ten(10).This will reduce the chance for errors.24.写数目时要文字和阿拉伯数字并用，如：拾（10）。这将减少一些不经意的错误。
25.When you write “including” consider adding “but not limited to.” Unless you intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intent that it is merely an example.25.如果你想用“包括”这个词，就要考虑在其后加上“但不限于.....”的分句。除非你能够列出所有被包括的项，否则最好用“但不限于....”的分句，来说明你只是想举个例子。
26.Don't rely on the rules of grammar.The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal.The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules.Write the contract so that no matter what rules they learned, the contract is clear and unambiguous.Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it.Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation.26.不要依赖于语法规则。那些你在学校里得到的语法规则并不是放之四海而皆准的东西，因为有权力来解释此合同的法官或陪审团成员学的语法规则可能和你学的不一样，但不管学的是什么规则，撰写合同都要遵循一个基本原则：简洁、明确。检测你写的东西是否达到这个要求有个好办法，那就是去掉所有的句号和逗号，然后去读它。在没有标点符号的情况下，选择正确的词语放在正确的位置上，这将使你写出来的东西更简明，更流畅。
27.Don't be creative with words.Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning.Contract writing is clear, direct and precise.Therefore, use common words and common meanings.Write for the common man and the common woman.27.不要创造词语。合同文书不是创造性的作品，也就不能因为意思的细微差别而引起思考或争论。合同文书应该是清晰、直接而准确的。因此，要使用普通的词语,表达普通的意思，为普通人撰写合同。
28.Be consistent in using words.If you refer to the subject matter of a sales contract as “goods” use that term throughout the contract;do not alternately call them “goods” and “items.” Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition.Don't worry about putting the reader to sleep;worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting for ambiguities to get your contract into court.28.用词一致。在一份销售合同中，如果你想用“货物”来指整个合同的标的物，就不要时而称它们为“货物”，时而又改称它
们为“产品”。保持用词一致性比避免重复更加重要。不要担心这会让读者打瞌睡；你应该提防的是对方律师会因为含糊不清的合同而将你告上法庭。
29.Be consistent in grammar and punctuation.The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had better be consistent in your use of them.Be aware of such things as where you put ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style.29.在文法和标点符号上保持一致。你可能学过许多不同类的文法和标点符号规则，但在使用它们时最好保持一致。要特别注意句末的引号、时间和地点之后的逗号以及文风的相似性。
30.Consider including choice of law, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses.If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some “ammunition” for the fight.Examples of these clauses appear in Appendices A and C.30.可以在合同中加入准据法、审判地、律师费等条款。有了这些条款，一旦合同引起诉讼，你就已经为了你的客户打这场诉讼战准备了一些“弹药”。类似的条款见附录A和B。
Write for the Judge and Jury
第四部分：要为法官和陪审团考虑
31.Assume the reader is a knowledgeable layman.If your writing is so clear that a layman could understand it, then it is less likely it will end up in court.31.要假设合同的读者是一个受过教育的外行,如果你书写的合同简明得连一个外行都能理解，那么即使到了法庭上，你也不用害怕。
32.Define a word by capitalizing it and putting it in quotes.Capitalizing a word indicates that you intend it to have a special meaning.The following are two sample clauses for defining terms: Wherever used in this contract, the word “Goods” shall mean the goods that Buyer has agreed to purchase from Seller under this contract.Buyer hereby agrees to purchase from Seller ten(10)frying pans, hereinafter called the “Goods.” 32.强调一个合同术语可以这样做：加上双引号并将其开头的字母大写。将一个词语的开头字母大写表明你想让它有一个特别的意思。下面有两个定义术语的例子：
一.本合同中使用的“货物”(“Goods”)是指买方已经同意向卖方购买的货物;
二.本合同中买方同意向卖方购买的拾（10）只平底锅，即下文中的“货物”(“Goods”)。
33.Define words when first used.Instead of writing a section of definitions at the beginning or end of a contract, consider defining terms and concepts as they first appear in the contract.This will make it easier for the reader to follow.33.第一次使用某个术语时就要下定义。定义合同术语不是在合同的开头，也不是在合同的结尾，而是在这个术语第一次出现的时候，这样做，有利于读者更好地理解合同。
34.Explain technical terms and concepts.Remember that the parties might understand technical jargon, but the judge and jury who interpret and apply the contract do not.Therefore, explain the contract's terms and concepts within the contract itself.Let the contract speak for itself from within its four corners.34.勤于解释合同中的术语和概念。要记住合同双方的当事人可能会理解合同中某些专用术语，但法官和陪审团却可能一无所知。所以撰写合同时要让合同自己为自己释义。
Keep Your Client Informed While You Write
第五部分：书写时要常和你的客户沟通
35.All contracts should come with a cover letter.This gives you a place to instruct your client on how to use and sign the contract.35.所有的合同都应该有一封说明书---用来告诉你的客户如何使用和签署合同。
36.Tell your client the ideas that come as you write.Many ideas will occur to you as you write: things that could go wrong with the deal, things that might happen in the future, things that happened in the past, ways to structure things better.Write these in your letter to the client.36.告诉客户你在撰写过程中的一些想法。比如：哪些事情可能会随着交易变得很遭，哪些事可能会在将来发生，哪些事情已经发生了，哪些可以让事情朝好的方向发展的方法.....你最好在给客户的说明书中都将这些都写上。
37.Inform your client of the risks.Writing a letter to the client as you write the contract is the perfect way to inform the client of the risks and rewards of entering into the contract.Frequently, problems do not become apparent until time is spent trying to word a contract.37.告诉客户合同的风险所在。在撰写合同时，你最好向客户说订立合同需要承担的风险和能够得到的利益。通常情况下，只要你花时间来起草合同，你就会发现真正的风险在哪里。
What To Do After the First Draft Is Written
第六部分：完成初稿后做什么
38.Check spelling, paragraph numbering, and cross references both manually and with your word processor's sp
elling and grammar checker.This almost goes without saying today, especially since Microsoft Word now checks your spelling and grammar as you type.(Unfortunately it also changes “per stirpes” to “per stupid” if you fail to watch it closely.)And now there are even computer programs that check contract documents for undefined terms.DealProof is packaged with Corel WordPerfect for law offices, and DocProofReader is available for download for MS Word 97 and 2000.38.核实合同的拼写情况、段落序号以及上下文的注解，你可以自己手动来做，也可以用文字编辑软件中的拼写和语法检查功能来完成，特别是自从有了微软的 word软件后，做这样的工作你似乎不要费多少精力（但机器有时也不可靠，如果你不看仔细，它就会把“per stirpes”改变为 “per stupid”）。现在，这类专业的软件甚至可以帮你检测到合同中没有释义的术语，如：Corel公司专门为法律办公开发的文字处理软件包中的 DealProof软件，还有可供word97和word2000下载安装的DocProofReader软件。
39.Let your secretary or paralegal read it.Not only will your staff frequently find spelling and grammar errors missed by your word processor's spell checker, but they will find inconsistencies and confusing areas that you missed when drafting.39.让你的秘书或者助手阅读你草拟的合同。你的同事不仅能通过文字处理软件来帮你检查到你没有查到的拼写和语法错误，而且他们还能发现你起草时没有察觉到的矛盾和混淆之处。
40.Sta
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