第一篇：参考资料：英文合同中常见的用词及句型
第三章 英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns）
I don’t care what their intention was.I only want to know what the words mean.A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.--Towne v.Eisner, 245 U.S.418, 425(1918)(Holmes, J.)我并不在意他们的意图是什么，我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不变，而是活生生思想的外衣，会因使用的场合和时间在色彩和内容上产生巨大的变化。
—霍尔姆斯法官（美国）
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效果。
第一节 合同常用词(Usual Wording)
当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍：
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of;by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
Hereinafter: later in the same Contract.以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______,(date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A)on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B)on the other hand.本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。
Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this.本文件规定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。
Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。
例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.“特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。 Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而 例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。
例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
Therein: in that;in that particular context;in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。
例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
Therewith：with that.以此；此外。
例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。
Whereby: by the agreement;by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter referred to as Party B)whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）
2． WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。 In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。
例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____(date)accepted on _____(date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。 NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。
例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______(hereinafter called “the Bank”)will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”)in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite.即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
4． As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：
As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。
例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定），as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短语。
例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。
As构成as of the date of ____(date)短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。
例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written.合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。
As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible.例 句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter.本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。
As与 such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。
5.foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________.Both language versions are equally authentic.In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。
In question: under consideration;being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
6.follows, as below, the following 这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：
NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.为此，双方约定如下：
Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：
7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with
这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。
再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。
8.Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation 英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。
例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。
9.prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after
prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not)later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。
例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。
例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例如： This credit expires till January1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.)本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
10．Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of
这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。
二、英文合同常见实词(Content Words)1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：
例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。
例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。
例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。
2.Principal place of business(principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office
在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：“主营业地”、“住所地”、“营业场所”、“注册地”。往往出现在前言的“parties”部分。
例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19--, at ______, China, between ABC Co.with its principal office at ______, China(hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co.with its principal office at______, USA(hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19**年4月1日于中国***签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国***，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国***。例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。
例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________(month), ____(year), by and between: _______(hereinafter referred to as the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______(hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with nationality of _________(Passport No._____)residing at ________________.本聘用协议订立于*年*月*日，协议双方为***（以下本公司），其按*州法律组织设立，注册地为***，和***，自然人，国籍为*国，护照号码为***，住址为***。例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant.本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。
3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph
英文合同中的“章”、“条”、“款”、“项” 分别用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10.5 hereof.借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。
4.Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be(duly)authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do
这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。Be entitled to表示to give sb.the right to sth.(to sth.)体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律上规定的权利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利，至于do sth.at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。
例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.在 上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固 定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分。
又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。5．Perform, fulfill, execute, implement
英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Execute implement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。
例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No.79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract.We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。
例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof(the “June 25 Meeting”).Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。
例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.所有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。
6．Abide by, observe, obey, comply with
这几个词在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服从，”的意思。Comply with的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abide by则的主语通常是Sb.例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。
7.have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do，be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for，在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、有义务”。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特点时，已经述及，在此不再赘述。其他短语的用法，参看下例：
例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。
例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。
例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。8.effect
在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth.in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。例如：
This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.本合同从双方签字之日起生效。
The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。
此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate（一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate（一式八份），in nonuplicate（一式九份），in decuplicate（一式十份）等等。
例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts.Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。10．Incur
英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。
例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。11．To-wit
作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars($1,011,150.00)cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:
兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：
12．Sanction, approval, examination
英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。
第三节 英语合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns)
一、in the event that(短语为in the event of), in case(短语为in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）
在英文合同中，以上这些词常用来引导条件从句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基础英语中常用的“as long as”在英文合同非常鲜见。
如：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit(or Letter of Guarantee)the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。
如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。如：15% of the above contract price, e.g.US $ 21, 000.00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。
如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s)it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”，译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。
Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。
句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。而on condition that引导的条件从句，往往表示只要某情况出现，就如何如何。Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使买卖公司*股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。
In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。
As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called “Internet Marketing”.In this example, “Partner Name” would be “InternetMarketing”.试举一例，如果Stamp.com公司与一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙协议。本例中，该“合伙名称就是“InternetMaketing”。
If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and writ and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予安排，安排法律顾问办公场所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有关情况，缮写打印稿件等。
相关链接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等。in no case和in no event表示“决不”即无论怎样都不行。
例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船龄超过20年的买方概不接受。
In the case of 就什么来说，关于，in any case 无论如何
例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.关于危险或有毒货物，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
第二篇：英文合同翻译用词——herein
四 herein
英文释义:in this
中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）refer to：是指
（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：in this Law
（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。
例2
This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注释：
（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法
（2）maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序
（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展
（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in this Law
（5）the international trade in services：国际服务贸易
参考译文：
为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。
例3
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注释：
（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称
（2）limited liability company：有限责任公司
（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（4）within the territory of China：在中国境内
参考译文：
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。
例4
Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注释：
（1）illegal gains：违法所得
（2）shall be confiscated：应当予以没收
（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定
（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得
（5）a fine imposed on：判处罚金
（6）property forfeited：没收财产
（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任
参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
例5
The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注释：
（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）
（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）
（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）
（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》
参考译文：
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例6
Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注释：
（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示 herein：in this Agreement
（2）dispute：争议
（3）controversy：纠纷
（4）difference：歧意
（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方
（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失
（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款 参考译文：
除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。
例7
The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause
2.2 of this Contract.注释：
（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行
（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同规定的条件 herein：in this Contract
（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日
（4）credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金
（5）the Borrower：借款人
参考译文：
代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。
第三篇：英文合同翻译用词——hereof
二 hereof
英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方
（3）without interruption：无间断地
（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定 参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of this Law 参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：of this Law
（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿（7）apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名 参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼 参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and
companies limited by shares.注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision 参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定 参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）business operators：经营者（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law
（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
第四篇：英文合同翻译用词——hereinafter
五 hereinafter
英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文 语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。
例1：
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释：
（1）in accordance with：under 根据
（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法
（3）Hereinafter：以下
（4）articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）
（5）hereby：特此
（6）formulate：prepare 制订
参考译文：
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
例2
Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);
(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);
(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);
(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and
(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注释：
(1)financial institution：金融机构(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译英时，这里的“外国资本银行”，应理解成“外资银行的子银行”，英文为subsidiary banks，而不能简单地译成foreign banks，因为很少有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外，但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下简称外资银行。
(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下简称外资银行分行。(5)finance company：财务公司，这里应理解为金融公司，是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务所，则要译成：accounting firm
(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下简称外资财务公司
(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下简称合资财务公司 参考译文：
本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：
（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）
（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）
（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）
（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司）
（五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）
例3
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign
investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注释：(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已设立的中外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作经营企业(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业
(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下简称外商投资企业
(5)shall have a record of making profits：应有盈利纪录
参考译文：
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。
例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释：
（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外经贸部门
（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直辖市
（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：计划单列市
参考译文：
申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。
例5
These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the
People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the
qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释：（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例 prepare：制定（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华人民共和国公司法》
（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公司法》
（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：确认公司的企业法
人资格（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：规范公司登记行为
参考译文：
为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下
简称《公司法》），制定本条例。
例6
In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to
absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as
foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations
(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the
principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares
with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释：（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：进一步
扩大国际经济合作和技术交流（2）to absorb foreign investment：引进外资
（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的发展
（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下简称外国股东 foreign shareholders：外国股东
（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下简称中国股东
（6）within the territory of China：在中国境内
（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投资股份有限公司参考译文：
为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外国股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织（以下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司（以下简称公司）。
例7
In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注释：
（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验
（2）to establish investment company：设立投资公司
（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下简称投资公司
（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规
参考译文：
为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。例8
These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant
companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign
enterprises”).注释：
（1）these Detailed Rules：本实施细则
（2）apply（to）：vi.适用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常驻代表机构
（4）shipping agents：货运代理商
（5）consultant company：咨询公司
（6）advertising agency：广告公司
（7）leasing company：租赁公司
（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下简称外国企业 参考译文：
本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。
例9
A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities
directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized
Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the
municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释：
（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会
（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关
（3）register with：办理登记手续
（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家工商行政管理局
（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局
参考译文：
外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。
第五篇：英文合同翻译用词——hereby
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party
A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于年月日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释：（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方 参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月日订立。
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