第一篇:英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同中使用的大量长句,主要分为三大类:简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时,首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系,然后再适当切分,理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯,变动语序,重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。
☆简单长句及其翻译
在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时,首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系;然后再适当切分,理出句子的主干成分,翻译时以句子的主干为主导;最后再按汉语表达习惯,变动语序,重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明:
1. The Buyers may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyers may„lodge a claim„。
修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,a.分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination
b.方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和
c.目的for short-weight
而且状语中还有状语,作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。
众多状语,尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活,然而按照汉语的行文规范,方式状语一般应位于动词之前;而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理,例如本句中的时间状语,可以提前至句首。因此,上句可译成:
货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。
2.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract,the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干为„the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price„to the Seller,其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。
从语用的角度来看,商务合同中许多时间状语表示的是某一缔约方必须在何时何地承担某一义务和享有某一种权利,即时效性。因此整个句子的重心不是句子的动词,而是发生动作的时间。
在 译成中文时,为了突出行为的时效性,时间状语应尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词“须”。此句中还含有一个较为复杂的方式状语by opening an irrevocable L/C„,其中含有三个介词短语作定语修饰an irrevocable L/C。按照汉语的行文规范,方式状语一般应位于动词之前。
此外,若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时,英文的通常顺序是方式在前,时间在后,而汉语却正好与之相反,为方式在后,时间在前。因此本句可译成:
买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30 000美元。
3.The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.此 句的句子结构并不复杂但包含一个较为复杂的方式状语。从语用特征的角度来看,方式状语通常都是规定性的,其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段,在合同的语言环境下,即使有关缔约方履行了合同规定的义务,但若其履行义务的方式与合同规定的方式不符,乃构成违约。因此,方式状语的作用通常都是 比较重要的。本句可译成:
设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装,包装须适合于长途海、陆运输,能经受多次装卸。
☆英文合同中并列长句的翻译技巧
由 于撰写合同时不能遗漏任何可能情况,所以英文商务合同中往往有大量并列成分。这些并列成分包括并列的词、短语以及从句。从语用角度看,并列的平行结构使合同的句式平衡,表意完整。在翻译由两个或两个以上的并列单句构成的复杂长句时可以采用分句译法。并列长句的分句之间的语义关系比较松散,因此翻译时可以断 开,分解成单句独立存在。例如:
The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.此句由两个结构相同的并列分句组成,均为主句在前,条件状语在后,在两个条件状语中均含有时间状语,此外,两个并列分句中也都含有时间 状语,均为within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,译成中文时,条件状语应分别置于主句之前,而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时,为了符合汉语句式较短的特点,可以将两个并列分句断开,分解成两个单句,即译成:
若货物经中国商品检验局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。
☆商务合同复合句的翻译方法
由于合同的严肃,严谨,严密性,导致复合句的应用较多,而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。通常遇到此类句型,译员应在在分析句子结构、成分的基础上,采用顺序法、逆序法及分译法翻译进行翻译的策略。
英文合同句型翻译技巧汇总 英文合同中使用的大量长句,主要分为三大类:简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时,首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系,然后再适当切分,理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯,变动语序,重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确
一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句,首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点
作为法律文 书,商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务,合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句,可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定,也可能并列平行,因此,在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来,确保合同句子结构的严谨性,以及文意的严 密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等,有时会显得臃肿、晦涩,无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度,与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法
商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高,句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,无疑给译者增添了许多困难,但是,无论多长的句子,多么复杂的结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思,然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。
合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤:
首先,译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构
其次,要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词。
然后再分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。
最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配,插入语等其他成分。下面举一个实例说明
例:If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.分析:
第一步,拆分句子:此长句可拆分为四个意义段,分别是
1)If a Party breaches „in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)then in addition to „Applicable laws
3)it shall indemnify and „costs, expenses, liabilities and claims
4)that such Party or „as a result of such breach.第二步,句子的结构分析:
1.句的主干结构是主语(It)(情态动词 动词原形)(shall indemnify and keep indemnified„against)宾语(the other Party and the Company)。
2.“if”引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。
3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分,其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable laws)。
4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。
5.固定结构“indemnify sb.Against „”使某人不受„„
根据以上分析,以及汉语的行文习惯(条件在前.结果在后,以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前),以上条款可翻译为:
如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所做的陈述及担保或重述,则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。
第二篇:英文合同的翻译技巧
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法:一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1:
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2:
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)to the best of our knowledge:as far as we know据我们所知
(3)foregoing statement:above-mentioned statement上述声明
(4)herein:in this, in the statement在声明中
(5)documentary proof:证明文件
参考译文:
特此证明,据我们所知,上述声明内容真实,正确无误,并提供了全部现有的资料和数据,我们同意,应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3:
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party
B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)hereinafter referred to as Party A:以下称甲方
(3)on the principle of equality and mutual benefit:在平等互利基础上
(4)through amicable consultation:通过友好协商
参考译文:
本合同双方,公司(以下称甲方)与公司(以下称乙方),在平等互利基础上,通过友好协商,于年月日在中国(地点),特签订本合同。
例4:
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and betweenCo.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)andCo.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释:
(1)this agreement is hereby made and entered into:特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词:sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点,可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示)。
(2)hereinafter referred to as Party B:以下简称乙方
参考译文:
本协议特由中国公司(以下简称甲方)与公司(以下简称乙方)于年月日订立。
第三篇:英文合同翻译有哪些技巧
英文合同翻译有哪些技巧
如今,对外交流的事例越来越多。英文合同,特别是经济合同的翻译也显得越来越重要,若译文不够准确或是不严谨,肯定会引起不必要的经济纠纷。合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应该体现他的权威性。英文合同用语的特点之一就是表现在用词上的。就是选择那些法律上的用词,以及正式的用词,使合同所表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中所使用的词的翻译无可争议的程度。合同资料怎么翻译呢?下面就来给大家讲解一下技巧。
一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头用语;在条款中需要强调时也可以使用。
语法:一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1:
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2:
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.参考译文:
特此证明,据我们所知,上述声明内容真实,正确无误,并提供了全部现有的资料和数据,我们同意,应贵方要求出具证明文件。
注释:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)to the best of our knowledge:as far as we know据我们所知(3)foregoing statement:above-mentioned statement上述声明(4)herein:in this, in the statement在声明中(5)documentary proof:证明文件
例3:
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).参考译文:
本协议特由中国公司(以下简称甲方)与公司(以下简称乙方)于年月日订立。注释:
(1)this agreement is hereby made and entered into:特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词:sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点,可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示)。
(2)hereinafter referred to as Party B:以下简称乙方
二 hereof 英文释义: of this 中文译词:关于此点;在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的„„”时,使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时,可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”,这里hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如表示本工程的任何部分,可用“any parts hereof”,这里hereof表示“of this Works”。
语法:一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别:hereof强调“of this”。例如,上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract;“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.参考译文:
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反,货方都应昼夜地,包括星期日和假日(如承运人需要),无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏,包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
注释:
(1)Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not:不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反,whether„ or not:不论„„是否
(2)the owner of the goods:货方(3)without interruption:无间断地(4)carrier:承运人
(5)in default on the provisions hereof:违反本款规定 hereof:of this Clause 例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.参考译文:
本法所称对外贸易经营者,是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。注释:
(1)foreign trade dealers:对外贸易经营者(2)as mentioned in this Law:本法所称
(3)the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法规定(4)legal entity:法人
(5)be engaged in foreign trade dealings:从事对外贸易经营活动
三 hereto 英文释义: to this 中文译词:至此,在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的„„本文件的„„”时,使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”,可以说“the Parties hereto”,这里hereto表示“to this Contract”;表示“本协议附件4”,可用“Appendix 4 hereto”,这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法:一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别:同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似,hereto强调的是“to this”。
例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.参考译文:
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
注释:
(1)the performance of this Contract:履行本合同(2)through amicable negotiations:友好协商
(3)the Parties hereto:the Parties to this Contract本合同双方(4)shall then be submitted for arbitration:提交进行仲裁
(5)the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing:中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京)
(6)the arbitration rules of this Commission:其仲裁规则(7)the award of the arbitration:仲裁裁决
(8)unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission:仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外
例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.参考译文:
“专利技术”,系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的,或乙方有权或可能有权控制的,或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的,适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
注释:
(1)patented technology:专利技术(2)patent:专利
(3)application for the patent:专利申请
(4)may have the right to control:可能有权控制的(5)permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world:在世界任何国家许可转让
(6)Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto:本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 以上就是合同资料翻译的几种技巧,希望大家通过学习可以很巧妙的运用在翻译当中。一定会让你翻译的合同资料更加完美。
第四篇:英文合同翻译最常用句型总结 专业版
Upon first presentation the buyer shall pay against documentary draft drawn by the seller at sight.The shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.买方凭卖方开具的跟单汇票,于第一次见票时立即付款,付款后交单。
In the event the Buyer does not furnish the seller with shipping instructions on or before August 17, 2007, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract and demand the Buyer to pay any damages he has sustained on account of such failure of the Buyer to give such instructions.如果买方没有在2007年8月17日之前发给卖方装运通知,卖方可以自行取消取消合同,由于买方没有提供给卖方装运说明所引起的卖方已经承担的一切损失,将要求买方全部承担。
If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this Agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, change of this Agreement shall be subject to the approval by the Canadian Government.如果此项协议的有关条款或者条件需要变更,双方应进行协议解决。此协议的任何变动必须通过加拿大政府的批准方可生效。
“Provisional Sum” means a sum included in the Contract and so designated in the Bill of Qualities for the execution of work or the supply of goods, materials, or services, or for contingencies, which sum may be used, in whole or in part, or not at all, at the direction and discretion of the Engineer.备用款是指在合同所含的,用于工程清单的专用款项。该用于施工,供货,供料,服务或者意外事故。它可能被全部使用,也可能被部分使用,或者根本不被使用,其使用情况都由工程师全权决定。
The Contractor shall, subject to the provisions of the Contract, and with due care and diligence, execute and maintain the Works and provide all labor, including the supervision thereof, materials, constructional plant and all other things, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required in and for such execution and maintenance.承包人应当根据合同的各项规定,认真负责任,小心谨慎地进行施工和维修,并提供所有劳务,包括监工,材料,施工设施备以及施工或维修,短期或长期的其他所有事项。
No salary shall be paid and charged against the operating expenses, provided that the commission or brokerage of the Second Party shall be paid and charged as a part of operating expenses.如果第二方的佣金或回扣作为营业费用的一部分,营业费用中将不含工资。
If the technical documentation supplied by party B is not in conformity with Clause 9.1 of the contract, Party B shall be paid and charged as a part of the operating expenses.如果乙方提供的技术资料与合同中的条款9.1项不一致,乙方应该支付给甲方一部分的营业费用。
The Seller, provide that Buyer so agrees, may retain the whole or part of the said incomplete equipment, fabricated or unfabricated parts, work-in-process, and other material referred to in paragraph(D)of this Article in which the amount to be paid by the Buyer shall be reduced by a sum equal to the value of the property so retained.如果买方同意,卖方可以完全或部分保留上述提未完成的设备,已加工和未加工的零件,正在加工的产品,以及条款D中所提到的任何材料。在这个条款中,买方需支付的费用应该减去卖方保留的物品的价格。
Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30, 000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time.买方应在合同签字生效30天内,通过外汇银行向卖方开具不可撤销信用证,全额3万美元,向卖方支付货物价钱,以便卖方能够如期收款。
Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of force majeure specified in Clause 18 of this Contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery On condition that the Seller should agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方不是由于合同中第18条细化的不可抗力未按照合同规定的期限按时交货,则只要卖方同意承担违约金,买方应该同意延期交货。违约金应在汇入行中从协议款项中扣除。
Seller shall have the option of delivering 5% more or less on the Contract quantity.Such surplus or deficiency shall be settled at the market price on the day of the vessel’s arrival, the value shall be fixed by arbitration unless mutually agreed.卖方有权按合同规定数量的5%溢短交货。溢短部分应以船抵之日的市场价计算。如果双方有异议,其价格将由仲裁判定为准。
In case the Contract is concluded on CIF basis, the insurance shall be effected by the Seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks, war risks, S.R.C.C risks(i.e.Strike, Riot, and Civil Commotions).在到岸价基础上订立的合同,将由卖方以发票110%的金额投保综合险,战争险,罢工险,**险,民变险。
第五篇:英文翻译技巧之合同句型翻译技巧汇总
英文合同中使用的大量长句,主要分为三大类:简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时,首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系,然后再适当切分,理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯,变动语序,重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。
☆简单长句及其翻译
在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时,首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系;然后再适当切分,理出句子的主干成分,翻译时以句子的主干为主导;最后再按汉语表达习惯,变动语序,重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明:
1. The Buyers may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyers may…lodge a claim…。
修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,a.分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination
b.方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和
c.目的for short-weight
而且状语中还有状语,作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。
众多状语,尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活,然而按照汉语的行文规范,方式状语一般应位于动词之前;而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理,例如本句中的时间状语,可以提前至句首。因此,上句可译成:
货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。
2.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract,the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.此句的主干为…the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price…to the Seller,其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。
从语用的角度来看,商务合同中许多时间状语表示的是某一缔约方必须在何时何地承担某一义务和享有某一种权利,即时效性。因此整个句子的重心不是句子的动词,而是发生动作的时间。
在 译成中文时,为了突出行为的时效性,时间状语应尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词“须”。此句中还含有一个较为复杂的方式状语by opening an irrevocable L/C…,其中含有三个介词短语作定语修饰an irrevocable L/C。按照汉语的行文规范,方式状语一般应位于动词之前。
此外,若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时,英文的通常顺序是方式在前,时间在后,而汉语却正好与之相反,为方式在后,时间在前。因此本句可译成:
买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30 000美元。
3.The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.此 句的句子结构并不复杂但包含一个较为复杂的方式状语。从语用特征的角度来看,方式状语通常都是规定性的,其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段,在合同的语言环境下,即使有关缔约方履行了合同规定的义务,但若其履行义务的方式与合同规定的方式不符,乃构成违约。因此,方式状语的作用通常都是 比较重要的。本句可译成:
设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装,包装须适合于长途海、陆运输,能经受多次装卸。
☆英文合同中并列长句的翻译技巧
由 于撰写合同时不能遗漏任何可能情况,所以英文商务合同中往往有大量并列成分。这些并列成分包括并列的词、短语以及从句。从语用角度看,并列的平行结构使合同的句式平衡,表意完整。在翻译由两个或两个以上的并列单句构成的复杂长句时可以采用分句译法。并列长句的分句之间的语义关系比较松散,因此翻译时可以断 开,分解成单句独立存在。例如:
The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.此句由两个结构相同的并列分句组成,均为主句在前,条件状语在后,在两个条件状语中均含有时间状语,此外,两个并列分句中也都含有时间 状语,均为within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,译成中文时,条件状语应分别置于主句之前,而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时,为了符合汉语句式较短的特点,可以将两个并列分句断开,分解成两个单句,即译成:
若货物经中国商品检验局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。
☆商务合同复合句的翻译方法
由于合同的严肃,严谨,严密性,导致复合句的应用较多,而结构复杂的复合句的翻译恰是保证整体翻译效果和准确性的关键。通常遇到此类句型,译员应在在分析句子结构、成分的基础上,采用顺序法、逆序法及分译法翻译进行翻译的策略。
一、要翻译好结构复杂的复合句,首先要了解商务英文合同的句式特点
作为法律文 书,商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务,合同文字的表达必须完整、细致、严谨、明晰。而英语的复合句,可以包含多个从句。从句之间的关系可能包容、限定,也可能并列平行,因此,在合同中较多使用复合句能够将各方的权利和义务在有限的条款中完整明确地体现出来,确保合同句子结构的严谨性,以及文意的严 密、细致。但是复合句中往往包含若干从句、修饰语等等,有时会显得臃肿、晦涩,无疑会增加理解英文合同的难度,与此同时也增加了合同翻译的难度。
二、要掌握商务英文合同复合句的翻译方法
商务合同中英文复合句的出现频率高,句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,无疑给译者增添了许多困难,但是,无论多长的句子,多么复杂的结构,它们都是由一些基本的成分组成的。只要弄清了合同原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及各层意思,然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,再按汉语的特点和表达方式组织译文就可以保证合同翻译的准确性。
合同复合句的分析方法具体要遵循以下步骤:
首先,译者要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构
其次,要找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词。
然后再分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。
最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配,插入语等其他成分。下面举一个实例说明
例:If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.分析:
第一步,拆分句子:此长句可拆分为四个意义段,分别是
1)If a Party breaches …in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.22)then in addition to …Applicable laws
3)it shall indemnify and …costs, expenses, liabilities and claims
4)that such Party or …as a result of such breach.第二步,句子的结构分析:
1.句的主干结构是主语(It)(情态动词 动词原形)(shall indemnify and keep indemnified…against)宾语(the other Party and the Company)。
2.“if”引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。
3.“in addition to”引导的是增补成分,其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable laws)。
4.而“that”引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。
5.固定结构“indemnify sb.Against …”使某人不受……
根据以上分析,以及汉语的行文习惯(条件在前.结果在后,以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前),以上条款可翻译为:
如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所做的陈述及担保或重述,则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。
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