简论英文合同翻译概论

第一篇：简论英文合同翻译概论

简论英文合同翻译概论

作者：伍 慧文章来源：本站原创

在英文合同翻译中，前提条件是弄懂合同的定义，包括合同中应有的基本要素，下面就从合同的定义着手，并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项，笔者对英文合同作了以下论述：

第一，英文合同的定义

1.在英文中，合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。

1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing，modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing，that is，between natural persons，legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“Contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。

2.合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。

它们（要约和承诺构成的）由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。

L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”

1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance(要约和绝对接受)

2.consensus ad idem(意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)

3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿)

4.genuineness of consent(同意的真实性)

5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力)

6.legality of object(标的物的合法性)

7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性)

8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性)

9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)

第二，英文合同的结构特点

合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。

中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：

This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______(month)，______(year)by and between Party A(hereinafter called “ Party A ”)and Party B(hereinafter called “ Party B ”)

然后是开始陈述：

WHEREAS...THEREFORE

...It is hereby agreed as follows:

或以：

WITNESSETH，WHEREAS...NOW THEREFORE，for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein，the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:

接着是正文，最后是证明部分：

IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。

第三，英文合同翻译的用词特点(formal term)

合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：

1． may，shall，must，may not(或shall not)的使用；may，shall，must，may not(或shall not)对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。

权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。may do不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成should do或ought to do，may not do，在美国一些法律文件里可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not)，例如，在约定解决争议的途径时，可以说：

The parties here to shall，first of all，settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail，such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样？前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。

本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的，可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。

2．正式用语（formal term）

合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。

例如：

“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”，远远多于“due to”，一般不用“because of ”；“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”；“在„„之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；

“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；

“开始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”；

“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；

“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”；

“理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;

“认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”；

3.用词专业（technical terms）

合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，用以上英语表达分别为defect，remedy，force majeure /Act of God，jurisdiction，damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as，such...as，whereas，in witness whereof，for and on behalf of，hereby，thereof 等虚词，就其中几个细说：

比如：

1.Hereby: by means of;by reason of this之意，即特此，因此，兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语，在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明，如：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.文中：

★hereby意为 by reason of this，特此的意思。

★ therein意为in the Works在本工程中。

★ such...as是关系代词，相当于that，which，把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确，避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。

其它的还有：

“赔偿”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”

“不动产转让”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate”

“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“财产出租”用“lease of property”

“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease(名词是cessation)a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”。

还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”，“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”

“依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。

“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。

本篇文章来源于 外语爱好者网站(4．同义词、近义词、相关词的序列

FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell，transfer，assign and set over to _____all his right，tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____，19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell，transfer，assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：

This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。

For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein，the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”，“covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。

The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思，都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”

再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。

并列的词还有：

ships and vessels

support and maintenance

licenses and permits

charges，fees，costs and expenses

any and all

any duties，obligations or liabilities

the partners，their heirs，successors and assigns

第四，英文合同翻译中的注意事项

实践证明，英文合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。

A.限定责任 众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。

1.1 and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。

例1：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.1.2 by and between

常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。

This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.B.限定时间英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。

2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。

例3:自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。

Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.例4：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。

Our terms are cash within three months，i.e.on or before May 1.3.2.2 not(no)later than用“not(no)later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。

例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。

Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract，i.e.not later than December 15.2.2 include的相应形式

常用include的相应形式：inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。例6：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。

This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.)如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为till and not including January 1。

3.1 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。

Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).3.2.正确使用货币符号

英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891，568，不能写成：Can $ 891，568。另外，翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(，)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。

综上所述，本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手，使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解，包括其构成的基本要素，在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处；从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础，并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。

参考文献：

［1］邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译［J］.社会科学学报(增刊)，2000，82.［2］傅伟良.英文合同写作指要［M］.北京：商务印分馆国际有限公司，2002.［3］葛亚军，齐恩平.合同英语［M］.天津：科技翻译出版公司，2002.［4］［6］李正中.国际经贸英汉翻译.北京中国国际广播出版社，1997.［5］戚云方.新编外经贸英语函电与谈判.浙江大学出版社，2002.5.［6］张莉莉.经贸翻译的多视角.外语研究，2004.本篇文章来源于 外语爱好者网站(

第二篇：英文合同翻译[范文]

 We have instructed our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor(in favor of you).The amount is ＄1300.00. 我们已通知我方银行开立以你方为受益人的、不可撤销的跟单信用证，其金额为一千三百美金。

 Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection(5). 根据本条规定，上诉应该根据第（5）款订立的规则规定的方式提出，并需受该规则所规定的条件限制。

 Where a standard term is subject to two or more interpretation, it shall be interpreted against the party providing it.Where a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails. 对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。

 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, “state” means a territory or group of territories having its/their own law of nationality. 在本条例中，除非上下文另有规定，“国家”只拥有自身的国籍法的一领域或一组领域。

 Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof. 除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。

 Without prejudice to section 24, the following will shall be treated as properly executed. 在不影响第24条的原则下，以下遗嘱视为正式签署。

 The party A shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in party or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Party A’s right to claim compensations. 甲方取消部分或全部合同的权利并不妨碍其享有的索赔权。

 where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period, 如果雇员被给予任何一段期间的年假，则雇主最迟须于该段期间后的第一个发薪日给付该雇员该段时间的年假薪酬。

 Should the Party B make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Provision 18 to this contract, the Party A shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Party B agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation. 如果乙方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力而未按照合同规定的期限交货，则只要乙方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付中扣除，甲方便同意乙方延期交货。

 Any person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or party thereof is closed down for the purpose specified in subsection(1), and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in

respect of any day during that period, shall , as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day preceding the first day of the close down, be entitled to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection(1). 任何因第（1）款所指明目的而停业或部分停业期间开始时已经成为雇员之人，若非因该次停业而无权获得该段期间内任何一天的年假薪酬，则就始于适用日而止于停业首日之前一日之期间，应有权享有按照第四款计算的年假。

 For the purpose of this agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meeting or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company. 就本协议而言，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股本，或拥有任命公司董事会中多数董事的权利。

 provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the party A after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holdin over or otherwise.A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the party A and the Party B. 但是甲方在本下一所产生的租赁关系期满后获得的租金或中间收益的行为，不得被认为构成弃权或是对本协议的违反，亦不得认为构成了一个新的租赁期限或其他任何解释，新的租赁关系的产生只能以甲方和乙方以书面形式订立的形式为之一。

 this agreement commences on the date last party signs it and expires after …years, unless it is terminated earlier as provided in this agreement.At the expiration of this agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this agreement at that time. 除本协议另有规定外，本协议自最后在其上签字的一方签字时生效并于…年后失效。在本协议失效之际，合同当事人可以协商延长合同期限，但是乙方在彼时应完全符合本协议的要求。

 The contract is effective as of a certain date. 本合同自某年某月某日起生效。

 In case no settlement can be reached, the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic and Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. 如未达成和解方案，则纠纷应当提交给中国国际贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。

 To give notice pursuant to this agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this agreement. 根据本协议给予通知，乙方必须向本协议中规定的另一方地址发送书面通知。

 Each party shall contribute his paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the schedule to the contract. 合同各方应根据本合同附件中所载明的项目进行出资。

 All intellectual property rights associated with the goods-including but not limited to company names, trade

names, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, patents, designs, and copyrights-remain the property of the Party B, provided that any such rights associated with particular specifications supplied by the Party A are not the Party B’s property. 与货物相关的所有知识产权，包括但不限于公司名称、商业名称，商标，服务标记，商业外观，专利，设计，著作权，均属于乙方财产，但是甲方提出的任何与特别规定相关的权利不属于乙方财产。

 Where the obligee does not notify the obligor its division, consolidation or change of domicile so as to make it difficult for the obligor to perform the obligations, the obligor has right to perform or have the subject matter deposited. 债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。

 The party A is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the(party B’s place of business or point of shipping)

 在（乙方营业地或运输地）甲方有权自行或委托其代理人检验货物。

 Should the Party A be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Party B’s failure to give the above-mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex, the Party B shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure. 如果甲方不能及时安排买保险的原因是乙方未能以电报或电传方式发出上述装运通知，则由此产生的损失和损害赔偿责任应由乙方承担。

 In view of the personal nature of the service to be performed under this agreement by you, you cannot assign or transfer any of your obligations under this agreement. 因为本协议中待贵方履行的服务有人身性质，贵方不能转让本协议中自己的任何任务。

 The purpose of the contract can not be realized by virtue of force majeure. 因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的. Brokers in the business of brokering real estate loans and engages sales representative to perform services pertaining to such business. 经纪人是指，在房地产贷款经济业务中聘用销售代表进行与该业务相关的服务的人。

 Neither party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. 任何一方未经事先书面同意，不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益，但该另一方不得无理拒绝同意。

 The party A shall promptly notify the party A, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention. 一旦被许可方获悉涉及商标的侵权行为或涉嫌的侵权行为，或涉及商标的不正当竞争行为，以及引起混淆的类似商标的申请和注册，被许可方应立即书面通知许可方。

 Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing as a legal person under the laws of

the PRC. 甲方是依据中国法律正式成立，有效存续和资格完备的公司法人。

 In the event of bankruptcy, insolvency, dissolution, modification, consolidation ,receivership proceedings affecting the operation of business or discontinuation of business for any reason and/or reorganization by the third party, either of the parties hereto shall have the absolute right to terminate this agreement forthwith. 如遇破产、无力偿债、解散、变更、合并、接管清算程序而影响经营，或因任何原因不能继续经营，或由第三方改组时合同的任何一方有绝对权力立即终止本合同。

 Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods. 除非信用证另有规定，银行将接受表明以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。

 A wholly state-owned company shall establish a board of directors.The board shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 and Article 66 of this Law, exercise and perform its duties.The term of office of the board of directors shall be three years. 国有独资公司设立的董事会，依照本法第四十六条，第六十六条规定履行职责。董事会每届任期为三年。

 When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company's net assets. 有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司时，折合的股份总额应当相等于公司净资产额。

 Bank charges1 in respect of transfers are payable by the first beneficiary2 unless otherwise specified by the bank.The transferring bank3 shall have no obligations to effect the transfer4 until such charges are paid4. 除非银行另有规定，有关转让的银行费用应由第一受益人支付。在该费用付清之前，转让行无办理转让的义务

 Either Party hereto1 may terminate this Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party2. 本协议任何一方可以在对方破产或资不抵债的情况下终止本协议。

 instructions given by the Engineer shall be in writing.provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally1,the Contractor shall comply with such instruction. 工程师应以书面形式发出指示。若工程师认为由于某种原因有必要以口头形式发出任何此类指示，承包人应遵守该指示。

 provided that if, for any reason, the Engineer considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally:(但规定)若工程师认为由于某种原因有必要以口头形式发出任何此类指示。

 In the absence of such indication1, the Credit shall be deemed to be recocable2. 如无该项表示，信用证应视作是可撤销的。

 The arbitration shall take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the arbitration tribunal of the

Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance withthe statues of the tribunal in question. the statues of the tribunal in question.该院的章程。

 仲裁地点在瑞典斯德哥尔摩，由斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院根据该院的章程进行仲裁。

 A price to be paid by the Party Aunder its obligations of the buyback/counter purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question. 甲方根据返销或者回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。

 In case the money to be paid by Party B is not enough to cover the value of the long-term L/C opened by Party A1, the margin payment2 shall be made by Party B with the down payment 3 before the long-term L/C expires, in order to enable Party A to pay the long-term L/C on time. 如乙方支付的货款不能相抵甲方所开的远期信用证之金额，其差额部分由乙方用预付款方式，在甲方所开的远期信用证到期前汇付甲方，以使甲方能按时议付远期信用证。

 Party A shall not, under this guarantee1, be liable for any direct or indirect loss2 whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof. 根据本担保，甲方不应承担因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任。

 In Testimony Whereof 1, this Contract shall come into effect after the Contract in question is made and signed by the Parties hereto in duplicate, and either Party will hold one copy. 本合同由双方代表签字后生效，一式两份，双方各执一份。特此立据。

 The undersigned Seller and Buyer1 have agreed to close the following transaction 2 in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:

 兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。

 And Whereas we have agreed to give the Contractor such Bank Guarantee;NOW Therefore we hereby affirm1 that we are the Guarantor2 and responsible to you, on behalf of the Contractor, up to a total of(amount of guarantee)(in words3), such sum being payable in types and proportions of currencies4 in which the Contract is payable, and we undertake to pay you, upon your first written demand and without cavil orargument5, any sum or sums within the limits of(amount of guarantee)as aforesaid 6without your needing to prove or to show grounds or reasons7 for your demand for the sum specified therein。

 本银行（或金融机构）已同意为承包人出具保证函，我们因此同意作为保证人，并代表承包人以支付合同价款所规定的货币种类和比例，向你方担保总额为（大写）的保证金。银行在收到业主第一次书面付款要求后，不挑剔，不争辩地，在上述担保金范围内，即向你方支付（保证金额）。你方无须出具证明或陈述提款理由。

 All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached，the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade(CCPIT)in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.the Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties.and the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决，如协商不能解决，则将分歧提交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁，仲裁将是终局的，双方均受其约束，仲裁费用由败诉方承担。

第三篇：英文合同翻译

引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。

合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。

一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中

(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文：

特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 参考译文：

本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与

公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于

****年**月**日在中国

（地点），特签订本合同。例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议

在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方 参考译文：

本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与

公司（以下简称乙方）于

年

月 日订立 二 hereof 英文释义: of this 中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。

hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否

（2）the owner of the goods：货方（3）without interruption：无间断地（4）carrier：承运人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 参考译文：

不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：

（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文：

本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：

（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：

设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注释：

（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁员

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定 参考译文：

仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释：

（1）conflict：相抵触

（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前

（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of this Law 参考译文： 本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注释：

（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人

（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿

（7）apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.参考译文：

赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。

赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注释：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁员

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名 参考译文：

仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注释：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼 参考译文：

依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注释：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision 参考译文：

有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注释：

（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司

（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定 参考译文：

本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注释：

（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）business operators：经营者

（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序 参考译文：

本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。三 hereto 英文释义: to this 中文译词:至此，在此上。

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。

hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。

例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注释：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁

（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）

（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外 参考译文：

对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注释：

（1）patented technology：专利技术（2）patent：专利

（3）application for the patent：专利申请

（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让

（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 参考译文：

“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注释：

（1）technical documents：技术资料（2）the data and the information：资料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造

（5）original information：原始资料（6）blueprint：蓝本

（7）design sheets：设计图表（8）material specifications：材料规格（9）photostats：影印资料（10）general data：一般资料

（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书 参考译文：

“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。

例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注释：

（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款

（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 参考译文：

乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本合同附件4。

例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注释：

（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。

（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（3）discover, make or develop：开发

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利

（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾 参考译文：

本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注释：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 参考译文：

本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注释：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地（2）data on management and financial information：管理和财务信息材料

（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计和财务帐目

（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本协议双方 inspection：检查 audit：审计 参考译文：

本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。

例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注释：

（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双方授权的董事会 hereto：to this Agreement（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：业务管理（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行（5）review and approval：审阅和批准 参考译文：

本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。

例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注释：

（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备 equipment：（单数形式）设备（2）determined through mutual consultation：协商决定

（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍（4）terms and conditions：条件

（5）(such…)as：作关系代词，意为which, that 参考译文：

本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注释：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务（3）debtor：债务人（4）creditor：债权人 参考译文：

本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务 四 herein 英文释义:in this 中文译词:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注释：

（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序

（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于 参考译文：

本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。

例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注释：

（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法（2）maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序

（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in this Law（5）the international trade in services：国际服务贸易 参考译文：

为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注释：

（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称（2）limited liability company：有限责任公司（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4）within the territory of China：在中国境内 参考译文：

本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。

例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注释：

（1）illegal gains：违法所得

（2）shall be confiscated：应当予以没收

（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得（5）a fine imposed on：判处罚金（6）property forfeited：没收财产

（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任 参考译文：

犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。

犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注释：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）

（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》 参考译文：

除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注释：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：争议（3）controversy：纠纷（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款 参考译文：

除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。

例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注释：

（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行

（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同规定的条件 herein：in this Contract（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4）credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金（5）the Borrower：借款人 参考译文：

代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注释：

（1）cumulative：累加的

（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3）privilege：特权（4）remedy：补救方法

（5）provided for by laws：法律规定的 参考译文：

本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。

例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注释：

（1）Now Therefore：据此

（2）the consideration：对价。对价是对一项允诺（promise）的回报。例如，甲方允诺向乙方提供若干数量的货物，乙方同意付给甲方一定数目的货款，该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约（offer）与承诺（acceptance）的基础上，只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作合同，得到法律的保护和执行。（3）the contents herein：本协议内容 herein：in this Agreement 参考译文：

据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：

例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注释：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付义务（2）reimbursement：偿付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免税的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务 herein：in this Agreement 参考译文：

借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。五 hereinafter 英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文

语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释：

（1）in accordance with：under 根据

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法

（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制订 参考译文：

根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由

公司（以下称甲方）与

公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:

(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注释：

(1)financial institution：金融机构

(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译英时，这里的“外国资本银行”，应理解成“外资银行的子银行”，英文为subsidiary banks，而不能简单地译成foreign banks，因为很少有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外，但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下简称外资银行。

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下简称外资银行分行。

(5)finance company：财务公司，这里应理解为金融公司，是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务所，则要译成：accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下简称外资财务公司

(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下简称合资财务公司 参考译文：

本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：

（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）

（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）

（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）

（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司）

（五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）

例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注释：

(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已设立的中外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作经营企业(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下简称外商投资企业(5)shall have a record of making profits：应有盈利纪录 参考译文：

已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）

（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外经贸部门（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直辖市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：计划单列市 参考译文：

申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。

例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例 prepare：制定（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华人民共和国公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：确认公司的企业法人资格（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：规范公司登记行为 参考译文：

为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释：（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流

（2）to absorb foreign investment：引进外资

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的发展

（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下简称外国股东 foreign shareholders：外国股东（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下简称中国股东（6）within the territory of China：在中国境内

（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投资股份有限公司 参考译文：

为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外国股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织（以下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司（以下简称公司）。例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注释：

（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验（2）to establish investment company：设立投资公司

（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下简称投资公司

（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规 参考译文：

为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。

例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注释：

（1）these Detailed Rules：本实施细则

（2）apply（to）：vi.适用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常驻代表机构（4）shipping agents：货运代理商（5）consultant company：咨询公司（6）advertising agency：广告公司（7）leasing company：租赁公司

（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下简称外国企业 参考译文：

本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关

（3）register with：办理登记手续

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局 参考译文：

外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。六 therein 英文释义:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注释：

(1)Temporary Works：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用，按国际FIDIC合同条件规定，应由承包人负责。

(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，而不是因业主使用不当造成的。

(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。建造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段，修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对的，表示建造工程的两个阶段。参考译文：

临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注释：

（1）the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意 注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意（2）assign：转让

（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 参考译文：

没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：

例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注释：

（1）Note：期票，即借据，票据（2）loan agreement：贷款协议

（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（贷款协议规定的）全部利益（4）advance payment：预付（5）default：违约

（6）in the event of default：因违约 参考译文：

本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。

例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注释：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 参考译文：

借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注释：（1）exemption：免征税款（2）local authorities：地方当局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下属政府分支机构

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根据合同规定（6）shall be due：应予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：证明上述免税文件 in question：上述 参考译文：

任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注释：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。

（2）at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：in the Tax Law 参考译文：

在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注释：

（1）the Borrower：借款人

（2）to make the borrowings：借贷资金（3）to execute and deliver the Note：签署票据

（4）to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承担由此产生的义务 therein：in the Note（5）all the actions in question：上述全部行为（6）legal person：法人 参考译文：

借款人有充分的权力订立本协议，借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产生的义务，上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。

例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注释：

（1）leasee：承租人（2）keep the commodity in good condition：维持商品的良好状况（3）provided that：除非，表示进一步规定（4）leasor：出租人

（5）to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出赔偿

（6）any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的损失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障 参考译文：

承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障负责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。

例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注释：

（1）documents：shipping documents货运单据（2）transport documents：运输单据

（3）insurance documents：insurance policies保险单据（4）commercial invoice：商业发票（5）the credit：the letter of credit 信用证（6）drawer：出单人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辞（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 项目内容（9）referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的 参考译文：

当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注释：

（1）loss or damage：损失与损坏 注：loss与damage同义，同义词连用是合同文件语言特点之一。（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 应译成“用于（工程）中”，而不能译成“进入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自费（5）rectify：弥补，纠正

（6）Permanent Works：永久工程

（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：达到工程师满意的程度 参考译文：

在承包人负责照管工程期间，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备，除第20.4款所规定的风险外，不管由于任何原因而遭受损失或损坏，承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定，并达到工程师满意的程度。七.thereof 英文释义: of that, of it 中文译词:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1：

When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注释：

（1）be entitled to determine：有权确定

（2）the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery：提取货物的时间和/或地点

（3）the notice thereof：有关这方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.参考译文：

买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时，应给卖方有关这方面的通知。

例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented.Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注释：

（1）the collection of tax：税收的开征

（2）the cessation thereof：税收的停征 thereof：of tax（3）the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid：减税、免税、退税、补税（4）the State Council：国务院

（5）to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations：制定的行政法规规定 prepare：制定 参考译文：

税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法律的规定执行；法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。

例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.注释：

（1）the Party applying for arbitration：当事人申请仲裁（是指申请仲裁的当事人）（2）arbitration commission：仲裁委员会（3）arbitration agreement：仲裁协议（4）application for arbitration：仲裁申请书

（5）the copies thereof：the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申请书副本 参考译文：

当事人申请仲裁，应当向仲裁委员会递交仲裁协议、仲裁申请书及副本。

例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注释：

（1）Tests on Completion：竣工检验（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定

（3）Employer takes over the Works：业主接收工程

（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、区段 thereof：of the Works 参考译文：

竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注释：

（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒绝证书

（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（5）the banks concerned with the collection：与托收有关的各银行

（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（7）the principal：委托人 参考译文：

托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。

银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注释:（1）makes the specification：订明规格

（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification规格的细节（3）the communication in question：该通知（4）shall be binding：应具有约束力 参考译文：

如果卖方自己制订规格，他必须将所制订的规格的细节通知买方，而且必须规定一段合理时间，让买方可以在该段时间内制订出不同的规格。如果买方在收到该通知后没有在该段时间内这样做，则卖方所订的规格应具有约束力。

例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment.Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.注释：

（1）apply to(sb.)：适用

（2）limited liability companies with foreign investment：外商投资的有限责任公司（3）Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise：中外合资经营企业（4）Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise：中外合作经营企业（5）wholly foreign-owned enterprise：外资企业 参考译文：

外商投资的有限责任公司适用本法，有关中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业的法律另有规定的，适用其规定。

例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.注释：

（1）time for completion：竣工时间（2）the execution of the Works：施工

（3）any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或区段，thereof：of the Works 参考译文：

竣工时间是指合同规定从工程开工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。

例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.注释：

（1）make available to the Contractor….：向承包人提供……（2）data on hydrological and subsurface conditions：水文地质资料

（3）his own interpretation thereof：自己对上述资料的解释 thereof：of the data 参考译文：

在承包人提交投标书之前，业主应向承包人提供由业主或业主代表根据对该项工程的勘察所取得的水文地质资料，但是承包人应对他自己对上述资料的解释负责。

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注释：

（1）this Agreement is terminated：本协议终止（2）transparency：图片（3）specifications：规格

（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生产和操作资料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述许可证产品 参考译文：

如本协议因任何理由而终止，所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其它全部生产和操作资料，包括全部复制品，均返还甲方，同时，乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件 八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 随附；附之 3）therewith: with that 与此；与之 4）therefor: for that 因之；为此 5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。语法：紧接所修饰词之后。

例1：

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注释：

（1）

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决（2）

the judgment：司法判决

（3）

any court having jurisdiction：有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction：管辖权（4）

the parties thereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract（5）

in good faith：以良好诚信的态度

参考译文：

仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。例2：

“Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.注释：

（1）

patented technology：专利技术（2）

letters patent：专利证，专利（3）

application therefore：专利申请（4）

grant license thereof：许可转让

（5）

during the effective period of this Contract：本合同有效期间

（6）

are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products：适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品

参考译文：

“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的和/或有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3：

“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.注释：

（1）

Contract Products：合同产品

（2）

Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2（3）

together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改进发展的产品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products

参考译文：

“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。

例4：

“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.注释：

（1）

specifications：规范

（2）any modification thereof or addition thereto：对规范的任何修改或增补 thereof：of the Specifications；thereto：to the Specifications（3）

under Clause 95：根据第95条规定

参考译文：

规范是指合同中包括的工程规范，以及根据第95条规定的或由承包商提出并经工程师批准的对规范的任何修改或增补。例5：

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注释：

（1）

the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任证书

（2）

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷责任期终止

（3）

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分（4）

any works instructed：任何按指示进行的工程

参考译文：工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发，或者，如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分时，则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条，在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。

例6：

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注释：

（1）

commitment fee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协议签定生效后，如借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用——承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使用全部承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。（2）

the Disbursement Date：贷款发放日（3）

the Termination Date：贷款终止日

（4）

from the date in the third month thereafter：从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

参考译文：

借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。

例7：

If one or more of the following events of default(hereinafter called “Event of Default”)occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a)The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.注释：

（1）

events of default：违约事件（2）

continues or continue：正在继续（3）

the remedies：补救方法

（4）

fail to pay any amount payable thereunder：未能支付根据该协议规定应付的款项 thereunder：under the Contract

参考译文：

如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件（以下称违约事件），或该违约事件正在继续，代理行以及各行应行使第11.2款规定的救济方法。

（1）借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。九.whereas

释义: considering that, 鉴于，就......而论（法律用语）

用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。语法：紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方

（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：双方授权代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下条款

参考译文：

鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方；

鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品；双方授权代表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订本合同：

例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注释：（1）

proprietary technical information：专有技术信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料

（3）

the right and licence：许可权利（4）

technical assistance：技术协助（5）

trademarks：商标

参考译文：

鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权； 鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利； 鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标； 双方兹就下列内容达成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分别但不连带地（3）

an aggregate amount：总额

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：当事人协议如下

参考译文：

鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于（2）

a term loan：定期贷款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根据本协议规定的条件和款项（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以双方相互承诺为对价 consideration：对价

参考译文： 鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已向银行要求向借款人提供一笔本金为100万美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期贷款；

鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已准备向借款人提供此项定期贷款； 据此，以双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致。

例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原则（3）

through friendly consultation：通过友好协商（4）

joint venture company：合资经营公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下称

参考译文：

鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。九.whereas

释义: considering that, 鉴于，就......而论（法律用语）

用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中，以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。语法：紧接于要修饰词之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方

（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：双方授权代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下条款

参考译文：

鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方；

鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品；双方授权代表经友好协商，同意就以下条款签订本合同： 例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注释：

（1）

proprietary technical information：专有技术信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料

（3）

the right and licence：许可权利（4）

technical assistance：技术协助（5）

trademarks：商标

参考译文：

鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权； 鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利； 鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标； 双方兹就下列内容达成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分别但不连带地（3）

an aggregate amount：总额

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：当事人协议如下

参考译文：

鉴于借款人提出从银行借款，各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款，总额为$50,000,000（5000万美元），当事人协议如下：

例4：

Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于（2）

a term loan：定期贷款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根据本协议规定的条件和款项（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以双方相互承诺为对价 consideration：对价

参考译文：

鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已向银行要求向借款人提供一笔本金为100万美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期贷款；

鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项，已准备向借款人提供此项定期贷款； 据此，以双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致。

例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注释：

（1）

whereas：鉴于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原则（3）

through friendly consultation：通过友好协商（4）

joint venture company：合资经营公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下称

参考译文：

鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司（以下称“合资企业”），为此达成如下合同。

第四篇：英文合同翻译

合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。

例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:

业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。

例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.参考译文：

特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party

A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.参考译文：本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).参考译文：本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与 公司（以下简称乙方）于 年 月 日订立。

例5

Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.参考译文：

不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。

第五篇：浅论英文合同的翻译和审核

浅论英文合同的审核

英美律师起草的合同无不深深地刻着英美法系私法原理的烙印，即高度私法自治和遵循先例。所表现出来的突出特点就是大多数英文合同篇幅长、惯用冗长句子和法言法语，但逻辑严密并且规律性很强。

一个大项目的英文合同往往都是鸿篇巨制，篇幅达几百页。英美国家实行判例法，大陆法系实行成文法，成文法相对于判例法的重要区别就是比较稳定，而且合同很多内容法律都有直接规定，双方对于法律已经有规定的部分就无须在合同中作进一步的约定。但英美国家推行判例法，推行高度私法自治，成文法大多仅作为参考，不具有强制适用的性质，因此，合同方在订立合同的过程中享有高度订约自由，合同各方可以就任何问题按照自己的意愿作出自己认为合适的约定。订约自由是一项至高的原则，合同条文、文字所直接反映出来的当事人的意愿，法官不得轻易否决，必须予以最大限度的尊重。由于合同文字是法官解释合同文件、探悉合同当事人意愿的唯一依据，故合同各方都力求使合同结构完整、语义严密明确。为使语义严密明确，他们在合同中进行大量的定义，大量使用限定词、定语从句、状语从句，避免使用省略句，也尽量不使用有可能引起指代不明的代词。因此，对于同一个项目合同，按照英美法草拟的合同篇幅常常比按照大陆法草拟的合同篇幅长很多。

其实，英文合同最重要的特点是其严密的逻辑性和很强的规律性。尽管英美法系国家主张私法高度意思自治，但是在草拟合同过程中，过多地偏离先例，除非有非常高水平的律师，否则很难说合同能够严密明确，保证没有任何争议。即使能够找到这样的律师，但为此而付出的律师成本和风险成本太高。因此，一般情况下，绝大多数合同还是选择遵从先例，尽量采用先前法官所认可的语言和逻辑结构，这样，合同专业词汇和逻辑结构经过千百年的积累逐渐固定下来，形成了很强的规律性。

由于合同的结构和使用的语言都比较固定，因此合同中每一部分法律风险位于何处，主文条款隐藏哪些主要风险，也都相对比较固定。换句话说，合同风险所处的位置也有很多规律可循。这就为我们分析英文合同提供了可能。

下面就英文合同一些比较关键的部分的审核进行论述，以期在较短的时间内就手头的合同能有大概的印象并提出一些较为中肯的建议。

一、标题的审核

一份完整的英文合同通常分为“标题”、“序言”、“主文条款”和“结尾”四大部分。标题显示合同性质，有两个方面的作用，及表明合同的性质和为以后查询提供方便。英文合同和中文合同一样，不必设定标题，当事人间的法律关系和权利义务主要依靠合同各个条款来判断，标题基本上不会产生影响。但是，如果使用了标题，在阅读、分析的时候就要注意：标题部分是否用了subject（视„而定）、draft（草案）、Discussion Draft（讨论稿）、Draft for Internal Circulation（内部稿）、Draft amended（修订稿）等内容。如果标题部分出现subject to contract就表明合同方不打算使该合同生效，还需要进一步签订合同。这样，即使在这个标有“Subject to contract ”的合同上已经签字，也可能置合同效力于不确定中。类似的措辞还包括subject to contract, subject to detail, subject to management approval, subject to credit, indicative terms等。因此，如果合同方确实希望该签署的合同生效，就得将这些subject或draft去掉。

二、争议的解决

在英文合同中，仲裁是最常见的争议解决方式。合同各方往往在合同签署时在合同中约定或在争议发生后通过签订仲裁协议等类似文件来约定采取仲裁方式解决争议。由于争议发生后，各方想要达成一致意见比较困难，因此，合同方主要还是采取在签署合同的时候在合同中约定仲裁条款，一旦争议出现，合同方便可根据仲裁条款向仲裁庭申请仲裁。

仲裁分为机构仲裁（Institutional Arbitration）和特别仲裁（ad hoc Arbitration）。基本上世界上承认仲裁的国家都承认机构仲裁，但对特别仲裁，则存在不同态度。比如，中国内地就要求必须采用机构仲裁，不适用特别仲裁。中国对其境内特别仲裁裁决结果不予认可，但对在国外采用特别仲裁方式所得的裁决结果还是认可的。因此，在阅读英文合同过程中，如果发现特别仲裁，应确认仲裁所适用的法律所在地国（地区）承认特别仲裁。由于各国对仲裁条款所适用的法律和整个合同所适用的法律是否必须一致存在不同意见，还需明确该仲裁条款究竟适用什么法律。但也可以在争议解决条款部分直接说明本争议解决适用的法律，只是在实际操作中比较少见。

目前，国际上比较知名的仲裁机构主要有以下几个：

①国际商会仲裁院（ICC），成立于1923年，隶属于国际商会。

②瑞典斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院（Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce）,它成立于1917年，隶属于斯德哥尔摩商会。斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院没有仲裁员名册，仲裁双方可以聘请全世界任何地方、具有相当公正，有一定知识程度的人员。它没有官方固定的组织机构，只设一个秘书处，管理受案，分发邮件；它没有固定的书记员，每个案件是临时从律师事务所聘请有经验的律师担任书记员。

③美国仲裁协会（AAA），总部设在纽约，由美国公开社团、美国基金会和一些美国工商团体组成。

④香港国际仲裁中心（HKIAC），是按照香港的公司法注册登记的、具有公司性质的民间机构。

⑤英国伦敦国际仲裁院（LCIA），成立于1892年，它是由伦敦市政府、英国女王推举的仲裁员协会和伦敦工商会组成，主要管理人员由仲裁员协会进行管理。

⑥中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（CIETAC），成立于1956年，在涉外仲裁中发展很快，每年裁决案件量居亚洲之首。

目前，仲裁已经作为ADR（替代性纠纷解决方式）的主要途径，这尤其体现在国际商事合同中。因为，不管诉讼还是仲裁，最后的执行才是关键。由于法院的判决在境外执行一般需要判决地国与执行地国签有司法协助条约或者有共同确认的互惠原则，很多国家都没有类似的司法协助和/或互惠原则，例如，美国就没有和世界上任何一个国家签订相互承认判决的协议或者加入类似的国际条约，因此，在争议解决过程中很容易导致二次诉讼，即在一国通过诉讼拿到判决，再到另一国申请执行，无形中加大了争议解决的成本；但仲裁裁决则不一样，《纽约条约》（New York Convention）的签字国已达137个，中国和美国都是签字国。因此，在他国仲裁裁决结果也可以在中国得到有效执行。但因各国往往把司法看作自己主权的象征之一，因此，对于外国的判决的承认则困难重重。当然，在中国境内仲裁裁决结果到外国执行也比中国法院到外国执行容易很多。因此，从便利执行角度考虑，在国际商事交易中，约定仲裁对中国公司来说无疑是最佳选择。

尽管仲裁解决争议方式有上述优点，但仲裁有一个先天不足的致命弱点，即仲裁在财产保全方面几乎无能为力；而且国外仲裁庭的禁令或者禁诉令，中国法院很难执行。

在对仲裁和诉讼的地点进行选择时，主要应注意仲裁后或者诉讼判决后执行方面的风险和争议解决过程中的成本。比如，如果选择诉讼解决，美国就不是一个理想的诉讼解决地。因为美国几乎没有和别国签订相互承认判决的协议或者加入类似的国际条约，执行判决结果很难，已如前述。另外，美国的司法成本很高，律师收费相对较高。当然，如果因为合同的性质，不得不约定在美国的某个地方解决争议，则最好在合同中约定仲裁，便于执行。

三、适用法律

适用法律约定对合同各方关系重大，如果适用外国法，合同中所表述的有些术语可能和中国法中的某些术语不一致。比如，英国法中的不当得利和中国法中的不当得利就存在较大的差别，德国法中的合伙和中国法中的合伙也不一样。适用的法律不同，合同诉讼时效也不一样，如英国一般是6年，而我国一般是两年；同时，如果适用英国法，可能会涉及对价（consideration），合同是否有效，合同生效后所作变更，和解协议等是否有效，都与对价息息相关。总之，适用法律不仅涉及合同效力、合同各方面的权利义务，而且涉及合同争议的解决等。

合同方可以选择适用的法律，但这种选择不是任意选择，因为法律对某些协议强制适用，不得适用其他法律。比如，在英国伦敦注册的甲公司与在中国浙江注册的乙公司欲在中国广东成立一家中外合资经营企业丙，双方签订的合资协议所适用的法律就必须适用《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》，不容签约方选择，即使选择也无效。而且，如果两个中国公司签订不具有任何涉外因素的合同，一般也只能选择中国法律。

另外，合同方有时根据自己的实际情况在合同中约定了管辖法律，但也不能避免其他法律的强制适用，即签约方所选择适用的法律和强制性法律一并适用。比如，在中国根据中国法律注册成立的甲公司在伊朗有一个炼油厂项目。为该项目的顺利实施，甲公司找到一家根据美国法律在美国注册成立的代理公司乙，签订采购协议，购买菲律宾一个厂家生产的一台压缩机（该压缩机的生产技术来自美国，其中部分压缩机零部件产自美国）。双方在协议中约定该采购协议适用英国法。协议签订后，在执行过程中，双方遇到了很大的麻烦，并最终使得该采购协议胎死腹中，而甲公司也不得不承担巨额的违约金。原因就在于双方对《美国出口管制法》未予重视。尽管双方在合同中约定了适用英国法，但也无法避免《美国出口管制法》的强行适用。根据《美国出口管制法》，本案中有几个地方满足适用本管制法的条件：首先，乙公司是一家根据美国法律注册成立的公司，只要是美国公民、根据美国法律或州法律成立的公司或任何身在美国的公民都必须受该法的管辖；其次，对于出口原产于美国的产品、在美国境内的产品、利用美国技术在美国境外生产的产品或在美国境外生产的产品中的组成部分来自美国且达到一定比例，则应适用该管制法；最后，对于某些产品去往的国家如果是该法中规定的禁运或者限制的国家，也应适用本法。在本案中，乙公司是根据美国法律注册成立的公司，应予适用该管制法；而产品尽管产自菲律宾，但是因为该产品的生产技术源于美国，也应适用该管制法；该压缩机最终不是在中国使用，而是运往伊朗适用，伊朗属于该法中规定的禁运国，故该法强行予以适用；法院还认为，该产品有部件产自美国，且已经达到了10%的最低标准，也应适用本法。法院判决对卖方罚款，造成了买方的延误和巨大损失。其实，《美国出口管制法》确实对日常交易产生了很大影响。现在多数合同，只要合同方不涉及美方，合同一般不会约定适用美国法，解决争议的地点也尽量不选择在美国进行。因此，在与美国公司交往过程中，一定注意《美国出口管制法》。即使合同对方不是美国公司，但只要所采购的货物可能涉及《美国出口管制法》，也应尽量小心。

所以，法律适用条款本身并未规定合同方的权利义务，但其对合同方权利义务的影响是巨大的，在阅读分析时应高度重视。

四、违约条款

首先，违反明示的约定比较容易识别，在此不做详述。默示的约定，即当事人未经合同明示，但却被法院认为隐含在合同中的约定。由于默示的约定无法从合同措辞中予以判别，必须通过合同措辞隐含的意思予以确定，因此，合同当事方经常就此发生争议。之所以存在这些默示条款，原因在于：合同当事人在签订合同过程中，不可能穷尽所有条款，某些法律规定、国际惯例或生活习惯都不必在合同中一一罗列，因为这已经约定俗成，不必明说，大家也都因该这样去做。如果对这种法律规定、国际惯例和生活习惯也进行规定，则合同可能成为一个包括所有的百科全书，而不是一个可执行的合同。

由于默示条款并未在合同中明确约定，而是否存在这样的默示条款往往取决于法官的认知水平和先例，而这种认定往往存在一定的不确定性，故当事方的权益也就相应地存在一定

风险。不过，经过几百年的实践经验，对于合同存在哪些方面的默示约定已经积累了很多案例，达成了一定的共识：在这些默示约定中，最重要的是要求“满足目的”（fitness for purpose），这是1979年《货物买卖法》的规定：卖方行为如果属于商业行为，则其货物必须具有令人满意的质量（还可能包括一个默示条款，即货物满足其目的）。如果在合同中没有明确指出，“满足目的”一般指“满足通常的目的”。如果合同中明确约定产品将用于某种特殊的目的，则该合同就隐含一个默示条件，即产品应符合该特殊的目的。应此，读者经常会在货物买卖合同签约背景部分，有时也在合同的正文部分，看到签约方对签约目的所作的约定。当然，合同当事人也可能在合同的正文部分明确表明，一方提供的产品或服务应当满足合同目的，但这就成了明示条款，而非默示条款。

对于某些专业性很强，风险性很高的行业，一般要求产品提供方承担“合理的技能和谨慎”的默示义务。比如，在工程设计合同、船舶建造设计、飞机设计、奥运场馆设计合同中，除非合同明确约定合同目的并明确要求设计方提供的产品应满足合同目的，否则设计方的义务一般只需满足“合理的技能和谨慎”（reasonable skill and care）的默示义务。由于“满足合同目的”和“合理的技能和谨慎”的标准差别很大，设计方和客户之间经常就此在合同中进行非常艰难的谈判。总的来说，“满足合同目的”义务比“合理的技能和谨慎”义务要严格很多。尽管“合理的技能和谨慎”不是普通人的“合理的技能和谨慎”，只是在专业(professional)领域中必须具有“合理性”（reasonable），即“普通的技术人员的标准”（standard of the ordinary skilled person）,并且这种“合理性”不能太高，不是最高要求，只是在签订合同时的标准，设计师只需按照签约时适当的标准进行设计，就满足了“合理的技能和谨慎”标准。这种标准通常是一些行业标准，如建筑行业的GB50319-2000，船舶设计行业的《最新船闸电气设计规范与船舶设计制造质量检测技术标准》。满足了“合理的技能和谨慎”标准，即使设计方存在过失（negligence），并且没有达到“满足目的”，也不承担责任；而“满足目的”则正好于此相反，即使设计方满足了“合理的技能与谨慎”标准，且设计方不存在任何过失，但如果没有达到“满足目的”的标准，设计师仍必需承担违约责任。而对这种设计合同中设计方究竟应该承担什么标准的义务，国际惯例也不一样。所以，在阅读审核对要求一方应满足所谓的“合同目的”（intended purpose of this contract）方面的约定应引起高度注意。有时，合同方为了排除这种默示条款的不确定性，往往在合同中选择明确约定排除隐含条款。

合同当事方只要在合同中明示地排除默示条款的适用，一般这种排除都是有效的。因为在英国法下，法院一般认为，当事人援用惯例是为了实现法律而不是为了破坏法律，所以默示条款不得与明示条款相冲突或抵触，并且在合同解释规则部分首先提到的就是按照合同字面意思解释。如果合同当事方明确约定不适用某个惯例，则必须适用该合同条款，而不是惯例，从而将默示条款排除在外。

其次，对于违约补救方式，在分析英文合同时，有时对是否存在违约及违约类型并不十分清楚，如果贸然决定采取不当的补救措施，可能会适得其反。比如，如果合同使用“warranty”，则当货物出现瑕疵时，卖方可以直接起诉卖方违反该“warranty”条款，要求损害赔偿。但如果是“indemnity”，则当货物出现瑕疵时，买方必须先进行维修，然后向卖方索赔该维修所花费用。如果合同明确使用的是“warranty”，当货物出现瑕疵时，买方径直对其进行维修，则很可能卖方对此维修费用不予认可，买方就可能无法就此维修费向卖方成功索赔，除非合同其他条款对此另有规定。

再次，对于预期违约赔偿金。预期违约赔偿金在英美法系国家适用非常广泛。因为，英国法主张，对非违约方的补偿应以非违约方的损失为限，并且不包括非违约方的间接损失，对违约方不主张惩罚。因此，在英国法上，罚金被认为是不可执行的，只有预期违约赔偿金才可以执行，非违约方不能仅仅因为违约方的违法行为赚取利润。但中国法不一样，中国法

中对违约方可以实施惩罚，非违约方可以因此获得利益，比如《中华人民共和国合同法》规定的双倍赔偿等。一旦出现合同约定的违约情形，违约方就得按照该预期违约赔偿金额赔偿非违约方，非违约方不必再劳神费力去举证自己所遭受的损失。当然，在真正赔偿时，违约方也可能拒绝赔偿，而向法院主张该约定损失太高，已经远远超过了非违约方的实际损失，因此，这是一个惩罚性条款，不具有可执行性。但提出这种主张，举证责任就在违约方，违约方首先要举证该约定补偿数额高于买方的实际损失，违约方为此举证亦需花费大量人力物力，很可能最后判下来的赔偿金额也没有比预期损失金额小多少，因此合同各方一般也只能选择尽可能不违约，或在违约时按照该预期赔偿金额予以赔偿。但该限额不是越高越好，要看是否符合预期违约赔偿金这个概念本身，即必须是真实的违约损失，如果畸高，超过了真实的违约损失，很可能被法院判为存在惩罚性罚款，这与英国法相悖。违约方可能会举证这是罚金（penalty），因此不具有可执行性。

总的来说，阅读分析英文合同，应着重注意以下几个方面：

第一，始终牢记客户的要求。

维护客户利益，促使客户利益最大化是律师不懈的追求。即使客户处于非常弱势的地位，也要将那些极端不合理、可能存在极大风险的条款找出来，帮助客户规避这些风险。因为，即使对方处于非常强势的地位，他也不得不将合同条款的合理性考虑在内，如果一味地强势，可能导致整个合同都被判无法执行。

第二，整体地阅读与分析英文合同。

阅读与分析英文合同，必须从宏观出发，综合考虑整个合同的各个条文，而不能仅局限于某一个具体的条文。合同的某个具体的条文只是整个合同微观的组成部分，如果合同条款之间存在矛盾冲突，法官在解释合同时就必须采取整体解释，解决合同中各相关条款间的协调及超越问题。

第三，始终牢记合同适用的法律是什么，再逐条对合同条款的风险进行分析。

适用不同的法律可能对双方权利义务影响至深。在阅读与分析英文合同每一个条文时，都必须充分考虑合同所适用的法律。

第四，对不同的应该采取不同的阅读与分析策略。

对于某些集团公司内部协议，约定由母公司提供服务或关联公司之间进行采购。由于这是一个集团战略，读者在阅读与分析时也必须考虑和兼顾这种集团战略，只要保证该内部协议不触犯法律即可（比如，这种集团公司内部的交易如果因价格畸高或畸低被法院或税务机关认定为关联交易，从而遭致税务部门的查处或罚款，甚至触犯刑法等），而不必花很多时间对每一个条文进行深究。但对其他各种外部协议，则应就每一个条款每个字眼进行字斟句酌，挖掘并排除可能存在的风险。

总之，只有对合同条款所隐藏的风险了然于胸，方可驾驭这些风险，从而为其所用。